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Abd Al Moaty MN, El Ashry ESH, Awad LF, Ibrahim NA, Abu-Serie MM, Barakat A, Altowyan MS, Teleb M. Enhancing the Anticancer Potential of Targeting Tumor-Associated Metalloenzymes via VEGFR Inhibition by New Triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidinone Acyclo C-Nucleosides Multitarget Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082422. [PMID: 35458618 PMCID: PMC9026109 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of metalloenzymes in tumor progression had broadened their application in cancer therapy. Of these, MMPs and CAs are validated druggable targets that share some pivotal signaling pathways. The majority of MMPs or CAs inhibitors are designed as single-target agents. Despite their transient efficacy, these agents are often susceptible to resistance. This set the stage to introduce dual inhibitors of correlated MMPs and CAs. The next step is expected to target the common vital signaling nodes as well. In this regard, VEGFR-2 is central to various tumorigenesis events involving both families, especially MMP-2 and CA II. Herein, we report simultaneous inhibition of MMP-2, CA II, and VEGFR-2 via rationally designed hybrid 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidinone acyclo C-nucleosides. The promising derivatives were nanomolar inhibitors of VEGFR-2 (8; IC50 = 5.89 nM, 9; IC50 = 10.52 nM) and MMP-2 (8; IC50 = 17.44 nM, 9; IC50 = 30.93 nM) and submicromolar inhibitors of CA II (8; IC50 = 0.21 µM, 9; IC50 = 0.36 µM). Docking studies predicted their binding modes into the enzyme active sites and the structural determinants of activity regarding substitution and regioselectivity. MTT assay demonstrated that both compounds were 12 folds safer than doxorubicin with superior anticancer activities against three human cancers recording single-digit nanomolar IC50, thus echoing their enzymatic activities. Up to our knowledge, this study introduces the first in class triazolopyrimidinone acyclo C-nucleosides VEGFR-2/MMP-2/CA II inhibitors that deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Nabil Abd Al Moaty
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt; (M.N.A.A.M.); (E.S.H.E.A.); (N.A.I.)
| | - El Sayed Helmy El Ashry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt; (M.N.A.A.M.); (E.S.H.E.A.); (N.A.I.)
| | - Laila Fathy Awad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt; (M.N.A.A.M.); (E.S.H.E.A.); (N.A.I.)
- Correspondence: (L.F.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Nihal Ahmed Ibrahim
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt; (M.N.A.A.M.); (E.S.H.E.A.); (N.A.I.)
| | - Marwa Muhammad Abu-Serie
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Assem Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (L.F.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Mezna Saleh Altowyan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed Teleb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt;
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Targeting the interplay between MMP-2, CA II and VEGFR-2 via new sulfonamide-tethered isomeric triazole hybrids; Microwave-assisted synthesis, computational studies and evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2022; 124:105816. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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3
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Xing X, Yuan H, Liu H, Tan X, Zhao B, Wang Y, Ouyang J, Lin M, Liu X, Huang A. Quantitative Secretome Analysis Reveals Clinical Values of Carbonic Anhydrase II in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 19:94-107. [PMID: 33662630 PMCID: PMC8498920 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early detection and intervention are key strategies to reduce mortality, increase long-term survival, and improve the therapeutic effects of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Herein, the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomic strategy was used to study the secretomes in conditioned media from HCC cancerous tissues, surrounding noncancerous tissues, and distal noncancerous tissues to identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for HCC. In total, 22 and 49 dysregulated secretory proteins were identified in the cancerous and surrounding noncancerous tissues, respectively, compared with the distal noncancerous tissues. Among these proteins, carbonic anhydrase II (CA2) was identified to be significantly upregulated in the secretome of cancerous tissues; correspondingly, the serum concentrations of CA2 were remarkably increased in HCC patients compared with that in normal populations. Interestingly, a significant increase of serum CA2 in recurrent HCC patients after radical resection was also confirmed compared with HCC patients without recurrence, and the serum level of CA2 could act as an independent prognostic factor for time to recurrence and overall survival. Regarding the mechanism, the secreted CA2 enhances the migration and invasion of HCC cells by activating the epithelial mesenchymal transition pathway. Taken together, this study identified a novel biomarker for HCC diagnosis and prognosis, and provided a valuable resource of HCC secretome for investigating serological biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xing
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China; The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Hongzhi Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Xionghong Tan
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Bixing Zhao
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Yingchao Wang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Jiahe Ouyang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Minjie Lin
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China; The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China.
| | - Aimin Huang
- Department of Pathology and Institute of Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China.
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4
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Dai SY, Yang D. A Visible and Near-Infrared Light Activatable Diazocoumarin Probe for Fluorogenic Protein Labeling in Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17156-17166. [PMID: 32870680 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modification of proteins in living cells permits valuable glimpses into the molecular interactions that underpin dynamic cellular events. While genetic engineering methods are often preferred, selective labeling of endogenous proteins in a complex intracellular milieu with chemical approaches represents a significant challenge. In this study, we report novel diazocoumarin compounds that can be photoactivated by visible (430-490 nm) and near-infrared light (800 nm) irradiation to photo-uncage reactive carbene intermediates, which could subsequently undergo an insertion reaction with concomitant fluorescence "turned on". With these new molecules in hand, we have developed a new approach for rapid, selective, and fluorogenic labeling of endogenous protein in living cells. By using CA-II and eDHFR as model proteins, we demonstrated that subcellular localization of proteins can be precisely visualized by live-cell imaging and protein levels can be reliably quantified in multiple cell types using flow cytometry. Dynamic protein regulations such as hypoxia-induced CA-IX accumulation can also be detected. In addition, by two-photon excitation with an 800 nm laser, cell-selective labeling can also be achieved with spatially controlled irradiation. Our method circumvents the cytotoxicity of UV light and obviates the need for introducing external reporters with "click chemistries". We believe that this approach of fluorescence labeling of endogenous protein by bioorthogonal photoirradiation opens up exciting opportunities for discoveries and mechanistic interrogation in chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yao Dai
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Morningside Laboratory for Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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5
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Li C, Li W, Cheng X, Zhang D, Sun X, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Huang Y, Xia X, Ma Q, Su Z. P55PIK Regulates P53-Dependent Apoptosis in Cancer Cells by Interacting with P53 DNA-Specific Domain. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:5177-5190. [PMID: 32606738 PMCID: PMC7292491 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s247200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) plays an important role in tumorigenesis by cross-talking with several signaling pathways. p55PIK is a unique regulatory subunit of PI3K and contains an extra 24-residue N-terminal domain (N24). This study aimed to explore the interaction of p55PIK with p53 and the role of p55PIK in regulating p53-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells. Materials and Methods The expression of p55PIK was detected in cancer cells, and the interaction of p55PIK with p53 was examined by immunoprecipitation and pull-down assay. The expression of p53-dependent apoptosis-related genes was detected by PCR. Results N24 domain of p55PIK interacted with DNA-specific binding domain (DBD) of p53. The increase or decrease of p55PIK expression led to the change of the expression of p53 and p53-regulated genes in cancer cells. Moreover, N24 peptide led to the change of the expression of p53-regulated genes. Moreover, a membrane-permeable N24 peptide enhanced p53-dependent apoptosis induced by methyl methanesulfonate. Conclusion Our results reveal a novel mechanism that regulates p53-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells via p55PIK-p53 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, People's Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianmin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.,Department of Drug Discovery, PKU-Nanjing Joint Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanjing 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengding Su
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, National "111" Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, People's Republic of China
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6
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Li F, Huang Y, Wang J, Lin C, Li Q, Zheng X, Wang Y, Cao L, Zhou J. Early differentiating between the chemotherapy responders and nonresponders: preliminary results with ultrasonic spectrum analysis of the RF time series in preclinical breast cancer models. Cancer Imaging 2019; 19:61. [PMID: 31462322 PMCID: PMC6714306 DOI: 10.1186/s40644-019-0248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was aimed to assess whether ultrasonic spectrum analysis of radiofrequency (RF) time series using a clinical ultrasound system allows for early differentiating between the chemotherapy responders and nonresponders in human breast cancer xenografts that imitate clinical responding and nonresponding tumors. Methods Clinically responding (n = 20; MCF-7) and nonresponding (n = 20; MBA-MD-231) breast cancer xenografts were established in 40 nude mice. Ten mice from each group received either chemotherapy (adriamycin, 4 mg/kg) or saline as controls. Each tumor was imaged longitudinally with a clinical ultrasound scanner at baseline (day 0) and subsequently on days 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 following treatment, and the corresponding RF time-series data were collected. Changes in six RF time-series parameters (slope, intercept, S1, S2, S3 and S4) were compared with the measurement of the tumor cell density, and their differential performances of the treatment response were analyzed. Results Adriamycin significantly inhibited tumor growth and decreased the cancer cell density in responders (P < 0.001) but not in nonresponders (P > 0.05). Fold changes of slope were significantly increased in responders two days after adriamycin treatment (P = 0.002), but not in nonresponders (P > 0.05). Early changes in slope on day 2 could differentiate the treatment response in 100% of both responders (95% CI, 62.9–100.0%) and nonresponders (95% CI, 88.4–100%). Conclusions Ultrasonic RF time series allowed for the monitoring of the tumor response to chemotherapy and could further serve as biomarkers for early differentiating between the treatment responders and nonresponders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40644-019-0248-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yini Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Lin
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyi Zheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Longhui Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
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Noor SI, Jamali S, Ames S, Langer S, Deitmer JW, Becker HM. A surface proton antenna in carbonic anhydrase II supports lactate transport in cancer cells. eLife 2018; 7:35176. [PMID: 29809145 PMCID: PMC5986270 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many tumor cells produce vast amounts of lactate and acid, which have to be removed from the cell to prevent intracellular lactacidosis and suffocation of metabolism. In the present study, we show that proton-driven lactate flux is enhanced by the intracellular carbonic anhydrase CAII, which is colocalized with the monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Co-expression of MCTs with various CAII mutants in Xenopus oocytes demonstrated that CAII facilitates MCT transport activity in a process involving CAII-Glu69 and CAII-Asp72, which could function as surface proton antennae for the enzyme. CAII-Glu69 and CAII-Asp72 seem to mediate proton transfer between enzyme and transporter, but CAII-His64, the central residue of the enzyme's intramolecular proton shuttle, is not involved in proton shuttling between the two proteins. Instead, this residue mediates binding between MCT and CAII. Taken together, the results suggest that CAII features a moiety that exclusively mediates proton exchange with the MCT to facilitate transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Ibne Noor
- Division of General Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Somayeh Jamali
- Division of General Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Samantha Ames
- Division of General Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Silke Langer
- Division of General Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Joachim W Deitmer
- Division of General Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Holger M Becker
- Division of General Zoology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Zhang D, Xia X, Wang X, Zhang P, Lu W, Yu Y, Deng S, Yang H, Zhu H, Xu N, Liang S. PGRMC1 Is a Novel Potential Tumor Biomarker of Human Renal Cell Carcinoma Based on Quantitative Proteomic and Integrative Biological Assessments. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170453. [PMID: 28107520 PMCID: PMC5249100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is widely observed with an elevated level in multiple human cancers. However, the roles of PGRMC1 in renal cancer are not clear and merit further study. In this report, we made a systematic, integrative biological assessment for PGRMC1 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by a quantitative proteomic identification, immunohistochemical detection, and its clinic pathologic significance analysis. We found that PGRMC1 abundance is increased by 3.91-fold in RCC tissues compared with its autologous para-cancerous tissues by a quantitative proteome identification. To validate the proteomic result with more confidence, 135 clinic RCC tissues were recruited to measure PGRMC1 abundance by immunohistochemical staining, and 63.7% RCC samples (n = 86) showed a higher abundance of PGRMC1 than the noncancerous counterparts. And the elevated PGRMC1 level was related to the tumor malignancy degree and overall survival of RCC patients. Meanwhile the average serum PGRMC1 concentration for RCC patients (n = 18) was significantly increased by 1.67 fold compared with healthy persons. Moreover an exogenous elevated abundance of PGRMC1 by plasmid transfections significantly enhanced cell proliferation of renal cancer cells in vitro. Our findings demonstrate PGRMC1, which promotes RCC progression phenotypes in vitro and in vivo, is a novel potential biomarker and therapeutic target for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xiangying Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xixi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Weiliang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yamei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Shi Deng
- Department of Urinary Surgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Hanshuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Zhu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shufang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Weiler S, Ademokun JA, Norton JD. ID helix-loop-helix proteins as determinants of cell survival in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:30. [PMID: 25644253 PMCID: PMC4320821 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-014-0286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the inhibitor of DNA-binding (ID) family of helix-loop-helix proteins have been causally implicated in the pathogenesis of several types of B-cell lineage malignancy, either on the basis of mutation or by altered expression. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders and is the commonest leukaemia type in the Western world. In this study, we have investigated the pathobiological functions of the ID2 and ID3 proteins in this disease with an emphasis on their role in regulating leukemic cell death/survival. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis of microarray gene expression data was used to investigate expression of ID2/ID3 in leukemic versus normal B cells, their association with clinical course of disease and molecular sub-type and to reconstruct a gene regulatory network using the 'maximum information coefficient' (MIC) for target gene inference. In vitro cultured primary leukemia cells, either in isolation or co-cultured with accessory vascular endothelial cells, were used to investigate ID2/ID3 protein expression by western blotting and to assess the cytotoxic response of different drugs (fludarabine, chlorambucil, ethacrynic acid) by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. ID2/ID3 protein levels in primary leukemia cells and in MEC1 cells were manipulated by transduction with siRNA reagents. RESULTS Datamining showed that the expression profiles of ID2 and ID3 are associated with distinct pathobiological features of disease and implicated both genes in regulating cell death/survival by targeting multiple non-overlapping sets of apoptosis effecter genes. Consistent with microarray data, the overall pattern of ID2/ID3 protein expression in relation to cell death/survival responses of primary leukemia cells was suggestive of a pro-survival function for both ID proteins. This was confirmed by siRNA knock-down experiments in MEC1 cells and in primary leukemia cells, but with variability in the dependence of leukemic cells from different patients on ID protein expression for cell survival. Vascular endothelial cells rescued leukemia cells from spontaneous and cytotoxic drug-induced cell death at least in part, via an ID protein-coupled redox-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence for a pro-survival function of the ID2/ID3 proteins in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and also highlights these proteins as potential determinants of the pathobiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Weiler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Jolaolu A Ademokun
- Department of Haematology, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust, Heath Road, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP4 5PD, UK.
| | - John D Norton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK.
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Jashari A, Imeri F, Ballazhi L, Shabani A, Mikhova B, Dräger G, Popovski E, Huwiler A. Synthesis and cellular characterization of novel isoxazolo- and thiazolohydrazinylidene-chroman-2,4-diones on cancer and non-cancer cell growth and death. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2655-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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ZHOU RUI, HUANG WENJUN, YAO YUQIN, WANG YUXI, LI ZIQIANG, SHAO BIN, ZHONG JIAN, TANG MINGHAI, LIANG SHUFANG, ZHAO XIA, TONG AIPING, YANG JINLIANG. CA II, a potential biomarker by proteomic analysis, exerts significant inhibitory effect on the growth of colorectal cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:611-21. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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12
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p55PIK transcriptionally activated by MZF1 promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:868131. [PMID: 23509792 PMCID: PMC3591147 DOI: 10.1155/2013/868131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
p55PIK, regulatory subunit of class IA phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), plays a crucial role in cell cycle progression by interaction with tumor repressor retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. A recent study showed that Rb protein can localize to the mitochondria in proliferative cells. Aberrant p55PIK expression may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer progression. To reveal the mechanisms of p55PIK transcriptional regulation, the p55PIK promoter characteristics were analyzed. The data show that myeloid zinc finger 1, MZF1, is necessary for p55PIK gene transcription activation. ChIP (Chromatin immuno-precipitation) assay shows that MZF1 binds to the cis-element "TGGGGA" in p55PIK promoter. In MZF1 overexpressed cells, the promoter activity, expression of p55PIK, and cell proliferation rate were observed to be significantly enhanced. Whereas in MZF1-silenced cells, the promoter activity and expression of p55PIK and cell proliferation level was statistically decreased. In CRC tissues, MZF1 and p55PIK mRNA expression were increased (P = 0.046, P = 0.047, resp.). A strong positive correlation (Rs = 0.94) between MZF1 and p55PIK mRNA expression was observed. Taken together, we concluded that p55PIK is transcriptionally activated by MZF1, resulting in increased proliferation of colorectal cancer cells.
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Preactivation of Human MSCs with TNF-α Enhances Tumor-Suppressive Activity. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 11:825-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Mir SUR, Jin L, Craven RJ. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) expression is dependent on the tumor-associated sigma-2 receptor S2RPgrmc1. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:14494-501. [PMID: 22418433 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.324921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor invasion is a critical step in the spread of cancer. S2R (sigma-2 receptor)/Pgrmc1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1) is a cytochrome b(5)-related drug-binding orphan receptor essential for tumor formation and invasion. Secretory proteins drive these processes, so we screened for S2R(Pgrmc1)-dependent secreted proteins using antibody arrays. S2R(Pgrmc1) markedly regulated the expression of NGAL/LCN2 (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin/lipocalin 2), a secreted glycoprotein that binds to MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9) and protects it from degradation. S2R(Pgrmc1) knock-down blocked NGAL/LCN2 expression at the protein and RNA levels and decreased MMP9 activity. NGAL expression was required for MMP-9 activity and tumor formation. S2R(Pgrmc1) associates with EGFR and increases EGFR levels at the plasma membrane, and the EGFR inhibitors erlotinib and AG1478, as well as Akt and ERK inhibitors, suppressed the NGAL/LCN2 RNA and protein levels. NGAL is transcriptionally regulated by NFκB, and S2R(Pgrmc1) knock-down decreased the NFκB subunit p65/RelA acetylation, phosphorylation, and activation. In S2R(Pgrmc1) knock-down cells, p65 acetylation was reversed by inhibitors of histone deacetylase 1, and the inhibitors partially restored NGAL levels. Our results are consistent with a model in which S2R(Pgrmc1) increases NGAL/LCN2 levels by activating NFκB via EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel U R Mir
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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15
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Mir SUR, Ahmed ISA, Arnold S, Craven RJ. Elevated progesterone receptor membrane component 1/sigma-2 receptor levels in lung tumors and plasma from lung cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2011; 131:E1-9. [PMID: 21918976 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death, and there is an urgent need for new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (Pgrmc1) protein is upregulated in multiple types of cancer, and Pgrmc1 is required for tumor cell proliferation, motility and tumor formation in vivo. Furthermore, a small molecule inhibitor of Pgrmc1 suppressed the growth of lung, breast and cervical cancer cell lines. Recently, Pgrmc1 was identified as the sigma-2 receptor, a putative type of opioid receptor, and sigma-2 receptors are induced in cancers. However, Pgrmc1 shares no homology with known opioid or hormone receptors but is related to cytochrome b(5), and Pgrmc1 binds to heme and has reducing activity. In this study, we have analyzed Pgrmc1 levels in clinical tumor samples from squamous cell lung cancers (SCLC) and lung adenocarcinomas compared to corresponding nonmalignant tissue. Pgrmc1 levels increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in 12/15 SCLC samples and was elevated in poorly differentiated tumors. Pgrmc1 was highly expressed in SCLC cell lines, and SCLC cell survival was inhibited by siRNA knockdown of Pgrmc1 or the Pgrmc1 inhibitor AG-205. In adenocarcinomas, 6/15 tumors significantly had elevated Pgrmc1 levels, which correlated with patient survival. Pgrmc1 localizes to secretory vesicles in cancer cells, and Pgrmc1 was secreted by lung cancer cells. Furthermore, Pgrmc1 was significantly elevated in the plasma of lung cancer patients compared to noncancer patients. Together, the results demonstrate that Pgrmc1 is a potential tumor and serum biomarker, as well as a therapeutic target, for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel U R Mir
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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16
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Liu X, Li Z, Wen J, Cai Q, Xu Y, Zhang X. Prediction of multiple drug resistance phenotype in cancer cell lines using gene expression profiles and phylogenetic trees. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-4131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Chromik AM, Hahn SA, Daigeler A, Flier A, Bulut D, May C, Harati K, Roschinsky J, Sülberg D, Weyhe D, Mittelkötter U, Uhl W. Gene expression analysis of cell death induction by taurolidine in different malignant cell lines. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:595. [PMID: 21034493 PMCID: PMC2988031 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The anti-infective agent Taurolidine (TRD) has been shown to have cell death inducing properties, but the mechanism of its action is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to identify potential common target genes modulated at the transcriptional level following TRD treatment in tumour cell lines originating from different cancer types. Methods Five different malignant cell lines (HT29, Chang Liver, HT1080, AsPC-1 and BxPC-3) were incubated with TRD (100 μM, 250 μM and 1000 μM). Proliferation after 8 h and cell viability after 24 h were analyzed by BrdU assay and FACS analysis, respectively. Gene expression analyses were carried out using the Agilent -microarray platform to indentify genes which displayed conjoint regulation following the addition of TRD in all cell lines. Candidate genes were subjected to Ingenuity Pathways Analysis and selected genes were validated by qRT-PCR and Western Blot. Results TRD 250 μM caused a significant inhibition of proliferation as well as apoptotic cell death in all cell lines. Among cell death associated genes with the strongest regulation in gene expression, we identified pro-apoptotic transcription factors (EGR1, ATF3) as well as genes involved in the ER stress response (PPP1R15A), in ubiquitination (TRAF6) and mitochondrial apoptotic pathways (PMAIP1). Conclusions This is the first conjoint analysis of potential target genes of TRD which was performed simultaneously in different malignant cell lines. The results indicate that TRD might be involved in different signal transduction pathways leading to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar M Chromik
- Department of Visceral and General Surgery, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstrasse 56, D-44791 Bochum, Germany.
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Zhang K, Gray JW, Parvin B. Sparse multitask regression for identifying common mechanism of response to therapeutic targets. Bioinformatics 2010; 26:i97-105. [PMID: 20529943 PMCID: PMC2881366 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation: Molecular association of phenotypic responses is an important step in hypothesis generation and for initiating design of new experiments. Current practices for associating gene expression data with multidimensional phenotypic data are typically (i) performed one-to-one, i.e. each gene is examined independently with a phenotypic index and (ii) tested with one stress condition at a time, i.e. different perturbations are analyzed separately. As a result, the complex coordination among the genes responsible for a phenotypic profile is potentially lost. More importantly, univariate analysis can potentially hide new insights into common mechanism of response. Results: In this article, we propose a sparse, multitask regression model together with co-clustering analysis to explore the intrinsic grouping in associating the gene expression with phenotypic signatures. The global structure of association is captured by learning an intrinsic template that is shared among experimental conditions, with local perturbations introduced to integrate effects of therapeutic agents. We demonstrate the performance of our approach on both synthetic and experimental data. Synthetic data reveal that the multi-task regression has a superior reduction in the regression error when compared with traditional L1-and L2-regularized regression. On the other hand, experiments with cell cycle inhibitors over a panel of 14 breast cancer cell lines demonstrate the relevance of the computed molecular predictors with the cell cycle machinery, as well as the identification of hidden variables that are not captured by the baseline regression analysis. Accordingly, the system has identified CLCA2 as a hidden transcript and as a common mechanism of response for two therapeutic agents of CI-1040 and Iressa, which are currently in clinical use. Contact:b_parvin@lbl.gov
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Ahmed IS, Rohe HJ, Twist KE, Craven RJ. Pgrmc1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1) associates with epidermal growth factor receptor and regulates erlotinib sensitivity. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24775-82. [PMID: 20538600 PMCID: PMC2915713 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.134585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis requires the concerted action of multiple pathways, including pathways that stimulate proliferation and metabolism. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane receptor-tyrosine kinase that is associated with cancer progression, and the EGFR inhibitors erlotinib/tarceva and tyrphostin/AG-1478 are potent anti-cancer therapeutics. Pgrmc1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1) is a cytochrome b(5)-related protein that is up-regulated in tumors and promotes cancer growth. Pgrmc1 and its homologues have been implicated in cell signaling, and we show here that Pgrmc1 increases susceptibility to AG-1478 and erlotinib, increases plasma membrane EGFR levels, and co-precipitates with EGFR. Pgrmc1 co-localizes with EGFR in cytoplasmic vesicles and co-fractionates with EGFR in high density microsomes. The findings have therapeutic potential because a Pgrmc1 small molecule ligand, which inhibits growth in a variety of cancer cell types, de-stabilized EGFR in multiple tumor cell lines. EGFR is one of the most potent receptor-tyrosine kinases driving tumorigenesis, and our data support a role for Pgrmc1 in promoting several cancer phenotypes at least in part by binding EGFR and stabilizing plasma membrane pools of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhlas S. Ahmed
- From the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Hannah J. Rohe
- From the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Katherine E. Twist
- From the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Rolf J. Craven
- From the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
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20
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Ahmed IS, Rohe HJ, Twist KE, Mattingly MN, Craven RJ. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (Pgrmc1): a heme-1 domain protein that promotes tumorigenesis and is inhibited by a small molecule. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:564-73. [PMID: 20164297 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.164210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis requires the concerted action of multiple pathways, including pathways that stimulate proliferation and increase metabolism. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (Pgrmc1) is related to cytochrome b5, binds to heme, and is associated with DNA damage resistance and apoptotic suppression. Pgrmc1 is induced by carcinogens, including dioxin, and is up-regulated in multiple types of cancer. In the present study, we found that Pgrmc1 increased in vivo tumor growth, anchorage-independent growth, and migration. Pgrmc1 also promoted proliferation in the absence of serum in A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells but enhanced proliferation regardless of serum concentration in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells. Pgrmc1 promotes cholesterol synthesis and binds to Insig (insulin-induced gene), Scap (sterol regulatory element binding protein cleavage activating protein), and P450 proteins, but Pgrmc1 did not affect cholesterol synthesis in lung cancer cells. Pgrmc1 is also associated with progesterone signaling and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI1) RNA binding protein, but neither progesterone activity nor PAI1 transcript levels were altered in Pgrmc1-knockdown lung cancer cells. Pgrmc1 homologues bind to aryl ligands identified in an in silico screen, and we have found that a Pgrmc1 ligand induced cell death in a Pgrmc1-specific manner in multiple breast and lung tumor cell lines. Our data support a role for Pgrmc1 in promoting cancer-associated phenotypes and provide a therapeutic approach for targeting Pgrmc1 with a small molecule in lung and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhlas S Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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21
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Altomare DA, Rybak SM, Pei J, Maizel JV, Cheung M, Testa JR, Shogen K. Onconase responsive genes in human mesothelioma cells: implications for an RNA damaging therapeutic agent. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:34. [PMID: 20137089 PMCID: PMC2829496 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Onconase represents a new class of RNA-damaging drugs. Mechanistically, Onconase is thought to internalize, where it degrades intracellular RNAs such as tRNA and double-stranded RNA, and thereby suppresses protein synthesis. However, there may be additional or alternative mechanism(s) of action. Methods In this study, microarray analysis was used to compare gene expression profiles in untreated human malignant mesothelioma (MM) cell lines and cells exposed to 5 μg/ml Onconase for 24 h. A total of 155 genes were found to be regulated by Onconase that were common to both epithelial and biphasic MM cell lines. Some of these genes are known to significantly affect apoptosis (IL-24, TNFAIP3), transcription (ATF3, DDIT3, MAFF, HDAC9, SNAPC1) or inflammation and the immune response (IL-6, COX-2). RT-PCR analysis of selected up- or down-regulated genes treated with varying doses and times of Onconase generally confirmed the expression array findings in four MM cell lines. Results Onconase treatment consistently resulted in up-regulation of IL-24, previously shown to have tumor suppressive activity, as well as ATF3 and IL-6. Induction of ATF3 and the pro-apoptotic factor IL-24 by Onconase was highest in the two most responsive MM cell lines, as defined by DNA fragmentation analysis. In addition to apoptosis, gene ontology analysis indicated that pathways impacted by Onconase include MAPK signaling, cytokine-cytokine-receptor interactions, and Jak-STAT signaling. Conclusions These results provide a broad picture of gene activity after treatment with a drug that targets small non-coding RNAs and contribute to our overall understanding of MM cell response to Onconase as a therapeutic strategy. The findings provide insights regarding mechanisms that may contribute to the efficacy of this novel drug in clinical trials of MM patients who have failed first line chemotherapy or radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Altomare
- Cancer Genetics & Signaling Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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22
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Abstract
In this chapter, the attention is put on Ca(2+) effect on Clusterin (CLU) activity. We showed that two CLU forms (secreted and nuclear) are differently regulated by Ca(2+) and that Ca(2+) fluxes affect CLU gene expression. A secretory form (sCLU) protects cell viability whereas nuclear form (nCLU) is proapoptotic. Based on available data we suggest, that different CLU forms play opposite roles, depending on intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, time-course of Ca(2+) current, intracellular Ca(2+) compartmentalization, and final Ca(2+) targets. Discussion will be motivated on how CLU acts on cell in response to Ca(2+) waves. The impact of Ca(2+) on CLU gene activity and transcription, posttranscriptional modifications, translation of CLU mRNA, and posttranslational changes as well as biological effects of CLU will be discussed. We will also examine how Ca(2+) signal and Ca(2+)-dependent proteins are attributable to changes in CLU characteristics. Some elucidation of CLU gene activity, CLU protein formation, maturation, secretion, and intracellular translocations in response to Ca(2+) is presented. In response to cell stress (i.e., DNA damage) CLU gene is activated. We assume that commonly upregulated mRNA for nCLU versus sCLU and vice versa are dependent on Ca(2+) accessibility and its intracellular distribution. It looks as if at low intracellular Ca(2+) the delay in cell cycle allows more time for DNA repair; otherwise, cells undergo nCLU-dependent apoptosis. If cells are about to survive, intrinsic apoptosis is abrogated by sCLU interacting with activated Bax. In conclusion, a narrow range of intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations is responsible for the decision whether nCLU is mobilized (apoptosis) or sCLU is appointed to improve survival. Since the discovery of CLU, a huge research progress has been done. Nonetheless we feel that much work is left ahead before remaining uncertainties related to Ca(2+) signal and the respective roles of CLU proteins are unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Pajak
- Department of Cell Ultrastructure, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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The role of clusterin (CLU) in malignant transformation and drug resistance in breast carcinomas. Adv Cancer Res 2010; 105:21-43. [PMID: 19879421 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(09)05002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the main cause of cancer-related death among women in Western countries. Current research is focused on identifying antiapoptotic proteins which could be a possible target for novel chemotherapeutic drugs. Secretory clusterin (sCLU) is an extracellular chaperone that has been functionally implicated in DNA repair, cell-cycle regulation, apoptotic cell death and tumorigenesis. The implication of sCLU in carcinogenesis and the progression of breast carcinomas make it an interesting gene, worthy of investigation. It has been reported to present powerful antiapoptotic activity and to perform a prosurvival function with most therapeutic treatments for breast cancer. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of CLU in tumorigenesis, progression, and response to treatment in breast carcinomas.
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Elliott AM, Al-Hajj MA. ABCB8 mediates doxorubicin resistance in melanoma cells by protecting the mitochondrial genome. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:79-87. [PMID: 19147539 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite their initial effectiveness in the treatment of melanoma, chemotherapeutic agents are ultimately futile against this most aggressive form of skin cancer, and patients inevitably succumb to the disease. One of the mechanisms by which residual melanoma cells become chemoresistant is via the decreased efficiency of chemotherapeutics through the action of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins that are variably expressed by the tumor cells. The clinical relevance of the ABC transporters in the context of cancer is paramount. Inhibitors of these transporters have been shown to increase the efficacy of standard therapy in experimental systems. Their clinical application requires better understanding of the role individual transporters play in the mechanism and the development of more specific inhibitors with minimal off target effects. ABC transporters in tumor cells have been shown to confer multidrug resistance in many solid tumors. However, their role in melanomas is far from clear. Here, we prospectively identify ABCB8 as a specific and major player in the chemoresistance of several melanoma cell lines. ABCB8 knockdown with shRNA reduced doxorubicin resistance approximately 3- to 4-fold in these cells. Furthermore, we show that this reversal is specific to doxorubicin and not to other commonly used chemotherapeutics. Our results also provide evidence that ABCB8 conferred resistance through the protection of mitochondrial DNA from doxorubicin-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Elliott
- MedImmune (AstraZeneca Biologics Unit), One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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25
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Aroui S, Ram N, Appaix F, Ronjat M, Kenani A, Pirollet F, De Waard M. Maurocalcine as a non toxic drug carrier overcomes doxorubicin resistance in the cancer cell line MDA-MB 231. Pharm Res 2008; 26:836-45. [PMID: 19083085 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to overcome tumour cell resistance that generally develops after administration of commonly used anti-cancer drugs, such as doxorubicin. METHODS Recently, cell penetrating peptides have been used for their ability to deliver non-permeant compounds into cells. One such cell penetrating peptide, maurocalcine, has been isolated from the venom of a Tunisian scorpion. Herein, we report the effects of doxorubicin covalently coupled to an analogue of maurocalcine on drug-sensitive or drug-resistant cell lines MCF7 and MDA-MB 231. RESULTS We demonstrated the in vitro anti-tumoral efficacy of the doxorubicin maurocalcine conjugate. On a doxorubicin-sensitive cancer cell line, the maurocalcine-conjugated form appears slightly less efficient than doxorubicin itself. On the contrary, on a doxorubicin-resistant cancer cell line, doxorubicin coupling allows to overcome the drug resistance. This strategy can be generalized to other cell penetrating peptides since Tat and penetratin show similar effects. CONCLUSION We conclude that coupling anti-tumoral drugs to cell penetrating peptides represent a valuable strategy to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Aroui
- INSERM, U836, Calcium Channels, Functions and Pathologies, BP 170, Grenoble Cedex 9, 38042, France
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Rohe HJ, Ahmed IS, Twist KE, Craven RJ. PGRMC1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1): a targetable protein with multiple functions in steroid signaling, P450 activation and drug binding. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:14-9. [PMID: 18992768 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hormone signaling is important in a number of disease states, and hormone receptors are effective therapeutic targets. PGRMC1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1) is a member of a multi-protein complex that binds to progesterone and other steroids, as well as pharmaceutical compounds. In spite of its name, PGRMC1 shares homology with cytochrome b5-related proteins rather than hormone receptors, and heme binding is the sole biochemical activity of PGRMC1. PGRMC1 and its homologues regulate cholesterol synthesis by activating the P450 protein Cyp51/lanosterol demethylase, and the cholesterol synthetic pathway is an important target in cardiovascular disease and in treating infections. PGRMC1 binding partners include multiple P450 proteins, PAIR-BP1, Insig, and an uncharacterized hormone/drug-binding protein. PGRMC1 is induced in a spectrum of cancers, where it promotes cell survival and damage resistance, and PGRMC1 is also expressed in the nervous system and tissues involved in drug metabolism, cholesterol synthesis and hormone synthesis and turnover. One of the appealing features of PGRMC1 and its associated protein complex is its affinity for steroids and drugs. Together with its biological role in promoting tumor survival, PGRMC1 is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in cancer and related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Rohe
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, MS-305 UKMC, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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Masuda J, Usui R, Maru Y. Fibronectin type I repeat is a nonactivating ligand for EphA1 and inhibits ATF3-dependent angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:13148-55. [PMID: 18308734 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702164200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ATF3 stimulated promoter activity of EphA1 by 3.4-fold in ATF3-dependent angiogenesis in vitro. Although tyrosine kinase activation of EphA1 was dispensable, binding of EphA1 to fibronectin through its type I repeat played an essential role in the angiogenesis. Recombinant proteins containing fibronectin 10th to 12th type I repeat (I 10-12) but not I 12 could inhibit the angiogenesis in vitro by competitively targeting EphA1 with the full-length fibronectin. However, I 12 acquired a higher affinity toward EphA2 with K(d) 18 nm and inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent angiogenic invasion in a Matrigel plug assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Masuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Bar-On O, Shapira M, Hershko DD. Differential effects of doxorubicin treatment on cell cycle arrest and Skp2 expression in breast cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2008; 18:1113-21. [PMID: 17893511 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e3282ef4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of Skp2, the ubiquitin ligase subunit that targets p27 for degradation, is often observed in cancers, and is associated with aggressive tumor proliferation and poor prognosis. As there is no drug at present that specifically targets Skp2, studies were undertaken to examine the effects of commonly used drugs on Skp2 regulation. Doxorubicin is among the most effective antitumor agents used for the management of breast cancer, but its effect on Skp2 expression is unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of doxorubicin on Skp2 expression regulation in breast cancer cell lines. The expression of Skp2 mRNA and the protein levels of Skp2, p27, p21 and cyclin B were examined in doxorubicin-treated MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The effect of doxorubicin on the cell cycle profile was assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Doxorubicin decreased Skp2 mRNA and protein levels in MCF-7 cells, but had the opposite effect in MDA-MB-231 cells. p27 levels were slightly decreased, whereas p53 and p21 levels were significantly upregulated in doxorubicin-treated MCF-7 cells. In contrast, p27 levels were unaffected by doxorubicin treatment in MDA-MB-231 cells, but cyclin B levels were markedly increased. Doxorubicin arrested MCF-7 cells at G1/S and G2/M checkpoints, whereas MDA-MB-231 cells were arrested at G2/M only. The differential effects of doxorubicin on Skp2 expression in breast cancer cells depend upon the specific cell cycle checkpoints activated by the drug. These changes induced by doxorubicin, however, do not significantly affect p27 expression in these cell lines, suggesting that the potential of a given drug to alter p27 expression through Skp2 modulation might depend on its specific action on cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Bar-On
- Department of Surgery A, Rambam Medical Center, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Waterman EA, Cross NA, Lippitt JM, Cross SS, Rehman I, Holen I, Hamdy FC, Eaton CL. The antibody MAB8051 directed against osteoprotegerin detects carbonic anhydrase II: implications for association studies with human cancers. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:1958-1966. [PMID: 17631639 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A commonly used monoclonal antibody targeting osteoprotegerin (OPG), MAB8051, detects a truncated protein species in breast and prostate cancer cell lysates. OPG expression has been reported to contribute to cell survival of both of these cancers. We hypothesised that the truncated protein represented a unique tumour-associated OPG isoform. However, here we show that the truncated protein identified by MAB8051 in cancer cell lines is carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), also implicated in tumour biology. We clearly demonstrate cross-reactivity of this OPG antibody in western blots. OPG and CA II RNA-interference studies confirmed the identity of the bands. We show almost identical staining patterns between MAB8051 and CA II immunohistochemistry of different human tissue types and human tumour types using serial sections. We conclude that care should be exercised using this antibody for immunohistochemistry studies, without additional in situ hybridisation, or parallel use of other OPG-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Waterman
- Academic Unit of Urology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A Cross
- Academic Unit of Urology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Jenifer M Lippitt
- Academic Unit of Urology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Simon S Cross
- Academic Unit of Pathology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ishtiaq Rehman
- Academic Unit of Urology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ingunn Holen
- Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Academic Unit of Urology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Colby L Eaton
- Academic Unit of Urology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a member of the ATF/cyclic AMP response element-binding family of transcription factors. We present evidence that ATF3 has a dichotomous role in cancer development. By both gain- and loss-of-function approaches, we found that ATF3 enhances apoptosis in the untransformed MCF10A mammary epithelial cells, but protects the aggressive MCF10CA1a cells and enhances its cell motility. Array analyses indicated that ATF3 upregulates the expression of several genes in the tumor necrosis factor pathway in the MCF10A cells but upregulates the expression of several genes implicated in tumor metastasis, including TWIST1, fibronectin (FN)-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, caveolin-1 and Slug, in the MCF10CA1a cells. We present evidence that ATF3 binds to the endogenous promoters and regulates the transcription of the TWIST1, FN-1, Snail and Slug genes. Furthermore, conditioned medium experiments indicated that ATF3 has a paracrine/autocrine effect, consistent with its upregulation of genes encoding secreted factors. Finally, ATF3 gene copy number is >2 in approximately 80% of the breast tumors examined (N=48) and its protein level is elevated in approximately 50% of the tumors. These results provided a correlative argument that it is advantageous for the malignant cancer cells to express ATF3, consistent with its oncogenic roles suggested by the MCF10CA1a cell data.
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31
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Ranney MK, Ahmed ISA, Potts KR, Craven RJ. Multiple pathways regulating the anti-apoptotic protein clusterin in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2007; 1772:1103-11. [PMID: 17689225 PMCID: PMC3518415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 06/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapy inhibits tumor growth, in part, by triggering apoptosis, and anti-apoptotic proteins reduce the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Clusterin, a chaperone-like protein that binds to apoptotic and DNA repair proteins, is induced by chemotherapy and promotes tumor cell survival. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) such as sodium butyrate and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) are pharmacological agents that induce differentiation and apoptosis in cancer cells by altering chromatin structure, and we have found that combinations of chemotherapeutic drugs such as doxorubicin and HDIs efficiently induce apoptosis, even though they paradoxically induce high levels of clusterin. The hyper-expressed form of clusterin localizes to mitochondria, inhibits cytochrome c release, and is inhibited by the proteasome. When HDIs are used as single agents, clusterin suppresses cytochrome c release and apoptosis. However, doxorubicin/HDI-induced apoptosis is not inhibited by clusterin, and clusterin-resistant apoptosis corresponds with markers of the extrinsic/receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway. Thus, chemotherapy-HDI combinations are capable of overcoming an innate anti-apoptotic pathway of tumor cells, suggesting that chemotherapy-HDI combinations have potential for treating advanced stage breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Ranney
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, MS-305 UKMC, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Cahill MA. Progesterone receptor membrane component 1: an integrative review. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 105:16-36. [PMID: 17583495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) contains a cytochrome b5 domain fold and belongs to the so-called membrane-associated progesterone receptor (MAPR) protein family that is widespread in eukaryotes. PGRMC1 and the related PGRMC2 mammalian family member diverged sometime after the evolution of segmented metazoan body plan and the appearance of vertebrates. Therefore PGRMC1 might be expected to be involved in some ancient eukaryotic processes, as well as more modern functions related to multicellularity and tissue interactions. Perhaps this explains the perplexing diversity of contexts where PGRMC1 has been observed, apparently being involved in different cellular processes at various sub-cellular locations. This review attempts to collate and interpret these observations. Ironically, despite being the archetypal member of the MAPR family, it has yet to be demonstrated that PGRMC1 exhibits specific progesterone binding. Potential roles of heme and steroid/sterol ligands are reviewed, as well as the implications of apparent target sequences within PGRMC1 for binding by SH2- and SH3-domain proteins as well as kinases. These motifs are modelled using the cytochrome b5 domain NMR structure of the Arabidopsis protein 1J03, implicating a possible function for PGRMC1 as an adaptor protein involved in regulating protein interactions and intracellular signal transduction and/or membrane trafficking. This interpretation is supported by the apparent presence of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif/ITAM sequences that are involved in endocytosis and vesicle targeting, and the colocalisation of PGRMC1 with caveolin and at the cytoplasmic membrane. Evidence for roles in disease, especially cancer, is also discussed.
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Parissenti AM, Hembruff SL, Villeneuve DJ, Veitch Z, Guo B, Eng J. Gene expression profiles as biomarkers for the prediction of chemotherapy drug response in human tumour cells. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 18:499-523. [PMID: 17414620 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e3280262427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genome profiling approaches such as cDNA microarray analysis and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction are playing ever-increasing roles in the classification of human cancers and in the discovery of biomarkers for the prediction of prognosis in cancer patients. Increasing research efforts are also being directed at identifying set of genes whose expression can be correlated with response to specific drugs or drug combinations. Such genes hold the prospect of tailoring chemotherapy regimens to the individual patient, based on tumour or host gene expression profiles. This review outlines recent advances and challenges in using genome profiling for the identification of tumour or host genes whose expression correlates with response to chemotherapy drugs both in vitro and in clinical studies. Genetic predictors of response to a variety of anticancer agents are discussed, including the anthracyclines, taxanes, topoisomerase I and II inhibitors, nucleoside analogs, alkylating agents, and vinca alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeo M Parissenti
- Tumour Biology Research Program, Sudbury Regional Hospital, Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Zhang S, Zhang D, Zhu Y, Guo H, Zhao X, Sun B. Clusterin expression and univariate analysis of overall survival in human breast cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2007; 5:573-8. [PMID: 17121433 DOI: 10.1177/153303460600500604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research is to investigate the significance of clusterin (CLU) expression as a risk factor for breast cancer through tissue microarray technology and univariate analysis of overall survival. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 158 cases of breast cancer and 31 cases of normal adjacent tissues assembled into a tissue microarray. Cytoplasmic CLU expression in tumor tissues was measured by immunochemistry. Survival analysis was used to investigate the relationship between CLU expression and prognosis, tumor volume, pathological classification, and recurrence. Survival time of patients with CLU expression, lymph node metastasis, and limited post-surgery chemotherapy (<6 cycles of treatment) was significantly shorter than that of patients with no detectable CLU expression (P=0.000), without lymph node metastasis (P=0.000) and more comprehensive post-surgery chemotherapy (>/=6 cycles of treatment) (P=0.035). CLU expression in tumor cells was higher than in normal adjacent breast epithelial cells (P=0.03). The CLU expression staining coefficient of cancer tissues with lymph node metastasis was higher than those without lymph node metastasis (P=0.000). Cytoplasmic CLU expression was found to be a prognostic factor for human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China.
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Lourda M, Trougakos IP, Gonos ES. Development of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs in human osteosarcoma cell lines largely depends on up-regulation of Clusterin/Apolipoprotein J. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:611-22. [PMID: 17096323 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Clusterin/Apolipoprotein J (CLU) is differentially regulated during in vivo cancer progression. We have addressed the role of CLU during the acquisition and maintenance of human cancer cells resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. We used two osteosarcoma (OS) cell lines, namely U-2 OS and KH OS, and selected three generations of doxorubicin (DXR)-resistant cells (R1, R2 and R3; resistant to 0.0035, 0.035 and 0.35 microM DXR, respectively) by continuous exposure to increasing, clinically relevant, DXR concentrations. Our studies showed that the DXR-resistant OS cell lines were cross-resistant to a variety of unrelated cytotoxic agents. Analysis of the CLU mRNA and protein expression levels revealed a minimal CLU up-regulation in the U-2 OS R2 cells and a significant, more than 4-fold, induction in the KH OS R2 and R3 cells. Antibody-mediated neutralization of the extracellular CLU, or silencing of CLU gene expression via small interfering RNA (siRNA) partially sensitized KH OS R2 cells to the drugs assayed. Moreover, siRNA-mediated CLU knock down in the absence of DXR induced high levels of endogenous spontaneous apoptosis in both the parental and R2 OS cell lines. This effect was enhanced by more than 60% in the KH OS R2 cells as compared to their parental counterparts, indicating that the high CLU levels in the KH OS R2 cells are essential for survival. Overall, we suggest that CLU up-regulation in the multi-drug resistant OS cells relates to enhanced drug resistance. Therefore, CLU may represent a predictive marker, which correlates to response of cancer cells to chemotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Camptothecin/pharmacology
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Clusterin/genetics
- Clusterin/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Osteosarcoma/genetics
- Osteosarcoma/metabolism
- Osteosarcoma/pathology
- Paclitaxel/pharmacology
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- RNA Interference/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Time Factors
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Lourda
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Ageing, Institute of Biological Research & Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 11635, Greece
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36
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Einbond LS, Su T, Wu HA, Friedman R, Wang X, Ramirez A, Kronenberg F, Weinstein IB. The growth inhibitory effect of actein on human breast cancer cells is associated with activation of stress response pathways. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2073-2083. [PMID: 17621630 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that the triterpene glycoside actein from the herb black cohosh inhibits growth of human breast cancer cells. This study seeks to identify genes altered in human breast cancer cells by treatment with actein, using gene expression analysis. We treated MDA-MB-453 human breast cancer cells with actein at 2 doses, 20 or 40 microg/mL, for 6 or 24 hr. We identified 5 genes that were activated after each of the treatments that are known to play a role in cellular responses to diverse stresses, including the DNA damage and unfolded protein responses. In addition, four genes that mediate the integrated stress response (ISR), including activating transcription factor 4, were induced under at least one of the 4 treatment conditions. We used hierarchical clustering to define clusters comprising patterns of gene expression. Two ISR genes, activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and DNA damage- inducible transcript 3, and lipid biosynthetic genes were activated after exposure to actein at 40 microg/mL for 6 hr, whereas the cell cycle genes cyclin E2 and cell division cycle 25A were repressed. Our results suggest that actein induces 2 phases of the ISR, the survival phase and the apoptotic phase, depending on the dose and duration of treatment. We confirmed the results of gene expression analysis with real-time RT-PCR for 18 selected genes and Western blot analysis for ATF3. Since actein activated transcription factors that enhance apoptosis, and repressed cell cycle genes, it may be useful in the prevention and therapy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Saxe Einbond
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Tao Su
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Hsan-Au Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Richard Friedman
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Alejandro Ramirez
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Fredi Kronenberg
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - I Bernard Weinstein
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
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Abstract
Over the past decade, microarrays have emerged as an important tool for the characterization of cancer cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated that cDNA arrays can help delineate biological subsets of disease that have prognostic relevance. Such studies provide hope that introduction of this information into clinical trials will lead to more biologically based stratification schemes such that appropriately tailored therapies can be developed. While the identification of unique subsets of cancer promises to improve our ability to predict which cancers are unlikely to have a significant response to therapy, new therapeutic approaches are needed in most cases. The wealth of information that comes from microarray analysis of cancer likely holds the information necessary to develop such approaches. This chapter will provide examples where microarray analysis has been used in an attempt to either direct the use of current therapies or identify new potential therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Sears
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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