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Wiederhold NP. Pharmacodynamics, Mechanisms of Action and Resistance, and Spectrum of Activity of New Antifungal Agents. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080857. [PMID: 36012845 PMCID: PMC9410397 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several new antifungals are currently in late-stage development, including those with novel pharmacodynamics/mechanisms of action that represent new antifungal classes (manogepix, olorofim, ATI-2307, GR-2397). Others include new agents within established classes or with mechanisms of action similar to clinically available antifungals (ibrexafungerp, rezafungin, oteseconazole, opelconazole, MAT2203) that have been modified in order to improve certain characteristics, including enhanced pharmacokinetics and greater specificity for fungal targets. Many of the antifungals under development also have activity against Candida and Aspergillus strains that have reduced susceptibility or acquired resistance to azoles and echinocandins, whereas others demonstrate activity against species that are intrinsically resistant to most clinically available antifungals. The tolerability and drug–drug interaction profiles of these new agents also appear to be promising, although the number of human subjects that have been exposed to many of these agents remains relatively small. Overall, these agents have the potential for expanding our antifungal armamentarium and improving clinical outcomes in patients with invasive mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P Wiederhold
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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2
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Gebremariam T, Gu Y, Alkhazraji S, Youssef E, Shaw KJ, Ibrahim AS. The Combination Treatment of Fosmanogepix and Liposomal Amphotericin B Is Superior to Monotherapy in Treating Experimental Invasive Mold Infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0038022. [PMID: 35670592 PMCID: PMC9295579 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00380-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), invasive mucormycosis (IM), and invasive fusariosis (IF) are associated with high mortality and morbidity. Fosmanogepix (FMGX) is a first-in-class antifungal in clinical development with demonstrated broad-spectrum activity in animal models of infections. We sought to evaluate the benefit of combination therapy of FMGX plus liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB) in severe delayed-treatment models of murine IPA, IM, and IF. While FMGX was equally as effective as L-AMB in prolonging the survival of mice infected with IPA, IM, or IF, combination therapy was superior to monotherapy in all three models. These findings were validated by greater reductions in the tissue fungal burdens (determined by quantitative PCR) of target organs in all three models versus the burdens in infected vehicle-treated (placebo) or monotherapy-treated mice. In general, histopathological examination of target organs corroborated the findings for fungal tissue burdens among all treatment arms. Our results show that treatment with the combination of FMGX plus L-AMB demonstrated high survival rates and fungal burden reductions in severe animal models of invasive mold infections, at drug exposures in mice similar to those achieved clinically. These encouraging results warrant further investigation of the FMGX-plus-L-AMB combination treatment for severely ill patients with IPA, IM, and IF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiyou Gu
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Sondus Alkhazraji
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Eman Youssef
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | - Ashraf S. Ibrahim
- The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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3
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Wilson CD, Hiranita T, Fantegrossi WE. Cannabimimetic effects of abused indazole-carboxamide synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists AB-PINACA, 5F-AB-PINACA and 5F-ADB-PINACA in mice: Tolerance, dependence and withdrawal. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 236:109468. [PMID: 35643039 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic abuse of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs), known as "K2″ or "Spice", threatens public health and safety. Recently, SCRAs of the indazole-carboxamide structural class have become more prevalent. Preclinical studies investigating the tolerance and dependence potentially involved in chronic SCRA abuse is limited. The present study determined the in vivo effects of chronic exposure to indazole-carboxamide SCRAs, AB-PINACA, 5F-AB-PINACA and 5F-ADB-PINACA compared to the first-generation SCRA, JWH-018. METHODS Adult male C57Bl/6 mice were used for dose-effect determinations of hypothermic effects. Adult male NIH Swiss mice were used in biotelemetry studies to assess tolerance to hypothermic effects following repeated SCRA administration over 5 consecutive days, and to determine the role of Phase I drug metabolism via acute CYP450 inhibition in the presence of 1-ABT, a nonspecific CYP450 inhibitor. SCRA dependence was determined in adult male NIH Swiss mice via assessment of rimonabant-precipitated observable sign of withdrawal (i.e., front paw tremors). RESULTS All SCRAs elicited dose-dependent hypothermia mediated through cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1Rs). 1-ABT increased duration of hypothermia for all SCRAs tested, and increased the magnitude of hypothermia for all SCRAs except 5F-ADB-PINACA. Upon repeated administration, tolerance to hypothermic effects of AB-PINACA, 5F-AB-PINACA and 5F-ADB-PINACA was much less than that of JWH-018. Similarly, rimonabant-precipitated front paw tremors were much less frequent in mice treated with 5F-AB-PINACA and 5F-ADB-PINACA than in mice treated with JWH-018. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a decreased potential for tolerance and withdrawal among indazole-carboxamide SCRAs, and may imply structural class-dependent profiles of in vivo effects among SCRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catheryn D Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - William E Fantegrossi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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4
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Huang C, Fischer C, Machacek MR, Bogen S, Biftu T, Huang X, Reutershan MH, Otte R, Hong Q, Wu Z, Yu Y, Park M, Chen L, Biju P, Knemeyer I, Lu P, Kochansky CJ, Hicks MB, Liu Y, Helmy R, Fradera X, Donofrio A, Close J, Maddess ML, White C, Sloman DL, Sciammetta N, Lu J, Gibeau C, Simov V, Zhang H, Fuller P, Witter D. Diminishing GSH-Adduct Formation of Tricyclic Diazepine-based Mutant IDH1 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:734-741. [PMID: 35450359 PMCID: PMC9014435 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) has been identified as an attractive oncology target for which >70% of grade II and III gliomas and ∼10% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) harbor somatic IDH1 mutations. These mutations confer a neomorphic gain of function, leading to the production of the oncometabolite (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). We identified and developed a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable brain-penetrant tricyclic diazepine scaffold that inhibits mutant IDH1. During the course of in vitro metabolism studies, GSH-adduct metabolites were observed. The hypothesis for GSH-adduct formation was driven by the electron-rich nature of the tricyclic core. Herein, we describe our efforts to reduce the electron-rich nature of the core. Ultimately, a strategy focused on core modifications to block metabolic hot spots coupled with substitution pattern changes (C8 N → C linked) led to the identification of new tricyclic analogues with minimal GSH-adduct formation across species while maintaining an overall balanced profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Huang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | | | - Stephane Bogen
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Tesfaye Biftu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xianhai Huang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | - Ryan Otte
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Qingmei Hong
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhicai Wu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yang Yu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Min Park
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lei Chen
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | - Ian Knemeyer
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Ping Lu
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | | | - Yong Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - Roy Helmy
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065 United States
| | - Xavier Fradera
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Josh Close
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Catherine White
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David L. Sloman
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Jun Lu
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Craig Gibeau
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Vladimir Simov
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peter Fuller
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David Witter
- Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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A New Thienopyrimidinone Chemotype Shows Multistage Activity against Plasmodium falciparum, Including Artemisinin-Resistant Parasites. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0027421. [PMID: 34724729 PMCID: PMC8557901 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00274-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human malaria infection begins with a one-time asymptomatic liver stage followed by a cyclic symptomatic blood stage. For decades, the research for novel antimalarials focused on the high-throughput screening of molecules that only targeted the asexual blood stages. In a search for new effective compounds presenting a triple action against erythrocytic and liver stages in addition to the ability to block the transmission of the disease via the mosquito vector, 2-amino-thienopyrimidinone derivatives were synthesized and tested for their antimalarial activity. One molecule, named gamhepathiopine (denoted as “M1” herein), was active at submicromolar concentrations against both erythrocytic (50% effective concentration [EC50] = 0.045 μM) and liver (EC50 = 0.45 μM) forms of Plasmodium falciparum. Furthermore, gamhepathiopine efficiently blocked the development of the sporogonic cycle in the mosquito vector by inhibiting the exflagellation step. Moreover, M1 was active against artemisinin-resistant forms (EC50 = 0.227 μM), especially at the quiescent stage. Nevertheless, in mice, M1 showed modest activity due to its rapid metabolization by P450 cytochromes into inactive derivatives, calling for the development of new parent compounds with improved metabolic stability and longer half-lives. These results highlight the thienopyrimidinone scaffold as a novel antiplasmodial chemotype of great interest to search for new drug candidates displaying multistage activity and an original mechanism of action with the potential to be used in combination therapies for malaria elimination in the context of artemisinin resistance. IMPORTANCE This work reports a new chemical structure that (i) displays activity against the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum at 3 stages of the parasitic cycle (blood stage, hepatic stage, and sexual stages), (ii) remains active against parasites that are resistant to the first-line treatment recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the treatment of severe malaria (artemisinins), and (iii) reduces transmission of the parasite to the mosquito vector in a mouse model. This new molecule family could open the way to the conception of novel antimalarial drugs with an original multistage mechanism of action to fight against Plasmodium drug resistance and block interhuman transmission of malaria.
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Pandey SK, Nakka H, Ambhore SR, Londhe S, Goyal VK, Nirogi R. Short-term toxicity study of 1-aminobenzotraizole, a CYP inhibitor, in Wistar rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1597-1605. [PMID: 33249936 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1850755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1-Aminobenzotriazole (ABT) is a pan-specific, mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP P450 enzymes, often used as co-treatment to investigate the metabolism-dependent toxicity of drugs or chemicals. To assess the confounding effects of ABT in such kind of mechanistic studies, a repeated dose toxicity study with ABT following 7 days oral administration at 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day was performed in Wistar rats (5 rats/sex/group). Wistar rat is selected as a model being one of the well characterized rodent species, widely used for toxicity and toxicokinetics studies. The standard parameters of general toxicity study viz. clinical signs, body weight, feed consumption, clinical, gross and histopathology were evaluated. The ABT was tolerated up to the highest tested dose of 100 mg/kg/day. No clinical signs, mortality or effect on feed consumption at any dose. Slight increase in body weight gain was noted in ABT treated females. Increased reticulocyte, and decreased triglycerides, BUN, A/G ratio and plasma potassium; increased weight of liver, kidneys, adrenals and thyroid was noted in ABT treated animals. Microscopically, hypertrophic findings were noted in liver, thyroid, adrenal glands, pituitary and uterus. Some of these changes were observed at as low as 25 mg/kg/day, therefore, NOEL could not be established. Based on this study, it is concluded that ABT is tolerable up to 100 mg/kg/day with some variations in clinical pathology, organ weight and histopathology; these changes should be considered during the assessment of any mechanistic study with ABT. Findings of this manuscript were presented at 58th meeting of the Society of Toxicology, Baltimore, 11 March 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harish Nakka
- Discovery Toxicology, Suven Life Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Shalini Londhe
- Discovery Toxicology, Suven Life Sciences, Hyderabad, India
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Zheng J, Balsitis S, Santos R, Smith BJ, Subramanian R. Characterization of Seasonal Pharmacokinetic Variability in Woodchucks. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1199-1209. [PMID: 32892154 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The eastern woodchuck (Marmota monax) is a hibernating species extensively used as an in vivo efficacy model for chronic human hepatitis B virus infection. Under laboratory conditions, woodchucks develop a pseudohibernation condition; thus, the pharmacokinetics (PK) of small-molecule therapeutics may be affected by the seasonal change. The seasonal PK of four probe compounds were characterized over 12 months in seven male and nine female laboratory-maintained woodchucks. These compounds were selected to study changes in oxidative metabolism [antipyrine (AP)], glucuronidation [raltegravir (RTG)], renal clearance [lamivudine (3TC)], and hepatic function [indocyanine green (ICG)]. Seasonal changes in physiologic parameters and PK were determined. Seasonal body weight increases were ≥30%. Seasonal changes in body temperature and heart rate were <10%. The mean AP exposure remained unchanged from April to August 2017, followed by a significant increase (≥1.0-fold) from August to December and subsequent decrease to baseline at the end of study. A similar trend was observed in RTG and 3TC exposures. The ICG exposure remained unchanged. No significant sex difference in PK was observed, although female woodchucks appeared to be less susceptible to seasonal PK and body weight changes. Significant seasonal PK changes for AP, RTG, and 3TC indicate decreases in oxidative metabolism, phase II glucuronidation, and renal clearance during pseudohibernation. The lack of seasonal change in ICG exposure suggests there are no significant changes in hepatic function. This information can be used to optimize the scheduling of woodchuck studies to avoid seasonally driven variation in drug PK. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Woodchuck is a hibernating species and is commonly used as a nonclinical model of hepatitis B infection. Investigation of seasonal PK changes is perhaps of greater interest to pharmaceutical industry scientists, who use the woodchuck model to optimize the scheduling of woodchuck studies to avoid seasonally driven variation in drug PK and/or toxicity. This information is also valuable to drug metabolism and veterinary scientists in understanding woodchuck's seasonal metabolism and behavior under the pseudohibernation condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Zheng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California
| | | | - Rex Santos
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California
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Fosmanogepix (APX001) Is Effective in the Treatment of Pulmonary Murine Mucormycosis Due to Rhizopus arrhizus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00178-20. [PMID: 32205345 PMCID: PMC7269494 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00178-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a life-threatening infection with high mortality that occurs predominantly in immunocompromised patients. Manogepix (MGX) is a novel antifungal that targets Gwt1, a protein involved in an early step in the conserved glycosylphosphotidyl inositol (GPI) posttranslational modification pathway of surface proteins in eukaryotic cells. Inhibition of fungal inositol acylation by MGX results in pleiotropic effects, including inhibition of maturation of GPI-anchored proteins necessary for growth and virulence. Mucormycosis is a life-threatening infection with high mortality that occurs predominantly in immunocompromised patients. Manogepix (MGX) is a novel antifungal that targets Gwt1, a protein involved in an early step in the conserved glycosylphosphotidyl inositol (GPI) posttranslational modification pathway of surface proteins in eukaryotic cells. Inhibition of fungal inositol acylation by MGX results in pleiotropic effects, including inhibition of maturation of GPI-anchored proteins necessary for growth and virulence. MGX has been previously shown to have in vitro activity against some strains of Mucorales. Here, we assessed the in vivo activity of the prodrug fosmanogepix, currently in clinical development for the treatment of invasive fungal infections, against two Rhizopus arrhizus strains with high (4.0 μg/ml) and low (0.25 μg/ml) minimum effective concentration (MEC) values. In both invasive pulmonary infection models, treatment of mice with 78 mg/kg or 104 mg/kg fosmanogepix, along with 1-aminobenzotriazole to enhance the serum half-life of MGX in mice, significantly increased median survival time and prolonged overall survival by day 21 postinfection compared to placebo. In addition, administration of fosmanogepix resulted in a 1 to 2 log reduction in both lung and brain fungal burden. For the 104 mg/kg fosmanogepix dose, tissue clearance and survival were comparable to clinically relevant doses of isavuconazole (ISA), which is FDA approved for the treatment of mucormycosis. These results support continued development of fosmanogepix as a first-in-class treatment for invasive mucormycosis.
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Fosmanogepix (APX001) Is Effective in the Treatment of Immunocompromised Mice Infected with Invasive Pulmonary Scedosporiosis or Disseminated Fusariosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01735-19. [PMID: 31818813 PMCID: PMC7038288 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01735-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are limited treatment options for immunosuppressed patients with lethal invasive fungal infections due to Fusarium and Scedosporium. Manogepix (MGX; APX001A) is a novel antifungal that targets the conserved Gwt1 enzyme required for localization of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored mannoproteins in fungi. We evaluated the in vitro activity of MGX and the efficacy of the prodrug fosmanogepix (APX001) in immunosuppressed murine models of hematogenously disseminated fusariosis and pulmonary scedosporiosis. There are limited treatment options for immunosuppressed patients with lethal invasive fungal infections due to Fusarium and Scedosporium. Manogepix (MGX; APX001A) is a novel antifungal that targets the conserved Gwt1 enzyme required for localization of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored mannoproteins in fungi. We evaluated the in vitro activity of MGX and the efficacy of the prodrug fosmanogepix (APX001) in immunosuppressed murine models of hematogenously disseminated fusariosis and pulmonary scedosporiosis. The MGX minimum effective concentration (MEC) for Scedosporium isolates was 0.03 μg/ml and ranged from 0.015 to 0.03 μg/ml for Fusarium isolates. In the scedosporiosis model, treatment of mice with 78 mg/kg and 104 mg/kg of body weight fosmanogepix, along with 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) to enhance the serum half-life of MGX, significantly increased median survival time versus placebo from 7 days to 13 and 11 days, respectively. Furthermore, administration of 104 mg/kg fosmanogepix resulted in an ∼2-log10 reduction in lung, kidney, or brain conidial equivalents/gram tissue (CE). Similarly, in the fusariosis model, 78 mg/kg and 104 mg/kg fosmanogepix plus ABT enhanced median survival time from 7 days to 12 and 10 days, respectively. A 2- to 3-log10 reduction in kidney and brain CE was observed. In both models, reduction in tissue fungal burden was corroborated with histopathological data, with target organs showing reduced or no abscesses in fosmanogepix-treated mice. Survival and tissue clearance were comparable to a clinically relevant high dose of liposomal amphotericin B (10 to 15 mg/kg). Our data support the continued development of fosmanogepix as a first-in-class treatment for infections caused by these rare molds.
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10
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Zhao S, Wang B, Zhong Z, Liu T, Liang T, Zhan J. Contributions of enzymes and gut microbes to biotransformation of perfluorooctane sulfonamide in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124619. [PMID: 31450114 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) is known as a key intermediate of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) precursors, which can be frequently detected in the environment and biota. FOSA could be bioaccumulated in earthworms from soil, but the contributions of enzymes and gut microbes involved in the biotransformation of FOSA in earthworms have not been identified. Therefore, the effects of enzyme inhibitors and intestinal microflora on biotransformation of FOSA in earthworms were investigated in the present study. FOSA was biotransformed to form PFOS by earthworms obtained from in vivo and in vitro tests. The addition of FOSA had significantly positive effects on cytolchrome P450 (CYP450) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activities, suggesting CYP450 and GST are likely involved in the enzymatic transformation. In addition, both 1-Aminobenzotriazole (ABT) and ezatiostat hydrochloride (TLK199), which were selected to inhibit the CYP and GST enzymes, respectively, demonstrated inhibition effects on biotransformation of FOSA in earthworms with a dose-dependent relationship. However, the concentrations of FOSA weren't changed by the bacteria isolated from worm gut, suggesting that gut bacteria did not contribute to FOSA biotransformation in earthworms. The results of this study confirm that the transformation of FOSA in earthworms is mediated mainly by enzymes rather than by gut microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE),; School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, 124221, PR China.
| | - Bohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE),; School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, 124221, PR China
| | - Zhe Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE),; School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, 124221, PR China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE),; School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, 124221, PR China
| | - Tiankun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE),; School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, 124221, PR China
| | - Jingjing Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE),; School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, Liaoning, 124221, PR China
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11
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Plasticity of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis respiratory chain and its impact on tuberculosis drug development. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4970. [PMID: 31672993 PMCID: PMC6823465 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12956-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The viability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) depends on energy generated by its respiratory chain. Cytochrome bc1-aa3 oxidase and type-2 NADH dehydrogenase (NDH-2) are respiratory chain components predicted to be essential, and are currently targeted for drug development. Here we demonstrate that an Mtb cytochrome bc1-aa3 oxidase deletion mutant is viable and only partially attenuated in mice. Moreover, treatment of Mtb-infected marmosets with a cytochrome bc1-aa3 oxidase inhibitor controls disease progression and reduces lesion-associated inflammation, but most lesions become cavitary. Deletion of both NDH-2 encoding genes (Δndh-2 mutant) reveals that the essentiality of NDH-2 as shown in standard growth media is due to the presence of fatty acids. The Δndh-2 mutant is only mildly attenuated in mice and not differently susceptible to clofazimine, a drug in clinical use proposed to engage NDH-2. These results demonstrate the intrinsic plasticity of Mtb's respiratory chain, and highlight the challenges associated with targeting the pathogen's respiratory enzymes for tuberculosis drug development.
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12
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Interspecies Variation in NCMN -O-Demethylation in Liver Microsomes from Various Species. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152765. [PMID: 31366067 PMCID: PMC6695839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NCMN (N-(3-carboxy propyl)-4-methoxy-1,8-naphthalimide), a newly developed ratiometric two-photon fluorescent probe for human Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), shows the best combination of specificity and reactivity for real-time detection of the enzymatic activities of CYP1A in complex biological systems. This study aimed to investigate the interspecies variation in NCMN-O-demethylation in commercially available liver microsomes from human, mouse, rat, beagle dog, minipig and cynomolgus monkey. Metabolite profiling demonstrated that NCMN could be O-demethylated in liver microsomes from all species but the reaction rate varied considerably. CYP1A was the major isoform involved in NCMN-O-demethylation in all examined liver microsomes based on the chemical inhibition assays. Furafylline, a specific inhibitor of mammalian CYP1A, displayed differential inhibitory effects on NCMN-O-demethylation in all tested species. Kinetic analyses demonstrated that NCMN-O-demethylation in liver microsomes form rat, minipig and cynomolgus monkey followed biphasic kinetics, while in liver microsomes form human, mouse and beagle dog obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the kinetic parameters from various species are much varied, while NCMN-O-demethylation in MLM exhibited the highest similarity of specificity, kinetic behavior and intrinsic clearance as that in HLM. These findings will be very helpful for the rational use of NCMN as a practical tool to decipher the functions of mammalian CYP1A or to study CYP1A associated drug-drug interactions in vivo.
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Dai ZR, Ning J, Sun GB, Wang P, Zhang F, Ma HY, Zou LW, Hou J, Wu JJ, Ge GB, Sun XB, Yang L. Cytochrome P450 3A Enzymes Are Key Contributors for Hepatic Metabolism of Bufotalin, a Natural Constitute in Chinese Medicine Chansu. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:52. [PMID: 30778299 PMCID: PMC6369212 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bufotalin (BFT), one of the naturally occurring bufodienolides, has multiple pharmacological and toxicological effects including antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity. This study aimed to character the metabolic pathway(s) of BFT and to identify the key drug metabolizing enzyme(s) responsible for hepatic metabolism of BFT in human, as well as to explore the related molecular mechanism of enzymatic selectivity. The major metabolite of BFT in human liver microsomes (HLMs) was fully identified as 5β-hydroxylbufotalin by LC-MS/MS and NMR techniques. Reaction phenotyping and chemical inhibition assays showed that CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 were key enzymes responsible for BFT 5β-hydroxylation. Kinetic analyses demonstrated that BFT 5β-hydroxylation in both HLMs and human CYP3A4 followed the biphasic kinetics, while BFT 5β-hydroxylation in CYP3A5 followed substrate inhibition kinetics. Furthermore, molecular docking simulations showed that BFT could bind on two different ligand-binding sites on both CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, which partially explained the different kinetic behaviors of BFT in CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. These findings are very helpful for elucidating the phase I metabolism of BFT in human and for deeper understanding the key interactions between CYP3A enzymes and bufadienolides, as well as for the development of bufadienolide-type drugs with improved pharmacokinetic and safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ru Dai
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ning
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Gui-Bo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Ying Ma
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Wei Zou
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Hou
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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APX001 Is Effective in the Treatment of Murine Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01713-18. [PMID: 30455236 PMCID: PMC6355556 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01713-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) due to Aspergillus fumigatus is a serious fungal infection in the immunosuppressed patient population. Despite the introduction of new antifungal agents, mortality rates remain high, and new treatments are needed. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) due to Aspergillus fumigatus is a serious fungal infection in the immunosuppressed patient population. Despite the introduction of new antifungal agents, mortality rates remain high, and new treatments are needed. The novel antifungal APX001A targets the conserved Gwt1 enzyme required for the localization of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored mannoproteins in fungi. We evaluated the in vitro activity of APX001A against A. fumigatus and the in vivo activity of its prodrug APX001 in an immunosuppressed mouse model of IPA. APX001A inhibited the growth of A. fumigatus with a minimum effective concentration of 0.03 μg/ml. The use of 50 mg/kg 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), a suicide inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes, enhanced APX001A exposures (area under the time-concentration curve [AUC]) 16- to 18-fold and enhanced serum half-life from ∼1 to 9 h, more closely mimicking human pharmacokinetics. We evaluated the efficacy of APX001 (with ABT) in treating murine IPA compared to posaconazole treatment. Treatment of mice with 78 mg/kg once daily (QD), 78 mg/kg twice daily, or 104 mg/kg QD APX001 significantly enhanced the median survival time and prolonged day 21 postinfection overall survival compared to the placebo. Furthermore, administration of APX001 resulted in a significant reduction in lung fungal burden (4.2 to 7.6 log10 conidial equivalents/g of tissue) versus the untreated control and resolved the infection, as judged by histopathological examination. The observed survival and tissue clearance were comparable to a clinically relevant posaconazole dose. These results warrant the continued development of APX001 as a broad-spectrum, first-in-class treatment of invasive fungal infections.
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In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation of Hepatic Fraction of Metabolism by P450 in Dogs. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:1017-1026. [PMID: 30244007 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
1-Aminobenzotriazole (ABT) has been widely used as a nonspecific mechanism-based inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes. It is extensively used in preclinical studies to determine the relative contribution of oxidative metabolism mediated by P450 in vitro and in vivo. The aim of present study was to understand the translation of fraction metabolized by P450 in dog hepatocytes to in vivo using ABT, for canagliflozin, known to be cleared by P450-mediated oxidation and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases-mediated glucuronidation, and 3 drug discovery project compounds mainly cleared by hepatic metabolism. In a dog hepatocyte, intrinsic clearance assay with and without preincubation of ABT, 3 Lilly compounds exhibited a wide range of fraction metabolized by P450. Subsequent metabolite profiling in dog hepatocytes demonstrated a combination of metabolism by P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. In vivo, dogs were pretreated with 50 mg/kg ABT or vehicle at 2 h before intravenous administration of canagliflozin and Lilly compounds. The areas under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were compared for the ABT-pretreated and vehicle-pretreated groups. The measured AUCABT/AUCveh ratios were correlated to fraction of metabolism by P450 in dog hepatocytes, suggesting that in vitro ABT inhibition in hepatocytes is useful to rank order compounds for in vivo fraction of metabolism assessment.
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Padmanabhan S, Kaur H, Rao A, Saxena A, Gupta YK, Mariappan TT, Holenarsipur VK. Effect of pretreatment regimens of 1-aminobenzotriazole on metabolism and gastric emptying of probe compounds in rat. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:646-654. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1489166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Padmanabhan
- Syngene International Ltd, Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Harbeer Kaur
- Syngene International Ltd, Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Abhijith Rao
- Syngene International Ltd, Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Ajay Saxena
- Syngene International Ltd, Biopharmaceutics, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Yogesh Kumar Gupta
- Syngene International Ltd, Biopharmaceutics, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bangalore, India
| | - T. Thanga Mariappan
- Syngene International Ltd, Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Bangalore, India
| | - Vinay K. Holenarsipur
- Syngene International Ltd, Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Bangalore, India
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Yamaguchi JI, Toki H, Qu Y, Yang C, Koike H, Hashimoto K, Mizuno-Yasuhira A, Chaki S. (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine is not essential for the antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1900-1907. [PMID: 29802366 PMCID: PMC6046044 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
(R,S)-Ketamine has rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in depressed patients. Although the metabolism of (R,S)-ketamine to (2 R,6 R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK), a metabolite of (R)-ketamine, has been reported to be essential for its antidepressant effects, recent evidence suggests otherwise. The present study investigated the role of the metabolism of (R)-ketamine to (2 R,6 R)-HNK in the antidepressant actions of (R)-ketamine. Antidepressant effects were evaluated using the forced swimming test in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model of mice and the tail suspension test in naive mice. To prevent the metabolism of (R)-ketamine to (2 R,6 R)-HNK, mice were pretreated with cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitors. The concentrations of (R)-ketamine, (R)-norketamine, and (2 R,6 R)-HNK in plasma, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were determined using enantioselective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The concentrations of (R)-norketamine and (2 R,6 R)-HNK in plasma, brain, and CSF samples after administration of (R)-norketamine (10 mg/kg) and (2 R,6 R)-HNK (10 mg/kg), respectively, were higher than those generated after administration of (R)-ketamine (10 mg/kg). Nonetheless, while (R)-ketamine attenuated, neither (R)-norketamine nor (2 R,6 R)-HNK significantly altered immobility times of LPS-treated mice. Treatment with CYP inhibitors prior to administration of (R)-ketamine increased the plasma levels of (R)-ketamine, while generation of (2 R,6 R)-HNK was almost completely blocked. (R)-Ketamine exerted the antidepressant effects at a lower dose in the presence of CYP inhibitors than in their absence, which is consistent with exposure levels of (R)-ketamine but not (2 R,6 R)-HNK. These results indicate that metabolism to (2 R,6 R)-HNK is not necessary for the antidepressant effects of (R)-ketamine and that unmetabolized (R)-ketamine itself may be responsible for its antidepressant actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Yamaguchi
- 0000 0001 2162 3360grid.419836.1Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 331-9530 Japan
| | - Hidetoh Toki
- 0000 0001 2162 3360grid.419836.1Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 331-9530 Japan
| | - Youge Qu
- grid.411500.1Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Chun Yang
- grid.411500.1Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koike
- 0000 0001 2162 3360grid.419836.1Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 331-9530 Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- grid.411500.1Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8670 Japan
| | - Akiko Mizuno-Yasuhira
- 0000 0001 2162 3360grid.419836.1Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 331-9530 Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Chaki
- Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 331-9530, Japan.
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In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of APX001A/APX001 and Other Gwt1 Inhibitors against Cryptococcus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00523-18. [PMID: 29891599 PMCID: PMC6105804 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00523-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis (CM), caused primarily by Cryptococcus neoformans, is uniformly fatal if not treated. Treatment options are limited, especially in resource-poor geographical regions, and mortality rates remain high despite current therapies. Here we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo activity of several compounds, including APX001A and its prodrug, APX001, currently in clinical development for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. These compounds target the conserved Gwt1 enzyme that is required for the localization of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell wall mannoproteins in fungi. The Gwt1 inhibitors had low MIC values, ranging from 0.004 μg/ml to 0.5 μg/ml, against both C. neoformans and C. gattii APX001A and APX2020 demonstrated in vitro synergy with fluconazole (fractional inhibitory concentration index, 0.37 for both). In a CM model, APX001 and fluconazole each alone reduced the fungal burden in brain tissue (0.78 and 1.04 log10 CFU/g, respectively), whereas the combination resulted in a reduction of 3.52 log10 CFU/g brain tissue. Efficacy, as measured by a reduction in the brain and lung tissue fungal burden, was also observed for another Gwt1 inhibitor prodrug, APX2096, where dose-dependent reductions in the fungal burden ranged from 5.91 to 1.79 log10 CFU/g lung tissue and from 7.00 and 0.92 log10 CFU/g brain tissue, representing the nearly complete or complete sterilization of lung and brain tissue at the higher doses. These data support the further clinical evaluation of this new class of antifungal agents for the treatment of CM.
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de Montellano PRO. 1-Aminobenzotriazole: A Mechanism-Based Cytochrome P450 Inhibitor and Probe of Cytochrome P450 Biology. Med Chem 2018; 8:038. [PMID: 30221034 PMCID: PMC6137267 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0444.1000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
1-Aminobenzotriazole (1-ABT) is a pan-specific, mechanism-based inactivator of the xenobiotic metabolizing forms of cytochrome P450 in animals, plants, insects, and microorganisms. It has been widely used to investigate the biological roles of cytochrome P450 enzymes, their participation in the metabolism of both endobiotics and xenobiotics, and their contributions to the metabolism-dependent toxicity of drugs and chemicals. This review is a comprehensive evaluation of the chemistry, discovery, and use of 1-aminobenzotriazole in these contexts from its introduction in 1981 to the present.
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20
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Stringer R, Cordier V, Afatsawo C, Arabin P, Desrayaud S, Hoffmann L, Lehmann D, Lowe PJ, Risser F, Thiel J, Widmer T, Wipfli P, Bigaud M. Utility of food pellets containing 1-aminobenzotriazole for longer term in vivo inhibition of cytochrome P450 in mice. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:13-21. [PMID: 29299977 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1418542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
1. The utility of 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT), incorporated in food, has been investigated as an approach for longer term inhibition of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes in mice. 2. In rats, ABT inhibits gastric emptying, to investigate this potential limitation in mice we examined the effect of ABT administration on the oral absorption of NVS-CRF38. Two hour prior oral treatment with 100 mg/kg ABT inhibited the oral absorption of NVS-CRF38, Tmax was 4 hours for ABT-treated mice compared to 0.5 hours in the control group. 3. A marked inhibition of hepatic P450 activity was observed in mice fed with ABT containing food pellets for 1 month. P450 activity, as measured by the oral clearance of antipyrine, was inhibited on day 3 (88% of control), week 2 (83% of control) and week 4 (80% of control). 4. Tmax values for antipyrine were comparable between ABT-treated mice and the control group, alleviating concerns about impaired gastric function. 5. Inclusion of ABT in food provides a minimally invasive and convenient approach to achieve longer term inhibition of P450 activity in mice. This model has the potential to enable pharmacological proof-of-concept studies for research compounds which are extensively metabolised by P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan Stringer
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Valerie Cordier
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | | | - Philip Arabin
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | | | - Laurent Hoffmann
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Daniel Lehmann
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Philip John Lowe
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Francis Risser
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Julia Thiel
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Toni Widmer
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Peter Wipfli
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Marc Bigaud
- a Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
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21
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Characterization of 1-Aminobenzotriazole and Ketoconazole as Novel Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase (MAO): An In Vitro Investigation. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 42:827-834. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-017-0401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Hasegawa T, Nakanishi S, Minami K, Higashino H, Kataoka M, Shitara Y, Yamashita S. Increase in the systemic exposure of primary metabolites of Midazolam in rat arising from CYP inhibition or hepatic dysfunction. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 32:69-76. [PMID: 28109684 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to demonstrate the possibility of increase in the systemic exposure of drug metabolites by CYP-inhibition or acute hepatitis. Midazolam (MDZ) was used as a model substrate of CYP3A and 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) was used as a CYP-inhibitor. After oral pretreatment with ABT, MDZ was intravenously injected to rats and the plasma profiles of MDZ and its primary metabolites, 1'-hydroxy MDZ and 4-hydroxy MDZ, were observed. In the ABT-pretreatment rats, plasma AUCs of both metabolites were much larger than those in control rats, demonstrating a higher systemic exposure of metabolites under CYP-inhibited condition. Furthermore, kinetic analysis revealed that the amount of both metabolites entered into the systemic circulation increased significantly (about 5-times). Increases in the systemic exposure of the primary metabolites of MDZ were also observed in the acute hepatitis rats induced by CCl4-pretreatment. As underlying mechanisms, it was speculated that ABT inhibited the subsequent metabolism of primary metabolites of MDZ in the hepatocytes and enhanced their release to the systemic circulation. In vitro study with rat liver microsomes supported this speculation. In conclusion, this study showed the complexity of PK profiles of drug metabolites, which might lead to new aspects on their safety issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Hasegawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satomi Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Minami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruki Higashino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kataoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Shitara
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Sanofi K.K., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan.
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Russell S, Rahmani R, Jones AJ, Newson HL, Neilde K, Cotillo I, Rahmani Khajouei M, Ferrins L, Qureishi S, Nguyen N, Martinez-Martinez MS, Weaver DF, Kaiser M, Riley J, Thomas J, De Rycker M, Read KD, Flematti GR, Ryan E, Tanghe S, Rodriguez A, Charman SA, Kessler A, Avery VM, Baell JB, Piggott MJ. Hit-to-Lead Optimization of a Novel Class of Potent, Broad-Spectrum Trypanosomacides. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9686-9720. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Russell
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Raphaël Rahmani
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Amy J. Jones
- Eskitis
Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane Innovation Park, Don Young
Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Harriet L. Newson
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin Neilde
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- GlaxoSmithKline, 28760 Tres Cantos, Spain
| | | | - Marzieh Rahmani Khajouei
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lori Ferrins
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sana Qureishi
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Donald F. Weaver
- Department
of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petesplatz
1, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Riley
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, U.K
| | - John Thomas
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, U.K
| | - Manu De Rycker
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, U.K
| | - Kevin D. Read
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery,
School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 5EH Dundee, U.K
| | - Gavin R. Flematti
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eileen Ryan
- Centre
for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Scott Tanghe
- Anti-Infectives
Screening Core, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Anti-Infectives
Screening Core, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Centre
for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Vicky M. Avery
- Eskitis
Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane Innovation Park, Don Young
Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Jonathan B. Baell
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Piggott
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Watanabe A, Mayumi K, Nishimura K, Osaki H. In vivo use of the CYP inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole to increase long-term exposure in mice. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2016; 37:373-8. [PMID: 27379984 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
1-Aminobenzotriazole (ABT) is a well-known in vivo nonspecific inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. An effective dosing regimen of ABT for a multiple-administration study is needed to conduct pharmacological studies for proof-of-concept, although it has been established for single-administration study, to characterize the pharmacokinetics of drug candidates. This study demonstrated a suitable dosing vehicle of ABT for continuous administration and increased exposure to antipyrine, which is a nonspecific probe of CYP, using ABT for a long period in mice. The dosing vehicle of ABT was 0.5% (w/v) hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and 0.5% (v/v) Tween 80 in N,N-dimethylacetamide/20% hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin aqueous solution (2:8, v/v) based on the duration of apparent solubility. After implantation of an ALZET osmotic pump with ABT, the plasma concentrations of ABT were maintained at more than 4.1 μg/ml over 336 h. Compared with the vehicle group, the CLtot of antipyrine with ABT decreased to approximately one-fourth, and the BA of antipyrine with ABT increased up to 3-fold. In addition, the enhancement of exposure of antipyrine by ABT was maintained over the 336 h. The body weight, food consumption and hematological parameters of mice did not change with ABT administration for 16 days. These findings demonstrated that pretreatment of ABT can increase long-term exposure using continuous administration with the ALZET osmotic pump in mice with no overt toxicity. It is concluded that the in vivo use of 1-aminobenzotriazole can be applied to pharmacological studies for proof-of-concept, thus contributing to the selection of drug candidates at an early drug discovery stage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayahisa Watanabe
- Physicochemical & Preformulation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Japan.
| | - Kei Mayumi
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Kyohei Nishimura
- Drug Safely Evaluation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Hiromi Osaki
- Physicochemical & Preformulation, Research Laboratory for Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Japan
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25
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Stringer RA, Ferreira S, Rose J, Ronseaux S. Application of Osmotic Pumps for Sustained Release of 1-Aminobenzotriazole and Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Mice: Model Comparison with the Hepatic P450 Reductase Null Mouse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1213-6. [PMID: 27271368 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of controlled release 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) administration to inhibit cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes has been evaluated in mice. To maximize the duration of P450 inhibition in vivo, ABT was administered via an osmotic pump. The degree of P450 inhibition was compared with that achieved with a single bolus dose of ABT. Two-hour prior subcutaneous treatment of mice with ABT (50 mg/kg) inhibited antipyrine clearance by 88%. A less pronounced inhibitory effect (29% reduction in clearance) was observed when ABT was administered 24-hours before antipyrine administration, indicating partial restoration of P450 activity during this longer pretreatment time. The duration of ABT in mice was very short (mean residence time = 1.7 hours) after subcutaneous bolus administration. When the inhibitor was delivered by an osmotic pump, maximum blood concentrations of the inhibitor were observed 24 hours after device implantation and were maintained at steady state for 6 days. Inhibition of P450 activity, as measured by antipyrine clearance, was confirmed at 24 hours and 120 hours after pump implantation, highlighting the utility of this method as a longer-term model for P450 inhibition in mice. The magnitude of P450 inhibition in ABT-treated mice was compared with that in hepatic P450 reductase null mice and both models were comparable. In vivo ABT administration by an osmotic pump offers an effective approach for longer-term P450 inhibition in mice and avoids the necessity for multiple dosing of the inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan A Stringer
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (R.A.S); Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.F., S.R.); and Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom (J.R.)
| | - Suzie Ferreira
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (R.A.S); Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.F., S.R.); and Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom (J.R.)
| | - Jonathan Rose
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (R.A.S); Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.F., S.R.); and Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom (J.R.)
| | - Sebastien Ronseaux
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (R.A.S); Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts (S.F., S.R.); and Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom (J.R.)
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26
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Parrish KE, Mao J, Chen J, Jaochico A, Ly J, Ho Q, Mukadam S, Wright M. In vitroandin vivocharacterization of CYP inhibition by 1-aminobenzotriazole in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2016; 37:200-11. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen E. Parrish
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Genentech, Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Jialin Mao
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Genentech, Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Jacob Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Genentech, Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Allan Jaochico
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Genentech, Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Justin Ly
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Genentech, Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Quynh Ho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Genentech, Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Sophie Mukadam
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Genentech, Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Matthew Wright
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Genentech, Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
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27
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Zhang L, Zhao H, Liu Y, Dong H, Lv B, Fang M, Zhao H. Metabolic routes along digestive system of licorice: multicomponent sequential metabolism method in rat. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:902-12. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyu Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Honghuan Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Beiran Lv
- School of Chinese Materia Medica; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Min Fang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing People's Republic of China
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28
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Boily MO, Chauret N, Laterreur J, Leblond FA, Boudreau C, Duquet MC, Lévesque JF, Ste-Marie L, Pichette V. In Vitro and In Vivo Mechanistic Studies toward Understanding the Role of 1-Aminobenzotriazole in Rat Drug-Drug Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1960-5. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ning J, Hou J, Wang P, Wu JJ, Dai ZR, Zou LW, Li W, Ge GB, Ma XC, Yang L. Interspecies variation in phase I metabolism of bufalin in hepatic microsomes from mouse, rat, dog, minipig, monkey, and human. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:954-60. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1035359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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TXA709, an FtsZ-Targeting Benzamide Prodrug with Improved Pharmacokinetics and Enhanced In Vivo Efficacy against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4845-55. [PMID: 26033735 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00708-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical development of FtsZ-targeting benzamide compounds like PC190723 has been limited by poor drug-like and pharmacokinetic properties. Development of prodrugs of PC190723 (e.g., TXY541) resulted in enhanced pharmaceutical properties, which, in turn, led to improved intravenous efficacy as well as the first demonstration of oral efficacy in vivo against both methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Despite being efficacious in vivo, TXY541 still suffered from suboptimal pharmacokinetics and the requirement of high efficacious doses. We describe here the design of a new prodrug (TXA709) in which the Cl group on the pyridyl ring has been replaced with a CF3 functionality that is resistant to metabolic attack. As a result of this enhanced metabolic stability, the product of the TXA709 prodrug (TXA707) is associated with improved pharmacokinetic properties (a 6.5-fold-longer half-life and a 3-fold-greater oral bioavailability) and superior in vivo antistaphylococcal efficacy relative to PC190723. We validate FtsZ as the antibacterial target of TXA707 and demonstrate that the compound retains potent bactericidal activity against S. aureus strains resistant to the current standard-of-care drugs vancomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid. These collective properties, coupled with minimal observed toxicity to mammalian cells, establish the prodrug TXA709 as an antistaphylococcal agent worthy of clinical development.
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31
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Garner CE, Liang S, Yin L, Yu X. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling for 1-bromopropane in F344 rats using gas uptake inhalation experiments. Toxicol Sci 2015; 145:23-36. [PMID: 25634537 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Bromopropane (1-BP) was introduced into the workplace as an alternative to ozone-depleting solvents and increasingly used in manufacturing industry. The potential exposure to 1-BP and the current reports of adverse effects associated with occupational exposure to high levels of 1-BP have increased the need to understand the mechanism of 1-BP toxicity in animal models as a mean of understanding risk in workers. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for 1-BP has been developed to examine 2 metabolic pathway assumptions for gas-uptake inhalation study. Based on previous gas-uptake experiments in the Fischer 344 rat, the PBPK model was developed by simulating the 1-BP concentration in a closed chamber. In the model, we tested the hypothesis that metabolism responsibilities were shared by the p450 CYP2E1 and glutathione (GSH) conjugation. The results showed that 2 metabolic pathways adequately simulated 1-BP closed chamber concentration. Furthermore, the above model was tested by simulating the gas-uptake data of the female rats pretreated with 1-aminobenzotrizole, a general P450 suicide inhibitor, or d,l-buthionine (S,R)-sulfoximine, an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, prior to exposure to 800 ppm 1-BP. The comparative investigation on the metabolic pathway of 1-BP through the PBPK modeling in both sexes provides critical information for understanding the role of p450 and GSH in the metabolism of 1-BP and eventually helps to quantitatively extrapolate current animal studies to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Edwin Garner
- *Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 and Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Shenxuan Liang
- *Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 and Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Lei Yin
- *Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 and Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Xiaozhong Yu
- *Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 and Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Barnett
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
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33
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Anby MU, Nguyen TH, Yeap YY, Feeney OM, Williams HD, Benameur H, Pouton CW, Porter CJH. An in vitro digestion test that reflects rat intestinal conditions to probe the importance of formulation digestion vs first pass metabolism in Danazol bioavailability from lipid based formulations. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4069-83. [PMID: 25265395 DOI: 10.1021/mp500197b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The impact of gastrointestinal (GI) processing and first pass metabolism on danazol oral bioavailability (BA) was evaluated after administration of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) in the rat. Danazol absolute BA was determined following oral and intraduodenal (ID) administration of LFCS class IIIA medium chain (MC) formulations at high (SEDDSH-III) and low (SEDDSL-III) drug loading and a lipid free LFCS class IV formulation (SEDDS-IV). Experiments were conducted in the presence and absence of ABT (1-aminobenzotriazole) to evaluate the effect of first pass metabolism. A series of modified in vitro lipolysis tests were developed to better understand the in vivo processing of SEDDS in the rat. Danazol BA was low (<13%) following oral and ID administration of either SEDDS. Increasing drug loading, ID rather than oral administration, and administration of SEDDS-IV rather than SEDDS-III led to higher oral BA. After pretreatment with ABT, however, danazol oral BA significantly increased (e.g., 60% compared to 2% after administration of SEDDSL-III), no effect was observed on increasing drug loading, and differences between SEDDS-III and -IV were minimal. In vitro digestion models based on the lower enzyme activity and lower dilution conditions expected in the rat resulted in significantly reduced danazol precipitation from SEDDS-III or SEDDS-IV on initiation of digestion. At the doses administered here (4-8 mg/kg), the primary limitation to danazol oral BA in the rat was first pass metabolism, and the fraction absorbed was >45% after oral administration of SEDDS-III or SEDDS-IV. In contrast, previous studies in dogs suggest that danazol BA is less dependent on first pass metabolism and more sensitive to changes in formulation processing. In vitro digestion models based on likely rat GI conditions suggest less drug precipitation on formulation digestion when compared to equivalent dog models, consistent with the increases in in vivo exposure (fraction absorbed) seen here in ABT-pretreated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette U Anby
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus) , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Subramanian R, Aidasani D, Bailey K, Branstetter D, Everds N, Jiang J, Norman MH, Primack R, Skiles GL, Soto I, Stec MM, Wagner M, Wu T, Zhu X, Lebrec H. P450-Mediated O-Demethylated Metabolite Is Responsible for Rat Hepatobiliary Toxicity of Pyridyltriazine-Containing PI3K Inhibitors. Toxicol Sci 2014; 142:298-310. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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Feeney OM, Williams HD, Pouton CW, Porter CJH. 'Stealth' lipid-based formulations: poly(ethylene glycol)-mediated digestion inhibition improves oral bioavailability of a model poorly water soluble drug. J Control Release 2014; 192:219-27. [PMID: 25058571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For over 20years, stealth drug delivery has been synonymous with nanoparticulate formulations and intravenous dosing. The putative determinants of stealth in these applications are the molecular weight and packing density of a hydrophilic polymer (commonly poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)) that forms a steric barrier at the surface of the nanoparticle. The current study examined the potential translation of the concepts learned from stealth technology after intravenous administration to oral drug delivery and specifically, to enhance drug exposure after administration of oral lipid-based formulations (LBFs) containing medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). MCT LBFs are rapidly digested in the gastrointestinal tract, typically resulting in losses in solubilisation capacity, supersaturation and drug precipitation. Here, non-ionic surfactants containing stealth PEG headgroups were incorporated into MCT LBFs in an attempt to attenuate digestion, reduce precipitation risk and enhance drug exposure. Stealth capabilities were assessed by measuring the degree of digestion inhibition that resulted from steric hindrance of enzyme access to the oil-water interface. Drug-loaded LBFs were assessed for maintenance of solubilising capacity during in vitro digestion and evaluated in vivo in rats. The data suggest that the structural determinants of stealth LBFs mirror those of parenteral formulations, i.e., the key factors are the molecular weight of the PEG in the surfactant headgroup and the packing density of the PEG chains at the interface. Interestingly, the data also show that the presence of labile ester bonds within a PEGylated surfactant also impact on the stealth properties of LBFs, with digestible surfactants requiring a PEG Mw of ~1800g/mol and non-digestible ether-based surfactants ~800g/mol to shield the lipidic cargo. In vitro evaluation of drug solubilisation during digestion showed stealth LBFs maintained drug solubilisation at or above 80% of drug load and reduced supersaturation in comparison to digestible counterparts. This trend was also reflected in vivo, where the relative bioavailability of drug after administration in two stealth LBFs increased to 120% and 182% in comparison to analogous digestible (non-stealth) formulations. The results of the current study indicate that self-assembled "stealth" LBFs have potential as a novel means of improving LBF performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlagh M Feeney
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Hywel D Williams
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Colin W Pouton
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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Stringer RA, Weber E, Tigani B, Lavan P, Medhurst S, Sohal B. 1-Aminobenzotriazole modulates oral drug pharmacokinetics through cytochrome P450 inhibition and delay of gastric emptying in rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1117-24. [PMID: 24727486 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.056408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous effects of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) on inhibition of in vivo metabolism and gastric emptying were evaluated with the test compound 7-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-3-(4-methoxy-2-methylphenyl)-2,6-dimethylpyrazolo[5,1-b]oxazole(NVS-CRF38), a novel corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1) antagonist with low water solubility, and the reference compound midazolam with high water solubility in rats. Pretreatment of rats with 100 mg/kg oral ABT administered 2 hours before a semisolid caloric test meal markedly delayed gastric emptying. ABT increased stomach weights by 2-fold; this is likely attributable to a prosecretory effect because stomach concentrations of bilirubin were comparable in ABT and control groups. ABT administration decreased the initial systemic exposure of orally administered NVS-CRF38 and increased Tmax 40-fold, suggesting gastric retention and delayed oral absorption. ABT increased the initial systemic exposure of midazolam, however for orally (but not subcutaneously) administered midazolam, extensive variability in plasma-concentration time profiles was apparent. Careful selection of administration routes is recommended for ABT use in vivo, variable oral absorption of coadministered compounds can be expected due to a disturbance of gastrointestinal transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan A Stringer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom (R.A.S., E.W., P.L., S.M., B.S.); and Global Imaging Group, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (B.T.)
| | - Eckhard Weber
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom (R.A.S., E.W., P.L., S.M., B.S.); and Global Imaging Group, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (B.T.)
| | - Bruno Tigani
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom (R.A.S., E.W., P.L., S.M., B.S.); and Global Imaging Group, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (B.T.)
| | - Paul Lavan
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom (R.A.S., E.W., P.L., S.M., B.S.); and Global Imaging Group, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (B.T.)
| | - Stephen Medhurst
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom (R.A.S., E.W., P.L., S.M., B.S.); and Global Imaging Group, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (B.T.)
| | - Bindi Sohal
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom (R.A.S., E.W., P.L., S.M., B.S.); and Global Imaging Group, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland (B.T.)
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37
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Mahmood I, Boxenbaum H. Vertical allometry: Fact or fiction? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 68:468-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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38
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Koyanagi T, Yamaura Y, Yano K, Kim S, Yamazaki H. Age-related pharmacokinetic changes of acetaminophen, antipyrine, diazepam, diphenhydramine, and ofloxacin in male cynomolgus monkeys and beagle dogs. Xenobiotica 2014; 44:893-901. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.903532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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39
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Higashino H, Hasegawa T, Yamamoto M, Matsui R, Masaoka Y, Kataoka M, Sakuma S, Yamashita S. In vitro-in vivo correlation of the effect of supersaturation on the intestinal absorption of BCS Class 2 drugs. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:746-54. [PMID: 24460473 DOI: 10.1021/mp400465p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish an in vitro method for evaluating the effect of supersaturation on oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs in vivo. Albendazole, dipyridamole, gefitinib, and ketoconazole were used as model drugs. Supersaturation of each drug was induced by diluting its stock solution by fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) (solvent-shift method), then dissolution and precipitation profile of the drug was observed in vitro. The crystalline form of the precipitate was checked by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For comparison, control suspension was prepared by suspending a drug powder directly into FaSSIF (powder-suspending method). In vivo intestinal absorption of the drug was observed in rats by determined the plasma concentration after intraduodenal administration of drug suspensions. For all drugs, suspensions prepared by solvent-shift method showed significantly higher dissolved concentration in vitro than that prepared by powder-suspending method, clearly indicated the induction of supersaturation. DSC analysis revealed that crystalline form of the precipitate profoundly affects the extent and the duration of supersaturation. A rat in vivo study confirmed that the supersaturation of these drugs increased the fraction absorbed from the intestine, which corresponded well to the in vitro dissolution and precipitation profile of drugs except for ketoconazole. For ketoconazole, an in vivo absorption study was performed in rats pretreated with 1-aminobenzotriazole, a potent inhibitor of CYP mediated metabolism. CYP inhibition study suggested that the high luminal concentration of ketoconazole caused by supersaturation saturated the metabolic enzymes and further increased the systemic exposure of the absorbed drug. The additional effects of supersaturation on the absorption of ketoconazole are consistent with previous studies in humans under differing gastric pH conditions. In conclusion, effects of supersaturation on the intestinal absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs could be predicted from in vitro dissolution and a precipitation study. However if supersaturation affects the pharmacokinetic profiles of drugs, such as a first-pass metabolism, a combination with in vivo study should be required to evaluate its impact on oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Higashino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University , 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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40
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Boggs JW, Hop CECA, McNamara E, Deng Y, Messick K, West K, Choo EF. Assessment of the Hepatic CYP Reductase Null Mouse Model and Its Potential Application in Drug Discovery. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1062-8. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400556x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason W. Boggs
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ‡Cell Signaling Pathways and Translational
Oncology, and §Non-clinical Operations, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, United States
| | - Cornelis E. C. A. Hop
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ‡Cell Signaling Pathways and Translational
Oncology, and §Non-clinical Operations, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, United States
| | - Erin McNamara
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ‡Cell Signaling Pathways and Translational
Oncology, and §Non-clinical Operations, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, United States
| | - Yuzhong Deng
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ‡Cell Signaling Pathways and Translational
Oncology, and §Non-clinical Operations, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, United States
| | - Kirsten Messick
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ‡Cell Signaling Pathways and Translational
Oncology, and §Non-clinical Operations, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, United States
| | - Kristina West
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ‡Cell Signaling Pathways and Translational
Oncology, and §Non-clinical Operations, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, United States
| | - Edna F. Choo
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, ‡Cell Signaling Pathways and Translational
Oncology, and §Non-clinical Operations, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California, 94080, United States
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41
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Garner CE, Yu X. Species and sex-dependent toxicokinetics of 1-bromopropane: the role of hepatic cytochrome P450 oxidation and glutathione (GSH). Xenobiotica 2014; 44:644-56. [PMID: 24438363 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.879624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. The objectives of the current studies were to evaluate the factors influencing the toxicokinetics of 1-bromopropane (1-BP) in rodents after intravenous (IV) and inhalation exposure. 2. F-344 rats were administered 1-BP via IV bolus injection at 5 and 20 mg/kg and blood concentration determined versus time. F-344 rats and B6C3F1 mice were also exposed to starting inhalation concentrations 70, 240, 800 and 2700 ppm 1-BP in a closed gas uptake system and chamber 1-BP levels were monitored for 6 h. Plasma bromide concentrations were determined to estimate total metabolized dose. Rats were pretreated with chemical inhibitors of cytochrome P450 and glutathione (GSH) synthesis, prior to exposure to 1-BP at 800 ppm within inhalation chambers. 3. Systemic clearance of 1-BP in rat was rapid and decreased with increasing dose. As inhalation chamber concentration of 1-BP increased, the terminal elimination rates decreased. Half-life of 1-BP in rats following inhibition of P450 (9.6 h) or depletion of GSH (4.1 h) increased relative to controls (2.0 h) at 800 ppm. The percentage of 1-BP metabolized decreased with increasing inhalation exposure. Hepatic levels of GSH were significantly lowered regardless of the exposure level in both rats and mice. Chamber concentration-time curves were fit to a two compartment model which was used to estimate metabolic rate constants. 4. These data suggest that in rat, 1-BP clearance is saturable and that elimination is highly dependent on both P450 and GSH-dependent metabolism. This investigation in rodents may provide an understanding of interspecies differences in toxicokinetics and eventually aid translation of animal studies to human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Edwin Garner
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park , NC , USA and
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42
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Wan L, O’Brien P. Molecular mechanism of 17α-ethinylestradiol cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:21-6. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
17α-Ethinylestradiol (17-EE) is used in formulations of contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy because it is an estradiol derivative. However, it has been associated with an increase in the risk of liver cancers and injury. The carcinogenic properties of 17-EE are similar to that of other estrogens, but the molecular mechanism of liver injury is still unclear. It is important to identify any secondary toxic mechanisms that can be used to prevent or treat the toxicity. The LC50 of 17-EE toward isolated rat hepatocytes was determined to be 150 ± 8 μmol/L. Accelerated cytotoxicity mechanism screening (ACMS) techniques using isolated rat hepatocytes showed that CYP1A inhibitors decreased cytotoxicity, whereas tyrosinase increased toxicity; this suggests that the toxic mechanism involved is the oxidation of 17-EE. A hepatocyte inflammation model also increased 17-EE-induced mitochondrial toxicity, as well as the formation of ROS and H2O2. Cytotoxicity was increased when inhibitors of quinone reduction, catechol-O-methylation, glucuronidation, glutathione conjugation, and sulfation were co-incubated with 17-EE. The hepatocytes could be rescued with antioxidants and quinone trapping agents, thereby suggesting a role for quinoid moiety induced oxidative stress in 17-EE induced cytotoxicity. These mechanisms for 17-EE hepatotoxicity could provide a new perspective for the treating 17-EE-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Wan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Peter O’Brien
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3M2, Canada
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43
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Tetsuka K, Gerst N, Tamura K, Masters JN. Glucuronidation and Subsequent Biliary Excretion of Mycophenolic Acid in Rat Sandwich-cultured Hepatocytes. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 29:129-34. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-13-rg-050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Stappaerts J, Fattah S, Annaert P, Augustijns P. Hepatobiliary and intestinal elimination of darunavir in an integrated preclinical rat model. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:489-97. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.861541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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45
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Bridges TM, Rook JM, Noetzel MJ, Morrison RD, Zhou Y, Gogliotti RD, Vinson PN, Xiang Z, Jones CK, Niswender CM, Lindsley CW, Stauffer SR, Conn PJ, Daniels JS. Biotransformation of a novel positive allosteric modulator of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 contributes to seizure-like adverse events in rats involving a receptor agonism-dependent mechanism. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1703-14. [PMID: 23821185 PMCID: PMC3876804 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) represents a novel strategy for therapeutic intervention into multiple central nervous system disorders, including schizophrenia. Recently, a number of positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of mGlu5 were discovered to exhibit in vivo efficacy in rodent models of psychosis, including PAMs possessing varying degrees of agonist activity (ago-PAMs), as well as PAMs devoid of agonist activity. However, previous studies revealed that ago-PAMs can induce seizure activity and behavioral convulsions, whereas pure mGlu5 PAMs do not induce these adverse effects. We recently identified a potent and selective mGlu5 PAM, VU0403602, that was efficacious in reversing amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in rats. The compound also induced time-dependent seizure activity that was blocked by coadministration of the mGlu5 antagonist, 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl) pyridine. Consistent with potential adverse effects induced by ago-PAMs, we found that VU0403602 had significant allosteric agonist activity. Interestingly, inhibition of VU0403602 metabolism in vivo by a pan cytochrome P450 (P450) inactivator completely protected rats from induction of seizures. P450-mediated biotransformation of VU0403602 was discovered to produce another potent ago-PAM metabolite-ligand (M1) of mGlu5. Electrophysiological studies in rat hippocampal slices confirmed agonist activity of both M1 and VU0403602 and revealed that M1 can induce epileptiform activity in a manner consistent with its proconvulsant behavioral effects. Furthermore, unbound brain exposure of M1 was similar to that of the parent compound, VU0403602. These findings indicate that biotransformation of mGlu5 PAMs to active metabolite-ligands may contribute to the epileptogenesis observed after in vivo administration of this class of allosteric receptor modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bridges
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, USA
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46
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Skopec MM, Malenke JR, Halpert JR, Denise Dearing M. An in vivo assay for elucidating the importance of cytochromes P450 for the ability of a wild mammalian herbivore (Neotoma lepida) to consume toxic plants. Physiol Biochem Zool 2013; 86:593-601. [PMID: 23995490 DOI: 10.1086/672212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
An in vivo assay using the cytochrome P450 (P450) suicide inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) and 24-h food intake was developed to determine the relative importance of P450s in two populations of Neotoma lepida with respect to biotransformation of plant secondary compounds in the animals' natural diets. The efficacy of ABT as a P450 inhibitor was first validated using hypnotic-state assays with and without pretreatment with ABT. Pretreatment with 100 mg/kg ABT by gavage increased hexobarbital sleep times 3-4-fold in both populations, showing effective inhibition of P450s in woodrats. Next, the Great Basin population was fed a terpene-rich juniper diet, and the Mojave population was fed a phenolic-rich creosote diet, with rabbit chow serving as the control diet in each group. Treatment with ABT inhibited food intake in the Great Basin population fed the juniper diet to a greater extent (35%) than the Great Basin population fed the control diet (19%) or the Mojave population fed the creosote diet (16%). The food intake of the Mojave population fed the control diet was not significantly inhibited by ABT. The findings suggest that the biotransformation of terpenes in juniper relies more heavily on P450s than that of phenolics in creosote. This assay provides an inexpensive and noninvasive method to explore the relative importance of P450s in the biotransformation strategies of wild mammalian herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Skopec
- Department of Zoology, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah 84408, USA.
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47
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Di L, Atkinson K, Orozco CC, Funk C, Zhang H, McDonald TS, Tan B, Lin J, Chang C, Obach RS. In vitro-in vivo correlation for low-clearance compounds using hepatocyte relay method. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:2018-23. [PMID: 23857891 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) of intrinsic clearance in preclinical species of rat and dog was established using the hepatocyte relay method to support high-confidence prediction of human pharmacokinetics for low-clearance compounds. Good IVIVC of intrinsic clearance was observed for most of the compounds, with predicted values within 2-fold of the observed values. The exceptions involved transporter-mediated uptake clearance or metabolizing enzymes with extensive extrahepatic contribution. This is the first assay available to address low clearance challenges in preclinical species for IVIVC in drug discovery. It extends the utility of the hepatocyte relay method in addressing low clearance issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
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48
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Dufek MB, Bridges AS, Thakker DR. Intestinal first-pass metabolism by cytochrome p450 and not p-glycoprotein is the major barrier to amprenavir absorption. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1695-702. [PMID: 23821186 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies showed that P-glycoprotein (P-gp) increases the portal bioavailability (FG) of loperamide by sparing its intestinal first-pass metabolism. Loperamide is a drug whose oral absorption is strongly attenuated by intestinal P-gp-mediated efflux and first-pass metabolism by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A). Here the effect of the interplay of P-gp and Cyp3a in modulating intestinal first-pass metabolism and absorption was investigated for another Cyp3a/P-gp dual substrate amprenavir, which is less efficiently effluxed by P-gp than loperamide. After oral administration of amprenavir, the portal concentrations and FG of amprenavir were approximately equal in P-gp competent and P-gp deficient mice. Mechanistic studies on the effect of P-gp on Cyp3a-mediated metabolism of amprenavir using intestinal tissue from P-gp competent and P-gp deficient mice (Ussing-type diffusion chamber) revealed that P-gp-mediated efflux caused only a slight reduction of oxidative metabolism of amprenavir. Studies in which portal concentrations and FG were measured in P-gp competent and P-gp deficient mice whose cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes were either intact or inactivated showed that intestinal first-pass metabolism attenuates the oral absorption of amprenavir by approximately 10-fold, whereas P-gp efflux has a relatively small effect (approximately 2-fold) in attenuating the intestinal absorption. Cumulatively, these studies demonstrate that P-gp has little influence on the intestinal first-pass metabolism and FG of amprenavir and that intestinal P450-mediated metabolism plays the dominant role in attenuating the oral absorption of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Dufek
- Divisions of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University ofNorth Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA
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49
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Zhai G, Lehmler HJ, Schnoor JL. Inhibition of cytochromes P450 and the hydroxylation of 4-monochlorobiphenyl in whole poplar. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:6829-35. [PMID: 23320482 PMCID: PMC3652898 DOI: 10.1021/es304298m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are potential enzymes responsible for hydroxylation of many xenobiotics and endogenous chemicals in living organisms. It has been found that 4-monochlorobiphenyl (PCB3), mainly an airborne pollutant, can be metabolized to hydroxylated transformation products (OH-PCB3s) in whole poplars. However, the enzymes involved in the hydroxylation of PCB3 in whole poplars have not been identified. Therefore, two CYP suicide inhibitors, 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) and 17-octadecynoic acid (ODYA), were selected to probe the hydroxylation reaction of PCB3 in whole poplars in this work. Poplars (Populus deltoides × nigra, DN34) were exposed to PCB3 with or without inhibitor for 11 days. Results showed both ABT and ODYA can decrease the concentrations and yields of five OH-PCB3s in different poplar parts via the inhibition of CYPs. Furthermore, both ABT and ODYA demonstrated a dose-dependent relationship to the formation of OH-PCB3s in whole poplars. The higher the inhibitor concentrations, the lower the total yields of OH-PCB3s. For ABT spiked-additions, the total mass yield of five OH-PCB3s was inhibited by a factor of 1.6 times at an ABT concentration of 2.5 mg L(-1), 4.0 times at 12.5 mg L(-1), and 7.0 times at 25 mg L(-1). For the inhibitor ODYA, the total mass of five OH-PCB3s was reduced by 2.1 times compared to the control at an ODYA concentration of 2.5 mg L(-1). All results pointed to the conclusion that CYP enzymes were the agents which metabolized PCB3 to OH-PCB3s in whole poplars because suicide CYP inhibitors ABT and ODYA both led to sharp decreases of OH-PCB3s formation in whole poplars. A dose-response curve for each of the suicide inhibitors was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshu Zhai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and IIHR Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.
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50
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Orozco LD, Liu H, Perkins E, Johnson DA, Chen BB, Fan F, Baker RC, Roman RJ. 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid inhibition attenuates balloon injury-induced neointima formation and vascular remodeling in rat carotid arteries. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:67-74. [PMID: 23658377 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) contributes to the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in vitro, but there are few studies that address its effects on vascular remodeling in vivo. The present study determined whether inhibition of 20-HETE production attenuates intimal hyperplasia (IH) and vascular remodeling after balloon injury (BI). Sprague Dawley rats underwent BI of the common carotid artery and were treated with vehicle, 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT, 50 mg/kg i.p. once daily), or HET0016 (N-hydroxy-N'-(4-butyl-2-methylphenyl)-formamidine) (2 mg/kg s.c. twice daily) for 14 days. Fourteen days after BI and treatment, the animals underwent carotid angiography, and the arteries were harvested for morphometric, enzymatic and immunohistochemical analysis. There was a 96% reduction of angiographic stenosis in the rats treated with 1-ABT. There was a 61 and 66% reduction of the intima/media area ratios in the 1-ABT and HET0016 treated rats compared with the vehicle-treated group. 20-HETE levels were elevated in BI carotid arteries, and the levels were markedly suppressed in the groups treated with 1-ABT and HET0016 (P < 0.001). Immunostaining revealed that the expression of CYP4A enzyme was markedly increased in the neointima of BI arteries, and it colocalized with the expression of smooth muscle-specific actin, indicating increased proliferation of VSMC. An increase in the expression of CYP4A and the production of 20-HETE contributes to neointimal growth in BI rat carotid arteries. Systemic administration 1-ABT or HET0016 prevents the increase in 20-HETE levels and attenuates VSMC migration and proliferation, resulting in a marked reduction in IH and vascular remodeling after endothelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig D Orozco
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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