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Kong X, Dai G, Zeng Z, Zhang Y, Gu J, Ma T, Wang N, Gu J, Wang Y. Integrating Proteomics and Transcriptomics Reveals the Potential Pathways of Hippocampal Neuron Apoptosis in Dravet Syndrome Model Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4457. [PMID: 38674042 PMCID: PMC11050081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
An important component contributing to the onset of epilepsy is the death of hippocampal neurons. Several studies have shown that Dravet syndrome model mice: Scn1a KO mice have a high number of apoptotic neurons following seizures, but the precise mechanism underlying this remains unclear. The aim of this research was to elucidate the potential molecular mechanism of neuronal apoptosis in Scn1a KO mice by integrating proteomics and transcriptomics, with the ultimate goal of offering better neuroprotection. We found that apoptotic processes were enriched in both proteomic and transcriptomic GO analyses, and KEGG results also indicated that differential proteins and genes play a role in neurotransmission, the cell cycle, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation. Then, we examined the upstream and downstream KGML interactions of the pathways to determine the relationship between the two omics, and we found that the HIF-1 signaling pathway plays a significant role in the onset and apoptosis of epilepsy. Meanwhile, the expression of the apoptosis-related protein VHL decreased in this pathway, and the expression of p21 was upregulated. Therefore, this study suggests that VHL/HIF-1α/p21 might be involved in the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in Scn1a KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Kong
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (X.K.); (T.M.); (N.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (G.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Gaohe Dai
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (G.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhong Zeng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China;
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (G.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jiarong Gu
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China;
| | - Teng Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (X.K.); (T.M.); (N.W.)
| | - Nina Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (X.K.); (T.M.); (N.W.)
| | - Jinhai Gu
- Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (G.D.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (X.K.); (T.M.); (N.W.)
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Mounika P, Gurupadayya B, Kumar HY, Namitha B. An Overview of CDK Enzyme Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2023; 23:603-619. [PMID: 36959160 DOI: 10.2174/1568009623666230320144713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to address the cell cycle in cancer therapy brings up new medication development possibilities. Cyclin-dependent kinases are a group of proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle. The CDK/cyclin complexes are activated when specific CDK sites are phosphorylated. Because of their non-selectivity and severe toxicity, most first-generation CDK inhibitors (also known as pan-CDK inhibitors) have not been authorized for clinical usage. Despite this, significant progress has been made in allowing pan-CDK inhibitors to be employed in clinical settings. Pan-CDK inhibitors' toxicity and side effects have been lowered in recent years because of the introduction of combination therapy techniques. As a result of this, pan-CDK inhibitors have regained a lot of clinical potential as a combination therapy approach. The CDK family members have been introduced in this overview, and their important roles in cell cycle control have been discussed. Then, we have described the current state of CDK inhibitor research, with a focus on inhibitors other than CDK4/6. We have mentioned first-generation pan-CDKIs, flavopiridol and roscovitine, as well as second-generation CDKIs, dinaciclib, P276-00, AT7519, TG02, roniciclib, and RGB-286638, based on their research phases, clinical trials, and cancer targeting. CDKIs are CDK4/6, CDK7, CDK9, and CDK12 inhibitors. Finally, we have looked into the efficacy of CDK inhibitors and PD1/PDL1 antibodies when used together, which could lead to the development of a viable cancer treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peddaguravagari Mounika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Bannimath Gurupadayya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Honnavalli Yogish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Bannimath Namitha
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015, India
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Perlíková P, Hocek M. Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (7-deazapurine) as a privileged scaffold in design of antitumor and antiviral nucleosides. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1429-1460. [PMID: 28834581 PMCID: PMC5656927 DOI: 10.1002/med.21465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
7-Deazapurine (pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine) nucleosides are important analogues of biogenic purine nucleosides with diverse biological activities. Replacement of the N7 atom with a carbon atom makes the five-membered ring more electron rich and brings a possibility of attaching additional substituents at the C7 position. This often leads to derivatives with increased base-pairing in DNA or RNA or better binding to enzymes. Several types of 7-deazapurine nucleosides with potent cytostatic or cytotoxic effects have been identified. The most promising are 7-hetaryl-7-deazaadenosines, which are activated in cancer cells by phosphorylation and get incorporated both to RNA (causing inhibition of proteosynthesis) and to DNA (causing DNA damage). Mechanism of action of other types of cytostatic nucleosides, 6-hetaryl-7-deazapurine and thieno-fused deazapurine ribonucleosides, is not yet known. Many 7-deazaadenosine derivatives are potent inhibitors of adenosine kinases. Many types of sugar-modified derivatives of 7-deazapurine nucleosides are also strong antivirals. Most important are 2'-C-methylribo- or 2'-C-methyl-2'-fluororibonucleosides with anti-HCV activities (several compounds underwent clinical trials). Some underexplored areas of potential interest are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Perlíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesCZ‐16610Prague 6Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesCZ‐16610Prague 6Czech Republic
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles University in PragueCZ‐12843Prague 2Czech Republic
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De Coen LM, Heugebaert TSA, García D, Stevens CV. Synthetic Entries to and Biological Activity of Pyrrolopyrimidines. Chem Rev 2015; 116:80-139. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurens M. De Coen
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. A. Heugebaert
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel García
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Park MH, Kim SY, Kim YJ, Chung YH. ALS2CR7 (CDK15) attenuates TRAIL induced apoptosis by inducing phosphorylation of survivin Thr34. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:129-34. [PMID: 24866247 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is considered a promising agent for medical applications because it induces apoptosis selectively in a variety of cancer cells without toxicity to normal human cells. However, its therapeutic potential has been limited by the existence of several cancer cells with TRAIL resistance. TRAIL resistance results from a variety of mechanisms, which occur at various points in the cellular signaling pathways. In this study, we demonstrate that ALS2CR7 (CDK15) can mediate resistance to TRAIL. We also demonstrate that cell viability of TRAIL sensitive HCT116 and MDA-MB-231 cells increased after TRAIL treatment in ALS2CR7 transfected cancer cells compared with vector transfected cancer cells. Furthermore, cell viability was decreased by TRAIL treatment after knockdown with ALS2CR7 siRNA in TRAIL resistant HT29 and MCF-7 cells. We also show that the activated form of apoptotic proteins such as caspase-3, -8 and -9 and PARP increased after TRAIL treatment in the control group, but decreased in the ALS2CR7 transfected group. The expression of survival proteins such as bcl2 and survivin in TRAIL sensitive cancer cells increased in the ALS2CR7 transfected group, but decreased in TRAIL resistant cancer cells treated with ALS2CR7 siRNA. Other survival proteins such as FLIP and XIAP were not affected. ALS2CR7 appears to bind with only survivin, and not bcl2. The phospho-survivin (Thr34) critical in drug resistance was increased by transfection with ALS2CR7, but the expression of death receptors such as DR4 and DR5 was not affected. ALS2CR7 did not bind with any of the death receptors in our study. In summary, our results suggest that ALS2CR7 confers TRAIL resistance to cancer cells via phosphorylation of survivin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hee Park
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Kim
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Chung
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Polyakov VR, Moorcroft ND, Drawid A. Enrichment Analysis for Discovering Biological Associations in Phenotypic Screens. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:377-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ci400245c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valery R. Polyakov
- Sanofi, 55 Corporate Drive, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Neil D. Moorcroft
- Sanofi, 55 Corporate Drive, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Amar Drawid
- Sanofi, 55 Corporate Drive, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
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7
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Kim YJ, Kwon SH, Bae IH, Kim BM. Selectivity between N-1 and N-7 nucleosides: regioselective synthesis of BMK-Y101, a potent cdk7 and 9 inhibitor. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.07.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Apoptosis is induced in cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathway by the novel xylocydine-derived compound JRS-15. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:850-70. [PMID: 23344045 PMCID: PMC3565295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14010850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel compound JRS-15 was obtained through the chemical modification of xylocydine. JRS-15 exhibited much stronger cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic activity than its parent compound in various cancer cell lines, with IC50 values in HeLa, HepG2, SK-HEP-1, PC-3M and A549 cells ranging from 12.42 to 28.25 μM. In addition, it is more potent for killing cancer than non-cancerous cells. Mechanistic studies showed that JRS-15 treatment arrested cell cycle at the G1/S phase, which further triggered the translocation of Bax and Bak to the mitochondria, resulting in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization and the subsequent release of cytochrome c and the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac). The sequential activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3/7 and the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were observed following these mitochondrial events. Caspase-8, an initiator caspase that is required to activate the membrane receptor-mediated extrinsic apoptosis pathway was not activated in JRS-15-treated cells. Further analysis showed that the levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and XIAP were significantly reduced upon JRS-15 treatment. Furthermore, the caspase-9 inhibitor z-LEHD-fmk, the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk, and Bcl-xL or XIAP overexpression all effectively prevented JRS-15-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate that JRS-15 induces cancer cell apoptosis by regulating multiple apoptosis-related proteins, and this compound may therefore be a good candidate reagent for anticancer therapy.
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Xiao C, Sun C, Han W, Pan F, Dan Z, Li Y, Song ZG, Jin YH. Synthesis of 6-(het) ary Xylocydine analogues and evaluating their inhibitory activities of CDK1 and CDK2 in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7100-10. [PMID: 22036212 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of purine nucleoside analogues bearing an aryl and hetaryl group in position 6 were prepared and their biological activities were assessed by in vitro CDK1/Cyclin B1 and CDK2/Cyclin A2 kinase assay. From the synthesized chemicals, three Xylocydine derivatives 3h, 3i, and 3j exhibited specific inhibitory activities on CDK2/Cyclin A2 with IC(50) values of 4.6, 4.8, and 55 μM, respectively. Those three compounds all induced G1/S phase arrest in Human epithelial carcinoma cell line (HeLa), and the results suggested they may inhibit CDK2 activity in vitro. Furthermore, molecular modeling study, their docking into Cyclin Dependant Kinase 2 (CDK2) active site showed high docking scores. Taken together, these data suggest that, those three compounds are good inhibitors of CDK2 for studying this kinase signal transduction pathway in cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J. Forsman
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland
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11
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Choi BY, Lee CH. Cell cycle arrest and cytochrome c-mediated apoptotic induction by MCS-5A is associated with up-regulation of p16(INK4a) in HL-60 cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3880-4. [PMID: 20627562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MCS-5A, an analog of sangivamycin, selectively inhibits the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK1 and 4 in HL-60 cells in vitro (IC(50): 9.6 and 8.8 1V, respectively), while weakly inhibiting other housekeeping protein kinases. MCS-5A effectively induces HL-60 cell cycle arrest at the G(1) and G(2)/M phases through direct inhibition of CDK1 and 4 activity. In addition, elevated expression of p16(INK4a) and a reduction in the level of hyperphosphorylated pRb showed that 3 1V MCS-5A also induces p16(INK4a)-mediated cell cycle arrest at the G(1) phase. Furthermore, apoptotic induction in MCS-5A-treated HL-60 cells is associated with the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, which, in turn, results in the activation of procaspase-8, -9 and -3, and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). In addition, the involvement of p16(INK4a) in this apoptotic induction was demonstrated using A549 cells with a homozygous deletion of p16(INK4a). Based on these results, we conclude that MCS-5A is a candidate therapeutic agent for the treatment of human promyelocytic leukemia via the up-regulation of p16(INK4a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu Young Choi
- Department of Molecular Biology & Pharmacology, Kyunggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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12
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Xylocydine, a novel Cdk inhibitor, is an effective inducer of apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2009; 287:196-206. [PMID: 19616371 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 05/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) frequently includes abnormalities in cell cycle regulators, including up-regulated cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdks) activities due to loss or low expression of Cdk inhibitors. In this study, we show that xylocydine, a cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) specific inhibitor, is a good anti-cancer drug candidate for HCC treatment. Xylocydine (50muM) selectively down-regulates the activity of Cdk1 and Cdk2, accompanied by significant cell growth inhibition in HCC cells. Xylocydine also strongly inhibits the activity of Cdk7 and Cdk9, in vitro as well as in cell cultures, that is temporally associated with apoptotic cell death in xylocydine-induced HCC cells. This is associated with inhibition of phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II at serine residues 5 and 2, which are targets of Cdk7 and Cdk9, respectively. The effects on apoptosis are concomitant with changes in the levels of anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2, XIAP, and survivin, which are markedly down-regulated, and pro-apoptotic molecules, p53 and Bax, which are elevated in HCC cells after treatment with xylocydine. The up-regulated level of p53 was associated with increased stability of the protein, as levels of Ser15 and Ser392 phsophorylated p53 are similarly elevated in the inhibitor treated cells. We demonstrated that xylocydine can effectively suppress the growth of HCC xenografts in Balb/C-nude mice by preferentially inducing apoptosis in the xenografts, whereas the drug did not cause any apparent toxic effect on other tissues. Taken together, these data suggest that the novel Cdk inhibitor xylocydine is a good candidate for an anti-cancer drug for HCC therapy.
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Kimura Y, Kakemizu A, Matsubara Y, Takegawa K. Enzymatic characteristics of a Ser/Thr protein kinase, SpkA, from Myxococcus xanthus. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:10-5. [PMID: 19147102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two Ser/Thr protein kinases, SpkA and SpkB, selected from Myxococcus xanthus based on amino acid sequence similarities with the catalytic subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinases (PKA) were synthesized using a cell-free protein synthesis system. In various protein kinase assays, purified StkA and StkB showed their highest protein kinase activities in a PKA assay using the selective PKA substrate Kemptide and in a protein kinase C (PKC) assay using the selective PKC substrate neurogranin((28-43)), respectively. SpkA had apparent K(m) values of 45 microM and 37 microM for Kemptide and ATP, respectively. Phosphorylation of Kemptide was inhibited by a specific PKA inhibitor peptide, PKI(5-24), and the IC(50) and K(i) values for inhibition of the SpkA activity were 117 nM and 36 nM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan.
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14
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Henley D, Isbill M, Fernando R, Foster JS, Wimalasena J. Paclitaxel induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells requires cell cycle transit but not Cdc2 activity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 59:235-49. [PMID: 16972069 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Paclitaxel (PTX) is a widely used chemotherapy agent and may cause cell death by apoptosis subsequent to microtubule (MT) disruption. In this paper, we have investigated whether cell cycle transit and or Cdc2 (Cdk1) activity is required for the apoptosis induced by PTX. METHODS Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry, Cdc2 was assayed bio chemically. Cdc2 activity was decreased by siRNA and dominant negative (dn) Cdc2 expression. Cells were arrested by chemical or biological inhibitors in a G1 or S phase. Apoptosis was measured by DNA fragmentation and examination of nuclei by microscopy. JNK and AKT activations were assessed as well. RESULTS Cell cycle inhibition was highly effective in decreasing PTX induced apoptosis. MT morphology was not altered by these inhibitors. PTX induced JNK activity or AKT mediated BAD phosphorylation was unaffected by cell cycle inhibitors. Abrogation of Cdc 2 activity was without effect on PTX induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS While cell cycle transit is required for PTX induced apoptosis; Cdc2 activity is not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Henley
- Department of OB/GYN, GSM, UTMCK, University of Tennessee, Alcoa Highway, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA
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15
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Fischer PM, Gianella-Borradori A. Recent progress in the discovery and development of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 14:457-77. [PMID: 15882121 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.14.4.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have long been known to be the main facilitators of the cell proliferation cycle. However, they also play important roles in the regulation of the RNA polymerase II transcription cycle. Cancer cells display aberrant cell cycle regulation to gain proliferative advantages and they also appear to have an exaggerated dependence on RNA polymerase II transcriptional activity to sustain pro-survival and antiapoptotic signalling. A picture is now starting to emerge that both the cell-cycle and transcriptional functions of CDKs can be exploited pharmacologically with CDK inhibitors that possess appropriate selectivity profiles. In this article, recent advances into these mechanistic insights and how they can guide clinical development in terms of choice of indication are reviewed, as well as combinations with existing chemotherapies. An overview is also given of recent clinical trial results with the lead CDK inhibitor drug candidates seliciclib (CYC202, (R)-roscovitine; Cyclacel) and alvocidib (flavopiridol; Aventis-NCI), as well as the development of other clinical entries and advanced preclinical compounds. The discussion focuses on oncology, but we point out recent results with CDK inhibitors in virology and nephrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Fischer
- Cyclacel Limited, James Lindsay Place, Dundee DD1 5JJ, Scotland, UK.
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