1
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Soto-Avellaneda A, Oxford AE, Halla F, Vasquez P, Oe E, Pugel AD, Schoenfeld AM, Tillman MC, Cuevas A, Ortlund EA, Morrison BE. FABP5-binding lipids regulate autophagy in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300168. [PMID: 38900831 PMCID: PMC11189175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The motor features of Parkinson's disease result from loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra with autophagy dysfunction being closely linked to this disease. While a large body of work focusing on protein effectors of autophagy has been reported, regulation of autophagy by lipids has garnered far less attention. Therefore, we sought to identify endogenous lipid molecules that act as signaling mediators of autophagy in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, a commonly used dopaminergic neuron-like cell model. In order to accomplish this goal, we assessed the role of a fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) family member on autophagy due to its function as an intracellular lipid chaperone. We focused specifically upon FABP5 due to its heightened expression in dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra and SH-SY5Y cells. Here, we report that knockdown of FABP5 resulted in suppression of autophagy in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells suggesting the possibility of an autophagic role for an interacting lipid. A lipidomic screen of FABP5-interacting lipids uncovered hits that include 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (5OE) and its precursor metabolite, arachidonic acid (AA). Additionally, other long-chain fatty acids were found to bind FABP5, such as stearic acid (SA), hydroxystearic acid (HSA), and palmitic acid (PA). The addition of 5OE, SA, and HSA but not AA or PA, led to potent inhibition of autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells. To identify potential molecular mechanisms for autophagy inhibition by these lipids, RNA-Seq was performed which revealed both shared and divergent signaling pathways between the lipid-treated groups. These findings suggest a role for these lipids in modulating autophagy through diverse signaling pathways and could represent novel therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra E. Oxford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States of America
| | - Fabio Halla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States of America
| | - Peyton Vasquez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States of America
| | - Emily Oe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States of America
| | - Anton D. Pugel
- Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States of America
| | - Alyssa M. Schoenfeld
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Tillman
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - André Cuevas
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Ortlund
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Brad E. Morrison
- Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States of America
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2
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Yuan C, Rayasam A, Moe A, Hayward M, Wells C, Szabo A, Mackenzie A, Salzman N, Drobyski WR. Interleukin-9 production by type 2 innate lymphoid cells induces Paneth cell metaplasia and small intestinal remodeling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7963. [PMID: 38042840 PMCID: PMC10693577 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paneth cell metaplasia (PCM) typically arises in pre-existing gastrointestinal (GI) diseases; however, the mechanistic pathway that induces metaplasia and whether PCM is initiated exclusively by disorders intrinsic to the GI tract is not well known. Here, we describe the development of PCM in a murine model of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) that is driven by an inducible bcr-abl oncogene. Mechanistically, CML induces a proinflammatory state within the GI tract that results in the production of epithelial-derived IL-33. The binding of IL-33 to the decoy receptor ST2 leads to IL-9 production by type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) which is directly responsible for the induction of PCM in the colon and tissue remodeling in the small intestines, characterized by goblet and tuft cell hyperplasia along with expansion of mucosal mast cells. Thus, we demonstrate that an extra-intestinal disease can trigger an ILC2/IL-9 immune circuit, which induces PCM and regulates epithelial cell fate decisions in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyin Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Aditya Rayasam
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Alison Moe
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Michael Hayward
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Clive Wells
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Aniko Szabo
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Nita Salzman
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - William R Drobyski
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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3
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Panagiotopoulos AA, Konstantinou E, Pirintsos SA, Castanas E, Kampa M. Mining the ZINC database of natural products for specific, testosterone-like, OXER1 antagonists. Steroids 2023; 199:109309. [PMID: 37696380 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
OXER1, the receptor for the oxidized arachidonic acid metabolite 5-oxo-ETE has been reported to play a significant role in inflammatory responses, being responsible for leucocyte chemotactic responses. Recently, we have identified OXER1 (GPR170) as a membrane receptor for androgens in prostate and breast cancer cells. Testosterone action via OXER1 induces specific Ca2+ release from intracellular organelles, modifies polymerized actin distribution induces apoptosis and decreases cancer cell migration. These actions are antagonized by 5-oxo-ETE. In addition, 5-oxo-ETE through a Gαi protein decreases cAMP, an action antagonized by testosterone. In this work, we mined the ZINC15 database, using QSAR, for natural compounds able to signal through Gαi and Gβγ simultaneously, mimicking testosterone actions, as well as for specific Gβγ interactors, inhibiting 5-oxo-ETE tumor promoting actions. We were able to identify four druggable Gαβγ and seven Gβγ specific OXER1 interactors. We further confirmed by bio-informatic methods their binding to the 5-oxo-ETE/testosterone binding groove of the receptor, their ADME properties and their possible interaction with other receptor and/or enzyme targets. Two compounds, ZINC04017374 (Naphthofluorescein) and ZINC08589130 (Puertogaline A) were purchased, tested in vitro and confirmed their OXER1 Gβγ and Gαβγ activity, respectively. The methodology followed is useful for a better understanding of the mechanism by which OXER1 mediates its actions, it has the potential to provide structural insights, in order to design small molecular specific interactors and ultimately design new anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents. Finally, the methodology may also be useful for identifying specific agonists/antagonists of other GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evangelia Konstantinou
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Stergios A Pirintsos
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Botanical Garden, University of Crete, Rethymnon, Greece
| | - Elias Castanas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece.
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4
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Ali O, Szabó A. Review of Eukaryote Cellular Membrane Lipid Composition, with Special Attention to the Fatty Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15693. [PMID: 37958678 PMCID: PMC10649022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes, primarily composed of lipids, envelop each living cell. The intricate composition and organization of membrane lipids, including the variety of fatty acids they encompass, serve a dynamic role in sustaining cellular structural integrity and functionality. Typically, modifications in lipid composition coincide with consequential alterations in universally significant signaling pathways. Exploring the various fatty acids, which serve as the foundational building blocks of membrane lipids, provides crucial insights into the underlying mechanisms governing a myriad of cellular processes, such as membrane fluidity, protein trafficking, signal transduction, intercellular communication, and the etiology of certain metabolic disorders. Furthermore, comprehending how alterations in the lipid composition, especially concerning the fatty acid profile, either contribute to or prevent the onset of pathological conditions stands as a compelling area of research. Hence, this review aims to meticulously introduce the intricacies of membrane lipids and their constituent fatty acids in a healthy organism, thereby illuminating their remarkable diversity and profound influence on cellular function. Furthermore, this review aspires to highlight some potential therapeutic targets for various pathological conditions that may be ameliorated through dietary fatty acid supplements. The initial section of this review expounds on the eukaryotic biomembranes and their complex lipids. Subsequent sections provide insights into the synthesis, membrane incorporation, and distribution of fatty acids across various fractions of membrane lipids. The last section highlights the functional significance of membrane-associated fatty acids and their innate capacity to shape the various cellular physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omeralfaroug Ali
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
| | - András Szabó
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
- HUN-REN-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
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5
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Rouschop SH, Smolinska A, Gielen M, de Groot RHM, Zeegers MP, Opperhuizen A, van Schooten FJ, Godschalk RW. Maternal fatty acid status during pregnancy versus offspring inflammatory markers: a canonical correlation analysis of the MEFAB cohort. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1264278. [PMID: 37927506 PMCID: PMC10620499 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1264278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of inflammatory lung disorders in children may be related to maternal fatty acid intake during pregnancy. We therefore examined maternal fatty acid (FA) status during pregnancy and its associations with inflammatory markers and lung conditions in the child by analyzing data from the MEFAB cohort using multivariate canonical correlation analysis (CCA). In the MEFAB cohort, 39 different phospholipid FAs were measured in maternal plasma at 16, 22 and 32 weeks of pregnancy, and at day of birth. Child inflammatory markers and self-reported doctor diagnosis of inflammatory lung disorders were assessed at 7 years of age. Using CCA, we found that maternal FA levels during pregnancy were significantly associated with child inflammatory markers at 7 years of age and that Mead acid (20:3n-9) was the most important FA for this correlation. To further verify the importance of Mead acid, we examined the relation between maternal Mead acid levels at the day of birth with the development of inflammatory lung disorders in children at age 7. After stratification for the child's sex, maternal Mead acid levels at day of birth were significantly related with self-reported doctor diagnosis of asthma and lung infections in boys, and bronchitis and total number of lung disorders in girls. Future studies should investigate whether the importance of Mead acid in the relation between maternal FA status and inflammation and lung disorders in the child is due to its role as biomarker for essential fatty acid deficiency or due to its own biological function as pro-inflammatory mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven H. Rouschop
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Smolinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marij Gielen
- Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Renate H. M. de Groot
- Department Conditions for Life Long Learning, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
| | - Maurice P. Zeegers
- Department of Epidemiology, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Nederlandse Voedsel en Warenautoriteit (NVWA), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Frederik J. van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Roger W. Godschalk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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6
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Kawashima H, Yoshizawa K. The physiological and pathological properties of Mead acid, an endogenous multifunctional n-9 polyunsaturated fatty acid. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:172. [PMID: 37838679 PMCID: PMC10576882 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01937-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mead acid (MA, 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid) is an n-9 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and a marker of essential fatty acid deficiency, but nonetheless generally draws little attention. MA is distributed in various normal tissues and can be converted to several specific lipid mediators by lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase. Recent pathological and epidemiological studies on MA raise the possibility of its effects on inflammation, cancer, dermatitis and cystic fibrosis, suggesting it is an endogenous multifunctional PUFA. This review summarizes the biosynthesis, presence, metabolism and physiological roles of MA and its relation to various diseases, as well as the significance of MA in PUFA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawashima
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd, Seika, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Katsuhiko Yoshizawa
- Department of Innovative Food Sciences, School of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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7
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Mori Sequeiros Garcia MM, Paz C, Castillo AF, Benzo Y, Belluno MA, Balcázar Martínez A, Maloberti PM, Cornejo Maciel F, Poderoso C. New insights into signal transduction pathways in adrenal steroidogenesis: role of mitochondrial fusion, lipid mediators, and MAPK phosphatases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1175677. [PMID: 37223023 PMCID: PMC10200866 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1175677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormone-receptor signal transduction has been extensively studied in adrenal gland. Zona glomerulosa and fasciculata cells are responsible for glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid synthesis by adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulation, respectively. Since the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis occurs in the mitochondria, these organelles are key players in the process. The maintenance of functional mitochondria depends on mitochondrial dynamics, which involves at least two opposite events, i.e., mitochondrial fusion and fission. This review presents state-of-the-art data on the role of mitochondrial fusion proteins, such as mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), in Ang II-stimulated steroidogenesis in adrenocortical cells. Both proteins are upregulated by Ang II, and Mfn2 is strictly necessary for adrenal steroid synthesis. The signaling cascades of steroidogenic hormones involve an increase in several lipidic metabolites such as arachidonic acid (AA). In turn, AA metabolization renders several eicosanoids released to the extracellular medium able to bind membrane receptors. This report discusses OXER1, an oxoeicosanoid receptor which has recently arisen as a novel participant in adrenocortical hormone-stimulated steroidogenesis through its activation by AA-derived 5-oxo-ETE. This work also intends to broaden knowledge of phospho/dephosphorylation relevance in adrenocortical cells, particularly MAP kinase phosphatases (MKPs) role in steroidogenesis. At least three MKPs participate in steroid production and processes such as the cellular cycle, either directly or by means of MAP kinase regulation. To sum up, this review discusses the emerging role of mitochondrial fusion proteins, OXER1 and MKPs in the regulation of steroid synthesis in adrenal cortex cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Mercedes Mori Sequeiros Garcia
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina Paz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Fernanda Castillo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yanina Benzo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías A. Belluno
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariana Balcázar Martínez
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Mariana Maloberti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabiana Cornejo Maciel
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Poderoso
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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8
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Cossette C, Chourey S, Ye Q, Reddy CN, Wang R, Poulet S, Slobodchikova I, Vuckovic D, Rokach J, Powell WS. Metabolism of anti-inflammatory OXE (oxoeicosanoid) receptor antagonists by nonhuman primates. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 172:106144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Panagiotopoulos A, Kalyvianaki K, Notas G, Pirintsos SA, Castanas E, Kampa M. New Antagonists of the Membrane Androgen Receptor OXER1 from the ZINC Natural Product Database. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:29664-29674. [PMID: 34778638 PMCID: PMC8582029 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OXER1 (oxoeicosanoid receptor 1) was deorphanized in 1993 and found to be the specific receptor for the arachidonic acid metabolite 5-oxo-ETE. Recently, we have reported that androgen binds to this receptor also, being a membrane androgen receptor, triggering a number of its membrane-mediated actions (cell migration, apoptosis, cell proliferation, Ca2+ movements). In addition, our previous work suggested that a number of natural monomeric and oligomeric polyphenols interact with OXER1, acting similar to testosterone. Here, we interrogated the natural product chemical space and identified nine polyphenolic molecules with interesting in silico pharmacological activities as putative OXER1 antagonists. The molecule with the best pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic properties (ZINC15959779) was purchased and tested on OXER1, in prostate cancer cell cultures. It showed that it has actions similar to those of testosterone in inhibiting cAMP, while it had no action in intracellular Ca2+ mobilization or actin cytoskeleton rearrangement/migration. These results are discussed under the prism of structure-activity relationships and in silico models of the OXER1 binding groove. We suggest that these compounds, together with the previously reported (poly)phenolic compounds, can be lead structures for the exploration of the anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects of OXER1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantina Kalyvianaki
- Laboratory
of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 715 00, Greece
| | - George Notas
- Laboratory
of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 715 00, Greece
| | - Stergios A. Pirintsos
- Department
of Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion 71013, Greece
- Botanical
Garden, University of Crete, Rethymnon 700 13, Greece
| | - Elias Castanas
- Laboratory
of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 715 00, Greece
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Laboratory
of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 715 00, Greece
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10
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Nagarajan S, Qian ZY, Marimuthu P, Alkayed NJ, Kaul S, Barnes AP. Mapping the Molecular Architecture Required for Lipid-Binding Pockets Using a Subset of Established and Orphan G-Protein Coupled Receptors. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3442-3452. [PMID: 34242503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) sense a wide variety of stimuli, including lipids, and transduce signals to the intracellular environment to exert various physiological responses. However, the structural features of GPCRs responsible for detecting and triggering responses to distinct lipid ligands have only recently begun to be revealed. 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (14,15-EET) is one such lipid mediator that plays an essential role in the vascular system, displaying both vasodilatory and anti-inflammatory properties. We recently reported multiple low-affinity 14,15-EET-binding GPCRs, but the mechanism by which these receptors sense 14,15-EET remains unclear. Here, we have taken a combined computational and experimental approach to identify and confirm critical residues and properties within the lipid-binding pocket. Furthermore, we generated mutants to engineer selected GPCR-predicted binding sites to either confer or abolish 14,15-EET-induced signaling. Our structure-function analyses indicate that hydrophobic and positively charged residues of the receptor-binding pocket are prerequisites for recognizing lipid ligands such as 14,15-EET and possibly other eicosanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Nagarajan
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States.,Medicinal Chemistry Core, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Zu Yuan Qian
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Parthiban Marimuthu
- Pharmaceutical Science Laboratory and Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Sanjiv Kaul
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Anthony P Barnes
- The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health Science University Portland, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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11
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Hayashi Y, Lee-Okada HC, Nakamura E, Tada N, Yokomizo T, Fujiwara Y, Ichi I. Ablation of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) exacerbates hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol accumulation in polyunsaturated fatty acid-depleted mice. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1920-1932. [PMID: 34008174 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is known to induce hepatic steatosis. However, it is not clearly understood which type of PUFA is responsible for the worsening of steatosis. This study observed a marked accumulation of hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol in fatty acid desaturase 2 knockout (FADS2-/- ) mice lacking both C18 and ≥ C20 PUFAs that were fed a PUFA-depleted diet. Hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation was associated with enhanced sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1-dependent lipogenesis and decreased triacylglycerol secretion into the plasma via very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Furthermore, upregulation of cholesterol synthesis contributed to increased hepatic cholesterol content in FADS2-/- mice. These results suggest that ≥ C20 PUFAs synthesized by FADS2 are important in regulating hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol accumulation during PUFA deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Hayashi
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hyeon-Cheol Lee-Okada
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genome Research, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tada
- Laboratory of Genome Research, Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Fujiwara
- Institute for Human Life Innovation, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan.,Natural Science Division, Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Ichi
- Institute for Human Life Innovation, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan.,Natural Science Division, Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Powell WS, Rokach J. Targeting the OXE receptor as a potential novel therapy for asthma. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 179:113930. [PMID: 32240653 PMCID: PMC10656995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) is an arachidonic acid metabolite formed by oxidation of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) product 5S-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5S-HETE) by the NADP+-dependent enzyme 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase. It is the only 5-LO product with appreciable chemoattractant activity for human eosinophils. Its actions are mediated by the selective OXE receptor, which is highly expressed on eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils and monocytes. Orthologs of the OXER1 gene, which encodes this receptor, are found in many species except for rodents. Intradermal injection of 5-oxo-ETE into humans and monkeys elicits eosinophil infiltration into the skin, raising the possibility that it may play a pathophysiological role in eosinophilic diseases. To investigate this and possibly identify a novel therapy we sought to prepare synthetic antagonists that could selectively block the OXE receptor. We synthesized a series of indole-based compounds bearing substituents that mimic the regions of 5-oxo-ETE that are required for biological activity, which we modified to reduce metabolism. The most potent of these OXE receptor antagonists is S-Y048, which is a potent inhibitor of 5-oxo-ETE-induced calcium mobilization (IC50, 20 pM) and has a long half-life following oral administration. S-Y048 inhibited allergen-induced eosinophil infiltration into the skin of rhesus monkeys that had been experimentally sensitized to house dust mite and inhibited pulmonary inflammation resulting from challenge with aerosolized allergen. These data provide the first evidence for a pathophysiological role for 5-oxo-ETE in mammals and suggest that potent and selective OXE receptor antagonists such as S-Y048 may be useful therapeutic agents in asthma and other eosinophilic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Joshua Rokach
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982, USA
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13
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Hosseini M, Poljak A, Braidy N, Crawford J, Sachdev P. Blood fatty acids in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 60:101043. [PMID: 32194194 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Plasma fatty acids have been reported to be dysregulated in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), though outcomes are not always consistent, and subject numbers often small. Our aim was to use a meta-analysis and systematic review approach to identify if plasma fatty acid dysregulation would be observed in case control studies of AD and MCI. Six databases were searched for studies reporting quantified levels of fatty acids in MCI and/or AD individuals, relative to cognitively normal controls. Docosahexaenoic (DHA) and vaccenic acids were significantly lower and higher respectively in MCI relative to controls. Total fatty acids were 27.2% lower in AD relative to controls, and this was reflected almost uniformly in all specific fatty acids in AD. Changes to plasma/serum fatty acids were identified in both MCI and AD relative to age and gender matched controls. Differences were greatest in AD, in both total number of fatty acids significantly altered, and the degree of change. Docosahexaenoic acid was lower in both MCI and AD, suggesting that it may be a driver of pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Hosseini
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Anne Poljak
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - John Crawford
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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14
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Ye Q, Chourey S, Reddy CN, Wang R, Cossette C, Gravel S, Slobodchikova I, Vuckovic D, Rokach J, Powell WS. Novel highly potent OXE receptor antagonists with prolonged plasma lifetimes that are converted to active metabolites in vivo in monkeys. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:388-401. [PMID: 31655025 PMCID: PMC6989946 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The 5-lipoxygenase product 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), acting through the OXE receptor, is a potent eosinophil chemoattractant that may be an important proinflammatory mediator in eosinophilic diseases such as asthma. We previously identified a series of indole-based OXE receptor antagonists that rapidly appear in the blood following oral administration but have limited lifetimes. The objective of this study was to increase the potency and plasma half-lives of these compounds and thereby identify the optimal candidate for future preclinical studies in monkeys, as rodents do not have an OXE receptor orthologue. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We synthesized a series of substituted phenylalkyl indoles and compared their antagonist potencies, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism to those of our earlier compounds. The potencies of some of their metabolites were also investigated. KEY RESULTS Among the compounds tested, the S-enantiomer of the m-chlorophenyl compound (S-Y048) was the most potent, with an pIC50 of about 10.8 for inhibition of 5-oxo-ETE-induced calcium mobilization in human neutrophils. When administered orally to cynomolgus monkeys, S-Y048 rapidly appeared in the blood and had a half-life in plasma of over 7 hr, considerably longer than any of the other OXE analogues tested. A major hydroxylated metabolite, with a potency close to that of its precursor, was identified in plasma. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Because of its highly potent antagonist activity and its long lifetime in vivo, S-Y048 may be a useful anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of eosinophilic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuji Ye
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of ChemistryFlorida Institute of TechnologyMelbourneFlorida
- Present address:
Department of ChemistryRice UniversityHoustonTexas
| | - Shishir Chourey
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of ChemistryFlorida Institute of TechnologyMelbourneFlorida
- Present address:
Chemical Development DepartmentAlbany Molecular Research Inc.AlbanyNew York
| | - Chintam Nagendra Reddy
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of ChemistryFlorida Institute of TechnologyMelbourneFlorida
- Present address:
Synthetic ChemistryOlon Ricerca BioscienceConcordOhio
| | - Rui Wang
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of ChemistryFlorida Institute of TechnologyMelbourneFlorida
| | - Chantal Cossette
- Meakins‐Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational BiologyMcGill University Health CentreMontrealQCCanada
| | - Sylvie Gravel
- Meakins‐Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational BiologyMcGill University Health CentreMontrealQCCanada
| | - Irina Slobodchikova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and PERFORM CentreConcordia UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and PERFORM CentreConcordia UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Joshua Rokach
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of ChemistryFlorida Institute of TechnologyMelbourneFlorida
| | - William S. Powell
- Meakins‐Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational BiologyMcGill University Health CentreMontrealQCCanada
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15
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Abstract
Since the 1950's nutrition recommendations have focussed on the replacement of saturated fats in the diet with polyunsaturated fats, a strategy that continues to this day. Despite supporting evidence from clinical trials for the advantages of Mediterranean diets, there has been less attention paid to the role of monounsaturated fats. It has been known for many years that diets high in linoleic acid (LA) compete for the incorporation of omega 3 fatty acids into tissues. What is also clear is that diets rich in LA are not free from concerns and the discovery of oxlams, oxygenated derivatives of LA, having potent inflammatory effects may help us question the dogma of LA rich diets. Given that dietary oleic acid a prime constituent of Mediterranean diets can be metabolised to Mead acid (ETrA) has in the past been a cause for concern, but new data showing the anti-inflammatory effects of ETrA suggest that there is a need for further research about the benefits of monounsaturated oils on human health. Finally, there is a need to re-examine how dietary fats are monitored in clinical studies. The current method of focussing on esterified fatty acids may be too insensitive to detect clinically important changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Gibson
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, FOODplus Research Centre, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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16
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Hayashi Y, Shimamura A, Ishikawa T, Fujiwara Y, Ichi I. FADS2 inhibition in essential fatty acid deficiency induces hepatic lipid accumulation via impairment of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:549-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Serum n-6 and n-9 Fatty Acids Correlate With Serum IGF-1 and Growth Up to 4 Months of Age in Healthy Infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 66:141-146. [PMID: 28753183 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to study the relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), serum phospholipid fatty acids, and growth in healthy full-term newborns during infancy. METHODS Prospective observational study of a population-based Swedish cohort comprising 126 healthy, term infants investigating cord blood and serum at 2 days and 4 months of age for IGF-1 and phospholipid fatty acid profile and breast milk for fatty acids at 2 days and 4 months, compared with anthropometric measurements (standard deviation scores). RESULTS At all time-points arachidonic acid (AA) was negatively associated with IGF-1. IGF-1 had positive associations with linoleic acid (LA) at 2 days and 4 months and mead acid (MA) showed positive associations in cord blood. Multiple regression analyses adjusted for maternal factors (body mass index, weight gain, smoking, education), sex, birth weight and feeding modality confirmed a negative association for the ratio AA/LA to IGF-1. MA in cord blood correlated to birth size. Changes in the ratios of n-6/n-3 and AA/docosahexaenoic acid from day 2 to 4 months together with infants' weight and feeding modality determined 55% of the variability of delta-IGF-1. Breast-fed infants at 4 months had lower IGF-1 correlating with lower LA and higher AA concentrations, which in girls correlated with lower weight gain from birth to 4 months of age. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed interaction of n-6 fatty acids with IGF-1 during the first 4 months of life, and an association between MA and birth size when adjusted for confounding factors. Further follow-up may indicate whether these correlations are associated with later body composition.
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Structure-activity relationship study of β-oxidation resistant indole-based 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4770-4776. [PMID: 28943042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) is formed from 5S-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway under conditions associated with oxidative stress. 5-Oxo-ETE is an important pro-inflammatory mediator, which stimulates the migration of eosinophils via a selective G-protein coupled receptor, known as the OXE receptor (OXE-R). Previously, we designed and synthesized structural mimics of 5-oxo-ETE such as 1 using an indole scaffold. In the present work, we added various substituents at C-3 of this moiety to block potential β-oxidation of the 5-oxo-valerate side chain, and investigated the structure-activity relationships of the resulting novel β-oxidation-resistant antagonists. Cyclopropyl and cyclobutyl substituents were well tolerated in this position, but were less potent as the highly active 3S-methyl compound. It seems likely that 3-alkyl substituents can affect the conformation of the 5-oxovalerate side chain containing the critical keto and carboxyl groups, thereby affecting interaction with the OXE-receptor.
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19
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Abstract
Lipids are potent signaling molecules that regulate a multitude of cellular responses, including cell growth and death and inflammation/infection, via receptor-mediated pathways. Derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), each lipid displays unique properties, thus making their role in inflammation distinct from that of other lipids derived from the same PUFA. This diversity arises from their synthesis, which occurs via discrete enzymatic pathways and because they elicit responses via different receptors. This review will collate the bioactive lipid research to date and summarize the major pathways involved in their biosynthesis and role in inflammation. Specifically, lipids derived from AA (prostanoids, leukotrienes, 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, lipoxins, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids), EPA (E-series resolvins), and DHA (D-series resolvins, protectins, and maresins) will be discussed herein.
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20
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Chourey S, Ye Q, Reddy CN, Cossette C, Gravel S, Zeller M, Slobodchikova I, Vuckovic D, Rokach J, Powell WS. In vivo α-hydroxylation of a 2-alkylindole antagonist of the OXE receptor for the eosinophil chemoattractant 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid in monkeys. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 138:107-118. [PMID: 28476332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a selective indole antagonist (230) targeting the OXE receptor for the potent eosinophil chemoattractant 5-oxo-ETE (5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid), that may be useful for the treatment of eosinophilic diseases such as asthma. In previous studies we identified ω2-oxidation of the hexyl side chain of racemic 230 as a major metabolic route in monkeys, but also obtained evidence for another pathway that appeared to involve hydroxylation of the hexyl side chain close to the indole. The present study was designed to investigate the metabolism of the active S-enantiomer of 230 (S230) and to identify the novel hydroxy metabolite and its chirality. Following oral administration, S230 rapidly appeared in the blood along with metabolites formed by a novel and highly stereospecific α-hydroxylation pathway, resulting in the formation of αS-hydroxy-S230. The chirality of α-hydroxy-S230 was determined by the total synthesis of the relevant diastereomers. Of the four possible diastereomers of α-hydroxy-230 only αS-hydroxy-S230 has significant OXE receptor antagonist activity and only this diastereomer was found in significant amounts in blood following oral administration of S230. Other novel metabolites of S230 identified in plasma by LC-MS/MS were αS,ω2-dihydroxy-S230 and glucuronides of S230 and ω2-hydroxy-S230. Thus the alkyl side chain of S230, which is essential for its antagonist activity, is also the major target of the metabolic enzymes that terminate its antagonist activity. Modification of this side chain might result in the development of related antagonists with improved metabolic stability and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Chourey
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982, USA
| | - Qiuji Ye
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982, USA
| | - Chintam Nagendra Reddy
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982, USA
| | - Chantal Cossette
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Sylvie Gravel
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Irina Slobodchikova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Joshua Rokach
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901-6982, USA
| | - William S Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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21
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Powell WS, Rokach J. Biosynthesis, biological effects, and receptors of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxo-ETEs) derived from arachidonic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:340-55. [PMID: 25449650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid can be oxygenated by a variety of different enzymes, including lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and cytochrome P450s, and can be converted to a complex mixture of oxygenated products as a result of lipid peroxidation. The initial products in these reactions are hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HpETEs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). Oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxo-ETEs) can be formed by the actions of various dehydrogenases on HETEs or by dehydration of HpETEs. Although a large number of different HETEs and oxo-ETEs have been identified, this review will focus principally on 5-oxo-ETE, 5S-HETE, 12S-HETE, and 15S-HETE. Other related arachidonic acid metabolites will also be discussed in less detail. 5-Oxo-ETE is synthesized by oxidation of the 5-lipoxygenase product 5S-HETE by the selective enzyme, 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase. It actions are mediated by the selective OXE receptor, which is highly expressed on eosinophils, suggesting that it may be important in eosinophilic diseases such as asthma. 5-Oxo-ETE also appears to stimulate tumor cell proliferation and may also be involved in cancer. Highly selective and potent OXE receptor antagonists have recently become available and could help to clarify its pathophysiological role. The 12-lipoxygenase product 12S-HETE acts by the GPR31 receptor and promotes tumor cell proliferation and metastasis and could therefore be a promising target in cancer therapy. It may also be involved as a proinflammatory mediator in diabetes. In contrast, 15S-HETE may have a protective effect in cancer. In addition to GPCRs, higher concentration of HETEs and oxo-ETEs can activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and could potentially regulate a variety of processes by this mechanism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada.
| | - Joshua Rokach
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
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22
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Gore V, Chourey S, Ye Q, Patel P, Ouedraogo Y, Gravel S, Powell WS, Rokach J. Base-dependent formation of cis and trans olefins and their application in the synthesis of 5-oxo-ETE receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3385-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Patel P, Reddy CN, Gore V, Chourey S, Ye Q, Ouedraogo YP, Gravel S, Powell WS, Rokach J. Two Potent OXE-R Antagonists: Assignment of Stereochemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:815-9. [PMID: 25050171 DOI: 10.1021/ml500161v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) is formed by the oxidation of 5-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), which is a major metabolite of enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA). 5-Oxo-ETE is the most potent lipid chemoattractant for human eosinophils. Its actions are mediated by the selective OXE receptor, which is therefore an attractive target in eosinophilic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. Recently, we have reported two excellent OXE receptor antagonists that have IC50 values at low nanomolar concentrations. Each of these antagonists has a chiral center, and the isolation of the individual enantiomers by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that in each case one enantiomer is over 300 times more potent than the other. To unambiguously assign the stereochemistry of these enantiomers and to provide access to larger amounts of the active compounds for biological testing, we report here their total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Patel
- Claude Pepper Institute
and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West
University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Chintam Nagendra Reddy
- Claude Pepper Institute
and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West
University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Vivek Gore
- Claude Pepper Institute
and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West
University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Shishir Chourey
- Claude Pepper Institute
and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West
University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Qiuji Ye
- Claude Pepper Institute
and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West
University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Yannick P. Ouedraogo
- Claude Pepper Institute
and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West
University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - Sylvie Gravel
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - William S. Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
| | - Joshua Rokach
- Claude Pepper Institute
and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West
University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
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24
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Gore V, Gravel S, Cossette C, Patel P, Chourey S, Ye Q, Rokach J, Powell WS. Inhibition of 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid-induced activation of neutrophils and eosinophils by novel indole OXE receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2014; 57:364-77. [PMID: 24351031 DOI: 10.1021/jm401292m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
5-Oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) is a 5-lipoxygenase product that is a potent granulocyte chemoattractant, which induces the infiltration of eosinophils into human skin when injected intradermally. It could therefore be an important proinflammatory mediator in eosinophilic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis, and the OXE receptor, which mediates its actions, is therefore an attractive drug target. Using a structure-based approach in which substituents mimicking the essential polar (C1-C5) and hydrophobic (C15-C20) regions of 5-oxo-ETE were incorporated on an indole scaffold, we identified two potent selective OXE antagonists with IC50 values of about 30 nM. Neither compound displayed agonist activity and both inhibited 5-oxo-ETE-induced chemotaxis and actin polymerization and were relatively resistant to metabolism by rat liver homogenates. The active enantiomers of these racemic antagonists were even more potent, with IC50 values of <10 nM. These selective OXE antagonists could potentially be useful therapeutic agents in allergic diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Gore
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University , 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
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25
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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26
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Ichi I, Kono N, Arita Y, Haga S, Arisawa K, Yamano M, Nagase M, Fujiwara Y, Arai H. Identification of genes and pathways involved in the synthesis of Mead acid (20:3n-9), an indicator of essential fatty acid deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:204-13. [PMID: 24184513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (Mead acid, 20:3n-9) is synthesized from oleic acid during a state of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). Mead acid is thought to be produced by the same enzymes that synthesize arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, but the genes and the pathways involved in the conversion of oleic acid to Mead acid have not been fully elucidated. The levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cultured cells are generally very low compared to those in mammalian tissues. In this study, we found that cultured cells, such as NIH3T3 and Hepa1-6 cells, have significant levels of Mead acid, indicating that cells in culture are in an EFAD state under normal culture conditions. We then examined the effect of siRNA-mediated knockdown of fatty acid desaturases and elongases on the level of Mead acid, and found that knockdown of Elovl5, Fads1, or Fads2 decreased the level of Mead acid. This and the measured levels of possible intermediate products for the synthesis of Mead acid such as 18:2n-9, 20:1n-9 and 20:2n-9 in the knocked down cells indicate two pathways for the synthesis of Mead acid: pathway 1) 18:1n-9→(Fads2)→18:2n-9→(Elovl5)→20:2n-9→(Fads1)→20:3n-9 and pathway 2) 18:1n-9→(Elovl5)→20:1n-9→(Fads2)→20:2n-9→(Fads1)→20:3n-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuyo Ichi
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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27
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Powell WS, Rokach J. The eosinophil chemoattractant 5-oxo-ETE and the OXE receptor. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:651-65. [PMID: 24056189 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
5-Oxo-ETE (5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) is formed from the 5-lipoxygenase product 5-HETE (5S-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase (5-HEDH). The cofactor NADP(+) is a limiting factor in the synthesis of 5-oxo-ETE because of its low concentrations in unperturbed cells. Activation of the respiratory burst in phagocytic cells, oxidative stress, and cell death all dramatically elevate both intracellular NADP(+) levels and 5-oxo-ETE synthesis. 5-HEDH is widely expressed in inflammatory, structural, and tumor cells. Cells devoid of 5-lipoxygenase can synthesize 5-oxo-ETE by transcellular biosynthesis using inflammatory cell-derived 5-HETE. 5-Oxo-ETE is a chemoattractant for neutrophils, monocytes, and basophils and promotes the proliferation of tumor cells. However, its primary target appears to be the eosinophil, for which it is a highly potent chemoattractant. The actions of 5-oxo-ETE are mediated by the highly selective OXE receptor, which signals by activating various second messenger pathways through the release of the βγ-dimer from Gi/o proteins to which it is coupled. Because of its potent effects on eosinophils, 5-oxo-ETE may be an important mediator in asthma, and, because of its proliferative effects, may also contribute to tumor progression. Selective OXE receptor antagonists, which are currently under development, could be useful therapeutic agents in asthma and other allergic diseases.
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Key Words
- 12-HHT
- 12-hydroxy-5Z,8E,10E-heptadecatrienoic acid
- 4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid
- 5,12-diHETE
- 5,15-diHETE
- 5-HEDH
- 5-HEPE
- 5-HETE
- 5-HETrE
- 5-HODE
- 5-HpETE
- 5-LO
- 5-Lipoxygenase
- 5-Oxo-ETE
- 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase
- 5-lipoxygenase
- 5-oxo-12-HETE
- 5-oxo-12S-hydroxy-6E,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5-oxo-15-HETE
- 5-oxo-15S-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5-oxo-20-HETE
- 5-oxo-20-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid
- 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5-oxo-6E,8Z,11Z-eicosatrienoic acid
- 5-oxo-6E,8Z-octadecadienoic acid
- 5-oxo-7-glutathionyl factor-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid
- 5-oxo-EPE
- 5-oxo-ETE
- 5-oxo-ETrE
- 5-oxo-ODE
- 5S,12S-dihydroxy-6E,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5S,15S-dihydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,13E-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5S-hydroperoxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5S-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid
- 5S-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid
- 5S-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z-eicosatrienoic acid
- 5S-hydroxy-6E,8Z-octadecadienoic acid
- 5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z-eicosapentaenoic acid
- 5Z,8Z,11Z-eicosatrienoic acid
- 5Z,8Z-octadecadienoic acid
- Asthma
- Chemoattractants
- DHA
- ECL
- EPA
- Eosinophils
- FOG(7)
- G protein-coupled receptor
- GPCR
- Inflammation
- LT
- LXA(4)
- Mead acid
- PAF
- PI3K
- PLC
- PMA
- PUFA
- Sebaleic acid
- StAR
- eosinophil chemotactic lipid
- leukotriene
- lipoxin A(4)
- phorbol myristate acetate
- phosphoinositide-3 kinase
- phospholipase C
- platelet-activating
- polyunsaturated fatty acid
- steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
- uPAR
- urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Powell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada.
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28
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Lagarde M, Bernoud-Hubac N, Calzada C, Véricel E, Guichardant M. Lipidomics of essential fatty acids and oxygenated metabolites. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1347-58. [PMID: 23818385 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids in mammals may be oxygenated into a myriad of bioactive products through di- and monooxygenases, products that are rapidly degraded to control their action. To evaluate the phenotypes of biological systems regarding this wide family of compounds, a lipidomics approach in function of time and compartments would be relevant. The current review takes into consideration most of the diverse oxygenated metabolites of essential fatty acids at large and their immediate degradation products. Their biological function and life span are considered. Overall, this is a fluxolipidomics approach that is emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lagarde
- Université de Lyon, UMR 1060 Inserm, IMBL, INSA-Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
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29
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Gore V, Patel P, Chang CT, Sivendran S, Kang N, Ouedraogo YP, Gravel S, Powell WS, Rokach J. 5-Oxo-ETE receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3725-32. [PMID: 23581530 DOI: 10.1021/jm400480j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
5-Oxo-ETE is the most powerful eosinophil chemoattractant among lipid mediators. Eosinophil infiltration into the lungs of asthmatics may be responsible for the late phase of inflammatory asthma. We have designed and synthesized a 5-oxo-ETE receptor antagonist, the purpose of which is to prevent eosinophil migration to the lung during an asthma attack and thereby reduce asthma symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Gore
- Claude Pepper Institute and Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
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30
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Thomsen KF, Laposata M, Njoroge SW, Umunakwe OC, Katrangi W, Seegmiller AC. Increased elongase 6 and Δ9-desaturase activity are associated with n-7 and n-9 fatty acid changes in cystic fibrosis. Lipids 2011; 46:669-77. [PMID: 21544602 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Patients with cystic fibrosis, caused by mutations in CFTR, exhibit specific and consistent alterations in the levels of particular unsaturated fatty acids compared with healthy controls. Evidence suggests that these changes may play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Among these abnormalities are increases in the levels of n-7 and n-9 fatty acids, particularly palmitoleate (16:1n-7), oleate (18:1n-9), and eicosatrienoate or mead acid (20:3n-9). The underlying mechanisms of these particular changes are unknown, but similar changes in the n-3 and n-6 fatty acid families have been correlated with increased expression of fatty acid metabolic enzymes. This study demonstrated that cystic fibrosis cells in culture exhibit increased metabolism along the metabolic pathways leading to 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, and 20:3n-9 compared with wild-type cells. Furthermore, these changes are accompanied by increased expression of the enzymes that produce these fatty acids, namely Δ5, Δ6, and Δ9 desaturases and elongases 5 and 6. Taken together, these findings suggest that fatty acid abnormalities of the n-7 and n-9 series in cystic fibrosis are as a result, at least in part, of increased expression and activity of these metabolic enzymes in CFTR-mutated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly F Thomsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonao Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan.
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32
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Patel P, Anumolu JR, Powell WS, Rokach J. 5-oxo-15-HETE: total synthesis and bioactivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1857-60. [PMID: 21316960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of 6(E),8(Z),11(Z),13(E) 5-oxo-15-HETE 4 was accomplished. The synthetic material was evaluated with calcium mobilization assay and compared with 5-oxo-ETE the natural ligand for the OXE receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Patel
- Claude Pepper Institute, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA
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33
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Shearer GC, Harris WS, Pedersen TL, Newman JW. Detection of omega-3 oxylipins in human plasma and response to treatment with omega-3 acid ethyl esters. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2074-81. [PMID: 19671931 DOI: 10.1194/m900193-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) have beneficial health effects, but the molecular mediators of these effects are not well characterized. Oxygenated n-3 FAs (oxylipins) may be an important class of mediators. Members of this chemical class include epoxides, alcohols, diols, and ketones, many of which have bioactivity in vitro. Neither the presence of n-3 oxylipins in human plasma nor the effect of n-3 FA ingestion on their levels has been documented. We measured plasma oxylipins derived from both the n-3 and n-6 FA classes in healthy volunteers (n = 10) before and after 4 weeks of treatment with prescription n-3 FA ethyl esters (4 g/day). At baseline, EPA and DHA oxylipins were detected in low (1-50 nM) range, with alcohols > epoxides >or= diols. Treatment increased n-3 oxylipin levels 2- to 5-fold and reduced selected n-6 oxylipins by approximately 20%. This is the first documentation that endogenous n-3 oxylipin levels can be modulated by n-3 FA treatment in humans. The extent to which the beneficial cardiovascular effects of n-3 FAs are mediated by increased n-3 and/or reduced n-6 oxylipin levels remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Shearer
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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34
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Stables MJ, Gilroy DW. Old and new generation lipid mediators in acute inflammation and resolution. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 50:35-51. [PMID: 20655950 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Originally regarded as just membrane constituents and energy storing molecules, lipids are now recognised as potent signalling molecules that regulate a multitude of cellular responses via receptor-mediated pathways, including cell growth and death, and inflammation/infection. Derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), each lipid displays unique properties, thus making their role in inflammation distinct from that of other lipids derived from the same PUFA. The diversity of their actions arises because such metabolites are synthesised via discrete enzymatic pathways and because they elicit their response via different receptors. This review will collate the bioactive lipid research to date and summarise the findings in terms of the major pathways involved in their biosynthesis and their role in inflammation and its resolution. It will include lipids derived from AA (prostanoids, leukotrienes, 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, lipoxins and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids), EPA (E-series resolvins), and DHA (D-series resolvins, protectins and maresins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J Stables
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Medicine, 5 University Street, University College London, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom
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35
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Shearer GC, Newman JW. Impact of circulating esterified eicosanoids and other oxylipins on endothelial function. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2010; 11:403-10. [PMID: 19852880 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-009-0061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids, including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, and other oxylipins derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, have emerging roles in endothelial inflammation and subsequent atherosclerosis. Unlike eicosanoids in the prostanoid series, they are known to be esterified in cell lipids such as phospholipids and triglycerides; however, our understanding of these reservoirs is in its infancy. This review focuses on recent work identifying circulating oxylipins, primarily esterified with lipoprotein lipids, and their effects on markers of endothelial dysfunction. These oxylipins are known to be released by at least one lipase (lipoprotein lipase) and to mediate increased expression of inflammatory markers in endothelial cells, which coincides with the known roles of lipoproteins in endothelial dysfunction. The implications of the lipolytic release of lipoprotein-bound oxylipins for the inflammatory response, challenges to analysis of this oxylipin compartment, and the potential importance of non-arachidonate-derived oxylipins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Shearer
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Suite 700, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
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36
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37
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Leukotriene, lipoxin, oxoeicosanoid and resolvin E1. Br J Pharmacol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00501_37.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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38
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Im DS. New intercellular lipid mediators and their GPCRs: An update. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2009; 89:53-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Revised: 01/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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39
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Shearer GC, Harris WS, Pedersen TL, Newman JW. Detection of omega-3 oxylipins in human plasma and response to treatment with omega-3 acid ethyl esters. J Lipid Res 2009. [PMID: 19671931 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m900193-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) have beneficial health effects, but the molecular mediators of these effects are not well characterized. Oxygenated n-3 FAs (oxylipins) may be an important class of mediators. Members of this chemical class include epoxides, alcohols, diols, and ketones, many of which have bioactivity in vitro. Neither the presence of n-3 oxylipins in human plasma nor the effect of n-3 FA ingestion on their levels has been documented. We measured plasma oxylipins derived from both the n-3 and n-6 FA classes in healthy volunteers (n = 10) before and after 4 weeks of treatment with prescription n-3 FA ethyl esters (4 g/day). At baseline, EPA and DHA oxylipins were detected in low (1-50 nM) range, with alcohols > epoxides >or= diols. Treatment increased n-3 oxylipin levels 2- to 5-fold and reduced selected n-6 oxylipins by approximately 20%. This is the first documentation that endogenous n-3 oxylipin levels can be modulated by n-3 FA treatment in humans. The extent to which the beneficial cardiovascular effects of n-3 FAs are mediated by increased n-3 and/or reduced n-6 oxylipin levels remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Shearer
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
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40
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Grant GE, Rokach J, Powell WS. 5-Oxo-ETE and the OXE receptor. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2009; 89:98-104. [PMID: 19450703 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
5-Oxo-ETE is a product of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway that is formed by the oxidation of 5-HETE by 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase (5-HEDH). 5-HEDH is a microsomal NADP(+)-dependent enzyme that is highly selective for 5-HETE. 5-Oxo-ETE synthesis is regulated by intracellular NADP(+) levels and is dramatically increased under conditions that favor oxidation of NADPH to NADP(+) such as oxidative stress and the respiratory burst in phagocytic cells. 5-Oxo-ETE is a potent chemoattractant for eosinophils and has similar effects on neutrophils, basophils and monocytes. It elicits infiltration of eosinophils and, to a lesser extent, neutrophils into the skin after intradermal injection in humans. It also promotes the survival of tumor cells and has been shown to block the induction of apoptosis by 5-LO inhibitors. 5-Oxo-ETE acts by the G(i/o)-coupled OXE receptor, which was also known as TG1019, R527 and hGPCR48. Although the pathophysiological role of 5-oxo-ETE is not well understood, it may play important roles in asthma and allergic diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. The availability of a selective antagonist would help to clarify the role of 5-oxo-ETE and may be of therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail E Grant
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, QC, Canada
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41
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Patel P, Cossette C, Anumolu JR, Erlemann KR, Grant GE, Rokach J, Powell WS. Substrate selectivity of 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase and its inhibition by 5-hydroxy-Delta6-long-chain fatty acids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:335-41. [PMID: 19164464 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.143453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Oxo-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) is a metabolite of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) product 5S-hydroxy-6E,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), formed by the microsomal enzyme 5-hydroxyeicosanoid dehydrogenase (5-HEDH). 5-oxo-ETE is a chemoattractant for neutrophils and eosinophils, both in vitro and in vivo. To examine the substrate selectivity of 5-HEDH and to search for potential inhibitors, we prepared a series of 5S-hydroxy fatty acids (C(12) to C(20) containing zero to four double bonds) by total chemical synthesis and examined their metabolism by microsomes from monocytic U937 cells. Although most of these fatty acids were oxidized to their 5-oxo metabolites by 5-HEDH, 5-HETE seemed to be the best substrate. However, substrates containing less than 16 carbons, a methylated alpha-carboxyl group, or a hydroxyl group at the omega-end of the molecule were not substantially metabolized. Some of the fatty acids tested were fairly potent inhibitors of the formation of 5-oxo-ETE by 5-HEDH, in particular 5-hydroxy-6-octadecenoic acid and 5-hydroxy-6-eicosenoic acid. Both substances selectively inhibited 5-oxo-ETE formation by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells incubated with arachidonic acid and calcium ionophore without affecting the formation of leukotriene B(4), 12-HETE, or 12-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid. We conclude that the requirements for appreciable metabolism by 5-HEDH include a chain length of at least 16 carbons, a free alpha-carboxyl group, and a hydrophobic group at the omega-end of the molecule. 5-Hydroxy-Delta(6) C(18) and C(20) fatty acids selectively inhibit 5-HEDH without inhibiting 5-LO, leukotriene A(4) hydrolase, 12-lipoxygenase, or cyclooxygenase. Such compounds may be useful in defining the role of 5-oxo-ETE and its mechanism of synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Patel
- Claude Pepper Institute, Department of Chemistry, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, USA
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42
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The depressive effects of 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic Acid (20:3n-9) on osteoblasts. Lipids 2008; 44:97-102. [PMID: 18941818 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In cases of essential fatty acid deficiency, 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (Mead acid, 20:3n-9) is synthesized from oleic acid as a 20-carbon analog of arachidonic acid. It was reported that 20:3n-9 levels were markedly higher in human fetal cartilage than in the muscle, liver and spleen. We, therefore, hypothesized that 20:3n-9 decreased osteoblastic activity. Goldfish scales were incubated either with 20:3n-9 or with oleic acid at 15 degrees C for 6 and 18 h. Both osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities in the scale were assessed by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, respectively. MC3T3-E1 cells (an osteoblast cell line derived from the mouse) were incubated with 20:3n-9 or oleic acid at 37 degrees C for 6 and 18 h. ALP activity in cell lysate was measured. In the case of experiments with scales, 20:3n-9 (1-100 muM) significantly suppressed osteoblastic activity after 6 and 18 h of incubation, whereas oleic acid did not change this activity. Osteoclastic activity was not affected either by 20:3n-9 or by oleic acid. In the case with the cell line, osteoblastic activity was again significantly decreased with 20:3n-9 (10-30 muM) after 6-h incubation but not after 18 h incubation. The presence of 20:3n-9 in fetal cartilage may be important for the prevention of calcification in the cartilage. 20:3n-9 could be applied to some clinical situations where bone formation should be inhibited.
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