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Xue B, Xue J, Yu Y, Wei SG, Beltz TG, Felder RB, Johnson AK. Predator Scent-Induced Sensitization of Hypertension and Anxiety-like Behaviors. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022; 42:1141-1152. [PMID: 33201417 PMCID: PMC8126575 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), an anxiety-related syndrome, is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. The present study investigated whether predator scent (PS) stress, a model of PTSD, induces sensitization of hypertension and anxiety-like behaviors and underlying mechanisms related to renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) and inflammation. Coyote urine, as a PS stressor, was used to model PTSD. After PS exposures, separate cohorts of rats were studied for hypertensive response sensitization (HTRS), anxiety-like behaviors, and changes in plasma levels and mRNA expression of several components of the RAS and proinflammatory cytokines (PICs) in the lamina terminalis (LT), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and amygdala (AMY). Rats exposed to PS as compared to control animals exhibited (1) a significantly greater hypertensive response (i.e., HTRS) when challenged with a slow-pressor dose of angiotensin (ANG) II, (2) significant decrease in locomotor activity and increase in time spent in the closed arms of a plus maze as well as general immobility (i.e., behavioral signs of increased anxiety), (3) upregulated plasma levels of ANG II and interleukin-6, and (4) increased expression of message for components of the RAS and PICs in key brain nuclei. All the PS-induced adverse effects were blocked by pretreatment with either an angiotensin-converting enzyme antagonist or a tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor. The results suggest that PS, used as an experimental model of PTSD, sensitizes ANG II-induced hypertension and produces behavioral signs of anxiety, probably through upregulation of RAS components and inflammatory markers in plasma and brain areas associated with anxiety and blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Xue
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, PBSB, 340 Iowa Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Jiarui Xue
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, PBSB, 340 Iowa Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Yang Yu
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Shun-Guang Wei
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- The Franҫois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Terry G Beltz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, PBSB, 340 Iowa Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Robert B Felder
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- The Franҫois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Alan Kim Johnson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, PBSB, 340 Iowa Ave, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- The Franҫois M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Pentoxifylline Enhances Antioxidative Capability and Promotes Mitochondrial Biogenesis in D-Galactose-Induced Aging Mice by Increasing Nrf2 and PGC-1 α through the cAMP-CREB Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6695613. [PMID: 34257818 PMCID: PMC8245236 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6695613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex phenomenon associated with oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential ameliorative effects of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor pentoxifylline (PTX) on the aging process and its underlying mechanisms. We treated D-galactose- (D-gal-) induced aging mice with PTX and measured the changes in behavior, degree of oxidative damage, and mitochondrial ultrastructure and content as well as the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2- (Nrf2-) mediated antioxidant genes and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha- (PGC-1α-) dependent mitochondrial biogenesis genes. The results demonstrated that PTX improved cognitive deficits, reduced oxidative damage, ameliorated abnormal mitochondrial ultrastructure, increased mitochondrial content and Nrf2 activation, and upregulated antioxidant and mitochondrial biogenesis gene expression in the hippocampus of wild-type aging mice. However, the above antiaging effects of PTX were obviously decreased in the brains of Nrf2-deficient D-gal-induced aging mice. Moreover, in hydrogen peroxide-treated SH-SY5Y cells, we found that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) and Nrf2/PGC-1α act in a linear way by CREB siRNA transfection. Thus, PTX administration improved the aging-related decline in brain function by enhancing antioxidative capability and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis, which might depend on increasing Nrf2 and PGC-1α by activating the cAMP-CREB pathway.
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Wang Y, Kang Y, Qi C, Zhang T, Zhao H, Ji X, Yan W, Huang Y, Cui R, Zhang G, Shi G. Pentoxifylline enhances antioxidative capability and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis for improving age-related behavioral deficits. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:25487-25504. [PMID: 33231568 PMCID: PMC7803534 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor with pleiotropic effects that is routinely used to treat peripheral vascular disease. In this study, we tested whether PTX could also counteract the detrimental effects of aging in the brain. To accomplish that, we treated aged rats with PTX and measured resulting behavioral alterations as well as changes in dopaminergic neurochemical levels, oxidative balance markers, mitochondrial function, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and downstream gene expression, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) content in the brain. The results demonstrated that PTX improved motor and cognitive deficits and restored levels of dopamine and its metabolites in the brains of aged rats. PTX also reduced malondialdehyde levels and increased the GSH/GSSG ratio, mitochondrial ATP, nuclear Nrf2, and cAMP levels, and upregulated PGC-1α, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A expression in the substantia nigra and hippocampus of aged rats. Thus, increased nuclear Nrf2 levels and upregulation of PGC-1α, which enhance antioxidative capability and promote mitochondrial biogenesis, may be responsible for PTX-induced amelioration of behavioral deficits in aged rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yunxiao Kang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Chunxiao Qi
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Tianyun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xiaoming Ji
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Wensheng Yan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Hebei Sport University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Yuanxiang Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Rui Cui
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.,Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Geming Shi
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.,Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
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Plotnikov MB, Shamanaev AY, Aliev OI, Sidekhmenova AV, Anishchenko AM, Arkhipov AM. Pentoxifylline treatment enhances antihypertensive activity of captopril through hemorheological improvement in spontaneously hypertensive rats during development of arterial hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 11:769-778. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Plotnikov MB, Aliev OI, Shamanaev AY, Sidekhmenova AV, Anfinogenova Y, Anishchenko AM, Fomina TI, Arkhipov AM. Effects of pentoxifylline on hemodynamic, hemorheological, and microcirculatory parameters in young SHRs during arterial hypertension development. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 39:570-578. [PMID: 28722518 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1291662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The most common form of hypertension in young adults is isolated diastolic hypertension. Diastolic arterial pressure is determined by the total peripheral resistance and depends on both vascular hindrance and blood viscosity. The aim of our work was to study the efficiency of pentoxifylline (PTX) in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) during the development of arterial hypertension. The effects of a treatment course with PTX (100 mg/kg/day p.o. for 6 weeks, from 5 to 11 weeks old) on the mean, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure (BP); stroke volume; cardiac output; total peripheral resistance (TPR); whole blood viscosity (BV); plasma viscosity; hematocrit; RBC aggregation and deformability; local cerebral blood flow (lCBF); and microvascularization of the visual cortex were studied in SHRs in comparison with control SHRs and Wistar Kyoto rats. PTX-treated SHRs had significantly lower systolic, diastolic, and mean BP (by 24%, 26%, and 15%, respectively) and BV (by 5-9%) and a higher erythrocyte deformability index (by 1.5-2%), lCBF (by 42%), average diameter of capillaries (by 11%), density of the capillary network (by 23%), and percentage of capillaries with a diameter of 3-7 µm in comparison with control SHRs. In conclusion, PTX exerted positive effects on the hemodynamic, hemorheological, and microcirculatory parameters in SHRs during the development of arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Plotnikov
- a Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tomsk , Russia
| | - Oleg I Aliev
- a Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tomsk , Russia
| | - Alexander Y Shamanaev
- a Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tomsk , Russia
| | - Anastasia V Sidekhmenova
- a Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tomsk , Russia
| | - Yana Anfinogenova
- b Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tomsk , Russia.,c RASA Center in Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic University , Tomsk , Russia
| | - Anna M Anishchenko
- a Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tomsk , Russia
| | - Tatiana I Fomina
- a Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tomsk , Russia
| | - Alexander M Arkhipov
- a Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences , Tomsk , Russia
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António NN, Monte Alto Costa A, Marques RG. Viability of randomized skin flaps-an experimental study in rats. J Surg Res 2016; 207:92-101. [PMID: 27979494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomized skin flaps are extensively used in plastic surgery, but the possibility of necrosis has challenged their use. Several studies have been conducted aiming to find ways to reduce the occurrence of necrosis. We evaluated the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) and hyaluronidase (HLD), each alone or combined, on randomized rat skin flaps. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of 10 animals each: control I, control II, PTX, HLD, PTX-HLD. Substances were administered from the first to the 14th postoperative day. The necrotic area was measured on the seventh and 14th postoperative day; the animals were killed on the 14th day, when samples were collected for histologic and immunohistochemical examination. RESULTS On the seventh day, percentage of the necrotic area was significantly reduced in PTX, HLD, and PTX-HLD animals compared with control groups. On 14th day, percentage of the necrotic area in PTX, HDL, and PTX-HLD groups was also significantly reduced compared with control groups. PTX and PTX-HLD showed a significant reduction in dermis cellularity, VV of macrophages, and myofibroblasts compared with control groups; PTX showed a significant enhancement of LV of blood vessels compared with all other groups. CONCLUSIONS The use of each substance alone or combined increased flap viability compared with control groups. On the seventh day, PTX exhibited lower viability than HLD, whereas on the 14th day there was no difference between treated groups. PTX alone enhanced the LV of blood vessels, whereas PTX-HLD did not. However, PTX-HLD was more effective in decreasing the dermis cellularity and macrophage VV than HLD alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nsingi N António
- Post-Graduation Program in Physiopathology and Surgical Sciences, Department of General Surgery, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Andréa Monte Alto Costa
- Laboratory of Tissue Repair, Institute of Biology Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ruy G Marques
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Plotnikov MB, Aliev OI, Nosarev AV, Shamanaev AY, Sidekhmenova AV, Anfinogenova Y, Anishchenko AM, Pushkina EV. Relationship between arterial blood pressure and blood viscosity in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with pentoxifylline. Biorheology 2016; 53:93-107. [DOI: 10.3233/bir-15100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark B. Plotnikov
- E.D. Goldberg Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Oleg I. Aliev
- E.D. Goldberg Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Y. Shamanaev
- E.D. Goldberg Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Sidekhmenova
- E.D. Goldberg Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Yana Anfinogenova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Research Institute for Cardiology”, Tomsk, Russia
- RASA Center in Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anna M. Anishchenko
- E.D. Goldberg Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
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Pentoxifylline Alleviates Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemia-Induced Short-term Memory Impairment by Suppressing Apoptosis in the Hippocampus of Rat Pups. Int Neurourol J 2016; 20:107-13. [PMID: 27377942 PMCID: PMC4932643 DOI: 10.5213/inj.1632532.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage is a major cause of acute mortality and chronic neurologic morbidity in infants and children. We investigated the effects of pentoxifylline, a methylxanthine derivative and type-4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor, on short-term memory and apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampus following perinatal hypoxic-ischemia in newborn rats. Methods: We used a step-down avoidance task to evaluate short-term memory and 3ʹ-5ʹ-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) assay to detect cAMP levels. We evaluated apoptosis using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay for evidence of DNA fragmentation, immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 levels, and western blot for Bcl-2 and Bax. Results: Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic injury increased apoptotic cell death in the hippocampus, resulting in impaired short-term memory with decreased cAMP levels. Pentoxifylline treatment improved short-term memory by suppressing apoptotic cell death in the hippocampus with elevated cAMP levels. Conclusions: Pentoxifylline ameliorated perinatal hypoxic-ischemia in rat pups. This alleviating effect could be ascribed to the inhibition apoptosis due to increased cAMP production by pentoxifylline.
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McCarty MF, O'Keefe JH, DiNicolantonio JJ. Pentoxifylline for vascular health: a brief review of the literature. Open Heart 2016; 3:e000365. [PMID: 26870389 PMCID: PMC4746528 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2015-000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentoxifylline is a methylxanthine derivative that has been used for several decades in the symptomatic management of intermittent claudication. For reasons that remain fairly obscure, this drug benefits blood rheology in a number of complementary ways: decreasing blood and plasma viscosity, lowering plasma fibrinogen while promoting fibrinolysis, and improving blood filterability by enhancing erythrocyte distensibility and lessening neutrophil activation. Anti-inflammatory effects on neutrophils and macrophage/monocytes—some of them attributable to pentoxifylline metabolites—appear to play a mediating role in this regard. Although clinical trials with pentoxifylline have often been too small in size to reach statistically significant findings regarding impacts on hard end points, a review of the existing literature suggests that pentoxifylline may have potential for slowing the progression of atherosclerosis, stabilising plaque, reducing risk for vascular events, improving the outcome of vascular events, dampening the systemic inflammatory response following cardiopulmonary bypass, providing symptomatic benefit in angina and intermittent claudication, enhancing cerebral blood flow in patients with cerebrovascular disease while slowing progression of vascular dementia, improving prognosis in congestive heart failure, and aiding diabetes control. This safe and usually well-tolerated drug works in ways quite distinct from other drugs more commonly used for cardiovascular protection, and hence may confer complementary benefit when used in conjunction with them. Major clinical trials of adequate statistical power are now needed to confirm the scope of benefits that pentoxifylline can confer; studies evaluating hard end points in acute coronary syndrome, stroke/transient ischaemic attack and systolic heart failure might be particularly valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James H O'Keefe
- Saint Luke's Mid-America Heart Institute , Kansas City, Missouri , USA
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Lloyd EE, Durgan DJ, Martini SR, Bryan RM. Pathological effects of obstructive apneas during the sleep cycle in an animal model of cerebral small vessel disease. Hypertension 2015; 66:913-7. [PMID: 26259594 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that apneas during the sleep cycle exacerbate hypertension and accelerate changes that occur with cerebral small vessel disease. Obstructive sleep apnea was modeled by intermittent inflations of a chronically implanted tracheal balloon to occlude the airway during the sleep cycle (termed OSA) in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHRSP) rats, a model of cerebral small vessel disease. SHRSP rats and their parent strain, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats, were exposed to OSA for 2 weeks (from 9 to 11 or from 18 to 20 weeks). At 9 weeks, hypertension was developing in the SHRSP rats and was firmly established by 18 weeks. OSA exposure increased systolic blood pressure in SHRSP rats by ≈30 mm Hg in both age groups compared with shams that were surgically prepared but not exposed to OSA (P<0.05). OSA exposure also increased systolic blood pressure in WKY rats by 20 and 37 mm Hg at 11 and 20 weeks, respectively (P<0.05). OSA exposure in SHRSP rats compromised blood-brain barrier integrity in white matter at both 11 and 20 weeks of age when compared with SHRSP sham rats (P<0.05). Microglia were activated in SHRSP rats exposed to OSA but not in sham rats at 11 weeks (P<0.05). At 20 weeks, microglia were activated in sham SHRSP rats (P<0.05) compared with WKY sham rats and were not further activated by OSA. Neither was blood-brain barrier integrity altered nor microglia activated in any of the WKY groups. We conclude that OSA accelerates the onset of the cerebral pathologies associated with cerebral small vessel disease in SHRSP, but not WKY, rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Lloyd
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology (E.E.L., D.J.D., R.M.B.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (R.M.B.), Medicine (Cardiovascular Section) (R.M.B.), and Neurology (S.R.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX (S.R.M.)
| | - David J Durgan
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology (E.E.L., D.J.D., R.M.B.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (R.M.B.), Medicine (Cardiovascular Section) (R.M.B.), and Neurology (S.R.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX (S.R.M.)
| | - Sharyl R Martini
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology (E.E.L., D.J.D., R.M.B.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (R.M.B.), Medicine (Cardiovascular Section) (R.M.B.), and Neurology (S.R.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX (S.R.M.)
| | - Robert M Bryan
- From the Departments of Anesthesiology (E.E.L., D.J.D., R.M.B.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (R.M.B.), Medicine (Cardiovascular Section) (R.M.B.), and Neurology (S.R.M.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX (S.R.M.).
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The effects of quinacrine, proglumide, and pentoxifylline on seizure activity, cognitive deficit, and oxidative stress in rat lithium-pilocarpine model of status epilepticus. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:630509. [PMID: 25478062 PMCID: PMC4248364 DOI: 10.1155/2014/630509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present data indicate that status epilepticus (SE) induced in adult rats is associated with cognitive dysfunctions and cerebral oxidative stress (OS). This has been demonstrated using lithium-pilocarpine (Li-Pc) model of SE. OS occurring in hippocampus and striatum of mature brain following SE is apparently due to both the increased free radicals production and the limited antioxidant defense. Pronounced alterations were noticed in the enzymatic, glutathione-S transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as in the nonenzymatic; thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GST), indices of OS in the hippocampus and striatum of SE induced animals. Quinacrine (Qcn), proglumide (Pgm), and pentoxifylline (Ptx) administered to animals before inducing SE, were significantly effective in ameliorating the seizure activities, cognitive dysfunctions, and cerebral OS. The findings suggest that all the drugs were effective in the order of Ptx < Pgm < Qcn indicating that these drugs are potentially antiepileptic as well as antioxidant; however, further studies are needed to establish this fact. It can be assumed that these antiepileptic substances with antioxidant properties combined with conventional therapies might provide a beneficial effect in treatment of epilepsy through ameliorating the cerebral OS.
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Vascular and parenchymal lesions along with enhanced neurogenesis characterize the brain of asymptomatic stroke-prone spontaneous hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2014; 31:1618-28. [PMID: 23666422 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283619d7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSPs) develop hypertension, cerebrovascular abnormalities and a stroke phenotype in association with higher levels of proteinuria. Here, we focus on cerebral abnormalities preceding lesions detectable by MRI. METHODS Longitudinal assessment of brain histology was performed in salt-loaded male SHRSPs (n = 26) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive control animals (n = 27). Groups of rats were sacrificed at different time points: Time 0, before the salt diet administration; Time 1, when proteinuria achieved 40 mg/day; Time 2, when proteinuria exceeded 100 mg/day. RESULTS At Time 0, no brain lesions were observed. At Time 1, changes of the cortical penetrating arteries, vasogenic oedema, lacunae and focal cell loss appeared in SHRSPs and worsened at Time 2, although no lesions were yet detected by MRI. Staining for proliferation markers revealed a significant boost of cellular mitosis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of SHRSPs. Moreover, we observed higher immunopositivity for nestin, glial fibrillary acidic protein and doublecortin (markers for neural stem cells, astrocytes and immature neurons, respectively). At Time 2, apoptotic caspase-3 as well as 4-hydroxynonenal-positive neurons were associated to decreased nestin and doublecortin staining. High expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein were maintained in the SVZ. No comparative alterations and SVZ activation were recorded in WKYs. CONCLUSION Appearance of vascular changes in SHRSPs, before any MRI-detectable brain lesion, is coupled to active neural proliferation in the SVZ. With disease progression, only newborn astrocytes can survive, likely because of the neurotoxicity triggered by brain oedema and oxidative stress.
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Kalay S, Oztekin O, Tezel G, Aldemir H, Sahin E, Koksoy S, Akcakus M, Oygur N. The effects of intraperitoneal pentoxifylline treatment in rat pups with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatr Neurol 2013; 49:319-23. [PMID: 23993832 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of postischemic treatment with pentoxifylline on the cytokine gene expressions and neuronal apoptosis in neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. METHODS Seven-day-old Wistar rat pups (n = 40) of either sex, delivered spontaneously, were used in this experimental study. Control group (n = 8): after median neck incision was made, neither ligation nor hypoxia was performed, ischemia group (n = 16): 0.5 mL of saline was injected intraperitoneally immediately after hypoxia. Pentoxifylline and ischemia groups (n = 16): the rat pups were administered intraperitoneally 60 mg/kg of pentoxifylline immediately after hypoxia. Eight rats from ischemia and pentoxifylline + ischemia groups were sacrificed 4 and 24 hours after drug administration. Control group mice were decapitated 4 hours after hypoxia. Caspase-3 activity, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α messenger RNA expression levels were studied in the left half of the brain. RESULTS Induction of cerebral ischemia increased tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β messenger RNA expression levels significantly at 4 hours and 24 hours following ischemia in the left ischemic hemispheres in the ischemia group as compared with the control group. Systemic administration of pentoxifylline immediately after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy significantly reduced the tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β messenger RNA expression levels in ischemic tissue as compared with the ischemia group. Caspase-3 activities in the left half of the brains of ischemia group were found to be increased significantly as compared with control group. Caspase-3 activities in the brains of pentoxifylline + ischemia groups were significantly lower than in that of ischemia group. CONCLUSIONS Based on the significantly lower interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α gene expression measured after 4 and 24 hours and significantly reduced caspase-3 activity measured colorimetrically in the animals treated with pentoxifylline, our findings suggest that pentoxifylline may reduce brain damage due to hypoxic-ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Kalay
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Dilek M, Kumral A, Okyay E, Ozbal S, Tugyan K, Tuzun F, Sever AH, Yilmaz O, Duman N, Ozkan H. Protective effects of pentoxifylline on lipopolysaccharide-induced white matter injury in a rat model of periventricular leukomalasia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26:1865-71. [PMID: 23614640 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.798290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of maternal pentoxifylline (PNTX) treatment in endotoxin-induced periventricular leukomalasia (PVL) in the developing rat brain. METHOD Intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide was administered on two of three Wistar pregnant rats to establish PVL. To obtain PNTX-treated group, one of the two dams were injected with PNTX. The control group was treated with saline. Rat pups were grouped as control, maternal LPS-treated group and PNTX + LPS-treated group. At 7th postnatal days, apoptosis and hypomyelination were evaluated. Apoptosis was evaluated by caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase [TdT] dUTP nick endlabelling reaction (TUNEL) immunostaining. To assess hypomyelination, myelin basic protein (MBP) staining, as a marker of myelination, was evaluated. RESULTS MBP staining was significantly less and weaker in the brains of the LPS-treated group as compared with the PNTX-treated group. PNTX treatment significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cells in the periventricular WM shown on Tunel and caspase-3. CONCLUSIONS Presented study is first indicated that PNTX may provide protection against an LPS-induced inflammatory response and WMI in the developing rat brain. Our results also suggest that PNTX treatment in pregnant women with maternal or placental infection may minimize the risk of PVL and cerebral palsy.
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Abo-Salem OM. Uroprotective Effect of Pentoxifylline in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Hemorrhagic Cystitis in Rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2013; 27:343-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osama M. Abo-Salem
- Department of Laboratory Sciences and Clinical Technology; College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University; Taif; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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17
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Pivotal roles of monocytes/macrophages in stroke. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:759103. [PMID: 23431245 PMCID: PMC3568889 DOI: 10.1155/2013/759103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is an important issue in public health due to its high rates both of morbidity and mortality, and high rate of disability. Hypertension, cardiovascular disease, arterial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and alcohol abuse are all risk factors for stroke. Clinical observations suggest that inflammation is also a direct risk factor for stroke. Patients with stroke have high levels of inflammatory cytokines in plasma, and immune cells, such as macrophages and T-lymphocytes, are noted within stroke lesions. These inflammatory events are considered as a result of stroke. However, recent studies show that plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines or soluble adhesion molecules are high in patients without stroke, and anti-inflammatory therapy is effective at reducing stroke incidence in not only animal models, but in humans as well. Statins have been shown to decrease the stroke incidence via anti-inflammatory effects that are both dependent and independent of their cholesterol-lowering effects. These reports suggest that inflammation might directly affect the onset of stroke. Microglial cells and blood-derived monocytes/macrophages play important roles in inflammation in both onset and aggravation of stroke lesions. We review the recent findings regarding the role of monocytes/macrophages in stroke.
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Gianazza E, Wait R, Eberini I, Sensi C, Sironi L, Miller I. Proteomics of rat biological fluids — The tenth anniversary update. J Proteomics 2012; 75:3113-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Deng X, Luyendyk JP, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Inflammatory stress and idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity: hints from animal models. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 61:262-82. [PMID: 19805476 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) present a serious human health problem. They are major contributors to hospitalization and mortality throughout the world (Lazarou et al., 1998; Pirmohamed et al., 2004). A small fraction (less than 5%) of ADRs can be classified as "idiosyncratic." Idiosyncratic ADRs (IADRs) are caused by drugs with diverse pharmacological effects and occur at various times during drug therapy. Although IADRs affect a number of organs, liver toxicity occurs frequently and is the primary focus of this review. Because of the inconsistency of clinical data and the lack of experimental animal models, how IADRs arise is largely undefined. Generation of toxic drug metabolites and induction of specific immunity are frequently cited as causes of IADRs, but definitive evidence supporting either mechanism is lacking for most drugs. Among the more recent hypotheses for causation of IADRs is that inflammatory stress induced by exogenous or endogenous inflammagens is a susceptibility factor. In this review, we give a brief overview of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity and the inflammatory response induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. We discuss the inflammatory stress hypothesis and use as examples two drugs that have caused IADRs in human patients: ranitidine and diclofenac. The review focuses on experimental animal models that support the inflammatory stress hypothesis and on the mechanisms of hepatotoxic response in these models. The need for design of epidemiological studies and the potential for implementation of inflammation interaction studies in preclinical toxicity screening are also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Al Kadasah S, Al Mutairy A, Siddiquei M, Khan HA, Abdulwahid Arif I, Al Moutaery K, Tariq M. Pentoxifylline attenuates iminodipropionitrile-induced behavioral abnormalities in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2009; 20:356-60. [PMID: 19584713 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32832ec5ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was undertaken to study the effect of pentoxifylline (PTX) on iminodipropionitrile (IDPN)-induced behavioral abnormalities [excitation with choreiform and circling movements (ECC) syndrome] in rats. The animals were intraperitoneally injected with IDPN (100 mg/kg) daily for 7 days. PTX was administered daily 30 min before IDPN in the doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg for 9 days. The animals were observed for neurobehavioral abnormalities including dyskinetic head movements, circling, tail hanging, air righting reflex, and contact inhibition of the righting reflex. The onset of ECC syndrome was observed on day 8 in the group treated with IDPN alone; all animals in this group became dyskinetic on day 10. Co-treatment with PTX dose dependently delayed the onset time and significantly reduced the incidence and severity of IDPN-induced ECC syndrome; high dose of PTX completely inhibited the abnormal behavioral signs in IDPN-treated rats. Administration of IDPN caused significant depletions in cerebral glutathione and vitamin E levels. Treatment with PTX dose dependently attenuated IDPN-induced oxidative stress in rats. The beneficial effects of PTX against IDPN toxicity may be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Al Kadasah
- Neuroscience Research Group, Armed Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Malek HA, Saleh DM. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib in a rat model of hindlimb ischemia reperfusion. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:353-9. [DOI: 10.1139/y09-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Acute ischemia–reperfusion (IR) of the limbs initiates both local and systemic injuries by triggering a systemic inflammatory response. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an endogenous inducible enzyme, rises in response to inflammation. The aim of this work is to investigate the role of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, in abrogating remote organ dysfunction after hindlimb IR in rats by comparing it with a standard hemorrheologic drug (pentoxifylline). Rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 6 each), group I (sham control, received saline and was kept under anaesthetic for 7 h). Group II (IR, subjected to 1 h of hindlimb tourniquet ischemia and 6 h reperfusion). Group III and IV (pretreated with 200 mg/kg pentoxifylline or 10 mg/kg celecoxib, respectively, intragastrically for 7 days before IR induction). Administration of pentoxifylline or celecoxib produced significant reduction in SGPT, serum creatinine, malondialdehyde, and tumor necrosis factor-α and significant increase in blood pH, blood adenosine triphosphate, and reduced glutathione compared with the IR group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference among the pretreated groups. Histopathologic findings of the IR lung showed alveolar destruction, inflammatory cells infiltration, mast cell degranulation, and necrosis of the gastrocnemius muscle fibres. These changes were attenuated in the pretreated groups. In conclusion, celecoxib can ameliorate IR induced remote organ injury to a similar extent as pentoxifylline through its antiinflammatory and antioxidant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Abdel Malek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 11231, Egypt
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Dalia M. Saleh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 11231, Egypt
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Bruno RDB, Marques TF, Batista TMT, Lima JCSS, de Arruda KG, Lima PFSF, Santos NDS, Cunha GM, Vitor HVN, Viana GSDB. Pentoxifylline treatment improves neurological and neurochemical deficits in rats subjected to transient brain ischemia. Brain Res 2009; 1260:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Do in vivo experimental models reflect human cerebral small vessel disease? A systematic review. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:1877-91. [PMID: 18698331 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a major cause of stroke and dementia. Pathologically, three lesions are seen: small vessel arteriopathy, lacunar infarction, and diffuse white matter injury (leukoaraiosis). Appropriate experimental models would aid in understanding these pathologic states and also in preclinical testing of therapies. The objective was to perform a systematic review of animal models of SVD and determine whether these resemble four key clinicopathologic features: (1) small, discrete infarcts; (2) small vessel arteriopathy; (3) diffuse white matter damage; (4) cognitive impairment. Fifteen different models were included, under four categories: (1) embolic injuries (injected blood clot, photochemical, detergent-evoked); (2) hypoperfusion/ischaemic injury (bilateral common carotid occlusion/stenosis, striatal endothelin-1 injection, striatal mitotoxin 3-NPA); (3) hypertension-based injuries (surgical narrowing of the aorta, or genetic mutations, usually in the renin-angiotensin system); (4) blood vessel damage (injected proteases, endothelium-targeting viral infection, or genetic mutations affecting vessel walls). Chronic hypertensive models resembled most key features of SVD, and shared the major risk factors of hypertension and age with human SVD. The most-used model was the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR-SP). No model described all features of the human disease. The optimal choice of model depends on the aspect of pathophysiology being studied.
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Pentoxifylline ameliorates lithium-pilocarpine induced status epilepticus in young rats. Epilepsy Behav 2008; 12:354-65. [PMID: 18203664 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) against lithium-pilocarpine (Li-Pc)-induced status epilepticus (SE) in young rats are described. Animals treated with PTX (0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg) before induction of SE were examined for latency to and frequency of SE, behavioral changes, oxidative stress, neurochemical alterations in the hippocampus and striatum, and histological abnormalities in the hippocampus. Treatment with PTX significantly ameliorated the frequency and severity of epileptic seizures in a dose-dependent manner. Our behavioral studies using the elevated plus-maze, rotarod, and water maze tests suggested a significant reduction in anxiety, enhanced motor performance, and improved learning and memory in PTX-treated rats. Li-Pc-induced neuronal cell loss and sprouting of mossy fibers in the hippocampus were also attenuated by PTX. The neuroprotective activity of PTX was accompanied by reduction in oxidative stress and reversal of SE-induced depletion of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in hippocampus and striatum. The results of this study provide a good rationale to explore the prophylactic/therapeutic potential of PTX in SE.
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Tukov FF, Luyendyk JP, Ganey PE, Roth RA. The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Lipopolysaccharide/Ranitidine-Induced Inflammatory Liver Injury. Toxicol Sci 2007; 100:267-80. [PMID: 17698507 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to a nontoxic dose of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases the hepatotoxicity of the histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonist, ranitidine (RAN). Because some of the pathophysiologic effects associated with LPS are mediated through the expression and release of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), this study was designed to gain insights into the role of TNF in LPS/RAN hepatotoxicity. To determine whether RAN affects LPS-induced TNF release at a time near the onset of liver injury, male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 2.5 x 10(6) endotoxin units (EU)/kg LPS or its saline vehicle (iv) and 2 h later with either 30 mg/kg RAN or sterile phosphate-buffered saline vehicle (iv). LPS administration caused an increase in circulating TNF concentration. RAN cotreatment enhanced the LPS-induced TNF increase before the onset of hepatocellular injury, an effect that was not produced by famotidine, a H2-receptor antagonist without idiosyncrasy liability. Similar effects were observed for serum interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10. To determine if TNF plays a causal role in LPS/RAN-induced hepatotoxicity, rats were given either pentoxifylline (PTX; 100 mg/kg, iv) to inhibit the synthesis of TNF or etanercept (Etan; 8 mg/kg, sc) to impede the ability of TNF to reach cellular receptors, and then they were treated with LPS and RAN. Hepatocellular injury, the release of inflammatory mediators, hepatic neutrophil (PMN) accumulation, and biomarkers of coagulation and fibrinolysis were assessed. Pretreatment with either PTX or Etan resulted in the attenuation of liver injury and diminished circulating concentrations of TNF, IL-1beta, IL-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, and coagulation/fibrinolysis biomarkers in LPS/RAN-cotreated animals. Neither PTX nor Etan pretreatments altered hepatic PMN accumulation. These results suggest that TNF contributes to LPS/RAN-induced liver injury by enhancing inflammatory cytokine production and hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis F Tukov
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Ballerio R, Gianazza E, Mussoni L, Miller I, Gelosa P, Guerrini U, Eberini I, Gemeiner M, Belcredito S, Tremoli E, Sironi L. Gender differences in endothelial function and inflammatory markers along the occurrence of pathological events in stroke-prone rats. Exp Mol Pathol 2007; 82:33-41. [PMID: 17150211 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP) feature an established model for human cerebrovascular disease. SHRSP, kept on a high-salt permissive diet (JPD), develop hypertension, renal and brain damage. In this report we compared the behavior of female and male SHRSP regarding the main aspects of their pathological condition. Brain abnormalities, detected by magnetic resonance imaging, developed spontaneously in males after 42+/-3 days, in females after 114+/-14 days from the start of JPD. Survival was >3-fold longer for females than for males. The development of brain damage was preceded, in both genders, by an inflammatory condition characterized by the accumulation in serum and urine of acute-phase proteins. The increase in thiostatin level was significantly lower and delayed in female in comparison to male SHRSP. During JPD female and male SHRSP developed massive proteinuria, its worsening being significantly slower in females. The alterations of vasculature-bound barriers in kidney and brain were connected with endothelial dysfunction and relative deficiency in nitric oxide (NO). In thoracic aortic rings, basal release of NO was significantly higher in female than in male SHRSP, both if receiving and if not receiving JPD. The gender differences in SHRSP thus appear to be connected to a more efficient control in females of inflammation and of endothelial dysfunction.
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