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Mori T, Yamashita K, Takahashi K, Mano S, Sato D, Narita M. Characterization of the discriminative stimulus effect of quinpirole: Further evidence for functional interaction between central dopamine D 1/D 2-receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 213:173314. [PMID: 34919902 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the central dopamine D2-receptor-related network has been proposed to play a critical role in dopamine-related diseases, such as schizophrenia and drug dependence. Generally, the stimulation of dopamine D2-receptors on medium spiny neurons (MSN) induces several behavioral effects, such as sedation, hallucination, aversion and motivation. Furthermore, such physiological responses through dopamine D2-receptor-containing MSN (D2-MSN) may be synchronized with the activity of dopamine D1-receptor-containing MSN (D1-MSN), or both may exhibit dual agonistic/antagonistic innervation. In the present study, we characterized the discriminative stimulus effect of the selective dopamine D2-receptor agonist quinpirole to further investigate the "D1/D2-MSN" interaction using dopamine-related agents, hallucinogens and sedatives in rats. Among dopamine receptor agonists, only selective dopamine D2-receptor agonists substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of quinpirole. Neither the δ-opioid receptor agonist SNC80 nor the adenosine A2A-receptor antagonist istradefylline, both of which may act on D2-MSNs, substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of quinpirole. Interestingly, the dopamine D1-receptor antagonist SCH23390 and the GABAB-receptor agonist baclofen, but not hallucinogens or sedatives, substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of quinpirole. These results suggest that stimulation of central dopamine D2-receptors exerts a distinct discriminative stimulus effect, and blockade of dopamine D1-receptors and agonistic modulation of GABAB-receptors may share the discriminative stimulus effect via the activation of central dopamine D2-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Mori
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Yamashita
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Ko Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsei Mano
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sato
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Narita
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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Mori T, Iwase Y, Uzawa N, Takahashi Y, Mochizuki A, Fukase M, Shibasaki M, Suzuki T. Synergistic effects of MDMA and ethanol on behavior: Possible effects of ethanol on dopamine D 2 -receptor-related signaling. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e13000. [PMID: 33372347 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polydrug abuse is common among drug abusers. In particular, psychostimulants are often taken with ethanol, and the combination of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and alcohol is one of the most common forms of polydrug abuse. However, the mechanism by which these drugs influence behavior remains unclear. The present study was designed to delineate the mechanisms that underlie the effects of the interaction between MDMA and ethanol on behavior in rodents. The combination of MDMA with ethanol enhanced their locomotor-increasing, rewarding, and discriminative stimulus effects without enhancing their effects on the release of dopamine from the nucleus accumbens in rodents. In addition, ethanol potently enhanced locomotor activity produced by the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine in mice. In antagonism tests, the dopamine D1 -receptor antagonist SCH23390, but not the D2 -receptor antagonist haloperidol, completely suppressed hyperlocomotion induced by MDMA. However, hyperlocomotion induced by the co-administration of MDMA and ethanol was potently suppressed by haloperidol. These results suggest that the synergistic effects of MDMA and ethanol are mediated through dopamine transmission, especially through postsynaptical regulation of D2 -receptor-mediated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Mori
- Department of Pharmacology Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo Japan
- Department of Toxicology Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Iwase
- Department of Pharmacology Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo Japan
- Department of Toxicology Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo Japan
| | - Naoki Uzawa
- Department of Pharmacology Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo Japan
- Department of Toxicology Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo Japan
| | - Yui Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo Japan
- Department of Toxicology Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo Japan
| | - Ayano Mochizuki
- Department of Toxicology Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo Japan
| | - Mika Fukase
- Department of Toxicology Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo Japan
| | - Masahiro Shibasaki
- Department of Pharmacology Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo Japan
- Department of Toxicology Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo Japan
| | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Toxicology Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo Japan
- Institute of Drug Addiction Research Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Tokyo Japan
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Mori T, Uzawa N, Masukawa D, Hirayama S, Iwase Y, Hokazono M, Udagawa Y, Suzuki T. Enhancement of the rewarding effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in orexin knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 396:112802. [PMID: 32653557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Orexinergic neurons, which are closely associated with narcolepsy, regulate arousal and reward circuits through the activation of monoaminergic neurons. Psychostimulants as well as 5-HT-related compounds have potential in the treatment of human narcolepsy. Previous studies have demonstrated that orexin receptor antagonists as well as orexin deficiencies affect the pharmacological effects of psychostimulants. However, little information is available on the consequences of psychostimulant use under orexin deficiency. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the abuse liability of psychostimulants in orexin knockout (KO) mice. In the present study, conditioned place preferences induced by methamphetamine and methylphenidate were not altered in orexin KO mice. Interestingly, we found that MDMA induced a conditioned place preference in orexin KO mice, but not in wild type (WT) mice. In addition, MDMA produced methylphenidate/methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects in orexin KO mice, but not WT mice. Increases in 5-HT and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens induced by MDMA were not altered by knockout of orexin; the steady-state level of G protein activation was higher in the limbic forebrain of orexin KO mice. In substitution tests using a drug discrimination procedure, substitution of 5-HT1A receptor agonist for the discriminative stimulus effects of methylphenidate was enhanced in orexin KO mice. These findings indicate that the orexinergic system is involved the rewarding effects of psychostimulants. However, there is a risk of establishing rewarding effects of psychostimulants even under orexin deficiency. On the other hand, deficiencies in orexin may enhance the abuse liability of MDMA by changing a postsynaptic signal transduction accompanied by changes in discriminative stimulus effects themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Mori
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan; Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Naoki Uzawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan; Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeto Hirayama
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Iwase
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan; Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Mayuna Hokazono
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yuya Udagawa
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan; Institute of Drug Addiction Research, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
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Berquist MD, Leth-Petersen S, Kristensen JL, Fantegrossi WE. In vivo effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and its deuterated form in rodents: Drug discrimination and thermoregulation. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 208:107850. [PMID: 31954950 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent clinical studies support the use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) as an adjunct treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite these promising findings, MDMA administration in controlled settings can increase blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature. Previous studies indicate thatO-demethylated metabolites of MDMA contribute to its adverse effects. As such, limiting the conversion of MDMA to reactive metabolites may mitigate some of its adverse effects and potentially improve its safety profile for therapeutic use. METHODS We compared the interoceptive and hyperthermic effects of a deuterium-substituted form of MDMA (d2-MDMA) to MDMA using rodent drug discrimination and biotelemetry procedures, respectively. RESULTS Compared to MDMA, d2-MDMA produced full substitution for a 1.5 mg/kg MDMA training stimulus with equal potency and effectiveness in the drug discrimination experiment. In addition, d2-MDMA produced increases in body temperature that were shorter-lasting and of lower magnitude compared to equivalent doses of MDMA. Last, d2-MDMA and MDMA were equally effective in reversing the hypothermic effects of the selective 5-HT2A/2C antagonist ketanserin. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that deuterium substitution of hydrogen at the methylenedioxy ring moiety does not impact MDMA's interoceptive effects, and compared to MDMA, d2-MDMA has less potential for producing hyperthermic effects and likely has similar pharmacodynamic properties. Given that d2-MDMA produces less adverse effects than MDMA, but retains similar desirable effects that are thought to relate to the effective treatment of PTSD, additional investigations into its effects on cardiovascular functioning and pharmacokinetic properties are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Berquist
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham #611, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Sebastian Leth-Petersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Jesper Langgaard Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - William E Fantegrossi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham #611, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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Rosecrans JA, Young R. Discriminative Stimulus Properties of S(-)-Nicotine: "A Drug for All Seasons". Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 39:51-94. [PMID: 28391535 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
S(-)-Nicotine is the major pharmacologically active substance in tobacco and can function as an effective discriminative stimulus in both experimental animals and humans. In this model, subjects must detect and communicate the nicotine drug state versus the non-drug state. This review describes the usefulness of the procedure to study nicotine, presents a general overview of the model, and provides some relevant methodological details for the establishment of this drug as a stimulus. Once established, the (-)-nicotine stimulus can be characterized for dose response and time course effects. Moreover, tests can be conducted to determine the similarity of effects produced by test drugs to those produced by the training dose of nicotine. Such tests have shown that the stimulus effects of nicotine are stereoselective [S(-)-nicotine >R(+)-nicotine] and that other "natural" tobacco alkaloids and (-)-nicotine metabolites can produce (-)-nicotine-like effects, but these drugs are much less potent than (-)-nicotine. Stimulus antagonism tests with mecamylamine and DHβE (dihydro-β-erythroidine) indicate that the (-)-nicotine stimulus is mediated via α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in brain; dopamine systems also are likely involved. Individuals who try to cease their use of nicotine-based products are often unsuccessful. Bupropion (Zyban®) and varenicline (Chantix®) may be somewhat effective as anti-smoking medications because they probably produce stimulus effects that serve as suitable substitutes for (-)-nicotine in the individual who is motivated to quit smoking. Finally, it is proposed that future drug discrimination studies should apply the model to the issue of maintenance of abstinence from (-)-nicotine-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Rosecrans
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, P.O. Box 980613, Richmond, VA, 23298-0613, USA
| | - Richard Young
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, P.O. Box 980540, Richmond, VA, 23219-0540, USA.
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Dunlap LE, Andrews AM, Olson DE. Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2408-2427. [PMID: 30001118 PMCID: PMC6197894 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Better known as "ecstasy", 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a small molecule that has played a prominent role in defining the ethos of today's teenagers and young adults, much like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) did in the 1960s. Though MDMA possesses structural similarities to compounds like amphetamine and mescaline, it produces subjective effects that are unlike any of the classical psychostimulants or hallucinogens and is one of the few compounds capable of reliably producing prosocial behavioral states. As a result, MDMA has captured the attention of recreational users, the media, artists, psychiatrists, and neuropharmacologists alike. Here, we detail the synthesis of MDMA as well as its pharmacology, metabolism, adverse effects, and potential use in medicine. Finally, we discuss its history and why it is perhaps the most important compound for the future of psychedelic science-having the potential to either facilitate new psychedelic research initiatives, or to usher in a second Dark Age for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E Dunlap
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Anne M Andrews
- Departments of Psychiatry and Chemistry & Biochemistry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - David E Olson
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine , University of California, Davis , 2700 Stockton Blvd, Suite 2102 , Sacramento , California 95817 , United States
- Center for Neuroscience , University of California, Davis , 1544 Newton Ct , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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Dopamine and serotonin antagonists fail to alter the discriminative stimulus properties of ±methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 30:327-334. [PMID: 30199389 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Most studies on discriminative stimulus effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) have been conducted using a relatively low dose (1.5 mg/kg), and those studies have invariably implicated serotonergic mechanisms. In contrast, dopaminergic mechanisms mediate the discriminative stimulus effects of amphetamine (AMPH). Some studies have suggested that the discriminative stimulus effects of a higher (3.0 mg/kg) dose of MDMA might rely on both serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms. This study aimed to determine effects of selective dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT) antagonists on the discriminative stimulus properties of AMPH (0.5 mg/kg) and MDMA (3.0 mg/kg). Separate groups of rats were trained to discriminate AMPH (0.5 mg/kg) or MDMA (3.0 mg/kg) from saline using a food-reinforced drug-discrimination procedure. Effects of DA (SCH 23390: 0.003-0.03 mg/kg and eticlopride: 0.03-0.3 mg/kg) or 5HT (ritanserin: 1.0-10.0 mg/kg, WAY-100635: 0.3-1.0 mg/kg and GR129375: 1.0-3.0 mg/kg) antagonists on the discriminative stimulus effects of both drugs were determined. Both DA antagonists dose-dependently decreased the AMPH but not the MDMA discrimination. None of the 5HT antagonists altered the discriminative stimulus effects of either drug. The MDMA (3.0 mg/kg) stimulus comprises both a DAergic and 5HTergic response, and the results suggest that either one is sufficient, but not required, to maintain the stimulus effects.
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Generalization of serotonin and dopamine ligands to the discriminative stimulus effects of different doses of ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 28:245-254. [PMID: 27922542 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies that have attributed the discriminative stimulus effects of ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) to serotonergic mechanisms typically use a relatively low training dose of 1.5 mg/kg. The role of serotonin in the discriminative stimulus effects of higher doses of MDMA is, however, unknown. Separate groups of rats were trained to discriminate MDMA (1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg) from saline using a two-lever, food-reinforced drug-discrimination procedure. Generalization tests were carried out with a range of serotonin and dopamine ligands. Fluoxetine (0.3-3 mg/kg), clomipramine (1-10 mg/kg) and meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (0.3-2 mg/kg) dose-dependently substituted for the 1.5 mg/kg MDMA stimulus, but not the 3.0 mg/kg MDMA stimulus. 8-OH-DPAT (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) and RU-24969 (0.3-3 mg/kg) substituted for both the low-dose and the high-dose MDMA stimulus. The generalization dose-effect curve produced by 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (0.3-3 mg/kg) was shifted to the right for the 3.0 mg/kg MDMA-trained group. Amphetamine (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) and apomorphine (0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg) substituted for the 3.0 mg/kg, but not the 1.5 mg/kg MDMA stimulus. The results suggest some differences in the role of serotonin and dopamine in the discriminative stimulus effects of a low versus a higher dose of MDMA.
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Mori T, Suzuki T. The Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Hallucinogenic and Dissociative Anesthetic Drugs. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018; 39:141-152. [PMID: 27586539 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The subjective effects of drugs are related to the kinds of feelings they produce, such as euphoria or dysphoria. One of the methods that can be used to study these effects is the drug discrimination procedure. Many researchers have been trying to elucidate the mechanisms that underlie the discriminative stimulus properties of abused drugs (e.g., alcohol, psychostimulants, and opioids). Over the past two decades, patterns of drug abuse have changed, so that club/recreational drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), ketamine, and cannabinoid, which induce perceptual distortions, like hallucinations, are now more commonly abused, especially in younger generations. In particular, the abuse of designer drugs, which aim to mimic the subjective effects of psychostimulants (e.g., MDMA or amphetamines), has been problematic. However, the mechanisms of the discriminative stimulus effects of hallucinogenic and dissociative anesthetic drugs are not yet fully clear. This chapter focuses on recent findings regarding hallucinogenic and dissociative anesthetic drug-induced discriminative stimulus properties in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Mori
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi, Japan.
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DeLarge AF, Erwin LL, Winsauer PJ. Atypical binding at dopamine and serotonin transporters contribute to the discriminative stimulus effects of mephedrone. Neuropharmacology 2017; 119:62-75. [PMID: 28396142 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone), a constituent of the recreational substances known as "bath salts", is a synthetic cathinone that can produce auditory and visual hallucinations, as well as problematic cardiovascular effects. This study compared the discriminative stimulus effects of mephedrone (0.32-10 mg/kg) with other prototypical drugs of abuse: cocaine (0.56-32 mg/kg), d-amphetamine (0.18-3.2 mg/kg), ketamine (1.8-18 mg/kg), phencyclidine (PCP, 1-5.6 mg/kg), heroin (1-10 mg/kg), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (R-DOI, 0.1-1 mg/kg), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC 0.56-5.6 mg/kg), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA, 0.32-5.6 mg/kg), methylphenidate (1-10 mg/kg), and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV, 0.56-5.6 mg/kg). The discriminative stimulus effects of mephedrone were also assessed after administration of the sigma receptor antagonist rimcazole (0.32-10 mg/kg), the relatively selective norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor desipramine (1.8-18 mg/kg), and the selective serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitor fluoxetine (1-18 mg/kg). Initially, rats were trained to discriminate an intraperitoneal injection of mephedrone (3.2 mg/kg) from saline under a fixed-ratio 20 schedule of food presentation. Following training, cumulative doses of mephedrone and the other drugs were administered to test for substitution (80% drug-lever responding). Of the drugs tested, including those that were tested in combination with mephedrone (i.e., rimcazole, desipramine, and fluoxetine), only cocaine fully substituted for mephedrone without substantially decreasing response rate. In addition, the three drugs administered in combination with mephedrone shifted the cumulative dose-effect curves leftward (percent drug-lever responding) and down (response rate), although fluoxetine did so in a dose-dependent manner ranging from antagonism to potentiation. In summary, the discriminative stimulus effects of mephedrone were most similar to those for the central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, cocaine, and SERT and DAT activity were necessary for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa F DeLarge
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA.
| | - Laura L Erwin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Peter J Winsauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA; Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
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Katz JL, Hiranita T, Hong WC, Job MO, McCurdy CR. A Role for Sigma Receptors in Stimulant Self-Administration and Addiction. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 244:177-218. [PMID: 28110353 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sigma receptors (σRs) are structurally unique proteins that function intracellularly as chaperones. Historically, σRs have been implicated as modulators of psychomotor stimulant effects and have at times been proposed as potential avenues for modifying stimulant abuse. However, the influence of ligands for σRs on the effects of stimulants, such as cocaine or methamphetamine, in various preclinical procedures related to drug abuse has been varied. The present paper reviews the effects of σR agonists and antagonists in three particularly relevant procedures: stimulant discrimination, place conditioning, and self-administration. The literature to date suggests limited σR involvement in the discriminative-stimulus effects of psychomotor stimulants, either with σR agonists substituting for the stimulant or with σR antagonists blocking stimulant effects. In contrast, studies of place conditioning suggest that administration of σR antagonists or down-regulation of σR protein can block the place conditioning induced by stimulants. Despite place conditioning results, selective σR antagonists are inactive in blocking the self-administration of stimulants. However, compounds binding to the dopamine transporter and blocking σRs can selectively decrease stimulant self-administration. Further, after self-administration of stimulants, σR agonists are self-administered, an effect not seen in subjects without that specific history. These findings suggest that stimulants induce unique changes in σR activity, and once established, the changes induced create redundant, and dopamine independent reinforcement pathways. Concomitant targeting of both dopaminergic pathways and σR proteins produces a selective antagonism of those pathways, suggesting new avenues for combination chemotherapies to specifically combat stimulant abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Katz
- Psychobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Takato Hiranita
- Psychobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Weimin C Hong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, 46208, USA
| | - Martin O Job
- Psychobiology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
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Ka M, Kook YH, Liao K, Buch S, Kim WY. Transactivation of TrkB by Sigma-1 receptor mediates cocaine-induced changes in dendritic spine density and morphology in hippocampal and cortical neurons. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2414. [PMID: 27735948 PMCID: PMC5133986 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine is a highly addictive narcotic associated with dendritic spine plasticity in the striatum. However, it remains elusive whether cocaine modifies spines in a cell type-specific or region-specific manner or whether it alters different types of synapses in the brain. In addition, there is a paucity of data on the regulatory mechanism(s) involved in cocaine-induced modification of spine density. In the current study, we report that cocaine exposure differentially alters spine density, spine morphology, and the types of synapses in hippocampal and cortical neurons. Cocaine exposure in the hippocampus resulted in increased spine density, but had no significant effect on cortical neurons. Although cocaine exposure altered spine morphology in both cell types, the patterns of spine morphology were distinct for each cell type. Furthermore, we observed that cocaine selectively affects the density of excitatory synapses. Intriguingly, in hippocampal neurons cocaine-mediated effects on spine density and morphology involved sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1 R) and its downstream TrkB signaling, which were not the case in cortical neurons. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of Sig-1 R prevented cocaine-induced TrkB activation in hippocampal neurons. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which cocaine induces selective changes in spine morphology, spine density, and synapse formation, and could provide insights into the cellular basis for the cognitive impairment observed in cocaine addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhan Ka
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yeon-Hee Kook
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ke Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Mori T, Uzawa N, Iwase Y, Masukawa D, Rahmadi M, Hirayama S, Hokazono M, Higashiyama K, Shioda S, Suzuki T. Narcolepsy-like sleep disturbance in orexin knockout mice are normalized by the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:2343-53. [PMID: 27068481 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Orexin knockout (KO) mice exhibit a phenotype that is similar to human narcolepsy, and monoamine-related compounds, such as psychostimulants and 5-HT uptake inhibitors, have been used for the treatment of narcoleptic disorders. However, little information is available regarding the pathophysiological features of orexin KO mice, particularly with respect to their narcoleptic-like disorder and how it is affected by monoamine-related compounds. OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to investigate both the nature of the neuronal changes in orexin KO mice and the therapeutic effects of monoamine-related compounds on the sleep disorder in orexin KO mice. RESULTS A decrease in locomotor activity in the dark phase was observed in orexin KO mice, and psychostimulants and 5-HT-related compounds, such as 8-OH-DPAT (5-HT1A receptor agonist) and DOI (5-HT2 receptor agonist), inhibited this hypolocomotion. We also found that 5-HT1A receptor mRNA levels, but not those for 5-HT2 or dopamine receptors, were significantly decreased in the prefrontal cortex of orexin KO mice in the dark period and were accompanied by compromising the increase in 5-HT metabolite levels. In addition, the sleep disorder in orexin KO mice, as analyzed by a polysomnography during the dark period, was completely normalized by 8-OH-DPAT. CONCLUSION These results suggest that a dysfunction of 5-HT1A receptors is involved in the narcoleptic-like sleep dysfunction in orexin KO mice, and such dysfunction may participate in orexin deficiency-induced sleep disorders. Further, the use of 5-HT1A receptor agonist could be useful for treating the sleep disorder under a deficiency of orexin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Mori
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan. .,Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Naoki Uzawa
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Iwase
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Mahardian Rahmadi
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeto Hirayama
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Mayuna Hokazono
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Kimio Higashiyama
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Peptide Drug Innovation, Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan. .,Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (K.H.), Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
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Schmid Y, Rickli A, Schaffner A, Duthaler U, Grouzmann E, Hysek CM, Liechti ME. Interactions between Bupropion and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Healthy Subjects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:102-11. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.222356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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