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Abu-Hashem AA, Hakami O, El-Shazly M, El-Nashar HAS, Yousif MNM. Caffeine and Purine Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review on the Chemistry, Biosynthetic Pathways, Synthesis-Related Reactions, Biomedical Prospectives and Clinical Applications. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202400050. [PMID: 38719741 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Caffeine and purine derivatives represent interesting chemical moieties, which show various biological activities. Caffeine is an alkaloid that belongs to the family of methylxanthine alkaloids and it is present in food, beverages, and drugs. Coffee, tea, and some other beverages are a major source of caffeine in the human diet. Caffeine can be extracted from tea or coffee using hot water with dichloromethane or chloroform and the leftover is known as decaffeinated coffee or tea. Caffeine and its derivatives were synthesized via different procedures on small and large scales. It competitively antagonizes the adenosine receptors (ARs), which are G protein-coupled receptors largely distributed in the human body, including the heart, vessels, brain, and kidneys. Recently, many reports showed the effect of caffeine derivatives in the treatment of many diseases such as Alzheimer's, asthma, parkinsonism, and cancer. Also, it is used as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hypocholesterolemic agent. The present review article discusses the synthesis, reactivity, and biological and pharmacological properties of caffeine and its derivatives. The biosynthesis and biotransformation of caffeine in coffee and tea leaves and the human body were summarized in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameen A Abu-Hashem
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, 45142 and 2097, Jazan, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman Hakami
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, 45142 and 2097, Jazan, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Heba A S El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud N M Yousif
- Photochemistry Department, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Coppi E, Cencetti F, Cherchi F, Venturini M, Donati C, Bruni P, Pedata F, Pugliese AM. A 2 B Adenosine Receptors and Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Signaling Cross-Talk in Oligodendrogliogenesis. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:677988. [PMID: 34135730 PMCID: PMC8202686 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.677988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte-formed myelin sheaths allow fast synaptic transmission in the brain. Impairments in the process of myelination, or demyelinating insults, might cause chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Under physiological conditions, remyelination is an ongoing process throughout adult life consisting in the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into mature oligodendrocytes (OLs). During pathological events, this process fails due to unfavorable environment. Adenosine and sphingosine kinase/sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling axes (SphK/S1P) play important roles in remyelination processes. Remarkably, fingolimod (FTY720), a sphingosine analog recently approved for MS treatment, plays important roles in OPC maturation. We recently demonstrated that the selective stimulation of A2 B adenosine receptors (A2 B Rs) inhibit OPC differentiation in vitro and reduce voltage-dependent outward K+ currents (I K ) necessary to OPC maturation, whereas specific SphK1 or SphK2 inhibition exerts the opposite effect. During OPC differentiation A2 B R expression increases, this effect being prevented by SphK1/2 blockade. Furthermore, selective silencing of A2 B R in OPC cultures prompts maturation and, intriguingly, enhances the expression of S1P lyase, the enzyme responsible for irreversible S1P catabolism. Finally, the existence of an interplay between SphK1/S1P pathway and A2 B Rs in OPCs was confirmed since acute stimulation of A2 B Rs activates SphK1 by increasing its phosphorylation. Here the role of A2 B R and SphK/S1P signaling during oligodendrogenesis is reviewed in detail, with the purpose to shed new light on the interaction between A2 B Rs and S1P signaling, as eventual innovative targets for the treatment of demyelinating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Cencetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Cherchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Martina Venturini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Donati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Bruni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Felicita Pedata
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pugliese
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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3
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Yang X, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP, van der Es D. Molecular probes for the human adenosine receptors. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:85-108. [PMID: 33313997 PMCID: PMC7954947 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptors, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by the endogenous ligand adenosine, have been considered potential therapeutic targets in several disorders. To date however, only very few adenosine receptor modulators have made it to the market. Increased understanding of these receptors is required to improve the success rate of adenosine receptor drug discovery. To improve our understanding of receptor structure and function, over the past decades, a diverse array of molecular probes has been developed and applied. These probes, including radioactive or fluorescent moieties, have proven invaluable in GPCR research in general. Specifically for adenosine receptors, the development and application of covalent or reversible probes, whether radiolabeled or fluorescent, have been instrumental in the discovery of new chemical entities, the characterization and interrogation of adenosine receptor subtypes, and the study of adenosine receptor behavior in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This review summarizes these applications, and also serves as an invitation to walk another mile to further improve probe characteristics and develop additional tags that allow the investigation of adenosine receptors and other GPCRs in even finer detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daan van der Es
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Dettori I, Gaviano L, Ugolini F, Lana D, Bulli I, Magni G, Rossi F, Giovannini MG, Pedata F. Protective Effect of Adenosine A 2B Receptor Agonist, BAY60-6583, Against Transient Focal Brain Ischemia in Rat. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:588757. [PMID: 33643036 PMCID: PMC7905306 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.588757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a multifactorial pathology characterized first by an acute injury, due to excitotoxicity, followed by a secondary brain injury that develops hours to days after ischemia. During ischemia, adenosine acts as an endogenous neuroprotectant. Few studies have investigated the role of A2B receptor in brain ischemia because of the low potency of adenosine for it and the few selective ligands developed so far. A2B receptors are scarcely but widely distributed in the brain on neurons, glial and endothelial cells and on hematopoietic cells, lymphocytes and neutrophils, where they exert mainly anti-inflammatory effects, inhibiting vascular adhesion and inflammatory cells migration. Aim of this work was to verify whether chronic administration of the A2B agonist, BAY60-6583 (0.1 mg/kg i.p., twice/day), starting 4 h after focal ischemia induced by transient (1 h) Middle Cerebral Artery occlusion (tMCAo) in the rat, was protective after the ischemic insult. BAY60-6583 improved the neurological deficit up to 7 days after tMCAo. Seven days after ischemia BAY60-6583 reduced significantly the ischemic brain damage in cortex and striatum, counteracted ischemia-induced neuronal death, reduced microglia activation and astrocytes alteration. Moreover, it decreased the expression of TNF-α and increased that of IL-10 in peripheral plasma. Two days after ischemia BAY60-6583 reduced blood cell infiltration in the ischemic cortex. The present study indicates that A2B receptors stimulation can attenuate the neuroinflammation that develops after ischemia, suggesting that A2B receptors may represent a new interesting pharmacological target to protect from degeneration after brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Dettori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Gaviano
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Ugolini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Bulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giada Magni
- Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara", National Research Council (IFAC-CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara", National Research Council (IFAC-CNR), Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Felicita Pedata
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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5
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Coppi E, Dettori I, Cherchi F, Bulli I, Venturini M, Lana D, Giovannini MG, Pedata F, Pugliese AM. A 2B Adenosine Receptors: When Outsiders May Become an Attractive Target to Treat Brain Ischemia or Demyelination. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9697. [PMID: 33353217 PMCID: PMC7766015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a signaling molecule, which, by activating its receptors, acts as an important player after cerebral ischemia. Here, we review data in the literature describing A2BR-mediated effects in models of cerebral ischemia obtained in vivo by the occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAo) or in vitro by oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in hippocampal slices. Adenosine plays an apparently contradictory role in this receptor subtype depending on whether it is activated on neuro-glial cells or peripheral blood vessels and/or inflammatory cells after ischemia. Indeed, A2BRs participate in the early glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity responsible for neuronal and synaptic loss in the CA1 hippocampus. On the contrary, later after ischemia, the same receptors have a protective role in tissue damage and functional impairments, reducing inflammatory cell infiltration and neuroinflammation by central and/or peripheral mechanisms. Of note, demyelination following brain ischemia, or autoimmune neuroinflammatory reactions, are also profoundly affected by A2BRs since they are expressed by oligodendroglia where their activation inhibits cell maturation and expression of myelin-related proteins. In conclusion, data in the literature indicate the A2BRs as putative therapeutic targets for the still unmet treatment of stroke or demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.D.); (F.C.); (I.B.); (M.V.); (F.P.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Ilaria Dettori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.D.); (F.C.); (I.B.); (M.V.); (F.P.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Federica Cherchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.D.); (F.C.); (I.B.); (M.V.); (F.P.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Irene Bulli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.D.); (F.C.); (I.B.); (M.V.); (F.P.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Martina Venturini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.D.); (F.C.); (I.B.); (M.V.); (F.P.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (D.L.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (D.L.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Felicita Pedata
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.D.); (F.C.); (I.B.); (M.V.); (F.P.); (A.M.P.)
| | - Anna Maria Pugliese
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (I.D.); (F.C.); (I.B.); (M.V.); (F.P.); (A.M.P.)
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6
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Mallo-Abreu A, Prieto-Díaz R, Jespers W, Azuaje J, Majellaro M, Velando C, García-Mera X, Caamaño O, Brea J, Loza MI, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Sotelo E. Nitrogen-Walk Approach to Explore Bioisosteric Replacements in a Series of Potent A 2B Adenosine Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7721-7739. [PMID: 32573250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A systematic exploration of bioisosteric replacements for furan and thiophene cores in a series of potent A2BAR antagonists has been carried out using the nitrogen-walk approach. A collection of 42 novel alkyl 4-substituted-2-methyl-1,4-dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxylates, which contain 18 different pentagonal heterocyclic frameworks at position 4, was synthesized and evaluated. This study enabled the identification of new ligands that combine remarkable affinity (Ki < 30 nM) and exquisite selectivity. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) trends identified were substantiated by a molecular modeling study, based on a receptor-driven docking model and including a systematic free energy perturbation (FEP) study. Preliminary evaluation of the CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 inhibitory activity in optimized ligands evidenced weak and negligible activity, respectively. The stereospecific interaction between hA2BAR and the eutomer of the most attractive novel antagonist (S)-18g (Ki = 3.66 nM) was validated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Willem Jespers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE 75124, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Brea
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María I Loza
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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7
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Mallo-Abreu A, Majellaro M, Jespers W, Azuaje J, Caamaño O, García-Mera X, Brea JM, Loza MI, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Sotelo E. Trifluorinated Pyrimidine-Based A2B Antagonists: Optimization and Evidence of Stereospecific Recognition. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9315-9330. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Willem Jespers
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75124, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - José M. Brea
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María I. Loza
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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8
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Vecchio EA, White PJ, May LT. The adenosine A 2B G protein-coupled receptor: Recent advances and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 198:20-33. [PMID: 30677476 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR) is one of four adenosine receptor subtypes belonging to the Class A family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Until recently, the A2BAR remained poorly characterised, in part due to its relatively low affinity for the endogenous agonist adenosine and therefore presumed minor physiological significance. However, the substantial increase in extracellular adenosine concentration, the sensitisation of the receptor and the upregulation of A2BAR expression under conditions of hypoxia and inflammation, suggest the A2BAR as an exciting therapeutic target in a variety of pathological disease states. Here we discuss the pharmacology of the A2BAR and outline its role in pathophysiology including ischaemia-reperfusion injury, fibrosis, inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Vecchio
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Heart Failure Pharmacology, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Paul J White
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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9
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Lindemann M, Hinz S, Deuther-Conrad W, Namasivayam V, Dukic-Stefanovic S, Teodoro R, Toussaint M, Kranz M, Juhl C, Steinbach J, Brust P, Müller CE, Wenzel B. Radiosynthesis and in vivo evaluation of a fluorine-18 labeled pyrazine based radioligand for PET imaging of the adenosine A 2B receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4650-4663. [PMID: 30104122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of a pyrazine core structure, three new adenosine A2B receptor ligands (7a-c) were synthesized containing a 2-fluoropyridine moiety suitable for 18F-labeling. Compound 7a was docked into a homology model of the A2B receptor based on X-ray structures of the related A2A receptor, and its interactions with the adenosine binding site were rationalized. Binding affinity data were determined at the four human adenosine receptor subtypes. Despite a rather low selectivity regarding the A1 receptor, 7a was radiolabeled as the most suitable candidate (Ki(A2B) = 4.24 nM) in order to perform in vivo studies in mice with the aim to estimate fundamental pharmacokinetic characteristics of the compound class. Organ distribution studies and a single PET study demonstrated brain uptake of [18F]7a with a standardized uptake value (SUV) of ≈1 at 5 min post injection followed by a fast wash out. Metabolism studies of [18F]7a in mice revealed the formation of a blood-brain barrier penetrable radiometabolite, which could be structurally identified. The results of this study provide an important basis for the design of new derivatives with improved binding properties and metabolic stability in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Lindemann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sonja Hinz
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Rodrigo Teodoro
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Magali Toussaint
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Kranz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Steinbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharma Center Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Wenzel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany.
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10
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Carbajales C, Azuaje J, Oliveira A, Loza MI, Brea J, Cadavid MI, Masaguer CF, García-Mera X, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Sotelo E. Enantiospecific Recognition at the A2B Adenosine Receptor by Alkyl 2-Cyanoimino-4-substituted-6-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylates. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3372-3382. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Oliveira
- Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75124, Sweden
| | - María I. Loza
- Drug
Screening Platform/Biofarma Research Group, Centro Singular de Investigación
en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Brea
- Drug
Screening Platform/Biofarma Research Group, Centro Singular de Investigación
en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
| | - María I. Cadavid
- Drug
Screening Platform/Biofarma Research Group, Centro Singular de Investigación
en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago
de Compostela, Spain
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11
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Basu S, Barawkar DA, Ramdas V, Waman Y, Patel M, Panmand A, Kumar S, Thorat S, Bonagiri R, Jadhav D, Mukhopadhyay P, Prasad V, Reddy BS, Goswami A, Chaturvedi S, Menon S, Quraishi A, Ghosh I, Dusange S, Paliwal S, Kulkarni A, Karande V, Thakre R, Bedse G, Rouduri S, Gundu J, Palle VP, Chugh A, Mookhtiar KA. A 2B adenosine receptor antagonists: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel xanthine derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 127:986-996. [PMID: 27842891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A2BAdoR is a low affinity adenosine receptor that functions by Gs mediated elevation of cAMP and subsequent downstream signaling. The receptor has been implicated in lung inflammatory disorders like COPD and asthma. Several potent and selective A2BAdoR antagonists have been reported in literature, however most of the compounds suffer from poor pharmacokinetic profile. Therefore, with the aim to identify novel, potent and selective A2BAdoR antagonists with improved pharmacokinetic properties, we first explored more constrained form of MRS-1754 (4). To improve the metabolic stability, several linker modifications were attempted as replacement of amide linker along with different phenyl or other heteroaryls between C8 position of xanthine head group and terminal phenyl ring. SAR optimization resulted in identification of two novel A2BAdoR antagonists, 8-{1-[5-Oxo-1-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl}-1,3-dipropyl-xanthine (31) and 8-(1-{2-Oxo-2-[4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-ethyl}-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-dipropyl-xanthine (65), with high binding affinity (Ki = 1 and 1.5 nM, respectively) and selectivity for A2BAdoR with very good functional potency of 0.9 nM and 4 nM, respectively. Compound 31 and 65 also displayed good pharmacokinetic properties in mice with 27% and 65% oral bioavailability respectively. When evaluated in in vivo mice model of asthma, compound 65 also inhibited airway inflammation and airway reactivity in ovalbumin induced allergic asthma at 3 mpk dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Basu
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India.
| | - Dinesh A Barawkar
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Vidya Ramdas
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Yogesh Waman
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Meena Patel
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Anil Panmand
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Sachin Thorat
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Rajesh Bonagiri
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Dilip Jadhav
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Vandna Prasad
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - B Srinivasa Reddy
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Arnab Goswami
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Sandhya Chaturvedi
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Suraj Menon
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Azfar Quraishi
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Indraneel Ghosh
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Sushant Dusange
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Shalini Paliwal
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Abhay Kulkarni
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Vikas Karande
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Rhishikesh Thakre
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Gaurav Bedse
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Sreekanth Rouduri
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Jayasagar Gundu
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Venkata P Palle
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Anita Chugh
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India
| | - Kasim A Mookhtiar
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of Discovery Biology, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India; Department of DMPK, Advinus Therapeutics Ltd., Drug Discovery Facility, Quantum Towers, Plot-9, Phase-I, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi, Pune, 411 057, India.
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12
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El Maatougui A, Azuaje J, González-Gómez M, Miguez G, Crespo A, Carbajales C, Escalante L, García-Mera X, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Sotelo E. Discovery of Potent and Highly Selective A2B Adenosine Receptor Antagonist Chemotypes. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1967-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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13
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Pedata F, Dettori I, Coppi E, Melani A, Fusco I, Corradetti R, Pugliese AM. Purinergic signalling in brain ischemia. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:105-30. [PMID: 26581499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia is a multifactorial pathology characterized by different events evolving in the time. After ischemia a primary damage due to the early massive increase of extracellular glutamate is followed by activation of resident immune cells, i.e microglia, and production or activation of inflammation mediators. Protracted neuroinflammation is now recognized as the predominant mechanism of secondary brain injury progression. Extracellular concentrations of ATP and adenosine in the brain increase dramatically during ischemia in concentrations able to stimulate their respective specific P2 and P1 receptors. Both ATP P2 and adenosine P1 receptor subtypes exert important roles in ischemia. Although adenosine exerts a clear neuroprotective effect through A1 receptors during ischemia, the use of selective A1 agonists is hampered by undesirable peripheral effects. Evidence up to now in literature indicate that A2A receptor antagonists provide protection centrally by reducing excitotoxicity, while agonists at A2A (and possibly also A2B) and A3 receptors provide protection by controlling massive infiltration and neuroinflammation in the hours and days after brain ischemia. Among P2X receptors most evidence indicate that P2X7 receptor contribute to the damage induced by the ischemic insult due to intracellular Ca(2+) loading in central cells and facilitation of glutamate release. Antagonism of P2X7 receptors might represent a new treatment to attenuate brain damage and to promote proliferation and maturation of brain immature resident cells that can promote tissue repair following cerebral ischemia. Among P2Y receptors, antagonists of P2Y12 receptors are of value because of their antiplatelet activity and possibly because of additional anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover strategies that modify adenosine or ATP concentrations at injury sites might be of value to limit damage after ischemia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicita Pedata
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Dettori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Melani
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Corradetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pugliese
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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14
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Hinz S, Lacher SK, Seibt BF, Müller CE. BAY60-6583 acts as a partial agonist at adenosine A2B receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 349:427-36. [PMID: 24633424 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.210849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BAY60-6583 [2-({6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-[4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)phenyl]pyridin-2-yl}sulfanyl)acetamide] is the most potent and selective adenosine A2B receptor (A2B AR) agonist known to date. Therefore, it has been widely used for in vitro and in vivo experiments. In the present study, we investigated the binding and functional properties of BAY60-6583 in various native and recombinant cell lines with different A2B AR expression levels. In cAMP accumulation and calcium mobilization assays, BAY60-6583 was found to be significantly less efficacious than adenosine or the adenosine derivative NECA. When it was tested in human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells, its efficacy correlated with the A2B expression level of the cells. In Jurkat T cells, BAY60-6583 antagonized the agonistic effect of NECA and adenosine as determined in cAMP accumulation assays. On the basis of these results, we conclude that BAY60-6583 acts as a partial agonist at adenosine A2B receptors. At high levels of the physiologic agonist adenosine, BAY60-6583 may act as an antagonist and block the effects of adenosine at A2B receptors. This has to be considered when applying the A2B-selective "agonist" BAY60-6583 in pharmacological studies, and previous research results may have to be reinterpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Hinz
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Tilley S, Volmer J, Picher M. Therapeutic applications. Subcell Biochem 2014; 55:235-76. [PMID: 21560050 PMCID: PMC7120595 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-1217-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The current treatments offered to patients with chronic respiratory diseases are being re-evaluated based on the loss of potency during long-term treatments or because they only provide significant clinical benefits to a subset of the patient population. For instance, glucocorticoids are considered the most effective anti-inflammatory therapies for chronic inflammatory and immune diseases, such as asthma. But they are relatively ineffective in asthmatic smokers, and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or cystic fibrosis (CF). As such, the pharmaceutical industry is exploring new therapeutic approaches to address all major respiratory diseases. The previous chapters demonstrated the widespread influence of purinergic signaling on all pulmonary functions and defense mechanisms. In Chap. 8, we described animal studies which highlighted the critical role of aberrant purinergic activities in the development and maintenance of chronic airway diseases. This last chapter covers all clinical and pharmaceutical applications currently developed based on purinergic receptor agonists and antagonists. We use the information acquired in the previous chapters on purinergic signaling and lung functions to scrutinize the preclinical and clinical data, and to realign the efforts of the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Tilley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 29799, USA,
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16
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17
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Thimm D, Funke M, Meyer A, Müller CE. 6-Bromo-8-(4-[3H]methoxybenzamido)-4-oxo-4H-chromene-2-carboxylic Acid: A Powerful Tool for Studying Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR35. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7084-99. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4009373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Thimm
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der
Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Mario Funke
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der
Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Meyer
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der
Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical
Institute, Pharmaceutical
Chemistry I, University of Bonn, An der
Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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18
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Kumar V. Adenosine as an endogenous immunoregulator in cancer pathogenesis: where to go? Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:145-65. [PMID: 23271562 PMCID: PMC3646124 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a chronic disease and its pathogenesis is well correlated with infection and inflammation. Adenosine is a purine nucleoside, which is produced under metabolic stress like hypoxic conditions. Acute or chronic inflammatory conditions lead to the release of precursor adenine nucleotides (adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosien diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP)) from cells, which are extracellularly catabolized into adenosine by extracellular ectonucleotidases, i.e., CD39 or nucleoside triphosphate dephosphorylase (NTPD) and CD73 or 5'-ectonucleotidase. It is now well-known that adenosine is secreted by cancer as well as immune cells during tumor pathogenesis under metabolic stress or hypoxia. Once adenosine is released into the extracellular environment, it exerts various immunomodulatory effects via adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) expressed on various immune cells (i.e., macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, regulatory T cell (Tregs), etc.), which play very important roles in the pathogenesis of cancer. This review is intended to summarize the role of inflammation and adenosine in the immunopathogenesis of tumor along with regulation of tumor-specific immune response and its modulation as an adjunct approach to tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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19
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Thimm D, Schiedel AC, Sherbiny FF, Hinz S, Hochheiser K, Bertarelli DCG, Maass A, Müller CE. Ligand-specific binding and activation of the human adenosine A(2B) receptor. Biochemistry 2013; 52:726-40. [PMID: 23286920 DOI: 10.1021/bi3012065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A(2B) receptors, which play a role in inflammation and cancer, are of considerable interest as novel drug targets. To gain deeper insights into ligand binding and receptor activation, we exchanged amino acids predicted to be close to the binding pocket. The alanine mutants were stably expressed in CHO cells and characterized by radioligand binding and cAMP assays using three structural classes of ligands: xanthine (antagonist), adenosine, and aminopyridine derivatives (agonists). Asn282(7.45) and His280(7.43) were found to stabilize the binding site by intramolecular hydrogen bond formation as in the related A(2A) receptor subtype. Trp247(6.48), Val250(6.51), and particularly Ser279(7.42) were shown to be important for binding of nucleosidic agonists. Leu81(3.28), Asn186(5.42), and Val250(6.51) were discovered to be crucial for binding of the xanthine-derived antagonist PSB-603. Leu81(3.28), which is not conserved among adenosine receptor subtypes, may be important for the high selectivity of PSB-603. The N186(5.42)A mutant resulted in an increased potency for agonists. The interactions of the non-nucleosidic agonist BAY60-6583 were different from those of the nucleosides: while BAY60-6583 appeared not to interact with Ser279(7.42), its interactions with Trp247(6.48) and Val250(6.51) were significantly weaker compared to those of NECA. Moreover, our results discount the hypothesis of Trp247(6.48) serving as a "toogle switch" because BAY60-6583 was able to activate the corresponding mutant. This study reveals distinct interactions of structurally diverse ligands with the human A(2B) receptor and differences between closely related receptor subtypes (A(2B) and A(2A)). It will contribute to the understanding of G protein-coupled receptor function and advance A(2B) receptor ligand design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Thimm
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Jacquin L, Franceschi F, By Y, Durand-Gorde JM, Condo J, Deharo JC, Michelet P, Fenouillet E, Guieu R, Ruf J. Search for adenosine A2A spare receptors on peripheral human lymphocytes. FEBS Open Bio 2012; 3:1-5. [PMID: 23847753 PMCID: PMC3668538 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some ligand–receptor couples involve spare receptors, which are apparent when a maximal response is achieved with only a small fraction of the receptor population occupied. This situation favours cross-reactions with low-affinity ligands, which may be detrimental for cell signaling. In the case of the adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR), which have an immunosuppressive effect on lymphocytes through cAMP production, the presence of spare A2AR remains to be established. We examined the situation using patients over-expressing lymphocyte A2AR and an agonist-like mAb to A2AR. We found that maximal mAb binding and functional response varied among the patients whereas the dissociation constant and half-maximal effective concentration had similar mean values (0.19 and 0.18 μM, respectively). Lymphocyte A2AR expression was correlated to plasma adenosine level and A2AR occupation but not to A2AR response. These results are consistent with a lack of a reserve of functional A2AR on human lymphocytes as a general rule and suggest that the amount and functional state of the expressed A2AR determine the maximal level of the lymphocyte response to adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Jacquin
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR MD2, Faculté de Médecine Nord, Marseille, France
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21
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Abstract
Over the past decade, extracellular nucleotides (such as ATP and UTP) have emerged as key immunomodulators. This family of molecules, already known for its key metabolic functions, has been the focus of intense investigation that has unambiguously shown its crucial role as mediators of cell-to-cell communication. More recently, in addition to its involvement in inflammation and immunity, purinergic signaling has also been shown to modulate BM-derived stem cells. Extracellular nucleotides promote proliferation, CXCL12-driven migration, and BM engraftment of hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells. In addition, purinergic signaling acts indirectly on hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells by regulating differentiation and release of proinflammatory cytokines in BM-derived human mesenchymal stromal cells, which are part of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche. HSC research has recently blended into the field of immunology, as new findings highlighted the role played by immunologic signals (such as IFN-α, IFN-γ, or TNF-α) in the regulation of the HSC compartment. In this review, we summarize recent reports unveiling a previously unsuspected ability of HSCs to integrate inflammatory signals released by immune and stromal cells, with particular emphasis on the dual role of extracellular nucleotides as mediators of both immunologic responses and BM stem cell functions.
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Baraldi PG, Baraldi S, Saponaro G, Preti D, Romagnoli R, Piccagli L, Cavalli A, Recanatini M, Moorman AR, Zaid AN, Varani K, Borea PA, Tabrizi MA. Novel 1,3-dipropyl-8-(3-benzimidazol-2-yl-methoxy-1-methylpyrazol-5-yl)xanthines as potent and selective A₂B adenosine receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2012; 55:797-811. [PMID: 22148859 DOI: 10.1021/jm201292w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular modeling studies, including the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) method, on 52 antagonists of the A(2B) adenosine receptor with known biological activity were performed to identify the three-dimensional features responsible for A(2B) adenosine receptor antagonist activity. On the basis of these and previous results on the potent antagonist effect of 8-pyrazolyl-xanthines at human A(2B)AR, a new series of compounds was synthesized and evaluated in binding studies against the human A(1), A(2A), A(3), and A(2B)ARs. A remarkable improvement in selectivity with respect to the previous series, maintaining the potency at human A(2B) receptor, was achieved, as exemplified by the 8-[3-(4-chloro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl-methoxy)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-1,3-dipropyl-3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione derivative 66: K(i) A(2B) = 9.4 nM, IC(50) hA(2B) = 26 nM hA(1)/hA(2B) = 269, hA(2A)/hA(2B) > 106, hA(3)/hA(2B) >106. This study also led to the identification of a series of pyrazole-xanthine compounds with a simplified structure, exemplified by 8-(3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-xanthine 80 displaying very high affinity at A(2B)AR with good selectivity over AR subtypes (K(i) = 4.0 nM, IC(50) hA(2B) = 20 nM hA(1)/hA(2B) = 183, hA(2A),hA(3)/hA(2B) > 250).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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Gessi S, Merighi S, Fazzi D, Stefanelli A, Varani K, Borea PA. Adenosine receptor targeting in health and disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1591-609. [PMID: 22017198 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.627853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The adenosine receptors A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3) are important and ubiquitous mediators of cellular signaling that play vital roles in protecting tissues and organs from damage. In particular, adenosine triggers tissue protection and repair by different receptor-mediated mechanisms, including increasing the oxygen supply:demand ratio, pre-conditioning, anti-inflammatory effects and the stimulation of angiogenesis. AREAS COVERED The state of the art of the role of adenosine receptors which have been proposed as targets for drug design and discovery, in health and disease, and an overview of the ligands for these receptors in clinical development. EXPERT OPINION Selective ligands of A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3) adenosine receptors are likely to find applications in the treatment of pain, ischemic conditions, glaucoma, asthma, arthritis, cancer and other disorders in which inflammation is a feature. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the present knowledge regarding the role of these adenosine receptors in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gessi
- University of Ferrara, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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24
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Zhao Y, LaPar DJ, Steidle J, Emaminia A, Kron IL, Ailawadi G, Linden J, Lau CL. Adenosine signaling via the adenosine 2B receptor is involved in bronchiolitis obliterans development. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011; 29:1405-14. [PMID: 20920842 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine is produced in response to ischemia or inflammation and protects tissues from injury. Four adenosine receptors are critical in the physiologic negative-feedback mechanism for limitation and termination of tissue-specific and systemic inflammatory responses. Accumulating evidence has focused on the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive role of the adenosine 2A receptor (A(2A)R), and we have previously reported on its role in the development of bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) after lung transplantation. Few studies, however, have reported the role of the adenosine 2B receptor (A(2B)R) in BO. Data suggests that the A(2B)R has pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic roles. We hypothesized that adenosine signaling through A(2B)R is involved in the development of BO. METHODS A murine heterotopic tracheal model across a total alloantigenic mismatch was used to study A(2B)R signaling in BO. Tracheal transplants consisted of Balb/c donor tracheas transplanted into wild-type or A(2B)R knockout (KO) C57BL/6 recipients. Transplanted tracheas were removed 3, 7, 12, and 21 days after transplantation. The luminal obliteration was evaluated through hematoxylin and eosin staining, and the cellular infiltration (macrophage, neutrophil, CD3+ and Foxp3+ regulatory T cell) was detected by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Compared with allografts in wild-type recipients, tracheas transplanted into A(2B)R KO mice displayed less BO development on Day 21. A(2B)R KO mice had an increase in CD3+ T cells and CD4+/CD25+/Foxp3+ regulatory T cells than did wild-type mice on Day 7. By Day 12, more CD3+ T cells were present in the wild-type trachea compared with the A(2B)R KO, but the percentage of CD4+/CD25+/Foxp3+ regulatory T cells remained higher in the tracheas of A(2B)R KO mice. CONCLUSIONS A(2B)R stimulation may promote the development of BO by inhibiting CD4+/CD25+/Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunge Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0679, USA
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Feoktistov I, Biaggioni I. Role of adenosine A(2B) receptors in inflammation. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2011; 61:115-44. [PMID: 21586358 PMCID: PMC3748596 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385526-8.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in our understanding of the unique role of A(2B) receptors in the regulation of inflammation, immunity, and tissue repair was considerably facilitated with the introduction of new pharmacological and genetic tools. However, it also led to seemingly conflicting conclusions on the role of A(2B) adenosine receptors in inflammation with some publications indicating proinflammatory effects and others suggesting the opposite. This chapter reviews the functions of A(2B) receptors in various cell types related to inflammation and integrated effects of A(2B) receptor modulation in several animal models of inflammation. It is argued that translation of current findings into novel therapies would require a better understanding of A(2B) receptor functions in diverse types of inflammatory responses in various tissues and at different points of their progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Feoktistov
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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26
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Martinez-Navio JM, Casanova V, Pacheco R, Naval-Macabuhay I, Climent N, Garcia F, Gatell JM, Mallol J, Gallart T, Lluis C, Franco R. Adenosine deaminase potentiates the generation of effector, memory, and regulatory CD4+ T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:127-36. [PMID: 20959412 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1009696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
By interacting with CD26 on the CD4+ T cell surface and with the AdoR A(₂B) on the DC surface, ADA triggers a costimulatory signal for human T cells. The aim of this study was to know whether ADA-mediated costimulation plays a role in the differentiation of T cells. The results show that irrespective of its enzymatic activity and dependent on TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6 action, ADA enhanced the differentiation of CD4+CD45RA+CD45RO⁻ naïve T cells toward CD4+CD25+CD45RO+ Teffs and CD4+CD45RA⁻CD45RO+ memory T cells. Furthermore, ADA potentiated generation of CD4+CD25(high)Foxp3+ Tregs by a mechanism that seems to be mainly dependent on the enzymatic activity of ADA. Interestingly, an ADA-mediated increase on Teff, memory T cell, and Treg generation occurred, not only in cocultures from healthy individuals but also from HIV-infected patients. These data suggest that ADA is a relevant modulator of CD4+ T cell differentiation, even in cells from immunologically compromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Martinez-Navio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Spain
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27
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Burnstock G, Fredholm BB, North RA, Verkhratsky A. The birth and postnatal development of purinergic signalling. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2010; 199:93-147. [PMID: 20345419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purinergic signalling system is one of the most ancient and arguably the most widespread intercellular signalling system in living tissues. In this review we present a detailed account of the early developments and current status of purinergic signalling. We summarize the current knowledge on purinoceptors, their distribution and role in signal transduction in various tissues in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
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Varani K, Vincenzi F, Tosi A, Targa M, Masieri FF, Ongaro A, De Mattei M, Massari L, Borea PA. Expression and functional role of adenosine receptors in regulating inflammatory responses in human synoviocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 160:101-15. [PMID: 20331607 PMCID: PMC2860211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adenosine is an endogenous modulator, interacting with four G-protein coupled receptors (A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3)) and acts as a potent inhibitor of inflammatory processes in several tissues. So far, the functional effects modulated by adenosine receptors on human synoviocytes have not been investigated in detail. We evaluated mRNA, the protein levels, the functional role of adenosine receptors and their pharmacological modulation in human synoviocytes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH mRNA, Western blotting, saturation and competition binding experiments, cyclic AMP, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) release were assessed in human synoviocytes isolated from patients with osteoarthritis. KEY RESULTS mRNA and protein for A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3) adenosine receptors are expressed in human synoviocytes. Standard adenosine agonists and antagonists showed affinity values in the nanomolar range and were coupled to stimulation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Activation of A(2A) and A(3) adenosine receptors inhibited p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways, an effect abolished by selective adenosine antagonists. A(2A) and A(3) receptor agonists decreased TNF-alpha and IL-8 production. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase or G(s) pathways were involved in the functional responses of A(3) or A(2A) adenosine receptors. Synoviocyte A(1) and A(2B) adenosine receptors were not implicated in the inflammatory process whereas stimulation of A(2A) and A(3) adenosine receptors was closely associated with a down-regulation of the inflammatory status. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results indicate that A(2A) and A(3) adenosine receptors may represent a potential target in therapeutic modulation of joint inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Varani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Varani K, Caramori G, Vincenzi F, Tosi A, Barczyk A, Contoli M, Casolari P, Triggiani M, Hansel T, Leung E, Maclennan S, Barnes PJ, Chung KF, Adcock I, Papi A, Borea PA. Oxidative/nitrosative stress selectively altered A(2B) adenosine receptors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. FASEB J 2009; 24:1192-204. [PMID: 20008542 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-139485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to investigate adenosine receptors (ARs) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) macrophages from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and age-matched healthy smokers. A(2B)ARs were significantly decreased in BAL macrophages from patients with COPD when compared with healthy smokers. The effect of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative/nitrosative stress on AR expression and function in U937 cells before and after PMA treatment was evaluated. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha treatment up-regulated A(2A)- and A(3)ARs but not A(1)- or A(2B)ARs, whereas IL-6 did not modify AR expression. In contrast, oxidative/nitrosative stress selectively decreased A(2B)AR expression, which was associated with a reduction in the potency of the adenosine agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamideadenosine (NECA) to induce cAMP. Further, the ability of NECA to enhance cell proliferation was increased after oxidative/nitrosative stress. The specific involvement of A(2B)ARs was investigated by using potent and selective A(2B)AR antagonist and by A(2B)AR knockdown using siRNA and demonstrated responses similar to those obtained with oxidative/nitrosative stress. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant agent, counteracted the decrease in A(2B)AR expression, as well as the altered NECA effects on cAMP and cell proliferation. These findings highlight the central role of A(2B)ARs in alveolar macrophages, suggesting that their modulation could represent an innovative pharmacological strategy to manage COPD.-Varani, K., Caramori, G., Vincenzi, F., Tosi, A., Barczyk, A., Contoli, M., Casolari, P., Triggiani, M., Hansel, T., Leung, E., MacLennan, S., Barnes, P. J., Fan Chung, K., Adcock, I., Papi, A., Borea, P. A. Oxidative/nitrosative stress selectively altered A(2B) adenosine receptors in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Varani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Abnormal adenosine and dopamine receptor expression in lymphocytes of Lesch-Nyhan patients. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:1125-31. [PMID: 19635551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-injurious behavior is the most outstanding feature of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and has recently been ascribed to an obsessive-compulsive behavior. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome results from the complete enzyme deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) but the link between abnormal purine metabolism and its neurological and behavioral manifestations remains largely unknown. Previous studies led us to hypothesize that adenosine and dopamine receptor expression could be altered in HPRT-deficient cells. To test this hypothesis, we examined mRNA expressions of adenosine (ADORA2A and ADORA2B) and dopamine receptors (DRD1 and DRD2 like), and dopamine transporter (DAT1) in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from Lesch-Nyhan patients. We also examined the influence of hypoxanthine in these expressions. As compared to normal PBLs, both ADORA2A and DRD5 expression were abnormal in PBLs from Lesch-Nyhan patients. In contrast, DAT1 expression was similar to control values in HPRT deficient PBLs. These results indicate an abnormal adenosine and dopamine receptor expression in HPRT-deficient cells and suggest disrupted adenosine and dopamine neurotransmission may have a significant role in the pathogenesis of the neurological manifestations of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome.
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Varani K, Vincenzi F, Tosi A, Gessi S, Casetta I, Granieri G, Fazio P, Leung E, MacLennan S, Granieri E, Borea PA. A2A adenosine receptor overexpression and functionality, as well as TNF-alpha levels, correlate with motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. FASEB J 2009; 24:587-98. [PMID: 19776336 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-141044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The antagonistic interaction between adenosine and dopamine receptors could have important pathophysiological and therapeutic implications in Parkinson's disease (PD). The primary aim of this study was to investigate the expression, affinity, and density of A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) adenosine receptors (ARs) and D(2) dopamine receptors (D(2)Rs) in PD. An increase in A(2A)AR density in putamen was found. The presence and functionality of ARs in human lymphocyte and neutrophil membranes from patients with PD revealed a specific A(2A)AR alteration compared with healthy subjects. A statistically significant linear correlation among the A(2A)AR density, functionality, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score was reported. Adenosine concentration and TNF-alpha levels were increased in plasma of patients with PD. In rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, a widely useful model, adenosine antagonists decreased dopamine uptake, and an opposite effect was mediated by A(2A) agonists. This is the first report showing the presence of an A(2A)AR alteration in putamen in PD that mirrors a similar up-regulation in human peripheral blood cells. Moreover, the correlation found between A(2A)AR density or A(2A) agonist potency and UPDRS motor score highlights the central role of A(2A)ARs in the pharmacological treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Varani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Borrmann T, Hinz S, Bertarelli DCG, Li W, Florin NC, Scheiff AB, Müller CE. 1-Alkyl-8-(piperazine-1-sulfonyl)phenylxanthines: Development and Characterization of Adenosine A2B Receptor Antagonists and a New Radioligand with Subnanomolar Affinity and Subtype Specificity. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3994-4006. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900413e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Borrmann
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sonja Hinz
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela C. G. Bertarelli
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wenjin Li
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicole C. Florin
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja B. Scheiff
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E. Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Kalla RV, Zablocki J. Progress in the discovery of selective, high affinity A(2B) adenosine receptor antagonists as clinical candidates. Purinergic Signal 2009; 5:21-9. [PMID: 18568423 PMCID: PMC2721775 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-008-9119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The selective, high affinity A(2B) adenosine receptor (AdoR) antagonists that were synthesized by several research groups should aid in determining the role of the A(2B) AdoR in inflammatory diseases like asthma or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and angiogenic diseases like diabetic retinopathy or cancer. CV Therapeutics scientists discovered the selective, high affinity A(2B) AdoR antagonist 10, a 8-(4-pyrazolyl)-xanthine derivative [CVT-6883, K(i)(hA(2B)) = 22 nM; K(i)(hA(1)) = 1,940 nM; K(i)(hA(2A)) = 3,280; and K(i)(hA(3)) = 1,070 nM] that has favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties (t (1/2) = 4 h and F > 35% rat). Compound 10 demonstrated functional antagonism at the A(2B) AdoR (K(B) = 6 nM) and efficacy in a mouse model of asthma. In two phase 1 clinical trials, CVT-6883 was found to be safe, well tolerated, and suitable for once daily dosing. A second compound 20, 8-(5-pyrazolyl)-xanthine, has been nominated for development from Baraldi's group in conjunction with King Pharmaceuticals that has favorable A(2B) AdoR affinity and selectivity [K(i)(hA(2B)) = 5.5 nM; K(i)(hA(1)) > 1,000 nM; K(i)(hA(2A)) > 1,000; and K(i)(hA(3)) > 1,000 nM], and it has been demonstrated to be a functional antagonist. A third compound 32, a 2-aminopyrimidine, from the Almirall group has high A(2B) AdoR affinity and selectivity [K(i)(hA(2B)) = 17 nM; K(i)(hA(1)) > 1,000 nM; K(i)(hA(2A)) > 2,500; and K(i)(hA(3)) > 1,000 nM], and 32 has been moved into preclinical safety testing. Since three highly selective, high affinity A(2B) AdoR antagonists have been nominated for development with 10 (CVT-6883) being the furthest along in the development process, the role of the A(2B) AdoR in various disease states will soon be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao V. Kalla
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, CV Therapeutics Inc., 3172 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Jeff Zablocki
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, CV Therapeutics Inc., 3172 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
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Peng Z, Borea PA, Varani K, Wilder T, Yee H, Chiriboga L, Blackburn MR, Azzena G, Resta G, Cronstein BN. Adenosine signaling contributes to ethanol-induced fatty liver in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:582-94. [PMID: 19221436 DOI: 10.1172/jci37409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver is commonly associated with alcohol ingestion and abuse. While the molecular pathogenesis of these fatty changes is well understood, the biochemical and pharmacological mechanisms by which ethanol stimulates these molecular changes remain unknown. During ethanol metabolism, adenosine is generated by the enzyme ecto-5'-nucleotidase, and adenosine production and adenosine receptor activation are known to play critical roles in the development of hepatic fibrosis. We therefore investigated whether adenosine and its receptors play a role in the development of alcohol-induced fatty liver. WT mice fed ethanol on the Lieber-DeCarli diet developed hepatic steatosis, including increased hepatic triglyceride content, while mice lacking ecto-5'-nucleotidase or adenosine A1 or A2B receptors were protected from developing fatty liver. Similar protection was also seen in WT mice treated with either an adenosine A1 or A2B receptor antagonist. Steatotic livers demonstrated increased expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis, which was prevented by blockade of adenosine A1 receptors, and decreased expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, which was prevented by blockade of adenosine A2B receptors. In vitro studies supported roles for adenosine A1 receptors in promoting fatty acid synthesis and for A2B receptors in decreasing fatty acid metabolism. These results indicate that adenosine generated by ethanol metabolism plays an important role in ethanol-induced hepatic steatosis via both A1 and A2B receptors and suggest that targeting adenosine receptors may be effective in the prevention of alcohol-induced fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsheng Peng
- New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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35
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De Mattei M, Varani K, Masieri FF, Pellati A, Ongaro A, Fini M, Cadossi R, Vincenzi F, Borea PA, Caruso A. Adenosine analogs and electromagnetic fields inhibit prostaglandin E2 release in bovine synovial fibroblasts. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:252-62. [PMID: 18640059 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of adenosine analogs and electromagnetic field (EMF) stimulation on prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) release and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in bovine synovial fibroblasts (SFs). METHODS SFs isolated from synovia were cultured in monolayer. Saturation and binding experiments were performed by using typical adenosine agonists: N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA, A(1)), 2-[p-(2-carboxyethyl)-phenetyl-amino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680, A(2A)), 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA, non-selective), N6-(3-iodobenzyl)2-chloroadenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (Cl-IB-MECA, A(3)). SFs were treated with TNF-alpha (10 ng/ml) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 microg/ml) to activate inflammatory response. Adenosine analogs were added to control and TNF-alpha- or LPS-treated cultures both in the absence and in the presence of adenosine deaminase (ADA) which is used to deplete endogenous adenosine. Parallel cultures were exposed to EMFs (75 Hz, 1.5 mT) during the period in culture (24h). PGE(2) release was measured by immunoassay. COX-2 expression was evaluated by RT-PCR. RESULTS TNF-alpha and LPS stimulated PGE(2) release. All adenosine agonists, except for Cl-IB-MECA, significantly inhibited PGE(2) production. EMFs inhibited PGE(2) production in the absence of adenosine agonists and increased the effects of CHA, CGS 21680 and NECA. In ADA, the inhibition on PGE(2) release induced by CHA, CGS and NECA was stronger than in the absence of ADA and the EMF-inhibitory effect was lost. Changes in PGE(2) levels were associated to modification of COX-2 expression. CONCLUSIONS This study supports anti-inflammatory activities of A(1) and A(2A) adenosine receptors and EMFs in bovine SFs. EMF activity appears mediated by an EMF-induced up-regulation of A(2A) receptors. Biophysical and/or pharmacological modulation of adenosine pathways may play an important role to control joint inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Mattei
- Department of Morphology and Embryology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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36
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Abstract
Extracellular adenosine is produced in a coordinated manner from cells following cellular challenge or tissue injury. Once produced, it serves as an autocrine- and paracrine-signaling molecule through its interactions with seven-membrane-spanning G-protein-coupled adenosine receptors. These signaling pathways have widespread physiological and pathophysiological functions. Immune cells express adenosine receptors and respond to adenosine or adenosine agonists in diverse manners. Extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have identified potent anti-inflammatory functions for all of the adenosine receptors on many different inflammatory cells and in various inflammatory disease processes. In addition, specific proinflammatory functions have also been ascribed to adenosine receptor activation. The potent effects of adenosine signaling on the regulation of inflammation suggest that targeting specific adenosine receptor activation or inactivation using selective agonists and antagonists could have important therapeutic implications in numerous diseases. This review is designed to summarize the current status of adenosine receptor signaling in various inflammatory cells and in models of inflammation, with an emphasis on the advancement of adenosine-based therapeutics to treat inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Blackburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Antonioli L, Fornai M, Colucci R, Ghisu N, Tuccori M, Del Tacca M, Blandizzi C. Regulation of enteric functions by adenosine: pathophysiological and pharmacological implications. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 120:233-53. [PMID: 18848843 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The wide distribution of ATP and adenosine receptors as well as enzymes for purine metabolism in different gut regions suggests a complex role for these mediators in the regulation of gastrointestinal functions. Studies in rodents have shown a significant involvement of adenosine in the control of intestinal secretion, motility and sensation, via activation of A1, A2A, A2B or A3 purinergic receptors, as well as the participation of ATP in the regulation of enteric functions, through the recruitment of P2X and P2Y receptors. Increasing interest is being focused on the involvement of ATP and adenosine in the pathophysiology of intestinal disorders, with particular regard for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), intestinal ischemia, post-operative ileus and related dysfunctions, such as gut dysmotility, diarrhoea and abdominal discomfort/pain. Current knowledge suggests that adenosine contributes to the modulation of enteric immune and inflammatory responses, leading to anti-inflammatory actions. There is evidence supporting a role of adenosine in the alterations of enteric motor and secretory activity associated with bowel inflammation. In particular, several studies have highlighted the importance of adenosine in diarrhoea, since this nucleoside participates actively in the cross-talk between immune and epithelial cells in the presence of diarrhoeogenic stimuli. In addition, adenosine exerts complex regulatory actions on pain transmission at peripheral and spinal sites. The present review illustrates current information on the role played by adenosine in the regulation of enteric functions, under normal or pathological conditions, and discusses pharmacological interventions on adenosine pathways as novel therapeutic options for the management of gut disorders and related abdominal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Antonioli L, Fornai M, Colucci R, Ghisu N, Tuccori M, Del Tacca M, Blandizzi C. Pharmacological modulation of adenosine system: novel options for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:566-74. [PMID: 18022872 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic disorders resulting from abnormal and persistent immune responses which lead to severe tissue injury and disturbances in digestive motor/secretory functions. At present, pharmacotherapy represents the cornerstone for the management of IBDs, and recent advances in understanding the immunopathogenesis of intestinal inflammation suggest the adenosine system as an attractive target for development of novel drugs against gut inflammatory disorders. Consistent evidence indicates that adenosine plays a relevant role in the regulation of immune system via interaction with specific cell-membrane G-protein-coupled receptors (A(1), A(2a), A(2b), and A(3)). Moreover, this nucleoside is implicated in the control of enteric neurotransmission and gut motor functions. In the presence of inflammation, the adenosine system acts as a sensible sensor apparatus, which, through dynamic modifications in the expression of ecto-enzymes and purinergic receptors, adapts its metabolism to tissue health status and contributes to the mechanisms deputed to the protection of tissues against inflammatory injuries. In keeping with these concepts, it is becoming increasingly appreciated that drugs targeted on adenosine receptors or enzymes responsible for adenosine catabolism can exert beneficial effects on experimental models of intestinal inflammation. This review aims to discuss the role of adenosine in the regulation of enteric immune responses and gut neuromuscular functions in the presence of inflammation, as well as to highlight the mechanisms through which the pharmacological modulation of adenosine pathways may have potential applications for the therapeutic management of IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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39
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Varani K, De Mattei M, Vincenzi F, Gessi S, Merighi S, Pellati A, Ongaro A, Caruso A, Cadossi R, Borea PA. Characterization of adenosine receptors in bovine chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes exposed to low frequency low energy pulsed electromagnetic fields. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:292-304. [PMID: 17698373 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study describes the presence and binding parameters of the A1, A2A, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors in bovine chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. The effect of low frequency low energy pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on the adenosine receptor affinity and density was studied. METHODS Saturation, competition binding experiments and Western blotting assays in the absence and in the presence of PEMFs on the adenosine receptors in bovine chondrocytes or fibroblast-like synoviocytes were performed. Thermodynamic analysis of the A2A or A3 binding was studied to investigate the forces driving drug-receptor coupling. In the adenylyl cyclase and proliferation assays the potency of typical high-affinity A2A or A3 agonists in the absence and in the presence of PEMFs was evaluated. RESULTS Bovine chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes expressed all adenosine receptors. PEMFs evoked an up-regulation of A2A and A3 receptors and thermodynamic parameters indicate that adenosine binding is enthalpy and entropy driven. In PEMF-treated cells the potency of typical A2A or A3 agonists on cyclic AMP assays was significantly increased when compared with the untreated cells. PEMFs potentiated the effect of A2A or A3 agonists on cell proliferation in both cell types. CONCLUSIONS PEMFs mediate an up-regulation of A2A and A3 receptors related to an increase of their functional activities in bovine chondrocytes and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. No differences are present in adenosine affinity and in the drug-receptor interactions. Our data could be used as a trigger to future studies addressed to PEMFs and adenosine therapeutic intervention in inflammatory joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Varani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
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40
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Tabrizi MA, Baraldi PG, Preti D, Romagnoli R, Saponaro G, Baraldi S, Moorman AR, Zaid AN, Varani K, Borea PA. 1,3-Dipropyl-8-(1-phenylacetamide-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-xanthine derivatives as highly potent and selective human A2B adenosine receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:2419-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Gessi S, Borea PA. Adenosine Receptor Antagonists: Translating Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology into Clinical Utility. Chem Rev 2008; 108:238-63. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0682195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, University of Ferrara, Italy
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42
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Sun WC, Moore JN, Hurley DJ, Vandenplas ML, Linden JM, Murray TF. Pharmacologic characterization of novel adenosine A2A receptor agonists in equine neutrophils. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:981-7. [PMID: 17764413 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.9.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of several novel adenosine receptor agonists and to determine their specificity for various adenosine receptor subtypes on neutrophils, cells heterologously expressing equine adenosine receptors, or equine brain membranes. SAMPLE POPULATION Neutrophils isolated from 8 healthy horses. PROCEDURES Radioligand binding experiments were performed to compare binding affinities of adenosine receptor agonists to equine adenosine A(1), A(2A), and A(3) receptor subtypes. Effects of these agonists on endotoxin-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by equine neutrophils and roles of specific adenosine receptor subtypes and cAMP production in mediating these effects were determined. RESULTS Radioligand binding experiments yielded a ranked order of affinity for the brain equine A(2A) receptor on the basis of 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of the agonists as follows: ATL307 (IC(50) = 1.9nM) and ATL313 > ATL309 and ATL310 > ATL202 > 2-([p-2- carboxyethyl] phenylethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxyamidoadenosine > 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine. Furthermore, ATL313 had approximately 100-fold greater selectivity for A(2A) over A(1) and A(3) receptors. In functional assays with equine neutrophils, the compounds inhibited endotoxin-induced ROS production and stimulated production of cAMP with the same ranked order of potency. Results of experiments performed with selective adenosine receptor antagonists indicated that functional effects of ATL313 were via stimulation of A(2A) receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that activation of A(2A) receptors exerted anti-inflammatory effects on equine neutrophils and that stable, highly selective adenosine A(2A) receptor agonists may be developed for use in management of horses and other domestic animals with septic and nonseptic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-chun Sun
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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43
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Beukers MW, Meurs I, Ijzerman AP. Structure-affinity relationships of adenosine A2B receptor ligands. Med Res Rev 2007; 26:667-98. [PMID: 16847822 DOI: 10.1002/med.20069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many selective and high affinity agonists and antagonists have been developed for the adenosine A(1), A(2A), and A(3) receptors. Very recently such compounds have been identified for the adenosine A(2B) receptors. This review presents an overview of the structure-affinity relationships of antagonists and agonists for this receptor subtype as published in the scientific and patent literature. To date the most selective >370-fold, high affinity adenosine A(2B) receptor antagonist is the xanthine analog, compound 16 (8-(1-(3-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-dipropyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dione). The pyrrolopyrimidine analog OSIP339391 (73) is slightly less selective, 70-fold, but has a higher affinity 0.41 nM compared to 1 nM for compound 16. Other promising classes of compounds with selectivities ranging from 10- to 160-fold and affinities ranging from 3 to 112 nM include triazolo, aminothiazole, quinazoline, and pyrimidin-2-amine analogs. Progress has also been achieved concerning the development of selective high affinity agonists for the adenosine A(2B) receptor. For years the most potent, albeit non-selective adenosine A(2B) receptor agonist was (S)PHPNECA (88). Last year, a new class of non-ribose ligands was reported. Several compounds displayed selectivity with respect to adenosine A(2A) and A(3) receptors. In addition, full and partial agonists for the adenosine A(2B) receptor were identified with EC(50) values of 10 nM (LUF5835, 103) and 9 nM (LUF5845, 105), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot W Beukers
- Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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44
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Gessi S, Fogli E, Sacchetto V, Varani K, Merighi S, Leung E, Lennan SM, Borea PA. Thermodynamics of A2B adenosine receptor binding discriminates agonistic from antagonistic behaviour. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:562-9. [PMID: 17936250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thermodynamic parameters DeltaG degrees , DeltaH degrees and DeltaS degrees of the binding equilibrium of 12 ligands (six agonists and six antagonists) to the A(2B) adenosine receptor subtype have been determined by affinity measurements carried out on HEK 293 cells stably transfected with human A(2B) adenosine receptors at six different temperatures (4, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 degrees C) and van't Hoff plot analysis have been performed. Affinity constants were obtained from saturation experiments of [(3)H]MRE 2029-F20 or by its displacement in inhibition assays for the other compounds. van't Hoff plots were essentially linear in the temperature range investigated, showing that the DeltaC(p) degrees of the binding equilibrium is nearly zero. Thermodynamic parameters are in the range 7< or =DeltaH degrees < or =23 kJ mol(-1)and 123< or =DeltaS degrees < or =219 JK(-1)mol(-1) for agonists and -40 < or =DeltaH degrees < or =-20 kJ mol(-1) and 10< or =DeltaS degrees < or =91 JK(-1)mol(-1) for antagonists indicating that agonistic binding is always totally entropy-driven while antagonistic binding is enthalpy and entropy-driven. In the -TDeltaS degrees versus DeltaH degrees plot the thermodynamic data are clearly arranged in separate clusters for agonists and antagonists, which, therefore, turn out to be thermodynamically discriminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gessi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for Study of Inflammation, Ferrara, Italy
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45
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Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Carrion MD, Cara CL, Preti D, Cruz-Lopez O, Tabrizi MA, Moorman AR, Gessi S, Fogli E, Sacchetto V, Borea PA. From tyrosine to glycine: synthesis and biological activity of potent antagonists of the purinergic P2X7 receptor. J Med Chem 2007; 50:3706-15. [PMID: 17585854 DOI: 10.1021/jm070443e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of the native and recombinant P2X7 receptor continues to be hindered by the lack of specific and subtype-selective antagonists with a "druglike" profile. However, a tyrosine derivative named KN-62 exhibits selective P2X7 receptor-blocking properties. As a molecular simplification of KN-62, the present study was designed to evaluate the functional antagonistic properties of a novel series of glycine derivatives characterized by the presence of different phenyl-substituted piperazine moieties. Antagonistic activity of these glycine derivatives was tested on HEK293 cells transfected with the human P2X7 receptor. The most potent P2X7 receptor antagonist identified in this study (compound 4g) contains an o-fluorine substituent on the phenylpiperazine moiety and had an IC50 of 12.1 nM. The biological responses investigated were ATP-dependent Ca2+ influx across the plasma membrane and ethidium bromide uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Romagnoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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46
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Gessi S, Merighi S, Varani K, Cattabriga E, Benini A, Mirandola P, Leung E, Mac Lennan S, Feo C, Baraldi S, Borea PA. Adenosine receptors in colon carcinoma tissues and colon tumoral cell lines: focus on the A(3) adenosine subtype. J Cell Physiol 2007; 211:826-36. [PMID: 17348028 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine may affect several pathophysiological processes, including cellular proliferation, through interaction with A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) receptors. In this study we characterized adenosine receptors in human colon cancer tissues and in colon cancer cell lines Caco2, DLD1, HT29. mRNA of all adenosine subtypes was detected in cancer tissues and cell lines. At a protein levels low amount of A(1), A(2A), and A(2B) receptors were detected, whilst the A(3) was the most abundant subtype in both cancer tissues and cells, with a pharmacological profile typical of the A(3) subtype. All the receptors were coupled to stimulation/inhibition of adenylyl-cyclase in cancer cells, with the exception of A(1) subtype. Adenosine increased cell proliferation with an EC(50) of 3-12 microM in cancer cells. This effect was not essentially reduced by adenosine receptor antagonists. However dypiridamol, an adenosine transport inhibitor, increased the stimulatory effect induced by adenosine, suggesting an action at the cell surface. Addition of adenosine deaminase makes the A(3) agonist 2-chloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-N-methyl-5'-carbamoyladenosine (Cl-IB-MECA) able to stimulate cell proliferation with an EC(50) of 0.5-0.9 nM in cancer cells, suggesting a tonic proliferative effect induced by endogenous adenosine. This effect was antagonized by 5-N-(4-methoxyphenyl-carbamoyl)amino-8-propyl-2(2furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3e]-1,2,4-triazolo [1,5-c] pyrimidine (MRE 3008F20) 10 nM. Cl-IB-MECA-stimulated cell proliferation involved extracellular-signal-regulated-kinases (ERK1/2) pathway, as demonstrated by reduction of proliferation with 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis-[2-amino-phenylthio]-butadiene (U0126) and by ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In conclusion this study indicates for the first time that in colon cancer cell lines endogenous adenosine, through the interaction with A(3) receptors, mediates a tonic proliferative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gessi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation, Ferrara, Italy
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47
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Baraldi PG, Preti D, Tabrizi MA, Fruttarolo F, Romagnoli R, Carrion MD, Cara LCL, Moorman AR, Varani K, Borea PA. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1-deoxy-1-[6-[((hetero)arylcarbonyl)hydrazino]- 9H-purin-9-yl]-N-ethyl-beta-D-ribofuranuronamide derivatives as useful templates for the development of A2B adenosine receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2007; 50:374-80. [PMID: 17228880 DOI: 10.1021/jm061170a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The lack of molecules endowed with selective and potent agonistic activity toward the hA2B adenosine receptors has limited the studies on this pharmacological target and consequently the evaluation of its therapeutic potential. We report the design and the synthesis of the first potent (EC50 in the nanomolar range) and selective hA2B adenosine receptor agonists consisting of 1-deoxy-1-[6-[((hetero)arylcarbonyl)hydrazino]-9H-purin-9-yl]-N-ethyl-beta-D-ribofuranuronamide derivatives. The concurrent effect of 6-substitution of the purine nucleus with a ((hetero)arylcarbonyl)hydrazino function and a 2-chloro substitution has been investigated in such NECA derivatives.
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48
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Gessi S, Varani K, Merighi S, Fogli E, Sacchetto V, Benini A, Leung E, Mac-Lennan S, Borea PA. Adenosine and lymphocyte regulation. Purinergic Signal 2007; 3:109-16. [PMID: 18404424 PMCID: PMC2096755 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-006-9042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a potent extracellular messenger that is produced in high concentrations under metabolically unfavourable conditions. Tissue hypoxia, consequent to a compromised cellular energy status, is followed by the enhanced breakdown of ATP leading to the release of adenosine. Through the interaction with A(2) and A(3) membrane receptors, adenosine is devoted to the restoration of tissue homeostasis, acting as a retaliatory metabolite. Several aspects of the immune response have to be taken into consideration and even though in general it is very important to dampen inflammation, in some circumstances, such as the case of cancer, it is also necessary to increase the activity of immune cells against pathogens. Therefore, adenosine receptors that are defined as "sensors" of metabolic changes in the local tissue environment may be very important targets for modulation of immune responses and drugs devoted to regulating the adenosinergic system are promising in different clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gessi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
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49
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Kalla RV, Elzein E, Perry T, Li X, Palle V, Varkhedkar V, Gimbel A, Maa T, Zeng D, Zablocki J. Novel 1,3-disubstituted 8-(1-benzyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) xanthines: high affinity and selective A2B adenosine receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3682-92. [PMID: 16759111 DOI: 10.1021/jm051268+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine has been suggested to induce bronchial hyperresponsiveness in asthmatics, which is believed to be an A(2B) adenosine receptor (AdoR) mediated pathway. We hypothesize that a selective, high-affinity A(2B) AdoR antagonist may provide therapeutic benefit in the treatment of asthma. In an attempt to identify a high-affinity, selective antagonist for the A(2B) AdoR, we synthesized 8-(C-4-pyrazolyl) xanthines. Compound 22, 8-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-dipropyl xanthine, is a N-1 unsubstituted pyrazole derivative that has favorable binding affinity (K(i) = 9 nM) for the A(2B) AdoR, but it is only 2-fold selective versus the A(1) AdoR. Introduction of a benzyl group at the N-1-pyrazole position of 22 resulted in 19, which had moderate selectivity. The initial focus of the SAR study was on the preparation of substituted benzyl derivatives of 19 because the corresponding phenyl, phenethyl, and phenpropyl derivatives showed a decrease in A(2B) AdoR affinity and selectivity relative to 19. The preferred substitution on the phenyl ring of 19 contains an electron-withdrawing group, specifically F or CF(3) at the m-position, as in 33 and 36 respectively, increases the selectivity while retaining the affinity for the A(2B) AdoR. Exploring disubstitutions on the phenyl ring of derivatives 33 and36 led to the 2-chloro-5-trifluoromethylphenyl derivative 50, which retained the A(2B) AdoR affinity but enhanced the selectivity relative to 36. After optimization of the substitution on the 8-pyrazole xanthine, 1,3-disubstitution of the xanthine core was explored with methyl, ethyl, butyl, and isobutyl groups. In comparison to the corresponding dipropyl analogues, the smaller 1,3-dialkyl groups (methyl and ethyl) increased the A(2B) AdoR binding selectivity of the xanthine derivatives while retaining the affinity. However, the larger 1,3-dialkyl groups (isobutyl and butyl) resulted in a decrease in both A(2B) AdoR affinity and selectivity. This final SAR optimization led to the discovery of 1,3-dimethyl derivative 60, 8-(1-(3-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,3-dimethyl xanthine, a high-affinity (K(i) = 1 nM) A(2B) AdoR antagonist with high selectivity (990-, 690-, and 1,000-) for the human A(1), A(2A,) and A(3) AdoRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao V Kalla
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, CV Therapeutics Inc., 3172 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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Gessi S, Varani K, Merighi S, Leung E, Mac Lennan S, Baraldi PG, Borea PA. Novel selective antagonist radioligands for the pharmacological study of A(2B) adenosine receptors. Purinergic Signal 2006; 2:583-8. [PMID: 18404460 PMCID: PMC2096665 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-006-9019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine A2B receptor is the least well characterized of the four adenosine subtypes due to the lack of potent and selective agonists and antagonists. Despite the widespread distribution of A2B receptor mRNA, little information is available with regard to their function. The characterization of A2B receptors, through radioligand binding studies, has been performed, until now, by using low-affinity and non-selective antagonists like 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine ([3H]DPCPX),(4-(2-[7-amino-2-(2-furyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo-[2,3-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-ylamino]ethyl)-phenol ([3H]ZM 241385) and 3-(3,4-aminobenzyl)-8-(4-oxyacetate)phenyl-1-propyl-xanthine ([125I]ABOPX). Recently, high-affinity radioligands for A2B receptors, [N-(4-cyanophenyl)-2-[4-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-1,3-dipropyl-1H-purin-8-yl)-phenoxy]acetamide ([3H]MRS 1754), N-(2-(2-Phenyl-6-[4-(2,2,3,3-tetratritrio-3-phenylpropyl)-piperazine-1-carbonyl]-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-ethyl)-acetamide ([3H]OSIP339391) and N-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-2-[5-(1,3-dipropyl-2,6-dioxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-purin-8-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yloxy]-acetamide] ([3H]MRE 2029F20), have been introduced. This minireview offers an overview of these recently developed radioligands and the most important applications of drugs towards A2B receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gessi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and ‘Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI),′, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and ‘Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI),′, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and ‘Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI),′, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Edward Leung
- King Pharmaceuticals Research & Development, Cary, NC USA
| | | | | | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit and ‘Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI),′, Ferrara, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara,, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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