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Sardu ML, Poggesi I. Pharmacokinetics of intranasal drugs, still a missed opportunity? Xenobiotica 2024; 54:424-438. [PMID: 38687903 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2349046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The intranasal (IN) route of administration is important for topical drugs and drugs intended to act systemically. More recently, direct nose-to-brain input was considered to bypass the blood-brain barrier.Processes related to IN absorption and nose-to-brain distribution are complex and depend, sometimes in contrasting ways, on chemico-physical and structural parameters of the compounds, and on formulation options.Due to the intricacies of these processes and despite the large number of articles published on many different IN compounds, it appears that absorption after IN dosing is not yet fully understood. In particular, at variance of the understanding and modelling approaches that are available for predicting the pharmacokinetics (PK) following oral administration of xenobiotics, it appears that there is not a similar understanding of the chemico-physical and structural determinants influencing drug absorption and disposition of compounds after IN administration, which represents a missed opportunity for this research field. This is even more true regarding the understanding of the direct nose-to-brain input. Due to this, IN administrations may represent an interesting and open research field for scientists aiming to develop PK property predictions tools, mechanistic PK models describing rate and extent of IN absorption, and translational tools to anticipate the clinical PK following IN dosing based on in vitro and in vivo non clinical experiments.This review intends to provide: i) some basic knowledge related to the physiology of PK after IN dosing, ii) a non-exhaustive list of preclinical and clinical examples related to compounds explored for the potential nose-to-blood and nose-to-brain passage, and iii) the identification of some areas requiring improvements, the understanding of which may facilitate the development of IN drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Italo Poggesi
- Clinical Pharmacology, Modeling and Simulation, GSK, Verona, Italy
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2
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Mardikasari SA, Katona G, Sipos B, Csóka I. Essential considerations towards development of effective nasal antibiotic formulation: features, strategies, and future directions. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:611-625. [PMID: 38588551 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2341184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intranasal antibiotic products are gaining popularity as a promising method of administering antibiotics, which provide numerous benefits, e.g. enhancing drug bioavailability, reducing adverse effects, and potentially minimizing resistance threats. However, some issues related to the antibiotic substances and nasal route challenges must be addressed to prepare effective formulations. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the valuable points of nasal delivery as an alternative route for administering antibiotics, coupled with the challenges in the nasal cavity that might affect the formulations. Moreover, this review also highlights the application of nasal delivery to introduce antibiotics for local therapy, brain targeting, and systemic effects that have been conducted. In addition, this viewpoint provides strategies to maintain antibiotic stability and several crucial aspects to be considered for enabling effective nasal formulation. EXPERT OPINION In-depth knowledge and understanding regarding various key considerations with respect to the antibiotic substances and nasal route delivery requirement in preparing effective nasal antibiotic formulation would greatly improve the development of nasally administered antibiotic products, enabling better therapeutic outcomes of antibiotic treatment and establishing appropriate use of antibiotics, which in turn might reduce the chance of antibiotic resistance and enhance patient comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Aulia Mardikasari
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Gábor Katona
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bence Sipos
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Gracioso Martins AM, Snider DB, Popowski KD, Schuchard KG, Tenorio M, Akunuri S, Wee J, Peters KJ, Jansson A, Shirwaiker R, Cheng K, Freytes DO, Cruse GP. Low-dose intrapulmonary drug delivery device for studies on next-generation therapeutics in mice. J Control Release 2023; 359:287-301. [PMID: 37301267 PMCID: PMC10527740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although nebulizers have been developed for delivery of small molecules in human patients, no tunable device has been purpose-built for targeted delivery of modern large molecule and temperature-sensitive therapeutics to mice. Mice are used most of all species in biomedical research and have the highest number of induced models for human-relevant diseases and transgene models. Regulatory approval of large molecule therapeutics, including antibody therapies and modified RNA highlight the need for quantifiable dose delivery in mice to model human delivery, proof-of-concept studies, efficacy, and dose-response. To this end, we developed and characterized a tunable nebulization system composed of an ultrasonic transducer equipped with a mesh nebulizer fitted with a silicone restrictor plate modification to control the nebulization rate. We have identified the elements of design that influence the most critical factors to targeted delivery to the deep lungs of BALB/c mice. By comparing an in silico model of the mouse lung with experimental data, we were able to optimize and confirm the targeted delivery of over 99% of the initial volume to the deep portions of the mouse lung. The resulting nebulizer system provides targeted lung delivery efficiency far exceeding conventional nebulizers preventing waste of expensive biologics and large molecules during proof-of-concept and pre-clinical experiments involving mice. (Word Count =207).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Gracioso Martins
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Douglas B Snider
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine and Translational Research Training Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kristen D Popowski
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Karl G Schuchard
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Matias Tenorio
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sandip Akunuri
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Junghyun Wee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kara J Peters
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anton Jansson
- Analytical Instrumentation Facility, Monteith Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Rohan Shirwaiker
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Donald O Freytes
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Glenn P Cruse
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Alberto M, Paiva-Santos AC, Veiga F, Pires PC. Lipid and Polymeric Nanoparticles: Successful Strategies for Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery in the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety Disorders. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122742. [PMID: 36559236 PMCID: PMC9783528 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal administration has gained an increasing interest for brain drug delivery since it allows direct transport through neuronal pathways, which can be quite advantageous for central nervous system disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Nanoparticles have been studied as possible alternatives to conventional formulations, with the objective of improving drug bioavailability. The present work aimed to analyze the potential of intranasal nanoparticle administration for the treatment of depression and anxiety, using the analysis of several studies already performed. From the carried-out analysis, it was concluded that the use of nanoparticles allows the drug's protection from enzymatic degradation, and the modulation of its components allows controlled drug release and enhanced drug permeation. Furthermore, the results of in vivo studies further verified these systems' potential, with the drug reaching the brain faster and leading to increased bioavailability and, consequently, therapeutic effect. Hence, in general, the intranasal administration of nanoparticles leads to a faster onset of action, with increased and prolonged brain drug concentrations and, consequently, therapeutic effects, presenting high potential as an alternative to the currently available therapies for the treatment of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Alberto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Rede de Química e Tecnologia/Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (REQUIMTE/LAQV), Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.P.-S.); (P.C.P.)
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Rede de Química e Tecnologia/Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (REQUIMTE/LAQV), Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrícia C. Pires
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Rede de Química e Tecnologia/Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde (REQUIMTE/LAQV), Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.P.-S.); (P.C.P.)
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Pires PC, Rodrigues M, Alves G, Santos AO. Strategies to Improve Drug Strength in Nasal Preparations for Brain Delivery of Low Aqueous Solubility Drugs. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:588. [PMID: 35335964 PMCID: PMC8955176 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intranasal administration is a promising route for brain drug delivery. However, it can be difficult to formulate drugs that have low water solubility into high strength intranasal solutions. Hence, the purpose of this work was to review the strategies that have been used to increase drug strength in intranasal liquid formulations. Three main groups of strategies are: the use of solubilizers (change in pH, complexation and the use cosolvents/surfactants); incorporation of the drugs into a carrier nanosystem; modifications of the molecules themselves (use of salts or hydrophilic prodrugs). The use of high amounts of cosolvents and/or surfactants and pH decrease below 4 usually lead to local adverse effects, such as nasal and upper respiratory tract irritation. Cyclodextrins and (many) different carrier nanosystems, on the other hand, could be safer for intranasal administration at reasonably high concentrations, depending on selected excipients and their dose. While added attributes such as enhanced permeation, sustained delivery, or increased direct brain transport could be achieved, a great effort of optimization will be required. On the other hand, hydrophilic prodrugs, whether co-administered with a converting enzyme or not, can be used at very high concentrations, and have resulted in a fast prodrug to parent drug conversion and led to high brain drug levels. Nevertheless, the choice of which strategy to use will always depend on the characteristics of the drug and must be a case-by-case approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia C. Pires
- Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUC-UC), University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (M.R.); (G.A.)
| | - Márcio Rodrigues
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (M.R.); (G.A.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Center for Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Research Unit for Inland Development (CPIRN-UDI-IPG), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (M.R.); (G.A.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Adriana O. Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal; (M.R.); (G.A.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
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Cloyd J, Haut S, Carrazana E, Rabinowicz AL. Overcoming the challenges of developing an intranasal diazepam rescue therapy for the treatment of seizure clusters. Epilepsia 2021; 62:846-856. [PMID: 33617690 PMCID: PMC8248041 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Seizure clusters must be treated quickly and effectively to prevent progression to prolonged seizures and status epilepticus. Rescue therapy for seizure clusters has focused on the use of benzodiazepines. Although intravenous benzodiazepine administration is the primary route in hospitals and emergency departments, seizure clusters typically occur in out‐of‐hospital settings, where a more portable product that can be easily administered by nonmedical caregivers is needed. Thus, other methods of administration have been examined, including rectal, intranasal, intramuscular, and buccal routes. Following US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 1997, rectal diazepam became the mainstay of out‐of‐hospital treatment for seizure clusters in the United States. However, social acceptability and consistent bioavailability present limitations. Intranasal formulations have potential advantages for rescue therapies, including ease of administration and faster onset of action. A midazolam nasal spray was approved by the FDA in 2019 for patients aged 12 years or older. In early 2020, the FDA approved a diazepam nasal spray for patients aged 6 years or older, which has a different formulation than the midazolam nasal product and enhances aspects of bioavailability. Benzodiazepines, including diazepam, present significant challenges in developing a suitable intranasal formulation. Diazepam nasal spray contains dodecyl maltoside (DDM) as an absorption enhancer and vitamin E to increase solubility in an easy‐to‐use portable device. In a Phase 1 study, absolute bioavailability of the diazepam nasal spray was 97% compared with intravenous diazepam. Subsequently, the nasal spray demonstrated less variability in bioavailability than rectal gel (percentage of geometric coefficient of variation of area under the curve = 42%–66% for diazepam nasal spray compared with 87%–172% for rectal gel). The diazepam nasal spray safety profile is consistent with that expected for rectal diazepam, with low rates of nasal discomfort (≤6%). To further improve the efficacy of rescue therapy, investigation of novel intranasal benzodiazepine formulations is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Cloyd
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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A Short Review on the Intranasal Delivery of Diazepam for Treating Acute Repetitive Seizures. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121167. [PMID: 33265963 PMCID: PMC7761129 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines such as diazepam, lorazepam and midazolam remained the mainstay of treatment for acute repetitive seizures (ARS). The immediate care for ARS should often begin at home by a caregiver. This prevents the progression of ARS to prolonged seizures or status epilepticus. For a long time and despite social objections rectal diazepam gel remained only FDA-approved rescue medication. Intranasal administration of benzodiazepines is considered attractive and safe compared with rectal, buccal and sublingual routes. Intranasal delivery offers numerous advantages such as large absorptive surface area, bypass the first-pass metabolism and good patient acceptance as it is needle free and painless. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that diazepam nasal spray (NRL-1; Valtoco®, Neurelis Inc.,San Diego, CA, USA) showed less pharmacokinetic variability and reliable bioavailability compared with the diazepam rectal gel. Diazepam nasal spray could be considered as a suitable alternative for treating seizure emergencies outside the hospital. This review summarizes the treatment options for ARS and findings from clinical studies involving intranasal diazepam for treating seizure emergencies.
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Nelson KM. A Curiously Linear Path to Academic Drug Discovery. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:217-220. [PMID: 32184945 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal chemistry graduate students interested in drug discovery usually consider only two career paths: become a tenure track principal investigator of a lab with a focused research interest, or become an industry scientist at a pharmaceutical company. This Viewpoint article will highlight a unique career path that is neither of these and is a new model, involving collaboration, creative problem solving, and a willingness to learn new things, that perhaps can prove successful for others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Nelson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
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Rautiola D, Updyke JL, Nelson KM, Siegel RA. Diazepam Prodrug Stabilizes Human Aminopeptidase B during Lyophilization. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:453-460. [PMID: 31829605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human aminopeptidase B (APB) is a labile enzyme that is being investigated as a biocatalyst for intranasal delivery of prodrug/enzyme combinations. Therefore, the stability of APB is a major concern to ensure a viable drug product. Lyophilization is one technique commonly used to extend shelf life of enzymes. However, the lyophilization process itself can cause conformational changes and aggregation, leading to inactivation of enzymes. In this study, we demonstrate the use of the substrate avizafone (AVF), a prodrug for diazepam, as a stabilizer to minimize inactivation of APB during lyophilization. Permutations of APB samples combined with AVF, trehalose, and/or mannitol were snap-frozen and lyophilized, and subsequently reconstituted to measure the activity of APB. Of the formulation permutations, an APB + AVF + trehalose combination resulted in minimum degradation with 71% retention of activity. This was followed by APB + AVF and APB + trehalose with 60 and 56% retention of activity, respectively. In comparison, APB + mannitol and APB alone retained only 16 and 6.4% activity, respectively. Lyophilizates of the APB + AVF + trehalose formulation were subjected to a 6 month accelerated stability study, at the end of which negligible reduction in activity was observed. These results suggest that colyophilization of an enzyme with its substrate can impart stability on par with the commonly used lyoprotectant, trehalose, but the combination of substrate and trehalose provides a greater stabilizing effect than either additive alone.
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Kim Y, Hwang S, Khalmuratova R, Kang S, Lee M, Song Y, Park JW, Yu J, Shin HW, Lee Y. α-Helical cell-penetrating peptide-mediated nasal delivery of resveratrol for inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. J Control Release 2019; 317:181-194. [PMID: 31785303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we examined the potential of cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-based intranasal drug delivery for the treatment of localized nasal diseases. Many charged or non-hydrophobic drugs have difficulty penetrating into the nasal epithelium due to intrinsic membrane impermeability and rapid mucociliary clearance in the nasal cavity. To treat chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), one of the most common localized nasal diseases, we conjugated resveratrol (RSV) to an amphiphilic α-helical leucine (L)- and lysine (K)-rich CPP (LK) and intranasally delivered it to the interior of nasal epithelial cells for inhibiting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) caused by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. The RSV-LK conjugate could penetrate into the nasal epithelium and efficiently inhibit EMT, nasal polyp formation, epithelial disruption, and related inflammation in an eosinophilic CRSwNP mouse model, at 10-fold lower doses and with 3-fold less frequent administration than free RSV. Due to the rapid penetration into the nasal epithelium and the therapeutic effect of the RSV-LK conjugate at much lower doses than free RSV, this CPP-based delivery system, with the ability to overcome the tight nasal epithelial barrier, may provide a new strategy for the treatment of localized nasal diseases without the systemic side effects of cargo drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Hwang
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Roza Khalmuratova
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunah Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Lee
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjun Song
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Education, College of Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Shin
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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