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Cheng D, Wang J, Yao M, Cox CD. Joining forces: crosstalk between mechanosensitive PIEZO1 ion channels and integrin-mediated focal adhesions. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1897-1906. [PMID: 37772664 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Both integrin-mediated focal adhesions (FAs) and mechanosensitive ion channels such as PIEZO1 are critical in mechanotransduction processes that influence cell differentiation, development, and cancer. Ample evidence now exists for regulatory crosstalk between FAs and PIEZO1 channels with the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remaining unclear. However, an emerging picture is developing based on spatial crosstalk between FAs and PIEZO1 revealing a synergistic model involving the cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix (ECM) and calcium-dependent signaling. Already cell type, cell contractility, integrin subtypes and ECM composition have been shown to regulate this crosstalk, implying a highly fine-tuned relationship between these two major mechanosensing systems. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in this area, highlight the physiological implications of this crosstalk and identify gaps in our knowledge that will improve our understanding of cellular mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfine Cheng
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Junfan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mingxi Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Charles D Cox
- The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
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2
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Harris JP, Mietus CJ, Browne KD, Wofford KL, Keating CE, Brown DP, Johnson BN, Wolf JA, Smith DH, Cohen AS, Duda JE, Cullen DK. Neuronal somatic plasmalemmal permeability and dendritic beading caused by head rotational traumatic brain injury in pigs-An exploratory study. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1055455. [PMID: 37519631 PMCID: PMC10381956 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1055455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Closed-head traumatic brain injury (TBI) is induced by rapid motion of the head, resulting in diffuse strain fields throughout the brain. The injury mechanism(s), loading thresholds, and neuroanatomical distribution of affected cells remain poorly understood, especially in the gyrencephalic brain. We utilized a porcine model to explore the relationships between rapid head rotational acceleration-deceleration loading and immediate alterations in plasmalemmal permeability within cerebral cortex, sub-cortical white matter, and hippocampus. To assess plasmalemmal compromise, Lucifer yellow (LY), a small cell-impermeant dye, was delivered intraventricularly and diffused throughout the parenchyma prior to injury in animals euthanized at 15-min post-injury; other animals (not receiving LY) were survived to 8-h or 7-days. Plasmalemmal permeability preferentially occurred in neuronal somata and dendrites, but rarely in white matter axons. The burden of LY+ neurons increased based on head rotational kinematics, specifically maximum angular velocity, and was exacerbated by repeated TBI. In the cortex, LY+ cells were prominent in both the medial and lateral gyri. Neuronal membrane permeability was observed within the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, including morphological changes such as beading in dendrites. These changes correlated with reduced fiber volleys and synaptic current alterations at later timepoints in the hippocampus. Further histological observations found decreased NeuN immunoreactivity, increased mitochondrial fission, and caspase pathway activation in both LY+ and LY- cells, suggesting the presence of multiple injury phenotypes. This exploratory study suggests relationships between plasmalemmal disruptions in neuronal somata and dendrites within cortical and hippocampal gray matter as a primary response in closed-head rotational TBI and sets the stage for future, traditional hypothesis-testing experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Harris
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Constance J. Mietus
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kevin D. Browne
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kathryn L. Wofford
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Carolyn E. Keating
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel P. Brown
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian N. Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John A. Wolf
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Douglas H. Smith
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Akiva S. Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Research Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John E. Duda
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - D. Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Evans CE. Hypoxia and HIF activation as a possible link between sepsis and thrombosis. Thromb J 2019; 17:16. [PMID: 31423111 PMCID: PMC6693167 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-019-0205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk factors for thrombosis include hypoxia and sepsis, but the mechanisms that control sepsis-induced thrombus formation are incompletely understood. A recent article published in Thrombosis Journal: (i) reviews the role of endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated microthrombosis; (ii) describes a novel ‘two-path unifying theory’ of hemostatic discorders; and (iii) refers to hypoxia as a consequence of microthrombus formation in sepsis patients. The current article adds to this review by describing how sepsis and thrombus formation could be linked through hypoxia and activation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs). In other words, hypoxia and HIF activation may be a cause as well as a consequence of thrombosis in sepsis patients. While microthrombosis reduces microvascular blood flow causing local hypoxia and tissue ischemia, sepsis-induced increases in HIF1 activation could conversely increase the expression of coagulant factors and integrins that promote thrombus formation, and stimulate the formation of pro-thrombotic neutrophil extracellular traps. A better understanding of the role of cell-specific HIFs in thrombus formation could lead to the development of novel prophylactic therapies for individuals at risk of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin E Evans
- 1Program for Lung and Vascular Biology, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA.,2Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
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4
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Wang L, Mai Z, Zhao M, Wang B, Yu S, Wang X, Chen T. Aspirin induces oncosis in tumor cells. Apoptosis 2019; 24:758-772. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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5
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Roles of volume-regulatory anion channels, VSOR and Maxi-Cl, in apoptosis, cisplatin resistance, necrosis, ischemic cell death, stroke and myocardial infarction. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2019; 83:205-283. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Sheu ML, Shen CC, Chen YS, Chiang CK. Ochratoxin A induces ER stress and apoptosis in mesangial cells via a NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species-mediated calpain activation pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19376-19388. [PMID: 28038445 PMCID: PMC5386691 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) contaminated food increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in glomerulus and causes glomerulopathy. The molecular mechanisms still remain uncertain. In this study, we used mouse and rat glomerular mesangial cells and delineate the signaling pathway behind the OTA-triggered cell apoptosis. OTA dose-dependently induced expression of ER stress markers including phospho-PERK, phospho-eIF2α, GRP78, GRP94, and CHOP. Apoptosis events including cleavage of caspase-12, caspase-7, and PARP are also observed. OTA activated oxidative stress and increased NADPH oxidase activity. NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, significantly attenuated OTA-induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, OTA markedly increased the calpain activity which significantly inhibited by apocynin. Transfection of calpain-siRNA effectively inhibited the OTA-increased ER stress-related protein expression. These findings suggest that OTA activated NADPH oxidase and calpain, induced ER stress and ROS production, and caused glomerular mesangial cells apoptosis which leads to glomerulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meei-Ling Sheu
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chang Shen
- Chemical Engineering Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Longtan District, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Siao Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Integrated Diagnostics & Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Cross-talk mechanism between endothelial cells and hepatocellular carcinoma cells via growth factors and integrin pathway promotes tumor angiogenesis and cell migration. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69577-69593. [PMID: 29050226 PMCID: PMC5642501 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis plays a central role in the development and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer cells secrete angiogenic factors to recruit vascular endothelial cells and sustain tumor vascular networks, which facilitate the migration and invasion of cancer cells. Therefore, the cross-talk between vascular endothelial cells and cancer cells is vitally necessary, however, little is known about the cross-talk mechanism of these cells interaction. In the present study, the proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation of vascular endothelial EA.hy926 cells and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells were studied by exchanging their culture medium. The time-dependent differences of integrins induced signaling pathway associated with cell migration were investigated. Our results showed that HepG2 cells markedly enhanced the proliferation and migration ability as well as the tube formation of EA.hy926 cells by releasing growth factors. Also, the EA.hy926 cells promoted the proliferation, migration and invasion ability of HepG2 cells. The further analysis demonstrated that the integrins-FAK-Rho GTPases signaling events in both of two cells was activated under conditioned medium, and the signaling molecules in two cell lines showed a different time-dependent expression within 1h. These findings reveal the cross-talk mechanism between the endothelial cells and hepatocellular carcinoma cells, which were expected to find out new ideas for the prevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Kim JY, Lee N, Kim YJ, Cho Y, An H, Oh E, Cho TM, Sung D, Seo JH. Disulfiram induces anoikis and suppresses lung colonization in triple-negative breast cancer via calpain activation. Cancer Lett 2017; 386:151-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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9
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Chang SJ, Chen YC, Yang CH, Huang SC, Huang HK, Li CC, Harn HIC, Chiu WT. Revealing the three dimensional architecture of focal adhesion components to explain Ca 2+-mediated turnover of focal adhesions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:624-635. [PMID: 28063985 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Focal adhesions (FAs) are large, dynamic protein complexes located close to the plasma membrane, which serve as the mechanical linkages and a biochemical signaling hub of cells. The coordinated and dynamic regulation of focal adhesion is required for cell migration. Degradation, or turnover, of FAs is a major event at the trailing edge of a migratory cell, and is mediated by Ca2+/calpain-dependent proteolysis and disassembly. Here, we investigated how Ca2+ influx induces cascades of FA turnover in living cells. METHODS Images obtained with a total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) showed that Ca2+ ions induce different processes in the FA molecules focal adhesion kinase (FAK), paxillin, vinculin, and talin. Three mutated calpain-resistant FA molecules, FAK-V744G, paxillin-S95G, and talin-L432G, were used to clarify the role of each FA molecule in FA turnover. RESULTS Vinculin was resistant to degradation and was not significantly affected by the presence of mutated calpain-resistant FA molecules. In contrast, talin was more sensitive to calpain-mediated turnover than the other molecules. Three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence imaging and immunoblotting demonstrated that outer FA molecules were more sensitive to calpain-mediated proteolysis than internal FA molecules. Furthermore, cell contraction is not involved in degradation of FA. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Ca2+-mediated degradation of FAs was mediated by both proteolysis and disassembly. The 3D architecture of FAs is related to the different dynamics of FA molecule degradation during Ca2+-mediated FA turnover. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study will help us to clearly understand the underlying mechanism of focal adhesion turnover by Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jing Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsun Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Soon-Cen Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying Campus, Tainan 736, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Kai Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chun Li
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hans I-Chen Harn
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tai Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Medical Device Innovation Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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10
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Dong W, Hou L, Li T, Gong Z, Huang H, Wang G, Chen X, Li X. A Dual Role of Graphene Oxide Sheet Deposition on Titanate Nanowire Scaffolds for Osteo-implantation: Mechanical Hardener and Surface Activity Regulator. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18266. [PMID: 26687002 PMCID: PMC4685306 DOI: 10.1038/srep18266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Scaffold biomaterials with open pores and channels are favourable for cell growth and tissue regeneration, however the inherent poor mechanical strength and low surface activity limit their applications as load-bearing bone grafts with satisfactory osseointegration. In this study, macro-porous graphene oxide (GO) modified titanate nanowire scaffolds with desirable surface chemistry and tunable mechanical properties were prepared through a simple hydrothermal process followed by electrochemical deposition of GO nanosheets. The interconnected and porous structure of the GO/titanate nanowire scaffolds provides a large surface area for cellular attachment and migration and displays a high compressive strength of approximately 81.1 MPa and a tunable Young’s modulus over the range of 12.4–41.0 GPa, which satisfies site-specific requirements for implantation. Surface chemistry of the scaffolds was modulated by the introduction of GO, which endows the scaffolds flexibility in attaching and patterning bioactive groups (such as -OH, -COOH and -NH2). In vitro cell culture tests suggest that the GO/titanate nanowire scaffolds act as a promising biomaterial candidate, in particular the one terminated with -OH groups, which demonstrates improved cell viability, and proliferation, differentiation and osteogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Dong
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lijuan Hou
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Tingting Li
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Ziqiang Gong
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Huandi Huang
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Ge Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC. 3800, Australia
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
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11
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Storr SJ, Thompson N, Pu X, Zhang Y, Martin SG. Calpain in Breast Cancer: Role in Disease Progression and Treatment Response. Pathobiology 2015; 82:133-41. [PMID: 26330354 DOI: 10.1159/000430464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The calpains are a family of intracellular cysteine proteases that function in a wide array of cellular activities, including cytoskeletal remodelling, survival and apoptosis. The ubiquitously expressed micro (µ)-calpain and milli (m)-calpain are archetypal family members that require calcium for function and can be inhibited by their endogenous inhibitor calpastatin. This review describes the role of the calpain system in the prognosis of breast cancer and disease progression, in addition to the role of the calpain system in the response to breast cancer treatments, including chemotherapeutic, endocrine and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Storr
- Academic Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
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12
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Sankowski R, Mader S, Valdés-Ferrer SI. Systemic inflammation and the brain: novel roles of genetic, molecular, and environmental cues as drivers of neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:28. [PMID: 25698933 PMCID: PMC4313590 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous and immune systems have evolved in parallel from the early bilaterians, in which innate immunity and a central nervous system (CNS) coexisted for the first time, to jawed vertebrates and the appearance of adaptive immunity. The CNS feeds from, and integrates efferent signals in response to, somatic and autonomic sensory information. The CNS receives input also from the periphery about inflammation and infection. Cytokines, chemokines, and damage-associated soluble mediators of systemic inflammation can also gain access to the CNS via blood flow. In response to systemic inflammation, those soluble mediators can access directly through the circumventricular organs, as well as open the blood–brain barrier. The resulting translocation of inflammatory mediators can interfere with neuronal and glial well-being, leading to a break of balance in brain homeostasis. This in turn results in cognitive and behavioral manifestations commonly present during acute infections – including anorexia, malaise, depression, and decreased physical activity – collectively known as the sickness behavior (SB). While SB manifestations are transient and self-limited, under states of persistent systemic inflammatory response the cognitive and behavioral changes can become permanent. For example, cognitive decline is almost universal in sepsis survivors, and a common finding in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Here, we review recent genetic evidence suggesting an association between neurodegenerative disorders and persistent immune activation; clinical and experimental evidence indicating previously unidentified immune-mediated pathways of neurodegeneration; and novel immunomodulatory targets and their potential relevance for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Sankowski
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine , Manhasset, NY , USA ; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset, NY , USA
| | - Simone Mader
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset, NY , USA
| | - Sergio Iván Valdés-Ferrer
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine , Manhasset, NY , USA ; Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset, NY , USA ; Department of Neurology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , México City , Mexico
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13
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Moretti D, Del Bello B, Allavena G, Maellaro E. Calpains and cancer: Friends or enemies? Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 564:26-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Perricone AJ, Vander Heide RS. Novel therapeutic strategies for ischemic heart disease. Pharmacol Res 2014; 89:36-45. [PMID: 25193582 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the physician's ability to initiate myocardial reperfusion and salvage heart tissue, ischemic heart disease remains one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Consequently, alternative therapeutic strategies have been intensively investigated, especially methods of enhancing the heart's resistance to ischemic cell death - so called "cardioprotective" interventions. However, although a great deal has been learned regarding the methods and mechanisms of cardioprotective interventions, an efficacious therapy has yet to be successfully implemented in the clinical arena. This review discusses the current understanding of cardioprotection in the context of ischemic heart disease pathophysiology, highlighting those elements of ischemic heart disease pathophysiology that have received less attention as potential targets of cardioprotective intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Perricone
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States
| | - Richard S Vander Heide
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, United States.
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15
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Dehydroabietic acid derivative QC2 induces oncosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:682197. [PMID: 25110686 PMCID: PMC4109319 DOI: 10.1155/2014/682197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim. Rosin, the traditional Chinese medicine, is reported to be able to inhibit skin cancer cell lines. In this report, we investigate the inhibitory effect against HCC cells of QC2, the derivative of rosin's main components dehydroabietic acid. Methods. MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of QC2. Morphological changes were observed by time-lapse microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and the cytoskeleton changes were observed by laser-scanning confocal microscopy. Cytomembrane integrity and organelles damage were confirmed by detection of the reactive oxygen (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). The underlying mechanism was manifested by Western blotting. The oncotic cell death was further confirmed by detection of oncosis related protein calpain. Results. Swelling cell type and destroyed cytoskeleton were observed in QC2-treated HCC cells. Organelle damage was visualized by transmission electron microscopy. The detection of ROS accumulation, increased LDH release, and decreased ATP and Δψm confirmed the cell death. The oncotic related protein calpain was found to increase time-dependently in QC2-treated HCC cells, while its inhibitor PD150606 attenuated the cytotoxicity. Conclusions. Dehydroabietic acid derivative QC2 activated oncosis related protein calpain to induce the damage of cytomembrane and organelles which finally lead to oncosis in HCC cells.
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16
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Lee A, Derricks K, Minns M, Ji S, Chi C, Nugent MA, Trinkaus-Randall V. Hypoxia-induced changes in Ca(2+) mobilization and protein phosphorylation implicated in impaired wound healing. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C972-85. [PMID: 24671101 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00110.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The process of wound healing must be tightly regulated to achieve successful restoration of injured tissue. Previously, we demonstrated that when corneal epithelium is injured, nucleotides and neuronal factors are released to the extracellular milieu, generating a Ca(2+) wave from the origin of the wound to neighboring cells. In the present study we sought to determine how the communication between epithelial cells in the presence or absence of neuronal wound media is affected by hypoxia. A signal-sorting algorithm was developed to determine the dynamics of Ca(2+) signaling between neuronal and epithelial cells. The cross talk between activated corneal epithelial cells in response to neuronal wound media demonstrated that injury-induced Ca(2+) dynamic patterns were altered in response to decreased O2 levels. These alterations were associated with an overall decrease in ATP and changes in purinergic receptor-mediated Ca(2+) mobilization and localization of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. In addition, we used the cornea in an organ culture wound model to examine how hypoxia impedes reepithelialization after injury. There was a change in the recruitment of paxillin to the cell membrane and deposition of fibronectin along the basal lamina, both factors in cell migration. Our results provide evidence that complex Ca(2+)-mediated signaling occurs between sensory neurons and epithelial cells after injury and is critical to wound healing. Information revealed by these studies will contribute to an enhanced understanding of wound repair under compromised conditions and provide insight into ways to effectively stimulate proper epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Kelsey Derricks
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Martin Minns
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Sophina Ji
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cheryl Chi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew A Nugent
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vickery Trinkaus-Randall
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Zhuang Q, Qian X, Cao Y, Fan M, Xu X, He X. Capn4 mRNA level is correlated with tumour progression and clinical outcome in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Int Med Res 2014; 42:282-91. [PMID: 24514433 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513505524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mRNA and protein levels of calpain small subunit-1 (Capn4) in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), to analyse the relationship between Capn4 mRNA level and pathological stage of ccRCC, and to examine the potential of Capn4 as a prognostic factor in ccRCC. METHODS mRNA and protein levels of Capn4 were measured in pairs of tumour tissues and matched adjacent nontumour tissue obtained from patients with ccRCC by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. Associations of the mRNA level of Capn4 with pathological tumour stage and the overall survival of ccRCC patients were also analysed. RESULTS Capn4 mRNA and protein level were significantly higher in ccRCC tumour tissues compared with adjacent nontumour tissues as assessed by qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Higher Capn4 mRNA levels were observed in patients with more advanced pathological stage of ccRCC and were also associated with decreased overall survival of patients with ccRCC. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study indicate that Capn4 has the potential to be an independent prognostic indicator for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfeng Zhuang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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18
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Wu YS, Nan FH, Huang SL, Hsiao CM, Lai KC, Lu CL, Chen SN. Studies of macrophage cellular response to the extracellular hydrogen peroxide by tilapia model. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:459-466. [PMID: 24398263 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may act as signaling molecules in the physiology responses and the present study aims to investigate the effect of extracellular hydrogen peroxide on macrophages cellular response. The results obtained in the present study showed that the extracellular hydrogen peroxide affectively alter the membrane potential of the cell membrane and ion exchange channels in the cell membrane through intracellular NAD turnover that may lead to an intracellular calcium ion concentration alteration and subsequently induce the downstream signal activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Wu
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Hua Nan
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20248, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ling Huang
- Freshwater Aquaculture Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Changhua 50562, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Mei Hsiao
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kam-Chiu Lai
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Lun Lu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Nan Chen
- Institute of Fisheries Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Gomes AF, Magalhães KG, Rodrigues RM, de Carvalho L, Molinaro R, Bozza PT, Barbosa HS. Toxoplasma gondii-skeletal muscle cells interaction increases lipid droplet biogenesis and positively modulates the production of IL-12, IFN-g and PGE2. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:47. [PMID: 24457118 PMCID: PMC3904159 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interest in the mechanisms involved in Toxoplasma gondii lipid acquisition has steadily increased during the past few decades, but it remains not completely understood. Here, we investigated the biogenesis and the fate of lipid droplets (LD) of skeletal muscle cells (SkMC) during their interaction with T. gondii by confocal and electron microscopy. We also evaluated whether infected SkMC modulates the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-gamma (INF-g), and also the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene induction. Methods Primary culture of skeletal muscle cells were infected with tachyzoites of T. gondii and analysed by confocal microscopy for observation of LD. Ultrastructural cytochemistry was also used for lipid and sarcoplasmatic reticulum (SR) detection. Dosage of cytokines (IL-12 and INF-g) by ELISA technique and enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) for PGE2 measurement were employed. The COX-2 gene expression analysis was performed by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results We demonstrated that T. gondii infection of SkMC leads to increase in LD number and area in a time course dependent manner. Moreover, the ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that SR and LD are in direct contact with parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM), within the vacuolar matrix, around it and interacting directly with the membrane of parasite, indicating that LD are recruited and deliver their content inside the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) in T. gondii-infected SkMC. We also observed a positive modulation of the production of IL-12 and IFN-g, increase of COX-2 mRNA levels in the first hour of T. gondii-SkMC interaction and an increase of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis from 6 h up to 48 h of infection. Conclusions Taken together, the close association between SR and LD with PV could represent a source of lipids as well as other nutrients for the parasite survival, and together with the increased levels of IL-12, INF-g and inflammatory indicators PGE2 and COX-2 might contribute to the establishment and maintenance of chronic phase of the T. gondii infection in muscle cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Helene S Barbosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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20
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Fluopsin C induces oncosis of human breast adenocarcinoma cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1093-100. [PMID: 23708552 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Fluopsin C, an antibiotic isolated from Pseudomonas jinanesis, has shown antitumor effects on several cancer cell lines. In the current study, the oncotic cell death induced by fluopsin C was investigated in human breast adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. METHODS Human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines MCF-7 and MD-MBA-231 were used. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay. Time-lapse microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the morphological changes. Cell membrane integrity was assessed with propidium iodide (PI) uptake and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Flow cytometry was used to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). A multimode microplate reader was used to analyze the intracellular ATP level. The changes in cytoskeletal system were investigated with Western blotting and immunostaining. RESULTS Fluopsin C (0.5-8 μmol/L) reduced the cell viability in dose- and time-dependent manners. Its IC50 values in MCF-7 and MD-MBA-231 cells at 24 h were 0.9 and 1.03 μmol/L, respectively. Fluopsin C (2 μmol/L) induced oncosis in both the breast adenocarcinoma cells characterized by membrane blebbing and swelling, which was blocked by pretreatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk. In MCF-7 cells, fluopsin C caused PI uptake into the cells, significantly increased LDH release, induced cytoskeletal system degradation and ROS accumulation, decreased the intracellular ATP level and Δψm. Noticeably, fluopsin C exerted comparable cytotoxicity against the normal human hepatocytes (HL7702) and human mammary epithelial cells with the IC50 values at 24 h of 2.7 and 2.4 μmol/L, respectively. CONCLUSION Oncotic cell death was involved in the anticancer effects of fluopsin C on human breast adenocarcinoma cells in vitro. The hepatoxicity of fluopsin C should not be ignored.
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21
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St-Pierre J, Ostergaard HL. A role for the protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45 in macrophage adhesion through the regulation of paxillin degradation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71531. [PMID: 23936270 PMCID: PMC3729947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD45 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed on all cells of hematopoietic origin that is known to regulate Src family kinases. In macrophages, the absence of CD45 has been linked to defects in adhesion, however the molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly defined. In this study, we show that bone marrow derived macrophages from CD45-deficient mice exhibit abnormal cell morphology and defective motility. These defects are accompanied by substantially decreased levels of the cytoskeletal-associated protein paxillin, without affecting the levels of other proteins. Degradation of paxillin in CD45-deficient macrophages is calpain-mediated, as treatment with a calpain inhibitor restores paxillin levels in these cells and enhances cell spreading. Inhibition of the tyrosine kinases proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), kinases that are capable of mediating tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin, also restored paxillin levels, indicating a role for these kinases in the CD45-dependent regulation of paxillin. These data demonstrate that CD45 functions to regulate Pyk2/FAK activity, likely through the activity of Src family kinases, which in turn regulates the levels of paxillin to modulate macrophage adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle St-Pierre
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and the Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hanne L. Ostergaard
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and the Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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22
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Simard JM, Woo SK, Gerzanich V. Transient receptor potential melastatin 4 and cell death. Pflugers Arch 2012; 464:573-82. [PMID: 23065026 PMCID: PMC3513597 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell death proceeds by way of a variety of “cell death subroutines,” including several types of “apoptosis,” “regulated necrosis,” and others. “Accidental necrosis” due to profound adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion or oxidative stress is distinguished from regulated necrosis by the absence of death receptor signaling. However, both accidental and regulated necrosis have in common the process of “oncosis,” a physiological process characterized by Na+ influx and cell volume increase that, in necrotic cell death, is required to produce the characteristic features of membrane blebbing and membrane rupture. Here, we review emerging evidence that the monovalent cation channel, transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4), is involved in the cell death process of oncosis. Potential involvement of TRPM4 in oncosis is suggested by the fact that the two principal regulators of TRPM4, intracellular ATP and Ca2+, are both altered during necrosis in the direction that causes TRPM4 channel opening. Under physiological conditions, activation of TRPM4 promotes Na+ influx and cell depolarization. Under pathological conditions, unchecked activation of TRPM4 leads to Na+ overload, cell volume increase, blebbing and cell membrane rupture, the latter constituting the irreversible end stage of necrosis. Emerging data indicate that TRPM4 plays a crucial role as end executioner in the accidental necrotic death of ATP-depleted or redox-challenged endothelial and epithelial cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Future studies will be needed to determine whether TRPM4 also plays a role in regulated necrosis and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-1595, USA.
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23
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Suwanjang W, Phansuwan-Pujito P, Govitrapong P, Chetsawang B. Calpastatin reduces calpain and caspase activation in methamphetamine-induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cultured cells. Neurosci Lett 2012; 526:49-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Inserte J, Hernando V, Garcia-Dorado D. Contribution of calpains to myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96:23-31. [PMID: 22787134 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of calcium (Ca(2+)) homeostasis contributes through different mechanisms to cell death occurring during the first minutes of reperfusion. One of them is an unregulated activation of a variety of Ca(2+)-dependent enzymes, including the non-lysosomal cysteine proteases known as calpains. This review analyses the involvement of the calpain family in reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte death. Calpains remain inactive before reperfusion due to the acidic pHi and increased ionic strength in the ischaemic myocardium. However, inappropriate calpain activation occurs during myocardial reperfusion, and subsequent proteolysis of a wide variety of proteins contributes to the development of contractile dysfunction and necrotic cell death by different mechanisms, including increased membrane fragility, further impairment of Na(+) and Ca(2+) handling, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent studies demonstrating that calpain inhibition contributes to the cardioprotective effects of preconditioning and postconditioning, and the beneficial effects obtained with new and more selective calpain inhibitors added at the onset of reperfusion, point to the potential cardioprotective value of therapeutic strategies designed to prevent calpain activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Inserte
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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Bergounioux J, Elisee R, Prunier AL, Donnadieu F, Sperandio B, Sansonetti P, Arbibe L. Calpain activation by the Shigella flexneri effector VirA regulates key steps in the formation and life of the bacterium's epithelial niche. Cell Host Microbe 2012; 11:240-52. [PMID: 22423964 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The enteropathogen Shigella flexneri invades epithelial cells, leading to inflammation and tissue destruction. We report that Shigella infection of epithelial cells induces an early genotoxic stress, but the resulting p53 response and cell death are impaired due to the bacterium's ability to promote p53 degradation, mainly through calpain protease activation. Calpain activation is promoted by the Shigella virulence effector VirA and dependent on calcium flux and the depletion of the endogenous calpain inhibitor calpastatin. Further, although VirA-induced calpain activity is critical for regulating cytoskeletal events driving bacterial uptake, calpain activation ultimately leads to necrotic cell death, thereby restricting Shigella intracellular growth. Therefore, calpains work at multiple steps in regulating Shigella pathogenesis by disrupting the p53-dependent DNA repair response early during infection and regulating both formation and ultimate death of the Shigella epithelial replicative niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bergounioux
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Département de Biologie Cellulaire et Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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26
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Kashef F, Li J, Wright P, Snyder J, Suliman F, Kilic A, Higgins RSD, Anderson ME, Binkley PF, Hund TJ, Mohler PJ. Ankyrin-B protein in heart failure: identification of a new component of metazoan cardioprotection. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30268-81. [PMID: 22778271 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.368415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankyrins (ankyrin-R, -B, and -G) are adapter proteins linked with defects in metazoan physiology. Ankyrin-B (encoded by ANK2) loss-of-function mutations are directly associated with human cardiovascular phenotypes including sinus node disease, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden cardiac death. Despite the link between ankyrin-B dysfunction and monogenic disease, there are no data linking ankyrin-B regulation with common forms of human heart failure. Here, we report that ankyrin-B levels are altered in both ischemic and non-ischemic human heart failure. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that cardiac ankyrin-B levels are tightly regulated downstream of reactive oxygen species, intracellular calcium, and the calcium-dependent protease calpain, all hallmarks of human myocardial injury and heart failure. Surprisingly, β(II)-spectrin, previously thought to mediate ankyrin-dependent modulation in the nervous system and heart, is not coordinately regulated with ankyrin-B or its downstream partners. Finally, our data implicate ankyrin-B expression as required for vertebrate myocardial protection as hearts deficient in ankyrin-B show increased cardiac damage and impaired function relative to wild-type mouse hearts following ischemia reperfusion. In summary, our findings provide the data of ankyrin-B regulation in human heart failure, provide insight into candidate pathways for ankyrin-B regulation in acquired human cardiovascular disease, and surprisingly, implicate ankyrin-B as a molecular component for cardioprotection following ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Kashef
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Abstract
Mitochondrial activity is critical for efficient function of the cardiovascular system. In response to cardiovascular injury, mitochondrial dysfunction occurs and can lead to apoptosis and necrosis. Calpains are a 15-member family of Ca(2+)-activated cysteine proteases localized to the cytosol and mitochondria, and several have been shown to regulate apoptosis and necrosis. For example, in endothelial cells, Ca(2+) overload causes mitochondrial calpain 1 cleavage of the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger leading to mitochondrial Ca(2+) accumulation. Also, activated calpain 1 cleaves Bid, inducing cytochrome c release and apoptosis. In renal cells, calpains 1 and 2 promote apoptosis and necrosis by cleaving cytoskeletal proteins, which increases plasma membrane permeability and cleavage of caspases. Calpain 10 cleaves electron transport chain proteins, causing decreased mitochondrial respiration and excessive activation, or inhibition of calpain 10 activity induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. In cardiomyocytes, calpain 1 activates caspase 3 and poly-ADP ribose polymerase during tumour necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis, and calpain 1 cleaves apoptosis-inducing factor after Ca(2+) overload. Many of these observations have been elucidated with calpain inhibitors, but most calpain inhibitors are not specific for calpains or a specific calpain family member, creating more questions. The following review will discuss how calpains affect mitochondrial function and apoptosis within the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Cell Death, Injury, and Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, 280 Calhoun Street, MSC140, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Zhao L, Li X, Lin Y, Yang L, Yu P, Mao L. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements of FCCP-induced change in membrane permeability of MDCK cells. Analyst 2012; 137:2199-204. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35064e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lee YA, Kim KA, Shin MH. Calpain mediates degradation of cytoskeletal proteins during Jurkat T-cell death induced by Entamoeba histolytica. Parasite Immunol 2011; 33:349-56. [PMID: 21426360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is known to induce host cell death via activation of calpain and caspases. In this study, we investigated the specific proteases involved in the degradation of cytoskeletal proteins during Jurkat T-cell death induced by E. histolytica. Amoebic trophozoites induced marked degradation of paxillin, Cas, vimentin, vinculin and talin, as well as α- or β-spectrin, in Jurkat T cells. The cleavage effects of E. histolytica were strongly retarded by pretreatment with a calpain inhibitor, but not with a pan-caspase inhibitor. In addition, calpain knockdown with siRNA in Jurkat T cells effectively inhibited E. histolytica-induced PARP, paxillin, α-spectrin, β-spectrin and talin degradation, as compared to scrambled siRNA. These results suggest that calpain plays a crucial role in the cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins during cell death induced by E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Burger D, Montezano AC, Nishigaki N, He Y, Carter A, Touyz RM. Endothelial microparticle formation by angiotensin II is mediated via Ang II receptor type I/NADPH oxidase/ Rho kinase pathways targeted to lipid rafts. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1898-907. [PMID: 21597004 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.222703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating microparticles are increased in cardiovascular disease and may themselves promote oxidative stress and inflammation. Molecular mechanisms underlying their formation and signaling are unclear. We investigated the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Rho kinase, and lipid rafts in microparticle formation and examined their functional significance in endothelial cells (ECs). METHODS AND RESULTS Microparticle formation from angiotensin II (Ang II)-stimulated ECs and apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice was assessed by annexin V or by CD144 staining and electron microscopy. Ang II promoted microparticle formation and increased EC O(2)(-) generation and Rho kinase activity. Ang II-stimulated effects were inhibited by irbesartan (Ang II receptor type I blocker) and fasudil (Rho kinase inhibitor). Methyl-β-cyclodextrin and nystatin, which disrupt lipid rafts/caveolae, blocked microparticle release. Functional responses, assessed in microparticle-stimulated ECs, revealed increased O(2)(-) production, enhanced vascular cell adhesion molecule/platelet-EC adhesion molecule expression, and augmented macrophage adhesion. Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor blocked the prooxidative and proinflammatory effects of microparticles. In vitro observations were confirmed in apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice, which displayed vascular inflammation and high levels of circulating endothelial microparticles, effects that were reduced by apocynin. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated direct actions of Ang II on endothelial microparticle release, mediated through NADPH oxidase, ROS, and Rho kinase targeted to lipid rafts. Microparticles themselves stimulated endothelial ROS formation and inflammatory responses. Our findings suggest a feedforward system whereby Ang II promotes EC injury through its own endothelial-derived microparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Burger
- Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Gomes AF, Guimarães EV, Carvalho L, Correa JR, Mendonça-Lima L, Barbosa HS. Toxoplasma gondii down modulates cadherin expression in skeletal muscle cells inhibiting myogenesis. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:110. [PMID: 21592384 PMCID: PMC3116462 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii belongs to a large and diverse group of obligate intracellular parasitic protozoa. Primary culture of mice skeletal muscle cells (SkMC) was employed as a model for experimental toxoplasmosis studies. The myogenesis of SkMC was reproduced in vitro and the ability of T. gondii tachyzoite forms to infect myoblasts and myotubes and its influence on SkMC myogenesis were analyzed. Results In this study we show that, after 24 h of interaction, myoblasts (61%) were more infected with T. gondii than myotubes (38%) and inhibition of myogenesis was about 75%. The role of adhesion molecules such as cadherin in this event was investigated. First, we demonstrate that cadherin localization was restricted to the contact areas between myocytes/myocytes and myocytes/myotubes during the myogenesis process. Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting analysis of parasite-host cell interaction showed a 54% reduction in cadherin expression at 24 h of infection. Concomitantly, a reduction in M-cadherin mRNA levels was observed after 3 and 24 h of T. gondii-host cell interaction. Conclusions These data suggest that T. gondii is able to down regulate M-cadherin expression, leading to molecular modifications in the host cell surface that interfere with membrane fusion and consequently affect the myogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra F Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, (Av, Brasil 4365), Rio de Janeiro (21040-361), Brazil
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Abstract
The calpains are a conserved family of cysteine proteinases that catalyse the controlled proteolysis of many specific substrates. Calpain activity is implicated in several fundamental physiological processes, including cytoskeletal remodelling, cellular signalling, apoptosis and cell survival. Calpain expression is altered during tumorigenesis, and the proteolysis of numerous substrates, such as inhibitors of nuclear factor-κB (IκB), focal adhesion proteins (including, focal adhesion kinase and talin) and proto-oncogenes (for example, MYC), has been implicated in tumour pathogenesis. Recent evidence indicates that the increased expression of certain family members might influence the response to cancer therapies, providing justification for the development of novel calpain inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Storr
- University of Nottingham, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
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Peropadre A, Fernández Freire P, Herrero Ó, Pérez Martín JM, Hazen MJ. Cellular Responses Associated with Dibucaine-Induced Phospholipidosis. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:185-92. [DOI: 10.1021/tx100262c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Peropadre
- Cellular Toxicology Group, Laboratory A-110, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández Freire
- Cellular Toxicology Group, Laboratory A-110, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Herrero
- Cellular Toxicology Group, Laboratory A-110, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Pérez Martín
- Cellular Toxicology Group, Laboratory A-110, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - M José Hazen
- Cellular Toxicology Group, Laboratory A-110, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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Oster AM, Thomas B, Terman D, Fall CP. The low conductance mitochondrial permeability transition pore confers excitability and CICR wave propagation in a computational model. J Theor Biol 2010; 273:216-31. [PMID: 21195090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have long been known to sequester cytosolic Ca(2+) and even to shape intracellular patterns of endoplasmic reticulum-based Ca(2+) signaling. Evidence suggests that the mitochondrial network is an excitable medium which can demonstrate independent Ca(2+) induced Ca(2+) release via the mitochondrial permeability transition. The role of this excitability remains unclear, but mitochondrial Ca(2+) handling appears to be a crucial element in diverse diseases as diabetes, neurodegeneration and cardiac dysfunction that also have bioenergetic components. In this paper, we extend the modular Magnus-Keizer computational model for respiration-driven Ca(2+) handling to include a permeability transition based on a channel-like pore mechanism. We demonstrate both excitability and Ca(2+) wave propagation accompanied by depolarizations qualitatively similar to those reported in cell and isolated mitochondria preparations. These waves depend on the energy state of the mitochondria, as well as other elements of mitochondrial physiology. Our results support the concept that mitochondria can transmit state dependent signals about their function across the mitochondrial network. Our model provides the tools for predictions about the internal physiology that leads to this qualitatively different Ca(2+) excitability seen in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Oster
- Group for Neural Theory, Département d'Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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Cao X, Zhang Y, Zou L, Xiao H, Chu Y, Chu X. Persistent oxygen-glucose deprivation induces astrocytic death through two different pathways and calpain-mediated proteolysis of cytoskeletal proteins during astrocytic oncosis. Neurosci Lett 2010; 479:118-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tan HL, Fong WJ, Lee EH, Yap M, Choo A. mAb 84, a cytotoxic antibody that kills undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells via oncosis. Stem Cells 2010; 27:1792-801. [PMID: 19544435 DOI: 10.1002/stem.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody mAb 84, which binds to podocalyxin-like protein-1 (PODXL) on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), was previously reported to bind and kill undifferentiated cells in in vitro and in vivo assays. In this study, we investigate the mechanism responsible for mAb 84-induced hESCs cytotoxicity. Apoptosis was likely not the cause of mAb 84-mediated cell death because no elevation of caspase activities or increased DNA fragmentation was observed in hESCs following incubation with mAb 84. Instead, it was preceded by cell aggregation and damage to cell membranes, resulting in the uptake of propidium iodide, and the leakage of intracellular sodium ions. Furthermore, examination of the cell surface by scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of pores on the cell surface of mAb 84-treated cells, which was absent from the isotype control. This mechanism of cell death resembles that described for oncosis, a form of cell death resulting from membrane damage. Additional data suggest that the binding of mAb 84 to hESCs initiates a sequence of events prior to membrane damage, consistent with oncosis. Degradation of actin-associated proteins, namely, alpha-actinin, paxillin, and talin, was observed. The perturbation of these actin-associated proteins consequently permits the aggregation of PODXL, thus leading to the formation of pores. To our knowledge, this is the first report of oncotic cell death with hESCs as a model.
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Kar P, Samanta K, Shaikh S, Chowdhury A, Chakraborti T, Chakraborti S. Mitochondrial calpain system: an overview. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 495:1-7. [PMID: 20035707 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calpain system is generally known to be comprised of three molecules: two Ca2+-dependent proteases: mu- and m-calpains, and their endogenous inhibitor, calpastatin. While calpains have previously been considered as the cytoplasmic enzymes, research in the recent past demonstrated that mu-calpain, m-calpain and calpain 10 are present in mitochondria, which play important roles in a variety of pathophysiological conditions including necrotic and apoptotic cell death phenomena. Although a number of original research articles on mitochondrial calpain system are available, yet to the best of our knowledge, a precise review article on mitochondrial calpain system has, however, not been available. This review outlines the key features of the mitochondrial calpain system, and its roles in several cellular and biochemical events under normal and some pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak Kar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal, India
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Deng JY, Chen SJ, Jow GM, Hsueh CW, Jeng CJ. Dehydroeburicoic Acid Induces Calcium- and Calpain-Dependent Necrosis in Human U87MG Glioblastomas. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1817-26. [DOI: 10.1021/tx9002275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jhu-Yun Deng
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Non Street, Taipei 12212, Taiwan, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Hsin-Chuang, Taipei County 24205, Taiwan, and Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, No. 2, Chung Cheng First Road, Lingya District, Kaohsiun, 80284, Taiwan
| | - Sian-Jin Chen
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Non Street, Taipei 12212, Taiwan, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Hsin-Chuang, Taipei County 24205, Taiwan, and Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, No. 2, Chung Cheng First Road, Lingya District, Kaohsiun, 80284, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Mei Jow
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Non Street, Taipei 12212, Taiwan, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Hsin-Chuang, Taipei County 24205, Taiwan, and Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, No. 2, Chung Cheng First Road, Lingya District, Kaohsiun, 80284, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Wen Hsueh
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Non Street, Taipei 12212, Taiwan, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Hsin-Chuang, Taipei County 24205, Taiwan, and Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, No. 2, Chung Cheng First Road, Lingya District, Kaohsiun, 80284, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jiuan Jeng
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Li-Non Street, Taipei 12212, Taiwan, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Hsin-Chuang, Taipei County 24205, Taiwan, and Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, No. 2, Chung Cheng First Road, Lingya District, Kaohsiun, 80284, Taiwan
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Weber H, Hühns S, Lüthen F, Jonas L. Calpain-mediated breakdown of cytoskeletal proteins contributes to cholecystokinin-induced damage of rat pancreatic acini. Int J Exp Pathol 2009; 90:387-99. [PMID: 19659897 PMCID: PMC2741149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2009.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic cysteine protease calpain is implicated in a multitude of cellular functions but also plays a role in cell damage. Our previous results suggest that an activation of calpain accompanied by a decrease in its endogenous inhibitor calpastatin may contribute to pancreatic damage during cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. The present study aimed at the time course of secretagogue-induced calpain activation and cellular substrates of the protease. Isolated rat pancreatic acini were incubated with a supramaximal concentration of cholecystokinin (0.1 microM CCK) for 30 min in the presence or absence of the calpain inhibitor Z-Val-Phe methyl ester (100 microM ZVP). The activation of calpain and the expression of calpastatin and the actin cytoskeleton-associated proteins alphaII-spectrin, E-cadherin and vinculin were studied by immunoblotting. The cell damage was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase release and ultrastructural analysis including fluorescence-labelled actin filaments. Immediately after administration, CCK led to activation of both calpain isoforms, mu- and m-calpain. The protease activation was accompanied by a decrease in the E-cadherin level and formation of calpain-specific breakdown products of alphaII-spectrin. A calpain-specific cleavage product of vinculin appeared concomitantly with changes in the actin filament organization. No effect of CCK on calpastatin was found. Inhibition of calpain by ZVP reduced CCK-induced damage of the actin-associated proteins and the cellular ultrastructure including the actin cytoskeleton. The results suggest that CCK-induced acinar cell damage requires activation of calpain and that the actin cytoskeleton belongs to the cellular targets of the protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Weber
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rostock, D-18057 Rostock, Germany.
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40
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De Maria A, Shi Y, Kumar NM, Bassnett S. Calpain expression and activity during lens fiber cell differentiation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:13542-13550. [PMID: 19269960 PMCID: PMC2679455 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m900561200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal models, the dysregulated activity of calcium-activated proteases, calpains, contributes directly to cataract formation. However, the physiological role of calpains in the healthy lens is not well defined. In this study, we examined the expression pattern of calpains in the mouse lens. Real time PCR and Western blotting data indicated that calpain 1, 2, 3, and 7 were expressed in lens fiber cells. Using controlled lysis, depth-dependent expression profiles for each calpain were obtained. These indicated that, unlike calpain 1, 2, and 7, which were most abundant in cells near the lens surface, calpain 3 expression was strongest in the deep cortical region of the lens. We detected calpain activities in vitro and showed that calpains were active in vivo by microinjecting fluorogenic calpain substrates into cortical fiber cells. To identify endogenous calpain substrates, membrane/cytoskeleton preparations were treated with recombinant calpain, and cleaved products were identified by two-dimensional difference electrophoresis/mass spectrometry. Among the calpain substrates identified by this approach was alphaII-spectrin. An antibody that specifically recognized calpain-cleaved spectrin was used to demonstrate that spectrin is cleaved in vivo, late in fiber cell differentiation, at or about the time that lens organelles are degraded. The generation of the calpain-specific spectrin cleavage product was not observed in lens tissue from calpain 3-null mice, indicating that calpain 3 is uniquely activated during lens fiber differentiation. Our data suggest a role for calpains in the remodeling of the membrane cytoskeleton that occurs with fiber cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia De Maria
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Yanrong Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Nalin M Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Steven Bassnett
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110.
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Neuhof C, Fabiunk V, Speth M, Möller A, Fritz F, Tillmanns H, Neuhof H, Erdogan A. Reduction of myocardial infarction by postischemic administration of the calpain inhibitor A-705253 in comparison to the Na(+)/H(+) exchange inhibitor Cariporide in isolated perfused rabbit hearts. Biol Chem 2009; 389:1505-12. [PMID: 18844452 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The calpain inhibitor A-705253 and the Na(+)/H(+)-exchange inhibitor Cariporide were studied in isolated perfused rabbit hearts subjected to 60 min occlusion of the ramus interventricularis of the left coronary artery (below the origin of the first diagonal branch), followed by 120 min of reperfusion. The inhibitors were added to the perfusion fluid solely or in combination at the beginning of reperfusion. Hemodynamic monitoring and biochemical analysis of perfusion fluid from the coronary outflow were performed. Myocardial infarct size and area at risk (transiently not perfused myocardium) were determined from left ventricular slices after a special staining procedure with Evans blue and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. The infarcted area (dead myocardium) was 72.7+/-4.0% of the area at risk in untreated controls, but was significantly smaller in the presence of the inhibitors. The largest effect was seen with 10(-6) m A-705253, which reduced the infarcted area to 49.2+/-4.1% of the area at risk, corresponding to a reduction of 33.6%. Cariporide at 10(-6) m reduced the infarct size to the same extent. The combination of both inhibitors, however, did not further improve cardioprotection. No statistical difference was observed between the experimental groups in coronary perfusion, left ventricular pressure, heart rate, and in the release of lactate dehydrogenase and creatin kinase from heart muscle.
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42
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Cribb AE, Peyrou M, Muruganandan S, Schneider L. The Endoplasmic Reticulum in Xenobiotic Toxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2008; 37:405-42. [PMID: 16257829 DOI: 10.1080/03602530500205135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in an array of cellular functions that play important roles in xenobiotic toxicity. The ER contains the majority of cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, as well as a number of conjugating enzymes. In addition to its role in drug bioactivation and detoxification, the ER can be a target for damage by reactive intermediates leading to cell death or immune-mediated toxicity. The ER contains a set of luminal proteins referred to as ER stress proteins (including GRP78, GRP94, protein disulfide isomerase, and calreticulin). These proteins help regulate protein processing and folding of membrane and secretory proteins in the ER, calcium homeostasis, and ER-associated apoptotic pathways. They are induced in response to ER stress. This review discusses the importance of the ER in molecular events leading to cell death following xenobiotic exposure. Data showing that the ER is important in both renal and hepatic toxicity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair E Cribb
- Laboratory of Comparative Pharmacogenetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada.
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43
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Secondary necrosis in multicellular animals: an outcome of apoptosis with pathogenic implications. Apoptosis 2008; 13:463-82. [PMID: 18322800 PMCID: PMC7102248 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In metazoans apoptosis is a major physiological process of cell elimination during development and in tissue homeostasis and can be involved in pathological situations. In vitro, apoptosis proceeds through an execution phase during which cell dismantling is initiated, with or without fragmentation into apoptotic bodies, but with maintenance of a near-to-intact cytoplasmic membrane, followed by a transition to a necrotic cell elimination traditionally called “secondary necrosis”. Secondary necrosis involves activation of self-hydrolytic enzymes, and swelling of the cell or of the apoptotic bodies, generalized and irreparable damage to the cytoplasmic membrane, and culminates with cell disruption. In vivo, under normal conditions, the elimination of apoptosing cells or apoptotic bodies is by removal through engulfment by scavengers prompted by the exposure of engulfment signals during the execution phase of apoptosis; if this removal fails progression to secondary necrosis ensues as in the in vitro situation. In vivo secondary necrosis occurs when massive apoptosis overwhelms the available scavenging capacity, or when the scavenger mechanism is directly impaired, and may result in leakage of the cell contents with induction of tissue injury and inflammatory and autoimmune responses. Several disorders where secondary necrosis has been implicated as a pathogenic mechanism will be reviewed.
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44
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Farkas O, Povlishock JT. Cellular and subcellular change evoked by diffuse traumatic brain injury: a complex web of change extending far beyond focal damage. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2007; 161:43-59. [PMID: 17618969 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(06)61004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, our understanding of the cellular and subcellular changes evoked by diffuse traumatic brain injury has been framed in the context of primary focal injury. In this regard, the ensuing cell death cascades were linked to contusional-mediated changes associated with frank hemorrhage and ischemia, and these were assumed to contribute to the observed apoptotic and necrotic neuronal death. Little consideration was given to the potential that other non-contusional cell death cascades could have been triggered by the diffuse mechanical forces of injury. While the importance of these classical, contusion-related apoptotic and necrotic cell death cascades cannot be discounted with diffuse injury, more recent information suggests that the mechanical force of injury itself can diffusely porate the neuronal plasmalemma and its axolemmal membranes, evoking other forms of cellular response that can contribute to cell injury or death. In this regard, the duration of the membrane alteration appears to be a dependent factor, with enduring membrane change, potentially leading to irreversible damage, whereas more transient membrane perturbation can be followed by cell membrane resealing associated with recovery and/or adaptive change. With more enduring mechanical membrane perturbation, it appears that some of the traditional death cascades involving the activation of cysteine proteases are at work. Equally important, non-traditional pathways involving the lysosomal dependent release of hydrolytic enzymes may also be players in the ensuing neuronal death. These mechanically related factors that directly impact upon the neuronal somata may also be influenced by concomitant and/or secondary axotomy-mediated responses. This axonal injury, although once thought to involve a singular intraaxonal response to injury, is now known to be more complex, reflecting differential responses to injuries of varying severity. Moreover, it now appears that fiber size and type may also influence the axon's reaction to injury. In sum, this review explicates the complexity of the cellular and subcellular responses evoked by diffuse traumatic brain injury in both the neuronal somata and its axonal appendages. This review further illustrates that our once simplistic views framed by evidence based upon contusional and/or ischemic change do not fully explain the complex repertoire of change evoked by diffuse traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Farkas
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980709, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Frangié C, Zhang W, Perez J, Dubois YCX, Haymann JP, Baud L. Extracellular calpains increase tubular epithelial cell mobility. Implications for kidney repair after ischemia. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:26624-32. [PMID: 16822870 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m603007200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are intracellular Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases that are released in the extracellular milieu by tubular epithelial cells following renal ischemia. Here we show that externalized calpains increase epithelial cell mobility and thus are critical for tubule repair. In vitro, exposure of human tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) to mu-calpain limited their adhesion to extracellular matrix and increased their mobility. Calpains acted primarily by promoting the cleavage of fibronectin, thus preventing fibronectin binding to the integrin alphavbeta3. Analyzing downstream integrin effects, we found that the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A pathway was activated in response to alphavbeta3 disengagement and was essential for calpain-mediated increase in HK-2 cell mobility. In a murine model of ischemic acute renal failure, injection of a fragment of calpastatin, which specifically blocked calpain activity in extracellular milieu, markedly delayed tubule repair, increasing functional and histological lesions after 24 and 48 h of reperfusion. These findings suggest that externalized calpains are critical for tubule repair process in acute renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Frangié
- INSERM U702; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75020 Paris, France
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46
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Arrington DD, Van Vleet TR, Schnellmann RG. Calpain 10: a mitochondrial calpain and its role in calcium-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006; 291:C1159-71. [PMID: 16790502 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00207.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Calpains, Ca(2+)-activated cysteine proteases, are cytosolic enzymes implicated in numerous cellular functions and pathologies. We identified a mitochondrial Ca(2+)-inducible protease that hydrolyzed a calpain substrate (SLLVY-AMC) and was inhibited by active site-directed calpain inhibitors as calpain 10, an atypical calpain lacking domain IV. Immunoblot analysis and activity assays revealed calpain 10 in the mitochondrial outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, and matrix fractions. Mitochondrial staining was observed when COOH-terminal green fluorescent protein-tagged calpain 10 was overexpressed in NIH-3T3 cells and the mitochondrial targeting sequence was localized to the NH(2)-terminal 15 amino acids. Overexpression of mitochondrial calpain 10 resulted in mitochondrial swelling and autophagy that was blocked by the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) inhibitor cyclosporine A. With the use of isolated mitochondria, Ca(2+)-induced MPT was partially decreased by calpain inhibitors. More importantly, Ca(2+)-induced inhibition of Complex I of the electron transport chain was blocked by calpain inhibitors and two Complex I proteins were identified as targets of mitochondrial calpain 10, NDUFV2, and ND6. In conclusion, calpain 10 is the first reported mitochondrially targeted calpain and is a mediator of mitochondrial dysfunction through the cleavage of Complex I subunits and activation of MPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Arrington
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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47
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Farkas O, Lifshitz J, Povlishock JT. Mechanoporation induced by diffuse traumatic brain injury: an irreversible or reversible response to injury? J Neurosci 2006; 26:3130-40. [PMID: 16554464 PMCID: PMC6674089 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5119-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse traumatic brain injury (DTBI) is associated with neuronal plasmalemmal disruption, leading to either necrosis or reactive change without cell death. This study examined whether enduring membrane perturbation consistently occurs, leading to cell death, or if there is the potential for transient perturbation followed by resealing/recovery. We also examined the relationship of these events to calpain-mediated spectrin proteolysis (CMSP). To assess plasmalemmal disruption, rats (n = 21) received intracerebroventricular infusion 2 h before DTBI of a normally excluded 10 kDa fluorophore-labeled dextran. To reveal plasmalemmal resealing or enduring disruption, rats were infused with another labeled dextran 2 h (n = 10) or 6 h (n = 11) after injury. Immunohistochemistry for the 150 kDa spectrin breakdown product evaluated the concomitant role of CMSP. Neocortical neurons were followed with confocal and electron microscopy. After DTBI at 4 and 8 h, 55% of all tracer-flooded neurons contained both dextrans, demonstrating enduring plasmalemmal leakage, with many demonstrating necrosis. At 4 h, 12.0% and at 8 h, 15.7% of the dual tracer-flooded neurons showed CMSP, yet, these demonstrated less advanced cellular change. At 4 h, 39.0% and at 8 h, 24.4% of all tracer-flooded neurons revealed only preinjury dextran uptake, consistent with membrane resealing, whereas 7.6 and 11.1%, respectively, showed CMSP. At 4 h, 35% and at 8 h, 33% of neurons demonstrated CMSP without dextran flooding. At 4 h, 5.5% and at 8 h, 20.9% of tracer-flooded neurons revealed only postinjury dextran uptake, consistent with delayed membrane perturbation, with 55.0 and 35.4%, respectively, showing CMSP. These studies illustrate that DTBI evokes evolving plasmalemmal changes that highlight mechanical and potential secondary events in membrane poration.
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48
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Hu Q, Chang J, Tao L, Yan G, Xie M, Wang Z. Endoplasmic Reticulum Mediated Necrosis-like Apoptosis of HeLa Cells Induced by Ca2+ Oscillation. BMB Rep 2005; 38:709-16. [PMID: 16336787 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2005.38.6.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and necrosis are distinguished by modality primarily. Here we show an apoptosis occurred instantly, induced by 300 muM W-7 ((N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride), inhibitor of calmodulin), which demonstrated necrotic modality. As early as 30 min after W-7 addition, apoptotic (sub-diploid) peak could be detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS), "DNA ladders" began to emerge also at this time point, activity of caspase-3 elevated obviously within this period. Absence of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) reduction and cytochrome c, AIF (apoptosis inducing factor) release, verified that this rapid apoptosis did not proceed through mitochondria pathway. Activation of caspase-12 and changes of other endoplasmic reticulum (ER) located proteins ascertained that ER pathway mediated this necrosis-like apoptosis. Our findings suggest that it is not credible to judge apoptosis by modality. Elucidation of ER pathway is helpful to comprehend the pathology of diseases associated with ER stress, and may offer a new approach to the therapy of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliu Hu
- Medical School, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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49
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Wu SH, Lu C, Dong L, Zhou GP, He ZG, Chen ZQ. High dose of lipoxin A4 induces apoptosis in rat renal interstitial fibroblasts. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 73:127-37. [PMID: 15936930 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 02/10/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies have implicated that lipoxinA4 (LXA4) inhibited nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), Akt/PKB and PI 3-kinase activity and proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells. It is speculated that LXA4 might serve as pro-apoptotic factor. Rat renal interstitial fibroblasts (NRK-49F cells) were exposed to LXA4 in 5% FCS for 24 h. LXA4 at 0.1 and 1 microM induced 9.83% and 33.82% apoptosis of the cells, respectively, upregulated the expression of calpain 10 and Smac, the levels of [Ca2+]i and activity of caspase-3, and downregulated the activity of STAT3 and threonine phosphorylated Akt1. Transfection of calpain 10 or Smac antisense oligodeoxynucleotide into the cells inhibited the LXA4-induced apoptosis, activity of caspase-3. Pretreatment of the cells with calcium inhibitor SK&F96365 inhibited the LXA4-induced apoptosis, levels of [Ca2+]i, expression of calpain 10 and Smac. In conclusion, LXA4 at high concentrations induced apoptosis of renal interstitial fibroblasts via [Ca2+]i-dependent upregulation of calpain 10 and Smac expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hua Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Central Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, People's Republic of China.
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Trumper L, Coux G, Monasterolo LA, Molinas S, García VMC, Elías MM. Effect of acetaminophen on the membrane anchoring of Na+, K+ATPase of rat renal cortical cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2005; 1740:332-9. [PMID: 15949700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2003] [Revised: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In previous works we reported that the administration of a toxic dose of acetaminophen (APAP) induces acute renal failure (ARF) and promotes changes on Na(+), K(+)ATPase distribution in renal proximal plasma membranes. In the present work, we analyzed if APAP could promote the dissociation of Na(+), K(+)ATPase from its membrane anchorage. The participation of calpain activation was also evaluated. We analyzed the Triton X-100 extractability of Na(+), K(+)ATPase in freshly isolated cortical cell suspensions incubated with different APAP concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 mM). Both alpha(1) and beta(1) subunits were studied by Western blot. APAP promoted the increment of both subunits abundance in the Triton-soluble fraction. Calpain activation was detected in the membrane fractions of cells incubated with APAP. Incubation with APAP 0.1, 1 and 10 mM did not promote an increment in LDH release compared with controls, while APAP 100 mM promoted an increased LDH release. Our results show that incubation of proximal cells with sublethal and lethal APAP concentrations promotes the detachment of Na(+), K(+)ATPase from its membrane anchoring. Inhibition of calpain activation by SJA 7029 protected against APAP-induced membrane damage but not against APAP-induced increase of the Triton X-100 extractability of Na(+), K(+)ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Trumper
- Consejo de Investigaciones de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario (CIUNR), República Argentina.
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