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Bodnar RJ. Endogenous opiates and behavior: 2023. Peptides 2024; 179:171268. [PMID: 38943841 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
This paper is the forty-sixth consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2023 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug and alcohol abuse (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Psychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, USA.
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Chiang YH, Berthold EC, Kuntz MA, Kanumuri SRR, Senetra AS, Mukhopadhyay S, Hampson AJ, McCurdy CR, Sharma A. Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Mitragynine, the Major Alkaloid of Kratom, in Rats. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:2452-2464. [PMID: 39144552 PMCID: PMC11320740 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
This study reports the steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters for mitragynine and characterizes its elimination in male and female rats. Four male and female rats were dosed q12h with 40 mg/kg, and orally administered mitragynine for 5 and 6 days, respectively. Using a validated ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method, the plasma concentrations of mitragynine, its metabolites (7-hydroxymitragynine, 9-hydroxycorynantheidine, and mitragynine acid), and a non-CYP oxidation product (3-dehydromitragynine) were determined at various time points. Sex differences in pharmacokinetics were observed, with females demonstrating significantly higher systemic exposure of mitragynine than males. The mitragynine area under the curve normalized by the dose interval (AUC/τ) was 6741.6 ± 869.5 h*ng/mL in female rats and 1808.9 ± 191.3 h*ng/mL in males (p < 0.05). Both sexes produced similar metabolite profiles; the major metabolites were mitragynine acid and 9-hydroxycorynantheidine. 7-Hydroxymitragynine was a minor metabolite. However, higher exposure (AUCs) and the maximum plasma concentrations (C max) of active metabolites, 7-hydroxymitragynine and 9-hydroxycorynantheidine, were observed in female rats and exhibited substantial sex differences. Renal clearance of mitragynine (CLr) was low (0.64 ± 0.3 mL/h in males and 0.98 ± 0.4 mL/h in females), and unchanged mitragynine accounted for <1% of the dose excreted in feces (both sexes). The clinical chemistry, complete blood count, and hematological test results reported no abnormal hematological findings after multiple dosing in either sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Chiang
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Erin C. Berthold
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Michelle A. Kuntz
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Siva Rama Raju Kanumuri
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Translational
Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Alexandria S. Senetra
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Sushobhan Mukhopadhyay
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Aidan J. Hampson
- Division
of Therapeutics and Medical Consequences, National Institute on Drug
Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Christopher R. McCurdy
- Translational
Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University
of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
- Translational
Drug Development Core, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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Luque-Sanchez K, Felix J, Bilbrey J, Restrepo L, Reeves M, McMahon LR, Wilkerson JL. Evaluation of novel epibatidine analogs in the rat nicotine drug discrimination assay and in the rat chronic constriction injury neuropathic pain model. ADVANCES IN DRUG AND ALCOHOL RESEARCH 2023; 3:11622. [PMID: 38389808 PMCID: PMC10880765 DOI: 10.3389/adar.2023.11622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Nicotine is the primary psychoactive component responsible for maintaining tobacco dependence in humans. Chronic pain is often a consequence of tobacco-related pathologies, and the development of a dual therapeutic that could treat chronic pain and tobacco dependence would be advantageous. Epibatidine reliably substitutes for nicotine in the drug discrimination assay, and is a potent analgesic, but has a side-effect profile that limits its therapeutic potential. Thus, considerable efforts to produce epibatidine derivatives are underway. Here we tested three epibatidine derivatives, 2'-fluoro-3'-(4-nitrophenyl)deschloroepibatidine (RTI-7527-102; i.e., RTI-102), 2'-fluorodeschloroepibatidine (RTI-7527-36; i.e., RTI-36), and 3'-(3″-dimethylaminophenyl)-epibatidine (RTI-7527-76; i.e., RTI-76) in both the rat nicotine drug discrimination assay as well as in the rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve neuropathic pain model. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on a fixed-ratio 10 schedule to discriminate nicotine (0.32 mg/kg base) from vehicle. All compounds dose-dependently substituted for nicotine, without significant decreases in response rates. In the discrimination assay the rank order potency was RTI-36 > nicotine > RTI-102 > RTI-76. Evidence suggests the α4β2* subtype is particularly important to nicotine-related abuse potential. Thus, here we utilized the antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE) to examine relative β2 subunit contribution. DHβE (3.2 mg/kg, s.c.) antagonized the discriminative stimulus effects of nicotine. However, relative to antagonism of nicotine, DHβE produced less antagonism of RTI-102 and RTI-76 and greater antagonism of RTI-36. It is likely that at nicotinic receptor subunits RTI-102, RTI-76 and RTI-36 possess differing activity. To confirm that the full discriminative stimulus of these compounds was due to nAChR activity beyond the β2 subunit, we examined these compounds in the presence of the non-selective nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine. Mecamylamine (0.56 mg/kg, s.c.) pretreatment abolished nicotine-paired lever responding for all compounds. In a separate cohort, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent CCI surgery and tested for CCI-induced mechanical allodynia via the von Frey assay. Each compound produced CCI-induced mechanical allodynia reversal. RTI-36 displayed higher potency than either RTI-102 or RTI-76. These novel epibatidine analogs may prove to be useful tools in the fight against nicotine dependence as well as novel neuropathic pain analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Luque-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jasmine Felix
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joshua Bilbrey
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Luis Restrepo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Morgan Reeves
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Jenny L Wilkerson
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
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