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Pailla SR, Sampathi S, Junnuthula V, Maddukuri S, Dodoala S, Dyawanapelly S. Brain-Targeted Intranasal Delivery of Zotepine Microemulsion: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050978. [PMID: 35631564 PMCID: PMC9145021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to improve the solubility, bioavailability, and efficacy of zotepine (ZTP) by brain-targeted intranasal delivery of microemulsion (ME) and its physicochemical properties, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were evaluated. The optimized ME formulations contain 10% w/w of oil (Capmul MCM C8, monoglycerides, and diglycerides of caprylic acid), 50% w/w of Smix (Labrasol and Transcutol HP, and 40% w/w of water resulting in a globule size of 124.6 ±3.52 nm with low polydispersity index (PDI) (0.212 ± 0.013) and 2.8-fold higher permeation coefficient through porcine nasal mucosa compared to pure drug. In vitro cell line studies on RPMI 2650, Beas-2B, and Neuro-2A revealed ZTP-ME as safe. ZTP-ME administered intranasally showed higher AUC0-t24 (18.63 ± 1.33 h x µg/g) in the brain by approximately 4.3-fold than oral ME (4.30 ± 0.92 h × µg/g) and 7.7-fold than intravenous drug solutions (2.40 ± 0.36 h × µg/g). In vivo anti-schizophrenic activity was conducted using catalepsy test scores, the formulation showed better efficacy via the intranasal route; furthermore, there was no inflammation or hemorrhage in the nasal cavity. The results concluded that the ZTP microemulsion as a safe and effective strategy could greatly enhance brain distribution by intranasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravanthi Reddy Pailla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India;
| | - Sunitha Sampathi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India;
- GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad 502329, India;
- Correspondence: or (S.S.); (V.J.); (S.D.)
| | - Vijayabhaskarreddy Junnuthula
- Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: or (S.S.); (V.J.); (S.D.)
| | - Sravya Maddukuri
- GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM Deemed to be University, Hyderabad 502329, India;
| | - Sujatha Dodoala
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati 517502, India;
| | - Sathish Dyawanapelly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
- Correspondence: or (S.S.); (V.J.); (S.D.)
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Effects of an Atypical Antipsychotic, Zotepine, on Astroglial L-Glutamate Release through Hemichannels: Exploring the Mechanism of Mood-Stabilising Antipsychotic Actions and Antipsychotic-Induced Convulsion. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111116. [PMID: 34832898 PMCID: PMC8625878 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating neuropsychopharmacological evidence has suggested that functional abnormalities of astroglial transmission and protein kinase B (Akt) contribute to the pathophysiology and/or pathomechanisms of several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, affective disorders and antipsychotic-induced convulsions. Therefore, to explore the pathophysiology of mood-stabilising antipsychotics and the proconvulsive actions of atypical antipsychotics, the present study determined the effects of a mood-stabilising, atypical, antipsychotic agent, zotepine (ZTP), on astroglial L-glutamate release and the expression of connexin43 (Cx43) protein in cortical, primary, cultured astrocytes using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography and capillary immunoblotting systems. Both acute and subchronic administrations of therapeutically relevant concentrations of ZTP did not affect astroglial L-glutamate release or Cx43 expression in plasma membranes; however, chronic administration of a therapeutically relevant concentration of ZTP increased astroglial L-glutamate release and Cx43 expression in the plasma membrane. Subchronic administrations of a supratherapeutic concentration of ZTP enhanced astroglial L-glutamate release and Cx43 expression in the plasma membrane, whereas acute administration of a supratherapeutic concentration of ZTP enhanced astroglial L-glutamate release without affecting Cx43 expression. These stimulatory effects of ZTP on astroglial L-glutamate release through activated hemichannels and Cx43 trafficking to the astroglial plasma membrane were suppressed by the Akt inhibitor. These results suggest that ZTP enhances astroglial L-glutamate release in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner due to the enhanced function of astroglial hemichannels, probably via activation of Akt signalling. Therefore, the enhanced astroglial L-glutamatergic transmission induced by ZTP is, at least partially, involved in the mood-stabilising antipsychotic and proconvulsive actions of ZTP.
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Rahman H, Haque SM, Siddiqui MR. A Comprehensive Review on Importance and Quantitation of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs and their Active Metabolites in Commercial Dosage Forms. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190328214323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects more than twenty-one
million people throughout the world. Schizophrenia also causes early death. Schizophrenia and other
related psychotic ailments are controlled by the prescription of antipsychotic drugs, which act by blocking
certain chemical receptors in the brain and thus relieves the symptoms of psychotic disorder. These
drugs are present in the different dosage forms in the market and provided in a certain amount as per the
need of the patients.
Objective:
Since such medications treat mental disorders, it is very important to have a perfect and accurate
dose so that the risk factor is not affected by a higher or lower dose, which is not sufficient for
the treatment. For accurate assay of these kinds of drugs, different analytical methods were developed
ranging from older spectrophotometric techniques to latest hyphenated methods.
Results:
The current review highlights the role of different analytical techniques that were employed in
the determination and identification of antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites. Techniques such as
spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas
chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry employed in the method development of
such antipsychotic drugs were reported in the review. Different metabolites, identified using the hyphenated
techniques, were also mentioned in the review. The synthesis pathways of few of the metabolites
were mentioned.
Conclusion:
The review summarizes the analyses of different antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites.
A brief introduction of illnesses and their symptoms and possible medications were highlighted. Synthesis
pathways of the associated metabolites were also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibur Rahman
- Department of General Studies, Jubail Industrial College, P.O. Box No. 10099, Zip Code–31961, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - S.K. Manirul Haque
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering Technology, Jubail Industrial College, P.O. Box No 10099, Zip Code- 31961, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Pailla SR, Talluri S, Rangaraj N, Ramavath R, Challa VS, Doijad N, Sampathi S. Intranasal Zotepine Nanosuspension: intended for improved brain distribution in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 27:541-556. [PMID: 31256410 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zotepine (ZTP), an antipsychotic drug is well tolerated and particularly effective for treating negative symptoms of psychosis. But is limited by low oral bioavailability caused by substantial first pass metabolism and thereby less amount of drug reaches the brain due to blood brain barrier (BBB). OBJECTIVES Since ZTP displays dose dependent side effects, purpose of the contemporary study is to develop zotepine loaded nanosuspension (ZTP-NS) for increased brain targeting in rats at lower doses. METHODS ZTP-NS is prepared by two techniques viz., sonoprecipitation (SP) and combination technique (high pressure homogenization preceded by precipitation) by employing various stabilizers. Optimized ZTP-NS was characterized for particle size, solid state, morphology and solubility. In vitro drug release of ZTP and formulations was conducted using Franz diffusion cell. Stability study was performed at different temperature conditions. Pharmacokinetic study was performed in Wistar rats to determine the bioavailability and brain distribution of ZTP after intra-nasal (IN) and intravenous (IV) administration. Histopathology of brain was done after repeated administration of IN ZTP dispersion and NS up to 14 days. RESULTS The optimized ZTP-NS formulated with Pluronic F-127 (0.3%w/v), Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose E15 (0.3%w/v) and soya lecithin (0.4%w/v) showed particle size of 519.26 ± 10.44 nm & 330.2 ± 12.90 nm and zeta potential of -21.7 ± 1.39 mV and - 18.26 ± 1.64 mV with sonoprecipitation and combination technique respectively. In vitro drug release was high (81.79 ± 3.23%) for ZTP-NS prepared by combination technique. Intranasal NS resulted in high brain concentrations of 8.6 fold (sonoprecipitation) and 10.79-fold hike in AUC0-24h in contrast to intravenous ZTP solution. Histopathology results reveal no significant changes in brain microscopic images. CONCLUSION ZTP-NS was successfully developed, characterized and found that nanosuspension is a favorable approach for intranasal delivery of zotepine. Graphical abstract Graphical abstract representing zotepine drawbacks, nanosuspension preparation, characterization and pharmacokinetic study in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravanthi Reddy Pailla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Sreekanth Talluri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Nagarjun Rangaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Ramdas Ramavath
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Veerabhadra Swamy Challa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Nandkumar Doijad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Sunitha Sampathi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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Mauri MC, Paletta S, Di Pace C, Reggiori A, Cirnigliaro G, Valli I, Altamura AC. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Atypical Antipsychotics: An Update. Clin Pharmacokinet 2018; 57:1493-1528. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Wierońska JM, Zorn SH, Doller D, Pilc A. Metabotropic glutamate receptors as targets for new antipsychotic drugs: Historical perspective and critical comparative assessment. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 157:10-27. [PMID: 26549541 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we aim to present, discuss and clarify our current understanding regarding the prediction of possible antipsychotic effects of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor ligands. The number of preclinical trials clearly indicates, that this group of compounds constitutes an excellent alternative to presently used antipsychotic therapy, being effective not only to positive, but also negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Although the results of clinical trials that were performed for the group of mGlu2/3 agonists were not so enthusiastic as in animal studies, they still showed that mGlu ligands do not induced variety of side effects typical for presently used antipsychotics, and were generally well tolerated. The lack of satisfactory effectiveness towards schizophrenia symptoms of mGlu2/3 activators in humans could be a result of variety of uncontrolled factors and unidentified biomarkers different for each schizophrenia patient, that should be taken into consideration in the future set of clinical trials. The subject is still open for further research, and the novel classes of mGlu5 or mGlu2/3 agonists/PAMs were recently introduced, including the large group of compounds from the third group of mGlu receptors, especially of mGlu4 subtype. Finally, more precise treatment based on simultaneous administration of minimal doses of the ligands for two or more receptors, seems to be promising in the context of symptoms-specific schizophrenia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Wierońska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Pilc
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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Du G, Liu Y, Li J, Liu W, Wang Y, Li H. Hypothermic microenvironment plays a key role in tumor immune subversion. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:245-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kondo MA, Tajinda K, Colantuoni C, Hiyama H, Seshadri S, Huang B, Pou S, Furukori K, Hookway C, Jaaro-Peled H, Kano SI, Matsuoka N, Harada K, Ni K, Pevsner J, Sawa A. Unique pharmacological actions of atypical neuroleptic quetiapine: possible role in cell cycle/fate control. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e243. [PMID: 23549417 PMCID: PMC3641406 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Quetiapine is an atypical neuroleptic with a pharmacological profile distinct from classic neuroleptics that function primarily via blockade of dopamine D2 receptors. In the United States, quetiapine is currently approved for treating patients with schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar I disorder. Despite its widespread use, its cellular effects remain elusive. To address possible mechanisms, we chronically treated mice with quetiapine, haloperidol or vehicle and examined quetiapine-specific gene expression change in the frontal cortex. Through microarray analysis, we observed that several groups of genes were differentially expressed upon exposure to quetiapine compared with haloperidol or vehicle; among them, Cdkn1a, the gene encoding p21, exhibited the greatest fold change relative to haloperidol. The quetiapine-induced downregulation of p21/Cdkn1a was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Consistent with single gene-level analyses, functional group analyses also indicated that gene sets associated with cell cycle/fate were differentially regulated in the quetiapine-treated group. In cortical cell cultures treated with quetiapine, p21/Cdkn1a was significantly downregulated in oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neurons, but not in astrocytes. We propose that cell cycle-associated intervention by quetiapine in the frontal cortex may underlie a unique efficacy of quetiapine compared with typical neuroleptics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kondo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K Tajinda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Pharmacology Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - C Colantuoni
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Hiyama
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Pharmacology Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - S Seshadri
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Pou
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K Furukori
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C Hookway
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Jaaro-Peled
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S-i Kano
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N Matsuoka
- Pharmacology Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - K Harada
- Pharmacology Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - K Ni
- Pharmacology Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - J Pevsner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University and Hugo W Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. E-mail:
| | - A Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 3-166, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. E-mail:
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9
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Atypical antipsychotics: trends in analysis and sample preparation of various biological samples. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:961-80. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical antipsychotics are increasingly popular and increasingly prescribed. In some countries, they can even be obtained over-the-counter, without a prescription, making their abuse quite easy. Although atypical antipsychotics are thought to be safer than typical antipsychotics, they still have severe side effects. Intoxications are not rare and some of them have a fatal outcome. Drug interactions involving atypical antipsychotics complicate patient management in clinical settings and the determination of the cause of death in fatalities. In view of the above, analytical strategies that can efficiently isolate atypical antipsychotics from a variety of biological samples and quantify them accurately, sensitively and reliably, are of utmost importance both for the clinical, as well as for the forensic toxicologist. In this review, we will present and discuss novel analytical strategies that have been developed from 2004 to the present day for the determination of atypical antipsychotics in various biological samples.
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Liégeois JF, Deville M, Dilly S, Lamy C, Mangin F, Résimont M, Tarazi FI. New Pyridobenzoxazepine Derivatives Derived from 5-(4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl)-8-chloro-pyrido[2,3-b][1,5]benzoxazepine (JL13): Chemical Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1572-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2013419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Liégeois
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry,
Drug Research Center, University of Liège, avenue de l’Hôpital 1 (B36), B-4000 Liège
1, Belgium
| | - Marine Deville
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry,
Drug Research Center, University of Liège, avenue de l’Hôpital 1 (B36), B-4000 Liège
1, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Dilly
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry,
Drug Research Center, University of Liège, avenue de l’Hôpital 1 (B36), B-4000 Liège
1, Belgium
| | - Cédric Lamy
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry,
Drug Research Center, University of Liège, avenue de l’Hôpital 1 (B36), B-4000 Liège
1, Belgium
| | - Floriane Mangin
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry,
Drug Research Center, University of Liège, avenue de l’Hôpital 1 (B36), B-4000 Liège
1, Belgium
| | - Mélissa Résimont
- Laboratory
of Medicinal Chemistry,
Drug Research Center, University of Liège, avenue de l’Hôpital 1 (B36), B-4000 Liège
1, Belgium
| | - Frank I. Tarazi
- Department of
Psychiatry and
Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Marcus MM, Jardemark K, Malmerfelt A, Gertow J, Konradsson-Geuken Å, Svensson TH. Augmentation by escitalopram, but not citalopram or R-citalopram, of the effects of low-dose risperidone: Behavioral, biochemical, and electrophysiological evidence. Synapse 2011; 66:277-90. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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