1
|
Barata IS, Rueff J, Kranendonk M, Esteves F. Pleiotropy of Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 in Modulation of Cytochrome P450 Activity. J Xenobiot 2024; 14:575-603. [PMID: 38804287 PMCID: PMC11130977 DOI: 10.3390/jox14020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is one of few proteins that have been recently described as direct modulators of the activity of human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP)s. These enzymes form a superfamily of membrane-bound hemoproteins that metabolize a wide variety of physiological, dietary, environmental, and pharmacological compounds. Modulation of CYP activity impacts the detoxification of xenobiotics as well as endogenous pathways such as steroid and fatty acid metabolism, thus playing a central role in homeostasis. This review is focused on nine main topics that include the most relevant aspects of past and current PGRMC1 research, focusing on its role in CYP-mediated drug metabolism. Firstly, a general overview of the main aspects of xenobiotic metabolism is presented (I), followed by an overview of the role of the CYP enzymatic complex (IIa), a section on human disorders associated with defects in CYP enzyme complex activity (IIb), and a brief account of cytochrome b5 (cyt b5)'s effect on CYP activity (IIc). Subsequently, we present a background overview of the history of the molecular characterization of PGRMC1 (III), regarding its structure, expression, and intracellular location (IIIa), and its heme-binding capability and dimerization (IIIb). The next section reflects the different effects PGRMC1 may have on CYP activity (IV), presenting a description of studies on the direct effects on CYP activity (IVa), and a summary of pathways in which PGRMC1's involvement may indirectly affect CYP activity (IVb). The last section of the review is focused on the current challenges of research on the effect of PGRMC1 on CYP activity (V), presenting some future perspectives of research in the field (VI).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S. Barata
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - José Rueff
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Francisco Esteves
- ToxOmics, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS|FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dumitru CA, Schröder H, Schäfer FTA, Aust JF, Kreße N, Siebert CLR, Stein KP, Haghikia A, Wilkens L, Mawrin C, Sandalcioglu IE. Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 (PGRMC1) Modulates Tumour Progression, the Immune Microenvironment and the Response to Therapy in Glioblastoma. Cells 2023; 12:2498. [PMID: 37887342 PMCID: PMC10604944 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1 (PGRMC1) is a tumour-promoting factor in several types of cancer but its role in brain tumours is poorly characterized thus far. Our study aimed to determine the effect of PGRMC1 on glioblastoma (GBM) pathophysiology using two independent cohorts of IDH wild-type GBM patients and stable knockdown GBM models. We found that high levels of PGRMC1 significantly predicted poor overall survival in both cohorts of GBM patients. PGRMC1 promoted the proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, and invasion of GBM cells. We identified Integrin beta-1 (ITGB1) and TCF 1/7 as potential members of the PGRMC1 pathway in vitro. The levels of ITGB1 and PGRMC1 also correlated in neoplastic tissues from GBM patients. High expression of PGRMC1 rendered GBM cells less susceptible to the standard GBM chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide but more susceptible to the ferroptosis inducer erastin. Finally, PGRMC1 enhanced Interleukin-8 production in GBM cells and promoted the recruitment of neutrophils. The expression of PGRMC1 significantly correlated with the numbers of tumour-infiltrating neutrophils also in tissues from GBM patients. In conclusion, PGRMC1 enhances tumour-related inflammation and promotes the progression of GBM. However, PGRMC1 might be a promising target for novel therapeutic strategies using ferroptosis inducers in this type of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Schröder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany (I.E.S.)
| | | | - Jan Friedrich Aust
- Department of Neurosurgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany (I.E.S.)
| | - Nina Kreße
- Department of Neurosurgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany (I.E.S.)
| | | | - Klaus-Peter Stein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany (I.E.S.)
| | - Aiden Haghikia
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Wilkens
- Department of Pathology, Nordstadt Hospital Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC) proteins play important roles in tumor growth, progression, and chemoresistance, of which PGRMC1 is the best characterized. The ancestral member predates the evolution of metazoans, so it is perhaps not surprising that many of the purported actions of PGRMC proteins are rooted in fundamental metabolic processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA damage responses. Despite mediating some of the actions of progesterone (P4) and being fundamentally required for female fertility, PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 are broadly expressed in most tissues. As such, these proteins likely have both progesterone-dependent and progesterone-independent functions. It has been proposed that PGRMC1 acquired the ability to mediate P4 actions over evolutionary time through acquisition of its cytochrome b5-like heme/sterol-binding domain. Diverse reproductive and nonreproductive diseases associate with altered PGRMC1 expression, epigenetic regulation, or gene silencing mechanisms, some of which include polycystic ovarian disease, premature ovarian insufficiency, endometriosis, Alzheimer disease, and cancer. Although many studies have been completed using transformed cell lines in culture or in xenograft tumor approaches, recently developed transgenic model organisms are offering new insights in the physiological actions of PGRMC proteins, as well as pathophysiological and oncogenic consequences when PGRMC expression is altered. The purpose of this mini-review is to provide an overview of PGRMC proteins in cancer and to offer discussion of where this field must go to solidify PGRMC proteins as central contributors to the oncogenic process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James K Pru
- Correspondence: James K. Pru, PhD, Program in Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Association of circulating Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component-1 (PGRMC1) with breast tumor characteristics and comparison with known tumor markers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:183-193. [PMID: 31876619 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1) expressed in breast cancer tissue has been suggested to predict a worse prognosis. The aim of this study was to assess for the first time if blood concentrations of PGRMC1 are also associated with receptor status, tumor diameter, grading, and lymphatic status. The second aim was comparison with known tumor markers. METHODS A total of 372 women, including 278 patients with invasive breast cancer, 65 with benign breast disease, and 29 healthy women (control), were recruited. PGRMC1 blood concentrations were measured by a recently developed enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, and were correlated to predictive tumor characteristics and compared with serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, and CA153. RESULTS PGRMC1 levels in the cancer group were significantly higher than in the control and benign group and increased with higher cancer stages (P < 0.05). PGRMC1 concentrations in the estrogen receptor (ER)+/progesterone receptor (PR)+ group were higher than in the ER-/PR- group, related to larger tumor diameter and the presence of lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to control the confounding factors. Tumor diameter, lymphatic metastasis, and ER (but not PR) were positively associated with PGRMC1 (P < 0.05). The receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to assess area under the curve (AUC). AUC was 87.9% for stages III+IV and 80.8% for stages I+II (P < 0.01). ROC did not find significant effects on AUC for CA125, only significant for CEA and CA153 for stages III+IV. CONCLUSION As PGRMC1 levels are positively associated with breast tumor characteristics known to predict a worse diagnosis, PGRMC1 may be valuable as a new tumor marker, and superior to CEA, C125, and CA153. Because of the positive association with ER-expression, PGRMC1 may interact with this receptor.
Collapse
|
5
|
Association of circulating Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component-1 (PGRMC1) with PGRMC1 expression in breast tumour tissue and with clinical breast tumour characteristics. Maturitas 2020; 140:64-71. [PMID: 32972637 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1) in breast cancer tissue has been suggested to predict a worse prognosis. The aim of this study was to assess for the first time whether PGRMC1 expressed in cancer tissue is associated with PGRMC1 blood concentrations and whether both are correlated with clinical tumour characteristics known to predict a worse outcome. METHODS In total, 201 patients with invasive breast cancer and 65 with benign breast disease (control group) were recruited. PGRMC1 blood concentrations were measured by a recently developed ELISA, PGRMC1 in breast cancer tissue was assessed by immunohistochemistry, and the correlation between the two was calculated. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess area under the curve (AUC). Furthermore, PGRMC1 was correlated with tumour characteristics such as tumour diameter, tumour grade and metastatic status, and with known blood tumour markers. RESULTS AUC for the breast cancer group was 0.713, which was significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.01). Blood PGRMC1 concentrations had a strong (positive) correlation with tissue PGRMC1 expression (p < 0.01) but were not associated with serum tumour markers CEA, CA125, CA153 and TPS. Tissue PGRMC1, ER and cancer stage were positively associated with blood PGRMC1 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS As PGRMC1 expression levels in cancer tissue were significantly correlated with PGRMC1 in blood, and because concentrations in blood were also positively associated with breast tumour characteristics known to predict a worse prognosis, PGRMC1 may be valuable as a new tumour marker and may be superior to known tumour markers such as CEA, CA125, CA153 and TPS.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin Y, Higashisaka K, Shintani T, Maki A, Hanamuro S, Haga Y, Maeda S, Tsujino H, Nagano K, Fujio Y, Tsutsumi Y. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 leads to erlotinib resistance, initiating crosstalk of Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways, in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4748. [PMID: 32179851 PMCID: PMC7076038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In non-small-cell lung cancer, mutation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) stimulates cell proliferation and survival. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) such as erlotinib are used as first-line therapy with drastic and immediate effectiveness. However, the disease eventually progresses in most cases within a few years due to the development of drug resistance. Here, we explored the role of progesterone membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) in acquired resistance to erlotinib and addressed the molecular mechanism of EGFR-TKI resistance induced by PGRMC1. The erlotinib-sensitive cell line PC9 (derived from non-small-cell lung cancer) and the erlotinib-resistant cell line PC9/ER were used. In proteomic and immunoblotting analyses, the PGRMC1 level was higher in PC9/ER cells than in PC9 cells. WST-8 assay revealed that inhibition of PGRMC1 by siRNA or AG-205, which alters the spectroscopic properties of the PGRMC1-heme complex, in PC9/ER cells increased the sensitivity to erlotinib, and overexpression of PGRMC1 in PC9 cells reduced their susceptibility to erlotinib. In the presence of erlotinib, immunoprecipitation assay showed that AG-205 suppressed the interaction between EGFR and PGRMC1 in PC9/ER cells. AG-205 decreased the expression of β-catenin, accompanied by up-regulation of IκBα (also known as NFKBIA). Furthermore, AG-205 reduced the expression of β-TrCP (also known as BTRC), suggesting that PGRMC1 enhanced the crosstalk between NF-κB (also known as NFKB) signaling and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in an erlotinib-dependent manner. Finally, treatment with the Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor XAV939 enhanced the sensitivity of PC9/ER cells to erlotinib. These results suggest that PGRMC1 conferred resistance to erlotinib through binding with EGFR in PC9/ER cells, initiating crosstalk between the Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lin
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuma Higashisaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takuya Shintani
- Department of Pharmacy, Osaka University Hospital, 2-15 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Advanced Research of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ayaka Maki
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Hanamuro
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuya Haga
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Maeda
- Department of Pharmacy, Osaka University Hospital, 2-15 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Advanced Research of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tsujino
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasushi Fujio
- Advanced Research of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Clinical Science and Biomedicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Protein complexes including PGRMC1 and actin-associated proteins are disrupted by AG-205. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:64-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
8
|
Cantonero C, Camello PJ, Abate C, Berardi F, Salido GM, Rosado JA, Redondo PC. NO1, a New Sigma 2 Receptor/TMEM97 Fluorescent Ligand, Downregulates SOCE and Promotes Apoptosis in the Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E257. [PMID: 31973006 PMCID: PMC7072710 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The structure of the Sigma 2 receptor/TMEM97 (σ2RTMEM97) has recently been reported. (2, 3) Methods and results: We used genetic and biochemical approaches to identify the molecular mechanism downstream of σ2R/TMEM97. The novel σ2R/TMEM97 fluorescent ligand, NO1, reduced the proliferation and survival of the triple negative breast cancer cell lines (TNBC: MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines), due to NO1-induced apoptosis. Greater bioaccumulation and faster uptake of NO1 in MDA-MB-231 cells compared to MCF10A or MCF7 cell lines were also shown. Accordingly, elevated σ2R/TMEM97 expression was confirmed by Western blotting. In contrast to NO1, other σ2R/TMEM97 ligands, such as SM21 and PB28, enhanced MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation and migration. Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is crucial for different cancer hallmarks. Here, we show that NO1, but not other σ2R/TMEM97 ligands, reduced SOCE in MDA-MB-231 cells. Similarly, TMEM97 silencing in MDA-MB-231 cells also impaired SOCE. NO1 administration downregulated STIM1-Orai1 interaction, probably by impairing the positive regulatory effect of σ2R/TMEM97 on STIM1, as we were unable to detect interaction with Orai1. (4) Conclusion: σ2R/TMEM97 is a key protein for the survival of triple negative breast cancer cells by promoting SOCE; therefore, NO1 may become a good pharmacological tool to avoid their proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cantonero
- Department of Physiology, Phycell and FIMUL Groups, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (C.C.); (P.J.C.)
| | - Pedro Javier Camello
- Department of Physiology, Phycell and FIMUL Groups, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (C.C.); (P.J.C.)
| | - Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (C.A.); (F.B.)
| | - Francesco Berardi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy; (C.A.); (F.B.)
| | - Gines Maria Salido
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers (IMPB) of University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (G.M.S.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Juan Antonio Rosado
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers (IMPB) of University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (G.M.S.); (J.A.R.)
| | - Pedro C. Redondo
- Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers (IMPB) of University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain; (G.M.S.); (J.A.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Roberto D, Selvarajah S, Park PC, Berman D, Venkateswaran V. Functional validation of metabolic genes that distinguish Gleason 3 from Gleason 4 prostate cancer foci. Prostate 2019; 79:1777-1788. [PMID: 31503357 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gleason grade is among the most powerful clinicopathological classification systems used to assess risk of lethal potential in prostate cancer, yet its biologic basis is poorly understood. Notably, pure low-grade cancers, comprised predominantly of Gleason pattern 3 (G3) are typically indolent, with lethal potential emerging with the progression of higher-grade Gleason patterns 4 (G4) or 5. One of the hallmarks of more aggressive cancer phenotypes is the stereotyped set of metabolic characteristics that transformed cells acquire to facilitate unregulated growth. In the present study, we profiled expression signatures of metabolic genes that are differentially expressed between G3 and G4 cancer foci and investigated the functional role of two of the profiled genes, PGRMC1 and HSD17B4, in prostate cancer cells. METHODS Gene expression profiling was conducted using 32 G3 and 32 G4 cancer foci from patients with 3+3 and ≥4+3 tumors, respectively. A 95-gene Nanostring probe set was used to probe genes associated with energy metabolism. Two out of five genes (PGRMC1 and HSD17B4) that significantly distinguish between G3 and G4 were functionally validated in vitro using established prostate cancer cells (PC3, DU145). Expression of PGRMC1 and HSD17B4 was knocked down and subsequent studies were performed to analyze cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis. Mechanistic studies that explored the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway were performed by Western blot. RESULTS Multivariate analysis identified five metabolic genes that were differentially expressed between G3 and G4 stroma (P < .05). Functional validation studies revealed that knockdown of PGRMC1 and HSD17B4 significantly decreased cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and increased apoptosis in PC3 and DU145 cells. Mechanistic studies showed that these effects, after PGRMC1 knockdown, were possibly mediated through alterations in downstream components of the EGFR, protein kinase B, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathways. CONCLUSION The following study provides evidence supporting the use of metabolic genes PGRMC1 and HSD17B4 as a prognostic biomarker for the distinction between G3 and G4 prostate cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Roberto
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shamini Selvarajah
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul C Park
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Berman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vasundara Venkateswaran
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Downregulation of CYB5D2 is associated with breast cancer progression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6624. [PMID: 31036830 PMCID: PMC6488675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here that CYB5D2 is associated with tumor suppression function in breast cancer (BC). CYB5D2 expression was significantly reduced in tamoxifen resistant MCF7 cells and in MCF7 cell-derived xenografts treated with TAM. CYB5D2 overexpression induced apoptosis in MCF7 cells; CYB5D2 knockdown enhanced MCF7 cell proliferation. Using the TCGA and Curtis datasets within the Oncomine database, CYB5D2 mRNA expression was downregulated in primary BCs vs breast tissues and HER2-positive or triple negative BCs vs estrogen receptor (ER)-positive BCs. Using the TCGA and Metabric datasets (n = 817 and n = 2509) within cBioPortal, 660 and 4891 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in relation to CYB5D2 were identified. These DEGs were enriched in pathways governing cell cycle progression, progesterone-derived oocyte maturation, oocyte-meiosis, estrogen-mediated S-phase entry, and DNA metabolism. CYB5D2 downregulation decreased overall survival (OS, p = 0.0408). A CYB5D2-derived 21-gene signature was constructed and robustly correlated with OS shortening (p = 5.72e-12), and independently predicted BC deaths (HR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.08–1.52; p = 0.004) once adjusting for known clinical factors. CYB5D2 reductions displayed relationship with mutations in PIK3CA, GATA3, MAP3K1, CDH1, TP53 and RB1. Impressively, 85% (560/659) of TP53 mutations occurred in the 21-gene signature-positive BC. Collectively, we provide the first evidence that CYB5D2 is a candidate tumor suppressor of BC.
Collapse
|
11
|
Tsai HW, Ho CL, Cheng SW, Lin YJ, Chen CC, Cheng PN, Yen CJ, Chang TT, Chiang PM, Chan SH, Ho CH, Chen SH, Wang YW, Chow NH, Lin JC. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 as a potential prognostic biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1152-1166. [PMID: 29563759 PMCID: PMC5850134 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i10.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the clinicopathological significance of progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) and PGRMC2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS We performed immunohistochemical staining to evaluate the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), PGRMC1, and PGRMC2 in a clinical cohort consisting of 89 paired HCC and non-tumor liver samples. We also analyzed HCC data (n = 373) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We correlated the expression status of PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 with clinicopathological indicators and the clinical outcomes of the HCC patients. We knocked down or overexpressed PGRMC1 in HCC cell lines to evaluate its biological significance in HCC cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and invasion.
RESULTS We found that few HCC cases expressed ER (5.6%) and PR (4.5%). In contrast, most HCC cases expressed PGRMC1 (89.9%) and PGRMC2 (100%). PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 exhibited significantly lower expression in tumor tissue than in non-tumor tissue (P < 0.001). Lower PGRMC1 expression in HCC was significantly associated with higher serum alpha-fetoprotein expression (P = 0.004), poorer tumor differentiation (P = 0.045) and liver capsule penetration (P = 0.038). Low PGRMC1 expression was an independent predictor for worse disease-free survival (P = 0.002, HR = 2.384, CI: 1.377-4.128) in our cases, as well as in the TCGA cohort (P < 0.001, HR = 2.857, CI: 1.781-4.584). The expression of PGRMC2 did not relate to patient outcome. PGRMC1 knockdown promoted a poorly differentiated phenotype and proliferation of HCC cells in vitro, while PGRMC1 overexpression caused the opposite effects.
CONCLUSION PGRMC1 is a non-classical hormonal receptor that negatively regulates hepatocarcinogenesis. PGRMC1 down-regulation is associated with progression of HCC and is a poor prognostic indicator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wen Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Liang Ho
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wen Cheng
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jyh Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Chou-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Nan Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jui Yen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Tsung Chang
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Po-Min Chiang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Chan
- Department of Statistics, College of Management, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Ho
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Wang
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Haw Chow
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| | - Jou-Chun Lin
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Identification of progesterone receptor membrane component-1 as an interaction partner and possible regulator of fatty acid 2-hydroxylase. Biochem J 2018; 475:853-871. [PMID: 29438993 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) is essential for synthesis of 2-hydroxylated fatty acids in myelinating and other cells, and deficiency of this enzyme causes a complicated form of hereditary spastic paraplegia also known as fatty acid hydroxylase-associated neurodegeneration. Despite its important role in sphingolipid metabolism, regulation of FA2H and its interaction with other proteins involved in the same or other metabolic pathways is poorly understood. To identify potential interaction partners of the enzyme, quantitative mass spectrometry using stable isotope labeling of cells was combined with formaldehyde cross-linking and proximity biotinylation, respectively. Besides other enzymes involved in sphingolipid synthesis and intermembrane transfer of ceramide, and putative redox partners of FA2H, progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1) and PGRMC2 were identified as putative interaction partners. These two related heme-binding proteins are known to regulate several cytochrome P450 enzymes. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments confirmed the interaction of FA2H with PGRMC1. Moreover, the PGRMC1 inhibitor AG-205 significantly reduced synthesis of hydroxylated ceramide and glucosylceramide in FA2H-expressing cells. This suggests that PGRMC1 may regulate FA2H activity, possibly through its heme chaperone activity.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wysokinski WE, Tafur A, Wu Y, Ammash N, Asirvatham SJ, Gosk-Bierska I, Grill DE, Slusser JP, Mruk J, McBane RD. Platelet-predominate gene expression and reticulated platelets in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: Effect of pulmonary veins isolation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2018; 29:412-420. [PMID: 29377394 DOI: 10.1111/jce.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reticulated platelet (RP) content is increased in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). The purpose of this study was to determine if platelet content, morphology, and RP proportion are modulated by platelet genes. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of six platelet-predominate genes impacting platelet formation and release, platelet count, and RP content was assessed in NVAF patients before and 3-4 months after pulmonary veins isolation (PVI) and compared to normal sinus rhythm (NSR) controls. RNA from isolated platelets was reverse-transcribed assayed against selected genes utilizing real-time qPCR, and expressed as mean cycle threshold (ΔCt) using beta-2-microglobulin as endogenous control. RP content was assessed by flow cytometry. A fourfold lower expression of CFL1 gene coding for nonmuscle cofilin (7.8 ± 0.9 vs. 5.7 ± 1.6, P < 0.001) and twofold lower expression of four other genes were associated with similar platelet counts but fourfold higher (28.7+7.0 vs. 6.7+5.4, P < 0.001) RP content (%) in 97 NVAF cases compared to 51 NSR controls. Three to 4 months after PVI, RP decreased by 28%, while CFL1 gene expression increased over twofold but TUBA4A gene expression decreased almost twofold; NFE2 and MYL6 gene expression remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS NVAF is associated with notable downregulation of genes directing platelet production and size but increased RP content. PVI impacts the expression of many of these genes, implying a direct relationship between atrial fibrillation and platelet biogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar E Wysokinski
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alfonso Tafur
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yanhong Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Naser Ammash
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Samuel J Asirvatham
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Izabela Gosk-Bierska
- Department of Angiology, Hypertension and Diabetology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Diane E Grill
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joshua P Slusser
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jozef Mruk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Witchita, KS, USA.,Wichita Clinic, Wichita, KS, USA
| | - Robert D McBane
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wu XJ, Thomas P, Zhu Y. Pgrmc1 Knockout Impairs Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:560. [PMID: 30319543 PMCID: PMC6165893 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations suggest progestin receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) associates with and transports a wide range of molecules such as heme, cytochromes P450, steroids with 21 carbons, membrane progestin receptor alpha (mPRα/Paqr7), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and insulin receptor. It is difficult to discriminate the true functions of PGRMC1 from the functions of its associated molecules using biochemical and pharmacological approaches. To determine the physiological function(s) of PGRMC1, we generated global knockouts for pgrmc1 (pgrmc1 -/-) in zebrafish. We found a reduction in both spawning frequency and the number of embryos produced by female mutants. We also observed reduced sensitivity of fully-grown immature oocytes to a progestin hormone and a reduced number of oocytes undergone meiotic maturation both in vivo and in vitro in pgrmc1 -/-. This reduced sensitivity to progestin corresponds well with significant reduced expression of mPRα, the receptor mainly responsible for mediating oocyte maturation and meiosis resumption in fish. The results provide in vivo and in vitro evidence for the physiological functions of Pgrmc1 in oocyte maturation and fertility, as well as a plausible molecular mechanism via regulation of mPRα, which in turn directly regulates oocyte maturation and affects fertility in zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jun Wu
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Peter Thomas
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Yong Zhu
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ruan X, Zhang Y, Mueck AO, Willibald M, Seeger H, Fehm T, Brucker S, Neubauer H. Increased expression of progesterone receptor membrane component 1 is associated with aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis in ER-positive and negative breast cancer. Menopause 2017; 24:203-209. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
16
|
Cahill MA, Jazayeri JA, Catalano SM, Toyokuni S, Kovacevic Z, Richardson DR. The emerging role of progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) in cancer biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:339-349. [PMID: 27452206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is a multi-functional protein with a heme-binding moiety related to that of cytochrome b5, which is a putative progesterone receptor. The recently solved PGRMC1 structure revealed that heme-binding involves coordination by a tyrosinate ion at Y113, and induces dimerization which is stabilized by hydrophobic stacking of heme on adjacent monomers. Dimerization is required for association with cytochrome P450 (cyP450) enzymes, which mediates chemoresistance to doxorubicin and may be responsible for PGRMC1's anti-apoptotic activity. Here we review the multiple attested involvement of PGRMC1 in diverse functions, including regulation of cytochrome P450, steroidogenesis, vesicle trafficking, progesterone signaling and mitotic spindle and cell cycle regulation. Its wide range of biological functions is attested to particularly by its emerging association with cancer and progesterone-responsive female reproductive tissues. PGRMC1 exhibits all the hallmarks of a higher order nexus signal integration hub protein. It appears capable of acting as a detector that integrates information from kinase/phosphatase pathways with heme and CO levels and probably redox status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Cahill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | - Jalal A Jazayeri
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Susan M Catalano
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, PA 15203, United States
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hampton KK, Stewart R, Napier D, Claudio PP, Craven RJ. PGRMC1 Elevation in Multiple Cancers and Essential Role in Stem Cell Survival. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 4:37-51. [PMID: 27867772 PMCID: PMC5113835 DOI: 10.4236/alc.2015.43006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in America, and there is an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches. The progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is a cytoch-rome b5 related protein that binds heme and is associated with signaling, apoptotic suppression and autophagy. PGRMC1 is essential for tumor formation, invasion and metastasis, and is upregulated in breast, colon, lung and thyroid tumors. In the present study, we have analyzed PGRMC1 levels in over 600 tumor sections, including a larger cohort of lung tumors than in previous studies, and report the first clinical analysis of PGRMC1 levels in human oral cavity and ovarian tumors compared to corresponding nonmalignant tissues. PGRMC1 was highly expressed in lung and ovarian cancers and correlated with patient survival. PGRMC1 has been previously associated with drug resistance, a characteristic of cancer stem cells. The stem cell theory proposes that a subset of cancerous stem cells contribute to drug resistance and tumor maintenance, and PGRMC1 was detected in lung-tumor derived stem cells. Drug treatment with a PGRMC1 inhibitor, AG-205, triggered stem cell death whereas treatment with erlotinib and the ERK inhibitor, PD98059, did not, suggesting a specific role for PGRMC1 in cancer stem cell viability. Together, our data demonstrate PGRMC1 as a potential tumor biomarker across a variety of tumors, as well as a therapeutic target for cancer stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaia K Hampton
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rachel Stewart
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Dana Napier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Claudio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences and National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Rolf J Craven
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Clark NC, Friel AM, Pru CA, Zhang L, Shioda T, Rueda BR, Peluso JJ, Pru JK. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 promotes survival of human breast cancer cells and the growth of xenograft tumors. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:262-71. [PMID: 26785864 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1139240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are highly aggressive and grow in response to sex steroid hormones despite lacking expression of the classical estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) receptors. Since P4 receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is expressed in breast cancer tumors and is known to mediate P4-induced cell survival, this study was designed to determine the expression of PGRMC1 in TNBC tumors and the involvement of PGRMC1 in regulating proliferation and survival of TNBC cells in vitro and the growth of TNBC tumors in vivo. For the latter studies, the MDA-MB-231 (MDA) cell line derived from TNBC was used. These cells express PGRMC1 but lack expression of the classical P4 receptor. A lentiviral-based shRNA approach was used to generate a stably transfected PGRMC1-deplete MDA line for comparison to the PGRMC1-intact MDA line. The present studies demonstrate that PGRMC1: 1) is expressed in TNBC cells; 2) mediates the ability of P4 to suppress TNBC cell mitosis in vitro; 3) is required for P4 to reduce the apoptotic effects of doxorubicin in vitro; and 4) facilitates TNBC tumor formation and growth in vivo. Taken together, these findings indicate that PGRMC1 plays an important role in regulating the growth and survival of TNBC cells in vitro and ultimately in the formation and development of these tumors in vivo. Thus, PGRMC1 may be a therapeutic target for TNBCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Clark
- a Department of Animal Sciences , School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Anne M Friel
- b Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology and Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Cindy A Pru
- a Department of Animal Sciences , School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- b Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology and Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Toshi Shioda
- c Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School , Charlestown , MA , USA
| | - Bo R Rueda
- b Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology and Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - John J Peluso
- d Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Cell Biology , University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington , CT , USA
| | - James K Pru
- a Department of Animal Sciences , School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University , Pullman , WA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xie Y, Shen YT, Kapoor A, Ojo D, Wei F, De Melo J, Lin X, Wong N, Yan J, Tao L, Major P, Tang D. CYB5D2 displays tumor suppression activities towards cervical cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:556-565. [PMID: 26692170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is caused by infections with human papillomaviruses (HPV) and genetic alternations in the cervical epithelium. While the former is well studied, the latter remains unclear. We report here that CYB5D2/Neuferricin possesses tumor suppressing activity towards cervical tumorigenesis. Ectopic expression of CYB5D2 did not affect HeLa cell proliferation and the cell's ability to form xenograft tumors, but significantly inhibited HeLa cell invasion in vitro and the cell-produced lung metastasis in NOD/SCID mice. Knockdown of CYB5D2 enhanced HeLa cell invasion. Two mutations in CYB5D2, the substitutions of arginine (R) 7 with either proline (P) or glycine (G), were reported in colon cancer. Both CYB5D2(R7P) and CYB5D2(R7G) were incapable of inhibiting HeLa cell invasion. CYB5D2 binds heme, in which aspartate (D) 86 is required. While CYB5D2(D86G) is heme-binding defective, it inhibited HeLa cell invasion. On the other hand, CYB5D2(R7P) and CYB5D2(R7G) bound heme but did not inhibit HeLa cell invasion. Collectively, CYB5D2 inhibits HeLa cell invasion independently of its heme binding. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry examination of CYB5D2 expression in 20 normal cervical tissues and 40 cervical squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) revealed a CYB5D2 reduction in 87.5% (35/40) of SCC. Analysis of CYB5D2 gene expression and genomic alteration data available from Oncomeine™ detected significant reductions of CYB5D2 mRNA in 40 SCCs and CYB5D2 gene copy number in 107 SCCs. Collectively, we provide evidence that CYB5D2 is a candidate tumor suppressor of cervical tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Xie
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Canada
| | - Yen Ting Shen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Canada; Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diane Ojo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Canada
| | - Fengxiang Wei
- The Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Women and Children's Health, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China; ZhunYi Medical University, Zhunyi, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Jason De Melo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Canada
| | - Xiaozeng Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Canada
| | - Nicholas Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Canada
| | - Judy Yan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Canada
| | - Lijian Tao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Pierre Major
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jackson ACW, Roche SL, Byrne AM, Ruiz-Lopez AM, Cotter TG. Progesterone receptor signalling in retinal photoreceptor neuroprotection. J Neurochem 2015; 136:63-77. [PMID: 26447367 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
'Norgestrel', a synthetic form of the female hormone progesterone has been identified as potential drug candidate for the treatment of the degenerative eye disease retinitis pigmentosa. However, to date, no work has looked at the compound's specific cellular target. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the receptor target of Norgestrel and begin to examine its potential mechanism of action in the retina. In this work, we identify and characterize the expression of progesterone receptors present in the C57 wild type and rd10 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. Classical progesterone receptors A and B (PR A/B), progesterone receptor membrane components 1 and 2 (PGRMC1, PGRMC2) and membrane progesterone receptors α, β and γ were found to be expressed. All receptors excluding PR A/B were also found in the 661W photoreceptor cell line. PGRMC1 is a key regulator of apoptosis and its expression is up-regulated in the degenerating rd10 mouse retina. Activated by Norgestrel through nuclear trafficking, siRNA knock down of PGRMC1 abrogated the protective properties of Norgestrel on damaged photoreceptors. Furthermore, specific inhibition of PGRMC1 by AG205 blocked Norgestrel-induced protection in stressed retinal explants. Therefore, we conclude that PGRMC1 is crucial to the neuroprotective effects of Norgestrel on stressed photoreceptors. The synthetic progestin 'Norgestrel' has been identified as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of Retinitis Pigmentosa, a degenerative eye disease. However, the mechanism behind this neuroprotection is currently unknown. In this work, we identify 'Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component 1' as the major progesterone receptor eliciting the protective effects of Norgestrel, both in vitro and ex vivo. This furthers our understanding of Norgestrel's molecular mechanism, which we hope will help bring Norgestrel one step closer to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice C Wyse Jackson
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarah L Roche
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ashleigh M Byrne
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana M Ruiz-Lopez
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Thomas G Cotter
- Cell Development and Disease Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Bioscience Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Aizen J, Thomas P. Role of Pgrmc1 in estrogen maintenance of meiotic arrest in zebrafish oocytes through Gper/Egfr. J Endocrinol 2015; 225:59-68. [PMID: 25720537 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of receptor trafficking to the cell surface and its effect on responses of target cells to growth factors and hormones remain poorly understood. Initial evidence has been recently obtained using cancer cells that surface expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is dependent on its association with progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1). Estrogen inhibition of oocyte maturation (OM) in zebrafish is mediated through G-protein-coupled estrogen membrane receptor 1 (Gper1) and involves activation of Egfr. Therefore, in this study, the potential roles of Pgrmc1 in the cell surface expression and functions of Egfr in normal cells were investigated in this in vitro OM model of Egfr action using an inhibitor of PGMRC1 signaling, AG205. A single ∼60 kDa protein band, which corresponds to the size of the Pgrmc1 dimer, was detected on plasma membranes of fully grown oocytes by western blotting. Co-treatment with the PGRMC1 inhibitor AG205 (20 μM) blocked the inhibitory effects of 100 nM estradiol-17β and the GPER agonist, G-1, on spontaneous maturation of denuded zebrafish oocytes. Moreover, reversal of these estrogen effects on OM by the EGFR inhibitors AG1478 and AG825 (50 μM) was prevented by co-incubation with the PGRMC1 inhibitor. Inhibition of Pgrmc1 signaling with AG205 also caused a decrease in Egfr-dependent signaling and Egfr expression on oocyte cell membranes. These results indicate that maintenance of Pgrmc1 signaling is required for Egfr expression on zebrafish oocyte cell membranes and for conserving the functions of Egfr in maintaining meiotic arrest through estrogen activation of Gper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Aizen
- Marine Science InstituteThe University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, USA
| | - Peter Thomas
- Marine Science InstituteThe University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, Texas 78373, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin MW, Law CH, Chou HC. Identifying the invasive nature of a distinct population from A549 adenocarcinomic lung cancer cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bgm.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
23
|
Mir SUR, Schwarze SR, Jin L, Zhang J, Friend W, Miriyala S, St Clair D, Craven RJ. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1/Sigma-2 receptor associates with MAP1LC3B and promotes autophagy. Autophagy 2014; 9:1566-78. [DOI: 10.4161/auto.25889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
24
|
Wang JL, Li SL, Qin YY, Chen ZJ. Analysis of progesterone receptor membrane component 1 mutation in Han Chinese women with premature ovarian failure. Reprod Biomed Online 2014; 29:640-3. [PMID: 25246111 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The gene PGRMC1 is highly expressed in the granulose and luteal cells of rodent and primate ovaries. Its role in anti-apoptosis and regulating cell-cycle progression suggests a role in regulating follicle growth. The hypothesis is supported by the study in mice and studies in Sweden. In this study, the coding exons of PGRMC1 were sequenced among 196 Chinese women with premature ovarian failure (POF) and 200 controls, and one novel missense mutation was identified (C.556C>T, p. Pro186Ser) in the POF group and one novel SNP (C.533C>T, p. Trh177Ile) was identified in both groups. The mutation is not considered causative because protein prediction did not indicate a deleterious effect. It is concluded that coding mutations of PGRMC1 do not seem to be a common cause of the disease in Han Chinese women. Future studies in larger cohorts from other ethnic groups are necessary to establish the role of PGRMC1 in POF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Ling Wang
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Shu-Ling Li
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ying-Ying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bruce A, Rybak AP. CYB5D2 requires heme-binding to regulate HeLa cell growth and confer survival from chemotherapeutic agents. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86435. [PMID: 24466094 PMCID: PMC3899279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome b5 domain containing 2 (CYB5D2; Neuferricin) protein has been reported to bind heme, however, the critical residues responsible for heme-binding are undefined. Furthermore, the relationship between heme-binding and CYB5D2-mediated intracellular functions remains unknown. Previous studies examining heme-binding in two cytochrome b5 heme-binding domain-containing proteins, damage-associated protein 1 (Dap1; Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and human progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1), have revealed that conserved tyrosine (Y) 73, Y79, aspartic acid (D) 86, and Y127 residues present in human CYB5D2 may be involved in heme-binding. CYB5D2 binds to type b heme, however, only the substitution of glycine (G) at D86 (D86G) within its cytochrome b5 heme-binding (cyt-b5) domain abolished its heme-binding ability. Both CYB5D2 and CYB5D2(D86G) localize to the endoplasmic reticulum. Ectopic CYB5D2 expression inhibited cell proliferation and anchorage-independent colony growth of HeLa cells. Conversely, CYB5D2 knockdown and ectopic CYB5D2(D86G) expression increased cell proliferation and colony growth. As PGRMC1 has been reported to regulate the expression and activities of cytochrome P450 proteins (CYPs), we examined the role of CYB5D2 in regulating the activities of CYPs involved in sterol synthesis (CYP51A1) and drug metabolism (CYP3A4). CYB5D2 co-localizes with cytochrome P450 reductase (CYPOR), while CYB5D2 knockdown reduced lanosterol demethylase (CYP51A1) levels and rendered HeLa cells sensitive to mevalonate. Additionally, knockdown of CYB5D2 reduced CYP3A4 activity. Lastly, CYB5D2 expression conferred HeLa cell survival from chemotherapeutic agents (paclitaxel, cisplatin and doxorubicin), with its ability to promote survival being dependent on its heme-binding ability. Taken together, this study provides evidence that heme-binding is critical for CYB5D2 in regulating HeLa cell growth and survival, with endogenous CYB5D2 being required to modulate CYP activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Bruce
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Father Sean O’Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research (HCKR), St. Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (AB); (APR)
| | - Adrian P. Rybak
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Father Sean O’Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research (HCKR), St. Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (AB); (APR)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wendler A, Wehling M. PGRMC2, a yet uncharacterized protein with potential as tumor suppressor, migration inhibitor, and regulator of cytochrome P450 enzyme activity. Steroids 2013; 78:555-8. [PMID: 23276631 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PGRMC2 (progesterone receptor membrane component 2) is highly homologous if compared with PGRMC1, a cytochrome-related protein, which is induced in several cancers and linked to cell growth in these cancers. Further it seems to be involved in progesterone signalling and cytochrome P450 binding. For PGRMC2 only sparse information is available. Recent data show that PGRMC1 and 2 share several similar characteristics, but there are also important differences in expression and function of the both proteins. Several findings point to the fact that PGRMC2 might play a role in cancer as well. The protein influences the migration rate of ovarian cancer cells and a loss of PGRMC2 might result in higher metastasis rates. In contrast to PGRMC1 it seems more likely to act as a tumor suppressor than a promoter. Altered PGRMC2 expression was further detected in the context of term and preterm labour, though the implications of this finding are currently unknown and need further examination. PGRMC2 further might play a role in gynaecologic diseases like preterm labour and endometriosis. PGRMC2 shares the cellular localisation and the ability to bind cytochrome enzymes with PGRMC1. Further the protein was shown to influence the activity of CYP3A4. In conclusion, though not much is known about PGRMC2 so far, it deserves further examination as data point to a role of PGRMC2 as tumor suppressor, migration inhibitor and regulator of cytochrome P450 proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wendler
- University of Heidelberg, Clinical Pharmacology Mannheim, Maybachstr. 14, 68169 Mannheim, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Albrecht C, Huck V, Wehling M, Wendler A. In vitro inhibition of SKOV-3 cell migration as a distinctive feature of progesterone receptor membrane component type 2 versus type 1. Steroids 2012; 77:1543-50. [PMID: 23064006 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component type 2 (PGRMC2) is strongly homologous to PGRMC1 which is highly expressed in ovarian cancer and other cancer cells and was claimed to play an important role in chemotherapy resistance. Whereas PGRMC1 has been extensively characterized in in vitro studies, comparably little is known about PGRMC2. To determine PGRMC2's role in ovarian cancer cell proliferation and mobility PGRMC1- and 2-depleted and -overexpressing SKOV-3 cells were generated. In electric cell-substrate impedance sensing studies, PGRMC2 negatively affects SKOV-3 migration rate if overexpressed; oppositely, depletion was associated with an increased migration rate. PGRMC1 had no effect in this assay. These effects were not associated with f-actin regulation or actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Yet, these highly homologous proteins share many properties. Both PGRMC1 and 2 are localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. As PGRMC1 was reported to interact with cytochrome P450 proteins (CYP) binding of two different CYPs to PGRMC2 was tested; a stable interaction of PGRMC2 with CYP3A4 and CYP21A2 was found in human embryonic kidney cells. For both PGRMC types, cell viability assays revealed no significant differences of SKOV-3 survival in overexpressing and depleted cells. PGRMC2 also does not seem to have any influence on the apoptotic effect of cisplatin or the antiapoptotic effect of progesterone which had been reported for PGRMC1. In contrast to PGRMC1, protein levels of PGRMC2 in SKOV-3 cells are reduced by treatment with cisplatin (30-60μM). In conclusion, we show for the first time that PGRMC2 inhibits migration of SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Albrecht
- University of Heidelberg, Clinical Pharmacology Mannheim, Maybachstr. 14, 68169 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Peluso JJ, DeCerbo J, Lodde V. Evidence for a genomic mechanism of action for progesterone receptor membrane component-1. Steroids 2012; 77:1007-12. [PMID: 22326699 PMCID: PMC3355192 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is highly expressed in the granulosa and luteal cells of rodent and primate ovaries. Interestingly, its molecular weight as assessed by Western blot is dependent on its cellular localization with a ≈27kDa form being detected in the cytoplasm and higher molecular weight forms being detected in the nucleus. The higher molecular weight forms of PGRMC1 are sumoylated suggesting that they are involved in regulating gene transcription, since sumoylation of nuclear proteins often is associated with regulation of transcriptional activity of the sumoylated protein. In order to identify a set of candidate genes that are regulated by PGRMC1, a human granulosa/luteal cell line (hGL5 cells) was treated with PGRMC1 siRNA and changes in gene expression monitored by microarray analysis. The microarray analysis revealed that PGRMC1 generally functioned as a repressor of transcription, since depletion of PGRMC1 resulted in a disproportionate increase in the number of transcripts. Moreover, a pathway analysis implicated PGRMC1 in the regulation of apoptosis, which is consistent with PGRMC1's known biological action. More importantly these results support the concept that PGRMC1 influences gene transcription. Additional studies reveal that progesterone (P4) acting through a PGRMC1-dependent mechanism suppresses the activity of the transcription factor, Tcf/Lef, thereby identifying one molecular pathway through which P4-PGRMC1 can regulate gene transcription and ultimately apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Peluso
- Department of Cell Biology, University of CT Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hornick JR, Spitzer D, Goedegebuure P, Mach RH, Hawkins WG. Therapeutic targeting of pancreatic cancer utilizing sigma-2 ligands. Surgery 2012; 152:S152-6. [PMID: 22763259 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
One major barrier in the development of pancreas cancer therapeutics is the selective delivery of the drugs to their cellular targets. We have previously developed several sigma-2 ligands and reported the discovery of a component of the receptor for these ligands. Several sigma-2 ligands have been shown to trigger apoptosis in pancreas cancer cells. More importantly, sigma-2 ligands are internalized rapidly by the cancer cells and are capable of delivering other small-molecule therapeutics. Here we review sigma-2 ligands and conjugates as a potential novel therapy suitable for investigation in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Hornick
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mir SUR, Jin L, Craven RJ. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) expression is dependent on the tumor-associated sigma-2 receptor S2RPgrmc1. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:14494-501. [PMID: 22418433 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.324921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor invasion is a critical step in the spread of cancer. S2R (sigma-2 receptor)/Pgrmc1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1) is a cytochrome b(5)-related drug-binding orphan receptor essential for tumor formation and invasion. Secretory proteins drive these processes, so we screened for S2R(Pgrmc1)-dependent secreted proteins using antibody arrays. S2R(Pgrmc1) markedly regulated the expression of NGAL/LCN2 (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin/lipocalin 2), a secreted glycoprotein that binds to MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9) and protects it from degradation. S2R(Pgrmc1) knock-down blocked NGAL/LCN2 expression at the protein and RNA levels and decreased MMP9 activity. NGAL expression was required for MMP-9 activity and tumor formation. S2R(Pgrmc1) associates with EGFR and increases EGFR levels at the plasma membrane, and the EGFR inhibitors erlotinib and AG1478, as well as Akt and ERK inhibitors, suppressed the NGAL/LCN2 RNA and protein levels. NGAL is transcriptionally regulated by NFκB, and S2R(Pgrmc1) knock-down decreased the NFκB subunit p65/RelA acetylation, phosphorylation, and activation. In S2R(Pgrmc1) knock-down cells, p65 acetylation was reversed by inhibitors of histone deacetylase 1, and the inhibitors partially restored NGAL levels. Our results are consistent with a model in which S2R(Pgrmc1) increases NGAL/LCN2 levels by activating NFκB via EGFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel U R Mir
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ahmed ISA, Chamberlain C, Craven RJ. S2RPgrmc1: the cytochrome-related sigma-2 receptor that regulates lipid and drug metabolism and hormone signaling. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:361-70. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.658367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
32
|
The presence of a membrane-bound progesterone receptor sensitizes the estradiol-induced effect on the proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Menopause 2011; 18:845-50. [PMID: 21532513 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e31820e5ac5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast cancer risk is still an important topic regarding hormone therapy as well as oral contraception. Evidence that progestogens may play a crucial role is accumulating. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) expressed in breast cancer may be important in tumorigenesis and thus may increase breast cancer risk. The aim of this project was to investigate the influence of different estradiol (E2) concentrations and the addition of two progestogens on MCF-7 breast cancer cells overexpressing PGRMC1. METHODS MCF-7 cells were stably transfected with PGRMC1 expression plasmid (MCF-7/PGRMC1-3HA [WT-12]). To test the effects of E2 and progestogens on cell proliferation, MCF-7 and WT-12 cells were stimulated with different concentrations of E2 (10 and 10 M) alone and in combination with progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate (each 10 M). RESULTS E2 elicited a concentration-dependent proliferative effect on both cell lines, which was much more pronounced in WT-12 cells (50% vs 200%). This effect could be completely abrogated by the addition of the E2 antagonist fulvestrant. Addition of progesterone had no influence on the E2-induced effect, whereas medroxy-progesterone acetate enhanced the E2-induced effect at a low E2 concentration, which was, again, more pronounced in the WT-12 cells. The figures were between 20% and 40% in MCF-7 and between 60% and 250% in WT-12 cells. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of PGRMC1 sensitizes the proliferative response of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line to estradiol. The effect of progestogens on breast cancer tumorigenesis may depend on the specific progestogen used for hormone therapy or oral contraception.
Collapse
|
33
|
Mir SUR, Ahmed ISA, Arnold S, Craven RJ. Elevated progesterone receptor membrane component 1/sigma-2 receptor levels in lung tumors and plasma from lung cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:E1-9. [PMID: 21918976 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death, and there is an urgent need for new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (Pgrmc1) protein is upregulated in multiple types of cancer, and Pgrmc1 is required for tumor cell proliferation, motility and tumor formation in vivo. Furthermore, a small molecule inhibitor of Pgrmc1 suppressed the growth of lung, breast and cervical cancer cell lines. Recently, Pgrmc1 was identified as the sigma-2 receptor, a putative type of opioid receptor, and sigma-2 receptors are induced in cancers. However, Pgrmc1 shares no homology with known opioid or hormone receptors but is related to cytochrome b(5), and Pgrmc1 binds to heme and has reducing activity. In this study, we have analyzed Pgrmc1 levels in clinical tumor samples from squamous cell lung cancers (SCLC) and lung adenocarcinomas compared to corresponding nonmalignant tissue. Pgrmc1 levels increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in 12/15 SCLC samples and was elevated in poorly differentiated tumors. Pgrmc1 was highly expressed in SCLC cell lines, and SCLC cell survival was inhibited by siRNA knockdown of Pgrmc1 or the Pgrmc1 inhibitor AG-205. In adenocarcinomas, 6/15 tumors significantly had elevated Pgrmc1 levels, which correlated with patient survival. Pgrmc1 localizes to secretory vesicles in cancer cells, and Pgrmc1 was secreted by lung cancer cells. Furthermore, Pgrmc1 was significantly elevated in the plasma of lung cancer patients compared to noncancer patients. Together, the results demonstrate that Pgrmc1 is a potential tumor and serum biomarker, as well as a therapeutic target, for lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel U R Mir
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Can the increase in breast cancer observed in the estrogen plus progestin arm of the Women's Health Initiative trial be explained by progesterone receptor membrane component 1? Menopause 2011; 18:833-4. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182260321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
35
|
Xie Y, Bruce A, He L, Wei F, Tao L, Tang D. CYB5D2 enhances HeLa cells survival of etoposide-induced cytotoxicity. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 89:341-50. [PMID: 21639828 DOI: 10.1139/o11-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome b5 domain containing 2 (CYB5D2) (neuferricin) belongs to the family of membrane-associated progesterone receptors (MAPRs). MAPRs affect multiple cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Consistent with these observations, we report here that CYB5D2 enhances HeLa cells survival of etoposide (ETOP)-mediated cytotoxicity. Overexpression of CYB5D2 enhanced the survival of HeLa cells compared with HeLa cells transfected with empty vector (EV) upon ETOP treatment. As ETOP initiates ATM-dependent DNA damage response (DDR), we were able to show that CYB5D2 did not affect ETOP-induced DDR. In line with these observations, CYB5D2 did not protect HeLa cells from UV-induced cytotoxicity. Additionally, CYB5D2 had no effects on TNFα-induced apoptosis. Collectively, CYB5D2 enhances HeLa cell survival of ETOP-induced cytotoxicity with some specificity. CYB5D2 contains a cytochrome b5 (cyt-b5) domain and a transmembrane (TM) motif. Both domains are required for CYB5D2-mediated protection of HeLa cells from ETOP-induced cytotoxicity. In an effort to search for the underlying mechanisms, we have profiled gene expression between HeLa-CYB5D2 and HeLa-EV cells. Although ectopic CYB5D2 does not massively alter gene expression, the expression of several transcripts was affected more than 2-fold, suggesting that they may contribute to CYB5D2-mediated HeLa cell survival of ETOP treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Xie
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ahmed IS, Rohe HJ, Twist KE, Craven RJ. Pgrmc1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1) associates with epidermal growth factor receptor and regulates erlotinib sensitivity. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24775-82. [PMID: 20538600 PMCID: PMC2915713 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.134585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis requires the concerted action of multiple pathways, including pathways that stimulate proliferation and metabolism. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane receptor-tyrosine kinase that is associated with cancer progression, and the EGFR inhibitors erlotinib/tarceva and tyrphostin/AG-1478 are potent anti-cancer therapeutics. Pgrmc1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1) is a cytochrome b(5)-related protein that is up-regulated in tumors and promotes cancer growth. Pgrmc1 and its homologues have been implicated in cell signaling, and we show here that Pgrmc1 increases susceptibility to AG-1478 and erlotinib, increases plasma membrane EGFR levels, and co-precipitates with EGFR. Pgrmc1 co-localizes with EGFR in cytoplasmic vesicles and co-fractionates with EGFR in high density microsomes. The findings have therapeutic potential because a Pgrmc1 small molecule ligand, which inhibits growth in a variety of cancer cell types, de-stabilized EGFR in multiple tumor cell lines. EGFR is one of the most potent receptor-tyrosine kinases driving tumorigenesis, and our data support a role for Pgrmc1 in promoting several cancer phenotypes at least in part by binding EGFR and stabilizing plasma membrane pools of the receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikhlas S. Ahmed
- From the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Hannah J. Rohe
- From the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Katherine E. Twist
- From the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Rolf J. Craven
- From the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Transcriptional analysis of novel hormone receptors PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 as potential biomarkers of breast adenocarcinoma staging. J Surg Res 2010; 171:615-22. [PMID: 20655063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) in breast cancer has generated interest in this recently discovered protein because of its role in tumorigenesis. However, correlations between patient age, PGRMC1 gene expression, breast cancer morphology, and breast cancer stage have not been adequately studied. Furthermore, very little is known about possible roles for other PGRMC isoforms in breast cancer, like PGRMC2. Thus, we examined the expression of PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 mRNA by relative quantitative PCR (RelqPCR) and determined whether transcript levels correlate with age, breast cancer staging, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) status, and other morphometric features routinely used during the pathological examination of breast ductal adenocarcinomas. METHODS Twenty-eight frozen or paraffin embedded breast cancer samples (ductal carcinoma in situ and stages I thru IV invasive ductal adenocarcinoma) and 10 control benign breast tissue samples were randomly selected and interrogated by RelqPCR to determine PGRMC1, 2, and ERα mRNA transcript levels. To control for slight variations in sample preparation, receptor transcript was normalized to the housekeeping gene phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1). Descriptive statistics and ANOVA of multiparametric datasets were used to correlate transcript levels with pathological staging parameters. RESULTS PGRMC1 mRNA levels decreased significantly with patient age (Pearson's correlation -0.369; P=0.035), whereas PGRMC2 levels did not. Although the mean relative expression of PGRMC1 significantly decreased in stage II breast cancer compared with controls (P=0.050), it was no longer significant when age was considered a covariance (P=0.371). On the other hand, PGRMC2 mRNA transcript was significantly decreased in stage II breast cancer when compared to stage III cancer (P=0.028) in a manner independent of age (corrected model Bonferroni pair wise comparison, P=0.036). Furthermore, PGRMC2 levels positively correlated with ERα mRNA transcripts in patients with ER positive tumors (Pearson's correlation 0.503, P=0.096). CONCLUSIONS Decreases in PGRMC1 mRNA are partially explained by increasing patient age. On the other hand, compared to stage III, PCRMC2 mRNA was significantly decreased in stage II adenocarcinoma of the breast in an age-independent manner. Additionally, PGRMC2 mRNA levels displayed a positive correlation with ERα transcripts. Thus, in addition to morphometric pathologic staging criteria, measurements of PGRMC2 mRNA may be useful for distinguishing low stage tumors from higher stages that require more aggressive clinical management, and may be a useful test when tumor ER IHC results are equivocal.
Collapse
|
38
|
Peluso JJ, Liu X, Gawkowska A, Lodde V, Wu CA. Progesterone inhibits apoptosis in part by PGRMC1-regulated gene expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 320:153-61. [PMID: 20144686 PMCID: PMC2844455 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1) is present in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of spontaneously immortalized granulosa cells (SIGCs). PGRMC1 is detected as a monomer in the cytoplasm and a DTT-resistant PGRMC1 dimer in the nucleus. Transfected PGRMC1-GFP localizes mainly to the cytoplasm and does not form a DTT-resistant dimer. Moreover, forced expression of PGRMC1-GFP increases the sensitivity of the SIGCs to progesterone (P4)'s anti-apoptotic action, indicating that the PGRMC1 monomer is functional. However, when endogenous PGRMC1 is depleted by siRNA treatment and replaced with PGRMC1-GFP, P4 responsiveness is not enhanced, although overall levels of PGRMC1 are increased. P4's anti-apoptotic action is also attenuated by actinomycin D, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, and P4 activation of PGRMC1 suppresses Bad and increases Bcl2a1d expression. Taken together, the present studies suggest a genomic component to PGRMC1's anti-apoptotic mechanism of action, which requires the presence of the PGRMC1 dimer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Peluso
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ahmed IS, Rohe HJ, Twist KE, Mattingly MN, Craven RJ. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (Pgrmc1): a heme-1 domain protein that promotes tumorigenesis and is inhibited by a small molecule. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:564-73. [PMID: 20164297 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.164210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis requires the concerted action of multiple pathways, including pathways that stimulate proliferation and increase metabolism. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (Pgrmc1) is related to cytochrome b5, binds to heme, and is associated with DNA damage resistance and apoptotic suppression. Pgrmc1 is induced by carcinogens, including dioxin, and is up-regulated in multiple types of cancer. In the present study, we found that Pgrmc1 increased in vivo tumor growth, anchorage-independent growth, and migration. Pgrmc1 also promoted proliferation in the absence of serum in A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells but enhanced proliferation regardless of serum concentration in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells. Pgrmc1 promotes cholesterol synthesis and binds to Insig (insulin-induced gene), Scap (sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage activating protein), and P450 proteins, but Pgrmc1 did not affect cholesterol synthesis in lung cancer cells. Pgrmc1 is also associated with progesterone signaling and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI1) RNA binding protein, but neither progesterone activity nor PAI1 transcript levels were altered in Pgrmc1-knockdown lung cancer cells. Pgrmc1 homologues bind to aryl ligands identified in an in silico screen, and we have found that a Pgrmc1 ligand induced cell death in a Pgrmc1-specific manner in multiple breast and lung tumor cell lines. Our data support a role for Pgrmc1 in promoting cancer-associated phenotypes and provide a therapeutic approach for targeting Pgrmc1 with a small molecule in lung and breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikhlas S Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Peluso JJ, Gawkowska A, Liu X, Shioda T, Pru JK. Progesterone receptor membrane component-1 regulates the development and Cisplatin sensitivity of human ovarian tumors in athymic nude mice. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4846-54. [PMID: 19797399 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) regulates the development and cisplatin (CDDP)-sensitivity of human ovarian tumors, PGRMC1 was depleted from a human ovarian cancer cell line, dsRed-SKOV-3 cells, using a short hairpin RNA knockdown approach. Compared with parental dsRed-SKOV-3 cells, the PGRMC1-deplete cells grew slower in vitro and did not show progesterone's (P4) antiapoptotic effect. In fact, P4 induced apoptosis in PGRMC1-deplete cells in a dose-dependent manner. When transplanted into the peritoneum of athymic nude mice, parental dsRed-SKOV-3 cells developed numerous tumors, which were classified as either typical or oxyphilic clear cell tumors. CDDP increased the percentage of apoptotic nuclei in typical clear cell tumors and P4 attenuated CDDP-induced apoptosis. In contrast, the percentage of apoptotic nuclei in oxyphilic clear cell tumors was low (< or =1%) and was not significantly affected by CDDP and/or P4. Compared with tumors derived from parental dsRed SKOV-3 cells, PGRMC1-deplete tumors: 1) developed in fewer mice, 2) formed less frequently, 3) appeared smaller, and 4) resulted in fewer oxyphilic clear cell tumors. These PGRMC1-deplete tumors were not responsive to CDDP's apoptotic effects. The failure to respond to CDDP could be due to their poorly developed microvasculature system as judged by percentage of CD31-stained endothelial cells and/or their increased expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters, which are involved in drug resistance. Taken together, these findings indicate that PGRMC1 plays an essential role in the development and CDDP sensitivity of human ovarian tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Peluso
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Neubauer H, Adam G, Seeger H, Mueck AO, Solomayer E, Wallwiener D, Cahill MA, Fehm T. Membrane-initiated effects of progesterone on proliferation and activation of VEGF in breast cancer cells. Climacteric 2009; 12:230-9. [PMID: 19340614 DOI: 10.1080/13697130802635637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progesterone influences mammary gland development and probably breast cancer tumorigenesis and functions by regulating a broad spectrum of physiological processes. We investigated receptor membrane-initiated actions of progesterone in MCF-7 breast cancer cells via progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1). DESIGN AND METHOD The expression of PGRMC1 in breast cancer was verified by immune fluorescent analysis of paraffin sections. MCF-7 cells were transfected with PGRMC1 (wild type) or PGRMC1 variants. These cells were stimulated with a membrane-impermeable progesterone (P4) conjugate (P4-BSA-fluorescein isothiocyanate, P4-BSA-FITC, 10(-6) mol/l) or unconjugated progesterone (P4, 10(-6) mol/l) in the presence or absence of the progesterone receptor blocker RU-486 (10(-6) mol/l). Additionally, the effects on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS PGRMC1 is perinuclearly localized in breast cancer cells. Western Blot analysis suggests that PGRMC1 is phosphorylated at serine 180. MCF-7-PGRMC1 (S180A) cells show an approximately 35% increase in proliferation after incubation with P4-BSA-FITC compared to MCF-7 control and MCF-7-PGRMC1 (wild type) cells. This effect cannot be blocked by RU-486. P4 reduced proliferation of MCF-7-PGRMC1 cells by approximately 10% compared to untreated controls. P4-BSA-FITC treatment led to a roughly three-fold activation of VEGF-A gene expression compared to MCF-7 cells. CONCLUSION PGRMC1 is expressed in breast cancer tissue and mediates an RU-486-independent proliferative signal. It might also contribute to VEGF-induced neovascularization in tumor tissue. Thus, screening for PGRMC1 expression might be of interest to identify women with a higher expression of PGRMC1 and who might thus be susceptible for breast cancer development under hormone replacement therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Neubauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Marek CJ, Wallace K, Durward E, Koruth M, Leel V, Leiper LJ, Wright MC. Low affinity glucocorticoid binding site ligands as potential anti-fibrogenics. COMPARATIVE HEPATOLOGY 2009; 8:1. [PMID: 19432992 PMCID: PMC2688476 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonists inhibit liver fibrosis. However, the rodent PXR activator pregnenolone 16alpha carbonitrile (PCN) blocks, in vitro, hepatic stellate cell-to-myofibroblast trans-differentiation and proliferation in cells from mice with a disrupted PXR gene, suggesting there is an additional anti-fibrogenic drug target for PCN. The role of the low affinity glucocorticoid binding site (LAGS) - which may be identical or associated with the progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) - in mediating this anti-fibrogenic effect has been examined, since binding of dexamethasone to the LAGS in liver microsomal membranes has previously been shown to be inhibited by PCN. RESULTS Quiescent rat and human hepatic stellate cells (HSC) were isolated from livers and cultured to generate liver myofibroblasts. HSC and myofibroblasts expressed PGRMC1 as determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Quiescent rat HSC also expressed the truncated HC5 variant of rPGRMC1. Rat PGRMC1 was cloned and expression in COS-7 cells gave rise to specific binding of radiolabelled dexamethasone in cell extracts that was inhibited by PCN, suggesting that PGRMC1 may be identical to LAGS or activates LAGS binding activity. Liver microsomes were used to screen a range of structurally related compounds for their ability to inhibit radiolabelled dexamethasone binding to rat LAGS. These compounds were also screened for their ability to activate rat and human PXR and to inhibit rat HSC-to-myofibroblast trans-differentiation/proliferation. A compound (4 androstene-3-one 17beta-carboxylic acid methyl ester) was identified which bound rat LAGS with high affinity and inhibited both rat and human HSC trans-differentiation/proliferation to fibrogenic myofibroblasts without showing evidence of rat or human PXR agonism. However, despite potent anti-fibrogenic effects in vitro, this compound did not modulate liver fibrosis severity in a rat model of liver fibrosis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that rat liver myofibroblasts in vivo did not express rPGRMC1. CONCLUSION LAGS ligands inhibit HSC trans-differentiation and proliferation in vitro but show little efficacy in inhibiting liver fibrosis, in vivo. The reason(s) for this disparity is/are likely associated with an altered myofibroblast phenotype, in vitro, with expression of rPGMRC1 in vitro but not in vivo. These data emphasize the limitations of in vitro-derived myofibroblasts for predicting their activity in vivo, in studies of fibrogenesis. The data also demonstrate that the anti-fibrogenic effects of PCN in vivo are likely mediated entirely via the PXR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carylyn J Marek
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rohe HJ, Ahmed IS, Twist KE, Craven RJ. PGRMC1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1): a targetable protein with multiple functions in steroid signaling, P450 activation and drug binding. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:14-9. [PMID: 18992768 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hormone signaling is important in a number of disease states, and hormone receptors are effective therapeutic targets. PGRMC1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1) is a member of a multi-protein complex that binds to progesterone and other steroids, as well as pharmaceutical compounds. In spite of its name, PGRMC1 shares homology with cytochrome b5-related proteins rather than hormone receptors, and heme binding is the sole biochemical activity of PGRMC1. PGRMC1 and its homologues regulate cholesterol synthesis by activating the P450 protein Cyp51/lanosterol demethylase, and the cholesterol synthetic pathway is an important target in cardiovascular disease and in treating infections. PGRMC1 binding partners include multiple P450 proteins, PAIR-BP1, Insig, and an uncharacterized hormone/drug-binding protein. PGRMC1 is induced in a spectrum of cancers, where it promotes cell survival and damage resistance, and PGRMC1 is also expressed in the nervous system and tissues involved in drug metabolism, cholesterol synthesis and hormone synthesis and turnover. One of the appealing features of PGRMC1 and its associated protein complex is its affinity for steroids and drugs. Together with its biological role in promoting tumor survival, PGRMC1 is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in cancer and related malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Rohe
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, MS-305 UKMC, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Glaser S, DeMorrow S, Francis H, Ueno Y, Gaudio E, Vaculin S, Venter J, Franchitto A, Onori P, Vaculin B, Marzioni M, Wise C, Pilanthananond M, Savage J, Pierce L, Mancinelli R, Alpini G. Progesterone stimulates the proliferation of female and male cholangiocytes via autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G124-G136. [PMID: 18511743 PMCID: PMC2494724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00536.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During cholestatic liver diseases, cholangiocytes express neuroendocrine phenotypes and respond to a number of hormones and neuropeptides by paracrine and autocrine mechanisms. We examined whether the neuroendocrine hormone progesterone is produced by and targeted to cholangiocytes, thereby regulating biliary proliferation during cholestasis. Nuclear (PR-A and PR-B) and membrane (PRGMC1, PRGMC2, and mPRalpha) progesterone receptor expression was evaluated in liver sections and cholangiocytes from normal and bile duct ligation (BDL) rats, and NRC cells (normal rat cholangiocyte line). In vivo, normal rats were chronically treated with progesterone for 1 wk, or immediately after BDL, rats were treated with a neutralizing progesterone antibody for 1 wk. Cholangiocyte growth was measured by evaluating the number of bile ducts in liver sections. The expression of the progesterone synthesis pathway was evaluated in liver sections, cholangiocytes and NRC. Progesterone secretion was evaluated in supernatants from normal and BDL cholangiocytes and NRC. In vitro, NRC were stimulated with progesterone and cholangiocyte supernatants in the presence or absence of antiprogesterone antibody. Aminoglutethimide was used to block progesterone synthesis. Cholangiocytes and NRC express the PR-B nuclear receptor and PRGMC1, PRGMC2, and mPRalpha. In vivo, progesterone increased the number of bile ducts of normal rats, whereas antiprogesterone antibody inhibited cholangiocyte growth stimulated by BDL. Normal and BDL cholangiocytes expressed the biosynthetic pathway for and secrete progesterone. In vitro, 1) progesterone increased NRC proliferation; 2) cholangiocyte supernatants increased NRC proliferation, which was partially inhibited by preincubation with antiprogesterone; and 3) inhibition of progesterone steroidogenesis prevented NRC proliferation. In conclusion, progesterone may be an important autocrine/paracrine regulator of cholangiocyte proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medicine, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas 76504, USA.
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Heather Francis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Shelley Vaculin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Julie Venter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonio Franchitto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Bradley Vaculin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Candace Wise
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Metaneeya Pilanthananond
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Jennifer Savage
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Lisa Pierce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital and Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Human Anatomy, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; and Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Peluso JJ, Liu X, Saunders MM, Claffey KP, Phoenix K. Regulation of ovarian cancer cell viability and sensitivity to cisplatin by progesterone receptor membrane component-1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:1592-9. [PMID: 18319313 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Progesterone (P4) influences ovarian cancer cells by an unknown mechanism. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine whether P4 acts through progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1) in ovarian cancers. DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS Archival tissue and cDNA provided by OriGene were used for expression studies. In vitro experiments were conducted with Ovcar-3 cells. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to measure expression of PGRMC1 and nuclear progesterone receptor (PGR). PGRMC1's role in regulating the viability of ovarian cancers was assessed by overexpressing PGRMC1, depleting PGRMC1 using small interfering RNA, and attenuating PGRMC1's action with a blocking antibody. Apoptosis was determined by 4',6'-diamino-2-phenylindole staining. RESULTS PGRMC1 mRNA increased and PGR mRNA decreased in advanced stages of ovarian cancer. Unlike PGR, PGRMC1 was expressed in virtually every cancer cell within the tumor. A similar relationship between PGRMC1 and PGR was observed in Ovcar-3 cells. In these cells P4 suppressed apoptosis induced by either serum withdrawal or cisplatin (CDDP). Moreover, in the presence of P4, the following occurs: 1) overexpression of PGRMC1 reduces the effectiveness of CDDP, 2) depletion of PGRMC1 with small interfering RNA enhances the effects of CDDP, and 3) PGRMC1 antibody treatment increases the apoptotic response to CDDP. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that PGRMC1 plays an important role in promoting ovarian cancer cell viability and that attenuating PGRMC1's action makes the ovarian cancer cells more sensitive to CDDP. These data suggest that targeted depletion of PGRMC1 could be useful as an adjunct to CDDP therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Peluso
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Guennoun R, Meffre D, Labombarda F, Gonzalez SL, Gonzalez Deniselle MC, Stein DG, De Nicola AF, Schumacher M. The membrane-associated progesterone-binding protein 25-Dx: Expression, cellular localization and up-regulation after brain and spinal cord injuries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 57:493-505. [PMID: 17618691 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone has neuroprotective effects in the injured and diseased spinal cord and after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In addition to intracellular progesterone receptors (PR), membrane-binding sites of progesterone may be involved in neuroprotection. A first putative membrane receptor of progesterone, distinct from the classical intracellular PR isoforms, with a single membrane-spanning domain, has been cloned from porcine liver. Homologous proteins were cloned in rats (25-Dx), mice (PGRMC1) and humans (Hpr.6). We will refer to this progesterone-binding protein as 25-Dx. The distribution and regulation of 25-Dx in the nervous system may provide some clues to its functions. In spinal cord, 25-Dx is localized in cell membranes of dorsal horn neurons and ependymal cells lining the central canal. A role of 25-Dx in mediating the protective effects of progesterone in the spinal cord is supported by the observation that its mRNA and protein are up-regulated by progesterone in dorsal horn of the injured spinal cord. In contrast, the classical intracellular PRs were down-regulated under these conditions. In brain, 25-Dx is particularly abundant in the hypothalamic area, circumventricular organs, ependymal cells of the ventricular walls, and the meninges. Interestingly, it is co-expressed with vasopressin in neurons of the paraventricular, supraoptic and retrochiasmatic nuclei. In response to TBI, 25-Dx expression is up-regulated in neurons and induced in astrocytes. The expression of 25-Dx in structures involved in cerebrospinal fluid production and osmoregulation, and its up-regulation after brain damage, point to a potentially important role of this progesterone-binding protein in the maintenance of water homeostasis after TBI. Our observations suggest that progesterone's actions may involve different signaling mechanisms depending on the pathophysiological context, and that 25-Dx may be involved in the neuroprotective effect of progesterone in the injured brain and spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Guennoun
- Inserm UMR788 and University Paris 11, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Peluso JJ, Romak J, Liu X. Progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1) is the mediator of progesterone's antiapoptotic action in spontaneously immortalized granulosa cells as revealed by PGRMC1 small interfering ribonucleic acid treatment and functional analysis of PGRMC1 mutations. Endocrinology 2008; 149:534-43. [PMID: 17991724 PMCID: PMC2219306 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Progesterone (P4) receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1) and its binding partner, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 RNA binding protein (PAIRBP1) are thought to form a complex that functions as membrane receptor for P4. The present investigations confirm PGRMC1's role in this membrane receptor complex by demonstrating that depleting PGMRC1 with PGRMC1 small interfering RNA results in a 60% decline in [(3)H]P4 binding and the loss of P4's antiapoptotic action. Studies conducted on partially purified GFP-PGRMC1 fusion protein indicate that [(3)H]P4 specifically binds to PGRMC1 at a single site with an apparent K(d) of about 35 nm. In addition, experiments using various deletion mutations reveal that the entire PGRMC1 molecule is required for maximal [(3)H]P4 binding and P4 responsiveness. Analysis of the binding data also suggests that the P4 binding site is within a segment of PGRMC1 that is composed of the transmembrane domain and the initial segment of the C terminus. Interestingly, PAIRBP1 appears to bind to the C terminus between amino acids 70-130, which is distal to the putative P4 binding site. Taken together, these data provide compelling evidence that PGRMC1 is the P4 binding protein that mediates P4's antiapoptotic action. Moreover, the deletion mutation studies indicate that each domain of PGRMC1 plays an essential role in modulating PGRMC1's capacity to both bind and respond to P4. Additional studies are required to more precisely delineate the role of each PGRMC1 domain in transducing P4's antiapoptotic action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Peluso
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Craven RJ, Mallory JC, Hand RA. Regulation of Iron Homeostasis Mediated by the Heme-binding Protein Dap1 (Damage Resistance Protein 1) via the P450 Protein Erg11/Cyp51. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:36543-51. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706770200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
49
|
Mellon SH. Neurosteroid regulation of central nervous system development. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 116:107-24. [PMID: 17651807 PMCID: PMC2386997 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids are a relatively new class of neuroactive compounds brought to prominence in the past 2 decades. Despite knowing of their presence in the nervous system of various species for over 20 years and knowing of their functions as GABA(A) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) ligands, new and unexpected functions of these compounds are continuously being identified. Absence or reduced concentrations of neurosteroids during development and in adults may be associated with neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, or behavioral disorders. Treatment with physiologic or pharmacologic concentrations of these compounds may also promote neurogenesis, neuronal survival, myelination, increased memory, and reduced neurotoxicity. This review highlights what is currently known about the neurodevelopmental functions and mechanisms of action of 4 distinct neurosteroids: pregnenolone, progesterone, allopregnanolone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Synthia H Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, Box 0556, San Francisco, CA 94143-0556, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang X, Carré W, Saxton AM, Cogburn LA. Manipulation of thyroid status and/or GH injection alters hepatic gene expression in the juvenile chicken. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 117:174-88. [PMID: 17675858 DOI: 10.1159/000103178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both thyroid hormone (T3) and growth hormone (GH) are important regulators of somatic growth in birds and mammals. Although T3-mediated gene transcription is well known, the molecular basis of T3 interaction with GH on growth and development of birds remains unknown. In earlier studies, we discovered that exogenous GH alone increased accumulation of visceral fat in young chickens, while the combination of GH injections and dietary T3 worked synergistically to deplete body fat. In the present study, cDNA microarray and quantitative RT-PCR analyses enabled us to examine hepatic gene expression in young chickens after chronic manipulation of thyroid status and GH injection alone or in combination with T3. Thyroid status modulates expression of common and unique sets of genes involved in a wide range of molecular functions (i.e., energy metabolism, storage and transport, signal transduction, protein turnover and drug detoxification). Hepatic expression of 35 genes was altered by hypothyroidism (e.g., ADFP, ANGPTL3, GSTalpha, CAT, PPARG, HMGCL, GHR, IGF1, STAT3, THRSPalpha), whereas hyperthyroidism affected expression of another cluster of 13 genes (e.g., IGFBP1, KHK, LDHB, BAIA2L1, SULT1B, TRIAD3). Several genes were identified which have not been previously ascribed as T3 responsive (e.g., DEFB9, EPS8L2, ARHGAP1, LASS2, INHBC). Exogenous GH altered expression of 17 genes (e.g., CCAR1, CYP2C45, GYS2, ENOB, HK1, FABP1, SQLE, SOCS2, UPG2). The T3+GH treatment depleted the greatest amount of body fat, where 34 differentially expressed genes were unique to this group (e.g., C/EBP, CDC42EP1, SYDE2, PCK2, PIK4CA, TH1L, GPT2, BHMT). The marked reduction in body fat brought about by the T3+GH synergism could involve modulation of hormone signaling via altered activity of the Ras superfamily of molecular switches, which control diverse biological processes. In conclusion, this study provides the first global analysis of endocrine (T3 and GH) regulation of hepatic gene transcription in the chicken.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19717, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|