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Nonaka K, Nakamura M, Noda M, Yamaga T, Jang IS, Akaike N. Synaptic effects of xenon on NMDA receptor-mediated response in rat spinal neuron. Neurosci Lett 2024; 836:137885. [PMID: 38914276 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the precise mechanism of xenon (Xe), pharmacologically isolated AMPA/KA and NMDA receptor-mediated spontaneous (s) and evoked (e) excitatory postsynaptic currents (s/eEPSCAMPA/KA and s/eEPSCNMDA) were recorded from mechanically isolated single spinal sacral dorsal commissural nucleus (SDCN) neurons attached with glutamatergic nerve endings (boutons) using conventional whole-cell patch-clamp technique. We analysed kinetic properties of both s/eEPSCAMPA/KA and s/eEPSCNMDA by focal single- and/or paired-pulse electrical stimulation to compare them. The s/eEPSCNMDA showed smaller amplitude, slower rise time, and slower 1/e decay time constant (τDecay) than those of s/eEPSCAMPA/KA. We previously examined how Xe modulates s/eEPSCAMPA/KA, therefore, examined the effects on s/eEPSCNMDA in the present study. Xe decreased the frequency and amplitude of sEPSCNMDA, and decreased the amplitude but increased the failure rate and paired-pulse ratio of eEPSCNMDA without affecting their τDecay. It was concluded that Xe might suppress NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission via both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiku Nonaka
- Research Division for Life Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, 325 Izumi-machi, Kita-ku, Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan
| | - Michiko Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Mami Noda
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| | - Toshitaka Yamaga
- Research Division for Life Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, 325 Izumi-machi, Kita-ku, Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan
| | - Il-Sung Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Norio Akaike
- Research Division of Neurophysiology, Kitamoto Hospital, 3-7-6 Kawarasone, Koshigaya, Saitama 343-0821, Japan; Research Division for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Corporation, Juryo Group, Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, 6-8-1 Yamamuro, Kita-ku, Kumamoto 860-8518, Japan.
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Moes MI, Elia A, Gennser M, Keramidas ME. Combined effects of mild hypothermia and nitrous-oxide-induced narcosis on manual and cognitive performance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 326:R197-R209. [PMID: 38189165 PMCID: PMC11283895 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00246.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Divers are at enhanced risk of suffering from acute cognitive deterioration because of the low ambient temperatures and the narcotic action of inert gases inspired at high pressures. Yet, the behavioral effects of cold and inert gas narcosis have commonly been assessed in isolation and during short-term provocations. We therefore evaluated the interactive influence of mild hypothermia and narcosis engendered by a subanesthetic dose of nitrous oxide (N2O; a normobaric intervention analog of hyperbaric nitrogen) on cognitive function during prolonged iterative exposure. Fourteen men partook in two ∼12-h sessions (separated by ≥4 days), wherein they performed sequentially three 120-min cold (20°C) water immersions (CWIs), while inhaling, in a single-blinded manner, either normal air or a normoxic gas mixture containing 30% N2O. CWIs were separated by a 120-min rewarming in room-air breathing conditions. Before the first CWI and during each CWI, subjects performed a finger dexterity test, and the Spaceflight Cognitive Assessment Tool for Windows (WinSCAT) test assessing aspects of attention, memory, learning, and visuospatial ability. Rectal and skin temperatures were, on average, reduced by ∼1.2 °C and ∼8 °C, respectively (P < 0.001). Cooling per se impaired (P ≤ 0.01) only short-term memory (∼37%) and learning (∼18%); the impairments were limited to the first CWI. N2O also attenuated (P ≤ 0.02) short-term memory (∼37%) and learning (∼35%), but the reductions occurred in all CWIs. Furthermore, N2O invariably compromised finger dexterity, attention, concentration, working memory, and spatial processing (P < 0.05). The present results demonstrate that inert gas narcosis aggravates, in a persistent manner, basic and higher-order cognitive abilities during protracted cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike I Moes
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonis Elia
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Gennser
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michail E Keramidas
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jang IS, Nakamura M, Nonaka K, Noda M, Kotani N, Katsurabayashi S, Nagami H, Akaike N. Protein Kinase A Is Responsible for the Presynaptic Inhibition of Glycinergic and Glutamatergic Transmissions by Xenon in Rat Spinal Cord and Hippocampal CA3 Neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 386:331-343. [PMID: 37391223 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of a general anesthetic xenon (Xe) on spontaneous, miniature, electrically evoked synaptic transmissions were examined using the "synapse bouton preparation," with which we can clearly evaluate pure synaptic responses and accurately quantify pre- and postsynaptic transmissions. Glycinergic and glutamatergic transmissions were investigated in rat spinal sacral dorsal commissural nucleus and hippocampal CA3 neurons, respectively. Xe presynaptically inhibited spontaneous glycinergic transmission, the effect of which was resistant to tetrodotoxin, Cd2+, extracellular Ca2+, thapsigargin (a selective sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor), SQ22536 (an adenylate cyclase inhibitor), 8-Br-cAMP (membrane-permeable cAMP analog), ZD7288 (an hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel blocker), chelerythrine (a PKC inhibitor), and KN-93 (a CaMKII inhibitor) while being sensitive to PKA inhibitors (H-89, KT5720, and Rp-cAMPS). Moreover, Xe inhibited evoked glycinergic transmission, which was canceled by KT5720. Like glycinergic transmission, spontaneous and evoked glutamatergic transmissions were also inhibited by Xe in a KT5720-sensitive manner. Our results suggest that Xe decreases glycinergic and glutamatergic spontaneous and evoked transmissions at the presynaptic level in a PKA-dependent manner. These presynaptic responses are independent of Ca2+ dynamics. We conclude that PKA can be the main molecular target of Xe in the inhibitory effects on both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter release. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Spontaneous and evoked glycinergic and glutamatergic transmissions were investigated using the whole-cell patch clamp technique in rat spinal sacral dorsal commissural nucleus and hippocampal CA3 neurons, respectively. Xenon (Xe) significantly inhibited glycinergic and glutamatergic transmission presynaptically. As a signaling mechanism, protein kinase A was responsible for the inhibitory effects of Xe on both glycine and glutamate release. These results may help understand how Xe modulates neurotransmitter release and exerts its excellent anesthetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Sung Jang
- Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (I.S.J., M.Na); Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan (K.N.); Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (M.No); Kitamoto Hospital, Saitama, Japan (N.K., N.A.); Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K.); and Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (H.N., N.A.)
| | - Michiko Nakamura
- Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (I.S.J., M.Na); Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan (K.N.); Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (M.No); Kitamoto Hospital, Saitama, Japan (N.K., N.A.); Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K.); and Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (H.N., N.A.)
| | - Kiku Nonaka
- Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (I.S.J., M.Na); Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan (K.N.); Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (M.No); Kitamoto Hospital, Saitama, Japan (N.K., N.A.); Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K.); and Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (H.N., N.A.)
| | - Mami Noda
- Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (I.S.J., M.Na); Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan (K.N.); Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (M.No); Kitamoto Hospital, Saitama, Japan (N.K., N.A.); Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K.); and Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (H.N., N.A.)
| | - Naoki Kotani
- Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (I.S.J., M.Na); Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan (K.N.); Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (M.No); Kitamoto Hospital, Saitama, Japan (N.K., N.A.); Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K.); and Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (H.N., N.A.)
| | - Shutaro Katsurabayashi
- Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (I.S.J., M.Na); Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan (K.N.); Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (M.No); Kitamoto Hospital, Saitama, Japan (N.K., N.A.); Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K.); and Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (H.N., N.A.)
| | - Hideaki Nagami
- Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (I.S.J., M.Na); Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan (K.N.); Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (M.No); Kitamoto Hospital, Saitama, Japan (N.K., N.A.); Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K.); and Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (H.N., N.A.)
| | - Norio Akaike
- Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea (I.S.J., M.Na); Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan (K.N.); Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (M.No); Kitamoto Hospital, Saitama, Japan (N.K., N.A.); Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan (S.K.); and Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan (H.N., N.A.)
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Moes MI, Elia A, Gennser M, Eiken O, Keramidas ME. Nitrous oxide consistently attenuates thermogenic and thermoperceptual responses to repetitive cold stress in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:631-641. [PMID: 37471214 PMCID: PMC10642508 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00309.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Divers are at enhanced risk of hypothermia, due to the independent action of the inspired inert gases on thermoregulation. Thus, narcosis induced by acute (≤2 h) exposure to either hyperbaric nitrogen or normobaric nitrous oxide (N2O) impairs shivering thermogenesis and accelerates body core cooling. Animal-based studies, however, have indicated that repeated and sustained N2O administration may prevent N2O-evoked hypometabolism. We, therefore, examined the effects of prolonged intermittent exposure to 30% N2O on human thermoeffector plasticity in response to moderate cold. Fourteen men participated in two ∼12-h sessions, during which they performed sequentially three 120-min cold-water immersions (CWIs) in 20°C water, separated by 120-min rewarming. During CWIs, subjects were breathing either normal air or a normoxic gas mixture containing 30% N2O. Rectal and skin temperatures, metabolic heat production (via indirect calorimetry), finger and forearm cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC; laser-Doppler fluxmetry/mean arterial pressure), and thermal sensation and comfort were monitored. N2O aggravated the drop in rectal temperature (P = 0.01), especially during the first (by ∼0.3°C) and third (by ∼0.4°C) CWIs. N2O invariably blunted the cold-induced elevation of metabolic heat production by ∼22%-25% (P < 0.001). During the initial ∼30 min of the first and second CWIs, N2O attenuated the cold-induced drop in finger (P ≤ 0.001), but not in forearm CVC. N2O alleviated the sensation of coldness and thermal discomfort throughout (P < 0.001). Thus, the present results demonstrate that, regardless of the cumulative duration of gas exposure, a subanesthetic dose of N2O depresses human thermoregulatory functions and precipitates the development of hypothermia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Human thermoeffector plasticity was evaluated in response to prolonged iterative exposure to 30% N2O and moderate cold stress. Regardless of the duration of gas exposure, N2O-induced narcosis impaired in a persistent manner shivering thermogenesis and thermoperception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike I Moes
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonis Elia
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Gennser
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Eiken
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michail E Keramidas
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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