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Zhang J, Ye ZW, Chakraborty P, Luo Z, Culpepper J, Aslam M, Zhang L, Johansson K, Haeggström JZ, Xu J, Olsson M, Townsend DM, Mehrotra S, Morgenstern R, Tew KD. Microsomal glutathione transferase 1 controls metastasis and therapeutic response in melanoma. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196:106899. [PMID: 37648102 PMCID: PMC10623471 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
While recent targeted and immunotherapies in malignant melanoma are encouraging, most patients acquire resistance, implicating a need to identify additional drug targets to improve outcomes. Recently, attention has been given to pathways that regulate redox homeostasis, especially the lipid peroxidase pathway that protects cells against ferroptosis. Here we identify microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 (MGST1), a non-selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase, as highly expressed in malignant and drug resistant melanomas and as a specific determinant of metastatic spread and therapeutic sensitivity. Loss of MGST1 in mouse and human melanoma enhanced cellular oxidative stress, and diminished glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and pentose phosphate pathway. Gp100 activated pmel-1 T cells killed more Mgst1 KD than control melanoma cells and KD cells were more sensitive to cytotoxic anticancer drugs and ferroptotic cell death. When compared to control, mice bearing Mgst1 KD B16 tumors had more CD8+ T cell infiltration with reduced expression of inhibitory receptors and increased cytokine response, large reduction of lung metastases and enhanced survival. Targeting MGST1 alters the redox balance and limits metastases in melanoma, enhancing the therapeutic index for chemo- and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Paramita Chakraborty
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Zhenwu Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - John Culpepper
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | | | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Divisions of Biochemistry and Chemisty 2, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 9A, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Panjin Institute of Industrial Technology (PIIT), Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
| | - Magnus Olsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Ralf Morgenstern
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Biochemical Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth D Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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2
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Russell TM, Richardson DR. Glutathione-S-Transferases as Potential Targets for Modulation of Nitric Oxide-Mediated Vasodilation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091292. [PMID: 36139130 PMCID: PMC9496536 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) are highly promiscuous in terms of their interactions with multiple proteins, leading to various functions. In addition to their classical detoxification roles with multi-drug resistance-related protein-1 (MRP1), more recent studies have indicated the role of GSTs in cellular nitric oxide (NO) metabolism. Vasodilation is classically induced by NO through its interaction with soluble guanylate cyclase. The ability of GSTs to biotransform organic nitrates such as nitroglycerin for NO generation can markedly modulate vasodilation, with this effect being prevented by specific GST inhibitors. Recently, other structurally distinct pro-drugs that generate NO via GST-mediated catalysis have been developed as anti-cancer agents and also indicate the potential of GSTs as suitable targets for pharmaceutical development. Further studies investigating GST biochemistry could enhance our understanding of NO metabolism and lead to the generation of novel and innovative vasodilators for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M. Russell
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane 4111, Australia
| | - Des R. Richardson
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3735-7549
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3
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Network Biology and Artificial Intelligence Drive the Understanding of the Multidrug Resistance Phenotype in Cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2022; 60:100811. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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do Nascimento MR, Silva de Souza RO, Silva AL, Lima ES, Gonçalves MS, de Moura Neto JP. GSTP1 rs1695 and rs1871042, and SOD2 rs4880 as molecular markers of lipid peroxidation in blood storage. BLOOD TRANSFUSION = TRASFUSIONE DEL SANGUE 2021; 19:309-316. [PMID: 33196414 PMCID: PMC8297673 DOI: 10.2450/2020.0062-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red blood cells (RBC) are subject to oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during storage. Molecular characterisation of oxidative stress in stored RBC, which may also occur in other blood components during long periods of storage, is rare. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our study included 45 healthy RBC donors recruited in Brazil. Blood was collected into standard Grifols® Triple Bags containing CPD SAG-M. Haematological values, biochemical data, and oxidative stress markers were assessed weekly during storage until 42 days after collection. GSTM1 and GSTT1 were determined by multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), while GSTP1 rs1695 and rs1871042, CAT rs1001179, and SOD2 rs4880 were evaluated by real-time PCR. RESULTS A direct proportional relationship was found between storage time and levels of ROS and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS, indicators of lipid peroxidation) (p<0.001). These parameters were indirectly proportional to ABTS values (p<0.001). The plasma concentration of TBARS was associated with GSTP1 303AG/GG, GSTP1 -16CT/TT, and SOD2 47CT/TT genotypes. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the CAT C-262T gene were not associated with TBARS, nor were oxidative markers of ROS. DISCUSSION Prolonged storage may result in the onset of erythrocyte deterioration. Our results clearly indicate that erythrocytes are capable of attenuating ROS for 2 weeks of storage. We observed an association between elevated TBARS levels and the presence of GSTP1 and SOD2 variants in stored RBC. Although notable for heterozygous variants, this association was even stronger for the homozygous variants GSTP1 rs1695 (303GG), GSTP1 rs1871042 (-16TT), and SOD2 rs4880 (47TT). These findings accentuate the importance of genetic factors in storage lesions and will expand our understanding and consideration of endogenous and exogenous causes in improving clinical treatment with blood transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander L. Silva
- Haematology and Haemotherapy Hospital Foundation of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas
| | - Emerson Silva Lima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas
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Raj Rai S, Bhattacharyya C, Sarkar A, Chakraborty S, Sircar E, Dutta S, Sengupta R. Glutathione: Role in Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress, Antioxidant Defense, and Treatments. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sristi Raj Rai
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
| | | | - Anwita Sarkar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
| | - Surupa Chakraborty
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
| | - Esha Sircar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
| | - Sreejita Dutta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Kolkata 700135, W.B. India
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6
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Glutathione S-Transferases in Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050701. [PMID: 33946704 PMCID: PMC8146591 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, the glutathione S-transferases (GST) protein family is composed of seven members that present remarkable structural similarity and some degree of overlapping functionalities. GST proteins are crucial antioxidant enzymes that regulate stress-induced signaling pathways. Interestingly, overactive GST proteins are a frequent feature of many human cancers. Recent evidence has revealed that the biology of most GST proteins is complex and multifaceted and that these proteins actively participate in tumorigenic processes such as cell survival, cell proliferation, and drug resistance. Structural and pharmacological studies have identified various GST inhibitors, and these molecules have progressed to clinical trials for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. In this review, we discuss recent findings in GST protein biology and their roles in cancer development, their contribution in chemoresistance, and the development of GST inhibitors for cancer treatment.
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Garige M, Walters E. Characterization of glutathione S-transferase enzymes in Dictyostelium discoideum suggests a functional role for the GSTA2 isozyme in cell proliferation and development. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250704. [PMID: 33909675 PMCID: PMC8081208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we extend our previous characterization of Dictyostelium discoideum glutathione S-transferase (DdGST) enzymes that are expressed in the eukaryotic model organism. Transcript profiling of gstA1-gstA5 (alpha class) genes in vegetative, log phase cells identified gstA2 and gstA3 with highest expression (6-7.5-fold, respectively) when compared to other gstA transcripts. Marked reductions in all gstA transcripts occurred under starvation conditions, with gstA2 and gstA3 exhibiting the largest decreases (-96% and -86.6%, respectively). When compared to their pre-starvation levels, there was also a 60 percent reduction in total GST activity. Glutathione (GSH) pull-down assay and mass spectroscopy detected three isozymes (DdGSTA1, DdGSTA2 and DdGSTA3) that were predominantly expressed in vegetative cells. Biochemical and kinetic comparisons between rDdGSTA2 and rDdGSTA3 shows higher activity of rDdGSTA2 to the CDNB (1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene) substrate. RNAi-mediated knockdown of endogenous DdGSTA2 caused a 60 percent reduction in proliferation, delayed development, and altered morphogenesis of fruiting bodies, whereas overexpression of rDdGSTA2 enzyme had no effect. These findings corroborate previous studies that implicate a role for phase II GST enzymes in cell proliferation, homeostasis, and development in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatha Garige
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Eric Walters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
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8
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Role of protein S-Glutathionylation in cancer progression and development of resistance to anti-cancer drugs. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 704:108890. [PMID: 33894196 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The survival, functioning and proliferation of mammalian cells are highly dependent on the cellular response and adaptation to changes in their redox environment. Cancer cells often live in an altered redox environment due to aberrant neo-vasculature, metabolic reprogramming and dysregulated proliferation. Thus, redox adaptations are critical for their survival. Glutathione plays an essential role in maintaining redox homeostasis inside the cells by binding to redox-sensitive cysteine residues in proteins by a process called S-glutathionylation. S-Glutathionylation not only protects the labile cysteine residues from oxidation, but also serves as a sensor of redox status, and acts as a signal for stimulation of downstream processes and adaptive responses to ensure redox equilibrium. The present review aims to provide an updated overview of the role of the unique redox adaptations during carcinogenesis and cancer progression, focusing on their dependence on S-glutathionylation of specific redox-sensitive proteins involved in a wide range of processes including signalling, transcription, structural maintenance, mitochondrial functions, apoptosis and protein recycling. We also provide insights into the role of S-glutathionylation in the development of resistance to chemotherapy. Finally, we provide a strong rationale for the development of redox targeting drugs for treatment of refractory/resistant cancers.
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9
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Redox regulation of the insulin signalling pathway. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101964. [PMID: 33893069 PMCID: PMC8113030 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone insulin is a key regulator of energy metabolism, proliferation and survival. Binding of insulin to its receptor activates the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, which mediates fundamental cellular responses. Oxidants, in particular H2O2, have been recognised as insulin-mimetics. Treatment of cells with insulin leads to increased intracellular H2O2 levels affecting the activity of downstream signalling components, thereby amplifying insulin-mediated signal transduction. Specific molecular targets of insulin-stimulated H2O2 include phosphatases and kinases, whose activity can be altered via redox modifications of critical cysteine residues. Over the past decades, several of these redox-sensitive cysteines have been identified and their impact on insulin signalling evaluated. The aim of this review is to summarise the current knowledge on the redox regulation of the insulin signalling pathway.
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10
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Kalinina E, Novichkova M. Glutathione in Protein Redox Modulation through S-Glutathionylation and S-Nitrosylation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020435. [PMID: 33467703 PMCID: PMC7838997 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation are reversible post-translational modifications on the cysteine thiol groups of proteins, which occur in cells under physiological conditions and oxidative/nitrosative stress both spontaneously and enzymatically. They are important for the regulation of the functional activity of proteins and intracellular processes. Connecting link and “switch” functions between S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation may be performed by GSNO, the generation of which depends on the GSH content, the GSH/GSSG ratio, and the cellular redox state. An important role in the regulation of these processes is played by Trx family enzymes (Trx, Grx, PDI), the activity of which is determined by the cellular redox status and depends on the GSH/GSSG ratio. In this review, we analyze data concerning the role of GSH/GSSG in the modulation of S-glutathionylation and S-nitrosylation and their relationship for the maintenance of cell viability.
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11
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Zhang J, Ye ZW, Chen W, Culpepper J, Jiang H, Ball LE, Mehrotra S, Blumental-Perry A, Tew KD, Townsend DM. Altered redox regulation and S-glutathionylation of BiP contribute to bortezomib resistance in multiple myeloma. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:755-767. [PMID: 32937189 PMCID: PMC7704679 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) cells have high rates of secretion of proteins rich in disulfide bonds and depend upon compartmentalized redox balance for accurate protein folding. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Btz) is a successful frontline treatment for the disease, but its long-term efficacy is restricted by the acquisition of resistance. We found that MM cell lines resistant to Btz maintain high levels of oxidative stress and are cross resistant to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-inducing agents thapsigargin (ThG), and tunicamycin (TuM). Moreover, cells expressing high/wild type levels of glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP) are more resistant than Gstp1/p2 knockout cells. In agreement, basal levels of S-glutathionylated proteins and redox regulation enzymes, including GSTP are elevated at mRNA and protein levels in resistant cells. GSTP mediated S-glutathionylation (SSG) regulates the activities of a number of redox active ER proteins. Here we demonstrated that the post-translational modification determines the balance between foldase and ATPase activities of the binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), with Cys41-SSG important for ATPase, and Cys420-SSG for foldase. BiP expression and S-glutathionylation are increased in clinical specimens of bone marrow from MM patients compared to non-cancerous samples. Preventing S-glutathionylation in MM cells with a GSTP specific inhibitor restored BiP activities and reversed resistance to Btz. Therefore, S-glutathionylation of BiP confers pro-survival advantages and represents a novel mechanism of drug resistance in MM cells. We conclude that altered GSTP expression leads to S-glutathionylation of BiP, and contributes to acquired resistance to Btz in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, MSC 509/BSB 358, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, MSC 509/BSB 358, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Clinical Research Center, the Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 1-1 Zhongfu Road, Nangjing, 21003, China
| | - John Culpepper
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, MSC 509/BSB 358, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Haiming Jiang
- Intensive Care Unit, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, No. 717, Jinbu Road, Muping District, Yantai City, Shandong, 264100, PR China
| | - Lauren E Ball
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, MSC 509/BSB 358, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, HCC512H, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Anna Blumental-Perry
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Kenneth D Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, MSC 509/BSB 358, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 274 Calhoun Street, MSC 141, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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12
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Wang L, Yu J, Wang CC. Protein disulfide isomerase is regulated in multiple ways: Consequences for conformation, activities, and pathophysiological functions. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000147. [PMID: 33155310 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is one of the most abundant and critical protein folding catalysts in the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic cells. PDI consists of four thioredoxin domains and interacts with a wide range of substrate and partner proteins due to its intrinsic conformational flexibility. PDI plays multifunctional roles in a variety of pathophysiological events, both as an oxidoreductase and a molecular chaperone. Recent studies have revealed that the conformation and activity of PDI can be regulated in multiple ways, including posttranslational modification and substrate/ligand binding. Here, we summarize recent advances in understanding the function and regulation of PDI in different pathological and physiological events. We propose that the multifunctional roles of PDI are regulated by multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss future directions for the study of PDI, emphasizing how different regulatory modes are linked to the conformational changes and biological functions of PDI in the context of diverse pathophysiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaojiao Yu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chih-Chen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Liu L, Chen J, Cao M, Wang J, Wang S. NO donor inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis by targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MEK/ERK pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 84:1303-1314. [PMID: 31555866 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PABA/NO, O2-{2,4-dinitro-5-[4-(N-methylamino) benzoyloxy] phenyl} 1-(N, N-dimethylamino) diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate, is a diazeniumdiolate-based NO-donor prodrug that releases exogenous nitric oxide at high concentrations to induce apoptosis in many tumor cell lines. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the effects of PABA/NO on hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and apoptosis induction both in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS PABA/NO dramatically inhibited the growth of Bel-7402 hepatocellular carcinoma cells and significantly induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, accompanied by down-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, up-regulation of Bax and Bad, release of Cyt c and activation of cleaved-caspase-9/3 and cleaved-PARP, which were related to suppressing PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) and U0126 (an ERK inhibitor) prior to PABA/NO were found to synergistically enhance PABA/NO-induced apoptosis. Carboxy-PTIO as a NO scavenger obviously attenuated PABA/NO-induced apoptosis. Additionally, H22 tumor-bearing mice experiments demonstrated that PABA/NO exerted good anti-tumor effects via reducing tumor volume, tumor weight and decreasing the expression of CD34. Furthermore, PABA/NO treatment strongly inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MEK/ERK signaling pathways in H22 hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. CONCLUSIONS PABA/NO induced apoptosis through inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MEK/ERK pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Mengyao Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Jiangang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Shuying Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, Luoyang, 471023, China
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Zhang L, Zhang J, Ye Z, Manevich Y, Townsend DM, Marshall DT, Tew KD. S-Glutathionylated Serine Proteinase Inhibitors as Biomarkers for Radiation Exposure in Prostate Cancer Patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13792. [PMID: 31551460 PMCID: PMC6760651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In biological tissues, radiation causes the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), some of which lead to sequential oxidation of certain protein cysteine residues. Resultant cysteinyl radicals are subject to post-translational modification through S-glutathionylation. The present clinical trial was designed to determine if S-glutathionylated serine protease inhibitors (serpins) in blood could be used as biomarkers of exposure to radiation. 56 male prostate cancer patients treated with radiotherapy were enrolled in the trial and levels of S-glutathionylated serpins A1 and A3 were assessed by immunoblotting. Patients were classified into three groups: (1) external beam radiation therapy (EBRT); (2) brachytherapy (BT); (3) both EBRT and BT. Prior to treatment, baseline plasma levels of both unmodified and S-glutathionylated serpins were similar in each group. We identified elevated plasma levels of S-glutathionylated serpin A1 monomer, trimer and serpin A3 monomer in patient blood following radiation. Maximal increased levels of these S-glutathionylated serpins were correlated with increased duration of radiotherapy treatments. We conclude that it is practical to quantify patient plasma S-glutathionylated serpins and that these post-translationally modified proteins are candidate biomarkers for measuring radiation exposure. This provides a platform for use of such biomarkers in trials with the range of drugs that, like radiation, produce ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhang
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Zhiwei Ye
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yefim Manevich
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Departments of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David T Marshall
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kenneth D Tew
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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Scirè A, Cianfruglia L, Minnelli C, Bartolini D, Torquato P, Principato G, Galli F, Armeni T. Glutathione compartmentalization and its role in glutathionylation and other regulatory processes of cellular pathways. Biofactors 2019; 45:152-168. [PMID: 30561781 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione is considered the major non-protein low molecular weight modulator of redox processes and the most important thiol reducing agent of the cell. The biosynthesis of glutathione occurs in the cytosol from its constituent amino acids, but this tripeptide is also present in the most important cellular districts, such as mitochondria, nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum, thus playing a central role in several metabolic pathways and cytoprotection mechanisms. Indeed, glutathione is involved in the modulation of various cellular processes and, not by chance, it is a ubiquitous determinant for redox signaling, xenobiotic detoxification, and regulation of cell cycle and death programs. The balance between its concentration and redox state is due to a complex series of interactions between biosynthesis, utilization, degradation, and transport. All these factors are of great importance to understand the significance of cellular redox balance and its relationship with physiological responses and pathological conditions. The purpose of this review is to give an overview on glutathione cellular compartmentalization. Information on its subcellular distribution provides a deeper understanding of glutathione-dependent processes and reflects the importance of compartmentalization in the regulation of specific cellular pathways. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(2):152-168, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scirè
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Cianfruglia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cristina Minnelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Clinical Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Labs, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Torquato
- Clinical Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Labs, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Principato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Clinical Biochemistry and Human Nutrition Labs, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Tatiana Armeni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Wong KS, Houry WA. Recent Advances in Targeting Human Mitochondrial AAA+ Proteases to Develop Novel Cancer Therapeutics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1158:119-142. [PMID: 31452139 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8367-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is a vital organelle that performs diverse cellular functions. In this regard, the cell has evolved various mechanisms dedicated to the maintenance of the mitochondrial proteome. Among them, AAA+ ATPase-associated proteases (AAA+ proteases) such as the Lon protease (LonP1), ClpXP complex, and the membrane-bound i-AAA, m-AAA and paraplegin facilitate the clearance of misfolded mitochondrial proteins to prevent the accumulation of cytotoxic protein aggregates. Furthermore, these proteases have additional regulatory functions in multiple biological processes that include amino acid metabolism, mitochondria DNA transcription, metabolite and cofactor biosynthesis, maturation and turnover of specific respiratory and metabolic proteins, and modulation of apoptosis, among others. In cancer cells, the increase in intracellular ROS levels promotes tumorigenic phenotypes and increases the frequency of protein oxidation and misfolding, which is compensated by the increased expression of specific AAA+ proteases as part of the adaptation mechanism. The targeting of AAA+ proteases has led to the discovery and development of novel anti-cancer compounds. Here, we provide an overview of the molecular characteristics and functions of the major mitochondrial AAA+ proteases and summarize recent research efforts in the development of compounds that target these proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith S Wong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Walid A Houry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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17
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Dustin CM, Hristova M, Schiffers C, van der Vliet A. Proteomic Methods to Evaluate NOX-Mediated Redox Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1982:497-515. [PMID: 31172492 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9424-3_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase (NOX) family of proteins is involved in regulating many diverse cellular processes, which is largely mediated by NOX-mediated reversible oxidation of target proteins in a process known as redox signaling. Protein cysteine residues are the most prominent targets in redox signaling, and to understand the mechanisms by which NOX affect cellular pathways, specific methodology is required to detect specific oxidative cysteine modifications and to identify targeted proteins. Among the many potential redox modifications involving cysteine residues, reversible modifications most relevant to NOX are sulfenylation (P-SOH) and S-glutathionylation (P-SSG), as both can induce structural or functional alterations. Various experimental approaches have been developed to detect these specific modifications, and this chapter will detail state-of-the-art methodology to selectively evaluate these modifications in specific target proteins in relation to NOX activation. We also discuss some of the limitations of these procedures and potential complementary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Dustin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Milena Hristova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Caspar Schiffers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Albert van der Vliet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
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18
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Bartolini D, Torquato P, Piroddi M, Galli F. Targeting glutathione S-transferase P and its interactome with selenium compounds in cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:130-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Batinic-Haberle I, Tovmasyan A, Spasojevic I. Mn Porphyrin-Based Redox-Active Drugs: Differential Effects as Cancer Therapeutics and Protectors of Normal Tissue Against Oxidative Injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1691-1724. [PMID: 29926755 PMCID: PMC6207162 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE After approximatelty three decades of research, two Mn(III) porphyrins (MnPs), MnTE-2-PyP5+ (BMX-010, AEOL10113) and MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ (BMX-001), have progressed to five clinical trials. In parallel, another similarly potent metal-based superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimic-Mn(II)pentaaza macrocycle, GC4419-has been tested in clinical trial on application, identical to that of MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+-radioprotection of normal tissue in head and neck cancer patients. This clearly indicates that Mn complexes that target cellular redox environment have reached sufficient maturity for clinical applications. Recent Advances: While originally developed as SOD mimics, MnPs undergo intricate interactions with numerous redox-sensitive pathways, such as those involving nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), thereby impacting cellular transcriptional activity. An increasing amount of data support the notion that MnP/H2O2/glutathione (GSH)-driven catalysis of S-glutathionylation of protein cysteine, associated with modification of protein function, is a major action of MnPs on molecular level. CRITICAL ISSUES Differential effects of MnPs on normal versus tumor cells/tissues, which support their translation into clinic, arise from differences in their accumulation and redox environment of such tissues. This in turn results in different yields of MnP-driven modifications of proteins. Thus far, direct evidence for such modification of NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), phosphatases, Nrf2, and endogenous antioxidative defenses was provided in tumor, while indirect evidence shows the modification of NF-κB and Nrf2 translational activities by MnPs in normal tissue. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Studies that simultaneously explore differential effects in same animal are lacking, while they are essential for understanding of extremely intricate interactions of metal-based drugs with complex cellular networks of normal and cancer cells/tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Batinic-Haberle
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Artak Tovmasyan
- 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ivan Spasojevic
- 2 Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina.,3 PK/PD Core Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Research Shared Resource, Duke Cancer Institute , Durham, North Carolina
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20
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Nemeth R, Neubert M, Butz ZJ, Ni TW, Ackerson CJ. Metalloid Reductase of Pseudomonas moravenis Stanleyae Conveys Nanoparticle Mediated Metalloid Tolerance. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:14902-14909. [PMID: 30533575 PMCID: PMC6275949 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A glutathione reductase (GSHR)-like enzyme in Pseudomonas moraviensis stanleyae was previously implicated as underlying the bacterium's remarkable SeO3 2- tolerance. Herein, this enzyme is sequenced, recombinantly expressed, and fully characterized. The enzyme is highly adapted for selenodiglutathione substrates (K m = 336 μM) compared to oxidized glutathione (K m = 8.22 mM). The recombinant expression of this enzyme in the laboratory strains of Escherichia coli conveys a 10-fold increase in IC90 for SeO3 2-. Moreover, selenium nanoparticles are observed when the enzyme is overexpressed in the cells exposed to SeO3 2-, but not in the corresponding no-enzyme controls. The analyses of the structural homology models of the enzyme reveal changes in the parts of the enzyme associated with product release, which may underlie the Se substrate specialization. Combined, the observations of adaptation to Se reduction over oxidized glutathione reduction as well as the portability of this nanoparticle-mediated SeO3 2- tolerance into other cell lines suggest that the P. moraviensis GSHR may be better described as a GSHR-like metalloid reductase.
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21
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Zhang J, Ye ZW, Singh S, Townsend DM, Tew KD. An evolving understanding of the S-glutathionylation cycle in pathways of redox regulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 120:204-216. [PMID: 29578070 PMCID: PMC5940525 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
By nature of the reversibility of the addition of glutathione to low pKa cysteine residues, the post-translational modification of S-glutathionylation sanctions a cycle that can create a conduit for cell signaling events linked with cellular exposure to oxidative or nitrosative stress. The modification can also avert proteolysis by protection from over-oxidation of those clusters of target proteins that are substrates. Altered functions are associated with S-glutathionylation of proteins within the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum compartments, and these impact energy production and protein folding pathways. The existence of human polymorphisms of enzymes involved in the cycle (particularly glutathione S-transferase P) create a scenario for inter-individual variance in response to oxidative stress and a number of human diseases with associated aberrant S-glutathionylation have now been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, DDB410, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, DDB410, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Shweta Singh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, DDB410, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 274 Calhoun Street, MSC141, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Kenneth D Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, DDB410, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
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22
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Abstract
A well-regulated redox state is essential for normal physiological function and cellular metabolism. In most eukaryotic cells, protein cysteine thiols are most sensitive to fluctuations in the cellular redox state. Under normal physiological conditions, the cytosol has a highly reducing environment, which is due to high levels of reduced glutathione and complex system of redox enzymes that maintain glutathione in the reduced state. The reducing environment of the cytosol maintains most protein thiols in the reduced state; although some non-exposed cysteine could be present as disulfides. Upon physiological increase in cellular oxidants, such as due to growth factors, cytokines and thiol-disulfide exchange reactions, specific proteins could act as redox switches that regulate the conformation and activity of different proteins. This reversible post translational modification enables redox-sensitive dynamic changes in cell signaling and function. Physiological oxidative stress could lead to the formation of sulfenic acids, which are usually intermediate states of thiol oxidation that are converted to higher order oxidation states, intramolecular disulfides or mixed disulfides with glutathione. Such glutathiolation reactions have been found to regulate the function of several proteins involved in intracellular metabolism, signal transduction and cell structure. Excessive oxidative stress results in indiscriminate and irreversible oxidation of protein thiols, depletion of glutathione and cell death. Further elucidation of the relationship between changes in cell redox and thiol reactivity could provide a better understanding of how redox changes regulate cell function and how disruption of these relationships lead to tissue injury and dysfunction and the development of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid P Baba
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville KY, 40202.,Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville KY, 40202
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville KY, 40202.,Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville KY, 40202
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23
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Yang K, Wang M, Zhao Y, Sun X, Yang Y, Li X, Zhou A, Chu H, Zhou H, Xu J, Wu M, Yang J, Yi J. A redox mechanism underlying nucleolar stress sensing by nucleophosmin. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13599. [PMID: 27886181 PMCID: PMC5133708 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus has been recently described as a stress sensor. The nucleoplasmic translocation of nucleolar protein nucleophosmin (NPM1) is a hallmark of nucleolar stress; however, the causes of this translocation and its connection to p53 activation are unclear. Using single live-cell imaging and the redox biosensors, we demonstrate that nucleolar oxidation is a general response to various cellular stresses. During nucleolar oxidation, NPM1 undergoes S-glutathionylation on cysteine 275, which triggers the dissociation of NPM1 from nucleolar nucleic acids. The C275S mutant NPM1, unable to be glutathionylated, remains in the nucleolus under nucleolar stress. Compared with wild-type NPM1 that can disrupt the p53–HDM2 interaction, the C275S mutant greatly compromises the activation of p53, highlighting that nucleoplasmic translocation of NPM1 is a prerequisite for stress-induced activation of p53. This study elucidates a redox mechanism for the nucleolar stress sensing and may help the development of therapeutic strategies. Nucleoplasmic translocation of NPM1 is integral to nucleolar stress sensing. Here, the authors show that nucleolar oxidation is a general cellular stress response, and that oxidation-related glutathionylation of NPM1 triggers its translocation and facilitates p53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhao
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuxu Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xie Li
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Huilin Chu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhang Jiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianrong Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Mian Wu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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24
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Kumar A, Dhull DK, Gupta V, Channana P, Singh A, Bhardwaj M, Ruhal P, Mittal R. Role of Glutathione-S-transferases in neurological problems. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:299-309. [PMID: 27785931 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1254192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Role of Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) has been well explored in the cellular detoxification process, regulation of redox homeostasis and S-glutothionylation of target proteins like JNK, ASK1 etc. However, altered levels or functions of this enzyme or their subtypes have emerged in the development of several pathologies diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer and related conditions. Oxidative stress is one of the possible pathological events that contributes significantly to activation of degenerating cascades inside neuronal cells. The central nervous system is highly sensitive to oxidative stress because of low levels or capacities of antioxidant enzymes. The brain is highly metabolic in nature making it susceptible to oxidative stress. Areas covered: The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the multiple connections of GSTs within diverse neurological diseases including cancer. Furthermore, the authors have made significant efforts to discuss the regulation of different GST isoforms that have been associated with various pathological processes such as glioblastoma, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke and epilepsy. Expert opinion: Though GSTs have been one of the key areas of scientific research over the last few decades, much remains to be elucidated about their physiological functions as well as pathological involvement of GSTs and their polymorphic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- a Neuropharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies (UGC-CAS) , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Dinesh K Dhull
- a Neuropharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies (UGC-CAS) , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Varun Gupta
- a Neuropharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies (UGC-CAS) , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Priyanka Channana
- a Neuropharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies (UGC-CAS) , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Arti Singh
- a Neuropharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies (UGC-CAS) , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Manveen Bhardwaj
- a Neuropharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies (UGC-CAS) , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Poonam Ruhal
- b Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology , Hisar , India
| | - Ruchika Mittal
- a Neuropharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies (UGC-CAS) , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
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25
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Zhang J, Grek C, Ye ZW, Manevich Y, Tew KD, Townsend DM. Pleiotropic functions of glutathione S-transferase P. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 122:143-75. [PMID: 24974181 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420117-0.00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP) is one member of the GST superfamily that is prevalently expressed in mammals. Known to possess catalytic activity through deprotonating glutathione allowing formation of thioether bonds with electrophilic substrates, more recent discoveries have broadened our understanding of the biological roles of this protein. In addition to catalytic detoxification, other properties so far ascribed to GSTP include chaperone functions, regulation of nitric oxide pathways, regulation of a variety of kinase signaling pathways, and participation in the forward reaction of protein S-glutathionylation. The expression of GSTP has been linked with cancer and other human pathologies and more recently even with drug addiction. With respect to human health, polymorphic variants of GSTP may determine individual susceptibility to oxidative stress and/or be critical in the design and development of drugs that have used redox pathways as a discovery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Christina Grek
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yefim Manevich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kenneth D Tew
- Professor and Chairman, Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, John C. West Chair of Cancer Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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26
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Glutathione S-transferase P influences redox and migration pathways in bone marrow. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107478. [PMID: 25216273 PMCID: PMC4162606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To interrogate why redox homeostasis and glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP) are important in regulating bone marrow cell proliferation and migration, we isolated crude bone marrow, lineage negative and bone marrow derived-dendritic cells (BMDDCs) from both wild type (WT) and knockout (Gstp1/p2(-/-)) mice. Comparison of the two strains showed distinct thiol expression patterns. WT had higher baseline and reactive oxygen species-induced levels of S-glutathionylated proteins, some of which (sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2(+)-ATPase) regulate Ca(2+) fluxes and subsequently influence proliferation and migration. Redox status is also a crucial determinant in the regulation of the chemokine system. CXCL12 chemotactic response was stronger in WT cells, with commensurate alterations in plasma membrane polarization/permeability and intracellular calcium fluxes; activities of the downstream kinases, ERK and Akt were also higher in WT. In addition, expression levels of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its associated phosphatase, SHP-2, were higher in WT. Inhibition of CXCR4 or SHP2 decreased the extent of CXCL12-induced migration in WT BMDDCs. The differential surface densities of CXCR4, SHP-2 and inositol trisphosphate receptor in WT and Gstp1/p2(-/-) cells correlated with the differential CXCR4 functional activities, as measured by the extent of chemokine-induced directional migration and differences in intracellular signaling. These observed differences contribute to our understanding of how genetic ablation of GSTP causes different levels of myeloproliferation and migration [corrected]
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27
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Grek C, Townsend D. Protein Disulfide Isomerase Superfamily in Disease and the Regulation of Apoptosis. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS IN DISEASES 2014; 1:4-17. [PMID: 25309899 PMCID: PMC4192724 DOI: 10.2478/ersc-2013-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis requires the balance of a multitude of signaling cascades that are contingent upon the essential proteins being properly synthesized, folded and delivered to appropriate subcellular locations. In eukaryotic cells the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a specialized organelle that is the central site of synthesis and folding of secretory, membrane and a number of organelletargeted proteins. The integrity of protein folding is enabled by the presence of ATP, Ca++, molecular chaperones, as well as an oxidizing redox environment. The imbalance between the load and capacity of protein folding results in a cellular condition known as ER stress. Failure of these pathways to restore ER homeostasis results in the activation of apoptotic pathways. Protein disulfide isomerases (PDI) compose a superfamily of oxidoreductases that have diverse sequences and are localized in the ER, nucleus, cytosol, mitochondria and cell membrane. The PDI superfamily has multiple functions including, acting as molecular chaperones, protein-binding partners, and hormone reservoirs. Recently, PDI family members have been implicated in the regulation of apoptotic signaling events. The complexities underlying the molecular mechanisms that define the switch from pro-survival to pro-death response are evidenced by recent studies that reveal the roles of specific chaperone proteins as integration points in signaling pathways that determine cell fate. The following review discusses the dual role of PDI in cell death and survival during ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Grek
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
| | - D.M. Townsend
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
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28
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Pastore A, Piemonte F. Protein glutathionylation in cardiovascular diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20845-76. [PMID: 24141185 PMCID: PMC3821647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The perturbation of thiol-disulfide homeostasis is an important consequence of many diseases, with redox signals implicated in several physio-pathological processes. A prevalent form of cysteine modification is the reversible formation of protein mixed disulfides with glutathione (S-glutathionylation). The abundance of glutathione in cells and the ready conversion of sulfenic acids to S-glutathione mixed disulfides supports the reversible protein S-glutathionylation as a common feature of redox signal transduction, able to regulate the activities of several redox sensitive proteins. In particular, protein S-glutathionylation is emerging as a critical signaling mechanism in cardiovascular diseases, because it regulates numerous physiological processes involved in cardiovascular homeostasis, including myocyte contraction, oxidative phosphorylation, protein synthesis, vasodilation, glycolytic metabolism and response to insulin. Thus, perturbations in protein glutathionylation status may contribute to the etiology of many cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy and atherosclerosis. Various reports show the importance of oxidative cysteine modifications in modulating cardiovascular function. In this review, we illustrate tools and strategies to monitor protein S-glutathionylation and describe the proteins so far identified as glutathionylated in myocardial contraction, hypertrophy and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pastore
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Fiorella Piemonte
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
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Go YM, Roede JR, Walker DI, Duong DM, Seyfried NT, Orr M, Liang Y, Pennell KD, Jones DP. Selective targeting of the cysteine proteome by thioredoxin and glutathione redox systems. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3285-96. [PMID: 23946468 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) and GSH are the major thiol antioxidants protecting cells from oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity. Redox states of Trx and GSH have been used as indicators of oxidative stress. Accumulating studies suggest that Trx and GSH redox systems regulate cell signaling and metabolic pathways differently and independently during diverse stressful conditions. In the current study, we used a mass spectrometry-based redox proteomics approach to test responses of the cysteine (Cys) proteome to selective disruption of the Trx- and GSH-dependent systems. Auranofin (ARF) was used to inhibit Trx reductase without detectable oxidation of the GSH/GSSG couple, and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) was used to deplete GSH without detectable oxidation of Trx1. Results for 606 Cys-containing peptides (peptidyl Cys) showed that 36% were oxidized more than 1.3-fold by ARF, whereas BSO-induced oxidation of peptidyl Cys was only 10%. Mean fold oxidation of these peptides was also higher by ARF than BSO treatment. Analysis of potential functional pathways showed that ARF oxidized peptides associated with glycolysis, cytoskeleton remodeling, translation and cell adhesion. Of 60 peptidyl Cys oxidized due to depletion of GSH, 41 were also oxidized by ARF and included proteins of translation and cell adhesion but not glycolysis or cytoskeletal remodeling. Studies to test functional correlates showed that pyruvate kinase activity and lactate levels were decreased with ARF but not BSO, confirming the effects on glycolysis-associated proteins are sensitive to oxidation by ARF. These data show that the Trx system regulates a broader range of proteins than the GSH system, support distinct function of Trx and GSH in cellular redox control, and show for the first time in mammalian cells selective targeting peptidyl Cys and biological pathways due to deficient function of the Trx system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
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30
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Grek CL, Zhang J, Manevich Y, Townsend DM, Tew KD. Causes and consequences of cysteine S-glutathionylation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26497-504. [PMID: 23861399 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r113.461368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational S-glutathionylation occurs through the reversible addition of a proximal donor of glutathione to thiolate anions of cysteines in target proteins, where the modification alters molecular mass, charge, and structure/function and/or prevents degradation from sulfhydryl overoxidation or proteolysis. Catalysis of both the forward (glutathione S-transferase P) and reverse (glutaredoxin) reactions creates a functional cycle that can also regulate certain protein functional clusters, including those involved in redox-dependent cell signaling events. For translational application, S-glutathionylated serum proteins may be useful as biomarkers in individuals (who may also have polymorphic expression of glutathione S-transferase P) exposed to agents that cause oxidative or nitrosative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Grek
- From the Departments of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and
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31
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Paulsen C, Carroll KS. Cysteine-mediated redox signaling: chemistry, biology, and tools for discovery. Chem Rev 2013; 113:4633-79. [PMID: 23514336 PMCID: PMC4303468 DOI: 10.1021/cr300163e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 801] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Candice
E. Paulsen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research
Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, United States
| | - Kate S. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research
Institute, Jupiter, Florida, 33458, United States
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32
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Top-down proteomics reveals a unique protein S-thiolation switch in Salmonella Typhimurium in response to infection-like conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10153-8. [PMID: 23720318 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1221210110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the mature protein complement in cells is crucial for a better understanding of cellular processes on a systems-wide scale. Toward this end, we used single-dimension ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to investigate the comprehensive "intact" proteome of the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium. Top-down proteomics analysis revealed 563 unique proteins including 1,665 proteoforms generated by posttranslational modifications (PTMs), representing the largest microbial top-down dataset reported to date. We confirmed many previously recognized aspects of Salmonella biology and bacterial PTMs, and our analysis also revealed several additional biological insights. Of particular interest was differential utilization of the protein S-thiolation forms S-glutathionylation and S-cysteinylation in response to infection-like conditions versus basal conditions. This finding of a S-glutathionylation-to-S-cysteinylation switch in a condition-specific manner was corroborated by bottom-up proteomics data and further by changes in corresponding biosynthetic pathways under infection-like conditions and during actual infection of host cells. This differential utilization highlights underlying metabolic mechanisms that modulate changes in cellular signaling, and represents a report of S-cysteinylation in Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, the functional relevance of these PTMs was supported by protein structure and gene deletion analyses. The demonstrated utility of our simple proteome-wide intact protein level measurement strategy for gaining biological insight should promote broader adoption and applications of top-down proteomics approaches.
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33
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Garai-Ibabe G, Saa L, Pavlov V. Enzymatic product-mediated stabilization of CdS quantum dots produced in situ: application for detection of reduced glutathione, NADPH, and glutathione reductase activity. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5542-6. [PMID: 23656502 DOI: 10.1021/ac4007705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione is the most abundant nonprotein molecule in the cell and plays an important role in many biological processes, including the maintenance of intracellular redox states, detoxification, and metabolism. Furthermore, glutathione levels have been linked to several human diseases, such as AIDS, Alzheimer disease, alcoholic liver disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer. A novel concept in bioanalysis is introduced and applied to the highly sensitive and inexpensive detection of reduced glutathione (GSH), over its oxidized form (GSSG), and glutathione reductase (GR) in human serum. This new fluorogenic bioanalytical system is based on the GSH-mediated stabilization of growing CdS nanoparticles. The sensitivity of this new assay is 5 pM of GR, which is 3 orders of magnitude better than other fluorogenic methods previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaizka Garai-Ibabe
- CICbiomaGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de San Sebastián, Paseo Miramón 182, 20009, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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34
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Manevich Y, Hutchens S, Tew KD, Townsend DM. Allelic variants of glutathione S-transferase P1-1 differentially mediate the peroxidase function of peroxiredoxin VI and alter membrane lipid peroxidation. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 54:62-70. [PMID: 23142420 PMCID: PMC3539142 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The dual-functioning antioxidant enzyme peroxiredoxin VI (Prdx6) detoxifies lipid peroxides particularly in biological membranes, and its peroxidase function is activated by glutathione S-transferase Pi (GSTP). The GSTP gene is polymorphic in humans, with the wild-type GSTP1-1A (Ile105, Ala114) and three variants: GSTP1-1B (Ile105Val, Ala114), GSTP1-1C (Ile105Val, Ala114Val), and GSTP1-1D (Ile105, Ala114Val). The focus of this study was to determine the influence of these polymorphisms on Prdx6 peroxidase function. Using extracellular generation of OH radicals and fluorescence (DPPP dye) detection, we found a fast (~300 s) onset of lipid peroxidation in membranes of MCF-7 cells transfected with a catalytically inactive Y7F mutant of GSTP1-1 and either GSTP1-1B or GSTP1-1D. However, this effect was not detected in cells expressing either GSTP1-1A or GSTP1-1C. Imaging of DPPP-labeled MCF-7 cells showed fluorescence localized in the plasma membrane, but intensity was substantially diminished in the GSTP1-1A- and GSTP1-1C-expressing cells. Moreover, in the Y7F mutant of GSTP1-1A-, GSTP1-1B-, and GST1-1D-expressing cells ()OH generation resulted (after 36 h) in plasma membrane-permeability-related cell death, whereas GSTP1-1A- and GSTP1-1C-expressing cells had significantly better survival. We used FRET analyses to measure in vitro binding of purified GSTP1-1 allelic variant proteins to purified recombinant Prdx6. The affinities for Prdx6 binding to GSH-loaded GSTP1-1's either mirrored their observed peroxidase activities (using phospholipid hydroperoxide as a substrate), GSTP1-1A>GSTP1-1C (K(D)=51.0 vs 57.0 nM), or corresponded to inactivation, GSTP1-1B (GSTP1-1D) (K(D)=101.0 (94.0) nM). In silico modeling of the GSTP1-1-Prdx6 heterodimer revealed that the sites of GSTP1-1 polymorphism (Ile105 and Ala114) are in close proximity to the binding interface. Thus, there is a hierarchy of effectiveness for polymorphic variants of GSTP1-1 to regulate Prdx6 peroxidase function, a feature that may influence human population susceptibilities to oxidant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Manevich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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35
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Armeni T, Ercolani L, Urbanelli L, Magini A, Magherini F, Pugnaloni A, Piva F, Modesti A, Emiliani C, Principato G. Cellular redox imbalance and changes of protein S-glutathionylation patterns are associated with senescence induced by oncogenic H-ras. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52151. [PMID: 23284910 PMCID: PMC3527427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
H-Ras oncogene requires deregulation of additional oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor proteins to increase cell proliferation rate and transform cells. In fact, the expression of the constitutively activated H-RasV12 induces cell growth arrest and premature senescence, which act like barriers in pre-neoplastic lesions. In our experimental model, human fibroblasts transfected with H-RasV12 show a dramatic modification of morphology. H-RasV12 expressing cells also show premature senescence followed by cell death, induced by autophagy and apoptosis. In this context, we provide evidence that in H-RasV12 expressing cells, the premature senescence is associated with cellular redox imbalance as well as with altered post-translation protein modification. In particular, redox imbalance is due to a strong reduction of total antioxidant capacity, and significant decrease of glutathione level. As the reversible addition of glutathione to cysteinyl residues of proteins is an important post-translational regulative modification, we investigated S-glutathionylation in cells expressing active H-Ras. In this contest we observed different S-glutathionylation patterns in control and H-RasV12 expressing cells. Particularly, the GAPDH enzyme showed S-glutathionylation increase and significant enzyme activity depletion in H-Ras V12 cells. In conclusion, we proposed that antioxidant defense reduction, glutathione depletion and subsequent modification of S-glutathionylation of target proteins contribute to arrest cell growth, leading to death of fibroblasts expressing constitutively active H-Ras oncogene, thus acting as oncogenic barriers that obstacle the progression of cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Armeni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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36
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Holland RJ, Maciag AE, Kumar V, Shi L, Saavedra JE, Prud'homme RK, Chakrapani H, Keefer LK. Cross-linking protein glutathionylation mediated by O2-arylated bis-diazeniumdiolate "Double JS-K". Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2670-7. [PMID: 23106594 PMCID: PMC3524378 DOI: 10.1021/tx3003142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Attachment of glutathione (GSH) to cysteine residues in proteins (S-glutathionylation) is a reversible post-translational modification that can profoundly alter protein structure and function. Often serving in a protective role, for example, by temporarily saving protein thiols from irreversible oxidation and inactivation, glutathionylation can be identified and semiquantitatively assessed using anti-GSH antibodies, thought to be specific for recognition of the S-glutathionylation modification. Here, we describe an alternate mechanism of protein glutathionylation in which the sulfur atoms of the GSH and the protein's thiol group are covalently bound via a cross-linking agent, rather than through a disulfide bond. This form of thiol cross-linking has been shown to occur and has been confirmed by mass spectrometry at the solution chemistry level, as well as in experiments documenting the potent antiproliferative activity of the bis-diazeniumdiolate Double JS-K in H1703 cells in vitro and in vivo. The modification is recognized by the anti-GSH antibody as if it were authentic S-glutathionylation, requiring mass spectrometry to distinguish between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Holland
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States.
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37
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Liu L, Fu J, Li T, Cui R, Ling J, Yu X, Ji H, Zhang Y. NG, a novel PABA/NO-based oleanolic acid derivative, induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis via a ROS/MAPK-dependent mitochondrial pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 691:61-8. [PMID: 22824464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
O(2)-(2,4-dinitro-5-{[2-(12-en-28-β-D- galactopyranosyl-oleanolate-3-yl) -oxy-2-oxoethyl]amino}phenyl)1-(N-hydroxyethylmethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2- diolate (NG), a novel PABA/NO-based derivative of oleanolic acid (OA), has been found to show potent antitumor activity both in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, NG could significantly reduce tumor volume and weight in the H22 solid tumor mouse model. Meanwhile, NG showed selective effects on the HepG2 cells including NO generation, cytotoxic effect and apoptosis, which were prevented by hemoglobin (NO scavenger). Moreover, NG-induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells was characteristic of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and enhanced Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio. The release of apoptotic inducing factor (AIF) and cytochrome c (Cyt c) from mitochondria and the activation of caspase-3, 9 were also detected, indicating that NG may induce apoptosis through a mitochondrial-mediated pathway. Simultaneously, NG treatment could lead to the activation of the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK but not ERK1/2. Treatment with SP600125 (an inhibitor of JNK) and SB203580 (an inhibitor of p38) prior to NG was found to reverse NG-induced apoptosis. Moreover, it was found that antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) blocked the induction of apoptosis and partly reversed the activation of JNK and p38, up-regulation of Bax, down-regulation of Bcl-2 and the activation of caspase-3 in NG-treated cells. Taking together, these findings suggest that NO can be released from NG, which induces apoptosis through a ROS/MAPK-mediated mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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38
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S-Glutathionylation of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Regulates Estrogen Receptor α Stability and Function. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:273549. [PMID: 22654912 PMCID: PMC3359683 DOI: 10.1155/2012/273549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
S-Glutathionylation of cysteine residues within target proteins is a posttranslational modification that alters structure and function. We have shown that S-glutathionylation of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) disrupts protein folding and leads to the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). PDI is a molecular chaperone for estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Our present data show in breast cancer cells that S-glutathionylation of PDI interferes with its chaperone activity and abolishes its capacity to form a complex with ERα. Such drug treatment also reverses estradiol-induced upregulation of c-Myc, cyclinD1, and P21Cip, gene products involved in cell proliferation. Expression of an S-glutathionylation refractory PDI mutant diminishes the toxic effects of PABA/NO. Thus, redox regulation of PDI causes its S-glutathionylation, thereby mediating cell death through activation of the UPR and abrogation of ERα stability and signaling.
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39
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Koen YM, Sarma D, Williams TD, Galeva NA, Obach RS, Hanzlik RP. Identification of protein targets of reactive metabolites of tienilic acid in human hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1145-54. [PMID: 22462724 DOI: 10.1021/tx300103j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tienilic acid (TA) is a uricosuric diuretic that was withdrawn from the market only months after its introduction because of reports of serious incidents of drug-induced liver injury including some fatalities. Its hepatotoxicity is considered to be primarily immunoallergic in nature. Like other thiophene compounds, TA undergoes biotransformation to a S-oxide metabolite which then reacts covalently with cellular proteins. To identify protein targets of TA metabolites, we incubated [(14)C]-TA with human hepatocytes, separated cellular proteins by 2D gel electrophoresis, and analyzed proteins in 36 radioactive spots by tryptic digestion followed by LC-MS/MS. Thirty-one spots contained at least one identifiable protein. Sixteen spots contained only one of 14 nonredundant proteins which were thus considered to be targets of TA metabolites. Six of the 14 were also found in other radioactive spots that contained from 1 to 3 additional proteins. Eight of the 14 had not been reported to be targets for any reactive metabolite other than TA. The other 15 spots each contained from 2 to 4 identifiable proteins, many of which are known targets of other chemically reactive metabolites, but since adducted peptides were not observed, the identity of the adducted protein(s) in these spots is ambiguous. Interestingly, all the radioactive spots corresponded to proteins of low abundance, while many highly abundant proteins in the mixture showed no radioactivity. Furthermore, of approximately 16 previously reported protein targets of TA in rat liver ( Methogo, R., Dansette, P., and Klarskov, K. ( 2007 ) Int. J. Mass Spectrom. , 268 , 284 -295 ), only one (fumarylacetoacetase) is among the 14 targets identified in this work. One reason for this difference may be statistical, given that each study identified a small number of targets from among thousands present in hepatocytes. Another may be the species difference (i.e., rat vs human), and still another may be the method of detection of adducted proteins (i.e., Western blot vs C-14). Knowledge of human target proteins is very limited. Of more than 350 known protein targets of reactive metabolites, only 42 are known from humans, and only 21 of these are known to be targets for more than one chemical. Nevertheless, the demonstration that human target proteins can be identified using isolated hepatocytes in vitro should enable the question of species differences to be addressed more fully in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakov M Koen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States
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40
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Pastore A, Piemonte F. S-Glutathionylation signaling in cell biology: progress and prospects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2012; 46:279-92. [PMID: 22484331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
S-Glutathionylation is a mechanism of signal transduction by which cells respond effectively and reversibly to redox inputs. The glutathionylation regulates most cellular pathways. It is involved in oxidative cellular response to insult by modulating the transcription factor Nrf2 and inducing the expression of antioxidant genes (ARE); it contributes to cell survival through nuclear translocation of NFkB and activation of survival genes, and to cell death by modulating the activity of caspase 3. It is involved in mitotic spindle formation during cell division by binding cytoskeletal proteins thus contributing to cell proliferation and differentiation. Glutathionylation also interfaces with the mechanism of phosphorylation by modulating several kinases (PKA, CK) and phosphatases (PP2A, PTEN), thus allowing a cross talk between the two processes of signal transduction. Also, skeletal RyR1 channels responsible of muscle excitation-contraction coupling appear to be sensitive to glutathionylation. Members of the ryanodine receptor super family, responsible for Ca(2) release from endoplasmic reticulum stores, contain sulfhydryl groups that function as a redox "switch", which either induces or inhibits Ca(2) release. Finally, but very importantly, glutathionylation of proteins may also act on cell metabolism by modulating enzymes involved in glycosylation, in the Krebs cycle and in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. In this review, we propose a greater role for glutathionylation in cell biology: not only a cellular response to oxidative stress, but an elegant and sensitive mechanism able to respond even to subtle changes in redox balance in the different cellular compartments. Given the wide spectrum of redox-sensitive proteins, we discuss the possibility that different pathways light up by glutathionylation under various pathological conditions. The feature of reversibility of this process also makes it prone to develop targeted drug therapies and monitor the pharmacological effectiveness once identified the sensor proteins involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pastore
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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41
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Grek CL, Townsend DM, Uys JD, Manevich Y, Coker WJ, Pazoles CJ, Tew KD. S-glutathionylated serine proteinase inhibitors as plasma biomarkers in assessing response to redox-modulating drugs. Cancer Res 2012; 72:2383-93. [PMID: 22406622 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-4088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many cancer drugs impact cancer cell redox regulatory mechanisms and disrupt redox homeostasis. Pharmacodynamic biomarkers that measure therapeutic efficacy or toxicity could improve patient management. Using immunoblot analyses and mass spectrometry, we identified that serpins A1 and A3 were S-glutathionylated in a dose- and time-dependent manner following treatment of mice with drugs that alter reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. Tandem mass spectrometry analyses identified Cys(256) of serpin A1 and Cys(263) of serpin A3 as the S-glutathionylated residues. In human plasma from cancer patients, there were higher levels of unmodified serpin A1 and A3, but following treatments with redox active drugs, relative S-glutathionylation of these serpins was higher in plasma from normal individuals. There is potential for S-glutathionylated serpins A1 and A3 to act as pharmacodynamic biomarkers for evaluation of patient response to drugs that target redox pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Grek
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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42
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Kogias E, Osterberg N, Baumer B, Psarras N, Koentges C, Papazoglou A, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Weyerbrock A. Growth-inhibitory and chemosensitizing effects of the glutathione-S-transferase-π-activated nitric oxide donor PABA/NO in malignant gliomas. Int J Cancer 2012; 130:1184-94. [PMID: 21455987 PMCID: PMC3161158 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) are upregulated in malignant gliomas and contribute to their chemoresistance. The nitric oxide (NO) donor PABA/NO (O(2) -{2,4-dinitro-5-[4-(N-methylamino)benzoyloxy]phenyl} 1-(N,N-dimethylamino)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate) generates NO upon selective enzymatic activation by GST-π-inducing selective biological effects in tumors. Tumor cell killing and chemosensitization were observed in a variety of tumors after exposure to GST-activated NO donor drugs. In our project, cytotoxic and chemosensitizing effects of PABA/NO in combination with carboplatin (CPT) and temozolomide (TMZ) were studied in human U87 glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. U87 glioma cells were exposed to PABA/NO alone or in combination with CPT or TMZ for 24 hr. Cell viability was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay after 24-hr incubation and 48 hr after drug removal. The antiproliferative effect of PABA/NO was assessed in an intracranial U87 glioma nude rat model comparing subcutaneous administration and intratumoral delivery by convection-enhanced delivery. PABA/NO monotherapy showed a strong dose-dependent growth-inhibitory effect in U87 glioma cells in vitro, and a strong synergistic effect was observed after concomitant treatment with TMZ, but not with CPT. Systemic and intratumoral PABA/NO administration significantly reduced cell proliferation, but this did not result in prolonged survival in nude rats with intracranial U87 gliomas. PABA/NO has potent antiproliferative effects, sensitizes U87 glioma cells to TMZ in vitro and shows some in vivo efficacy. Further studies are still required to consolidate the role of NO donor therapy in glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Kogias
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, D-79106 Freiburg i.Br., GERMANY
| | - Nadja Osterberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, D-79106 Freiburg i.Br., GERMANY
| | - Brunhilde Baumer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, D-79106 Freiburg i.Br., GERMANY
| | - Nikolaos Psarras
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, D-79106 Freiburg i.Br., GERMANY
| | - Christoph Koentges
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, D-79106 Freiburg i.Br., GERMANY
| | - Anna Papazoglou
- Department of Stereotactic Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, D-79106 Freiburg, GERMANY
| | | | - Larry K Keefer
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Astrid Weyerbrock
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 64, D-79106 Freiburg i.Br., GERMANY
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Glutathione homeostasis and functions: potential targets for medical interventions. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2012; 2012:736837. [PMID: 22500213 PMCID: PMC3303626 DOI: 10.1155/2012/736837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide, which has many biological roles including protection against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The primary goal of this paper is to characterize the principal mechanisms of the protective role of GSH against reactive species and electrophiles. The ancillary goals are to provide up-to-date knowledge of GSH biosynthesis, hydrolysis, and utilization; intracellular compartmentalization and interorgan transfer; elimination of endogenously produced toxicants; involvement in metal homeostasis; glutathione-related enzymes and their regulation; glutathionylation of sulfhydryls. Individual sections are devoted to the relationships between GSH homeostasis and pathologies as well as to developed research tools and pharmacological approaches to manipulating GSH levels. Special attention is paid to compounds mainly of a natural origin (phytochemicals) which affect GSH-related processes. The paper provides starting points for development of novel tools and provides a hypothesis for investigation of the physiology and biochemistry of glutathione with a focus on human and animal health.
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Weyerbrock A, Osterberg N, Psarras N, Baumer B, Kogias E, Werres A, Bette S, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Papazoglou A. JS-K, a glutathione S-transferase-activated nitric oxide donor with antineoplastic activity in malignant gliomas. Neurosurgery 2012; 70:497-510; discussion 510. [PMID: 21849924 PMCID: PMC3253212 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e31823209cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) control multidrug resistance and are upregulated in many cancers, including malignant gliomas. The diazeniumdiolate JS-K generates nitric oxide (NO) on enzymatic activation by glutathione and GST, showing promising NO-based anticancer efficacy. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of NO-based antitumor therapy with JS-K in U87 gliomas in vitro and in vivo. METHODS U87 glioma cells and primary glioblastoma cell lines were exposed to JS-K and a variety of inhibitors to study cell death by necrosis, apoptosis, and other mechanisms. GST expression was evaluated by immunocytochemistry, polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot, and NO release from JS-K was studied with a NO assay. The growth-inhibitory effect of JS-K was studied in a U87 xenograft model in vivo. RESULTS Dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation was observed in human U87 glioma cells and primary glioblastoma cells in vitro. Cell death was partially induced by caspase-dependent apoptosis, which could be blocked by Z-VAD-FMK and Q-VD-OPH. Inhibition of GST by sulfasalazine, cGMP inhibition by ODQ, and MEK1/2 inhibition by UO126 attenuated the antiproliferative effect of JS-K, suggesting the involvement of various intracellular death signaling pathways. Response to JS-K correlated with mRNA and protein expression of GST and the amount of NO released by the glioma cells. Growth of U87 xenografts was reduced significantly, with immunohistochemical evidence for increased necrosis and apoptosis and reduced proliferation. CONCLUSION Our data show for the first time the potent antiproliferative effect of JS-K in gliomas in vitro and in vivo. These findings warrant further investigation of this novel NO-releasing prodrug in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Weyerbrock
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Hill BG, Bhatnagar A. Protein S-glutathiolation: redox-sensitive regulation of protein function. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 52:559-67. [PMID: 21784079 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Reversible protein S-glutathiolation has emerged as an important mechanism of post-translational modification. Under basal conditions several proteins remain adducted to glutathione, and physiological glutathiolation of proteins has been shown to regulate protein function. Enzymes that promote glutathiolation (e.g., glutathione-S-transferase-P) or those that remove glutathione from proteins (e.g., glutaredoxin) have been identified. Modification by glutathione has been shown to affect protein catalysis, ligand binding, oligomerization and protein-protein interactions. Conditions associated with oxidative or nitrosative stress, such as ischemia-reperfusion, hypertension and tachycardia increase protein glutathiolation via changes in the glutathione redox status (GSH/GSSG) or through the formation of sulfenic acid (SOH) or nitrosated (SNO) cysteine intermediates. These "activated" thiols promote reversible S-glutathiolation of key proteins involved in cell signaling, energy production, ion transport, and cell death. Hence, S-glutathiolation is ideally suited for integrating and mounting fine-tuned responses to changes in the redox state. S-glutathiolation also provides a temporary glutathione "cap" to protect protein thiols from irreversible oxidation and it could be an important mechanism of protein "encryption" to maintain proteins in a functionally silent state until they are needed during conditions of stress. Current evidence suggests that the glutathiolation-deglutathiolation cycle integrates and interacts with other post-translational mechanisms to regulate signal transduction, metabolism, inflammation, and apoptosis. This article is part of a Special Section entitled "Post-translational Modification."
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradford G Hill
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Tew KD, Manevich Y, Grek C, Xiong Y, Uys J, Townsend DM. The role of glutathione S-transferase P in signaling pathways and S-glutathionylation in cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:299-313. [PMID: 21558000 PMCID: PMC3125017 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase P is abundantly expressed in some mammalian tissues, particularly those associated with malignancies. While the enzyme can catalyze thioether bond formation between some electrophilic chemicals and GSH, novel nondetoxification functions are now ascribed to it. This review summarizes recent material that implicates GSTP in mediating S-glutathionylation of specific clusters of target proteins and in reactions that define a negative regulatory role in some kinase pathways through ligand or protein:protein interactions. It is becoming apparent that GSTP participates in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis through a number of convergent and divergent mechanisms. Moreover, drug platforms that have GSTP as a target have produced some interesting preclinical and clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Xiong Y, Uys JD, Tew KD, Townsend DM. S-glutathionylation: from molecular mechanisms to health outcomes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:233-70. [PMID: 21235352 PMCID: PMC3110090 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox homeostasis governs a number of critical cellular processes. In turn, imbalances in pathways that control oxidative and reductive conditions have been linked to a number of human disease pathologies, particularly those associated with aging. Reduced glutathione is the most prevalent biological thiol and plays a crucial role in maintaining a reduced intracellular environment. Exposure to reactive oxygen or nitrogen species is causatively linked to the disease pathologies associated with redox imbalance. In particular, reactive oxygen species can differentially oxidize certain cysteine residues in target proteins and the reversible process of S-glutathionylation may mitigate or mediate the damage. This post-translational modification adds a tripeptide and a net negative charge that can lead to distinct structural and functional changes in the target protein. Because it is reversible, S-glutathionylation has the potential to act as a biological switch and to be integral in a number of critical oxidative signaling events. The present review provides a comprehensive account of how the S-glutathionylation cycle influences protein structure/function and cellular regulatory events, and how these may impact on human diseases. By understanding the components of this cycle, there should be opportunities to intervene in stress- and aging-related pathologies, perhaps through prevention and diagnostic and therapeutic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, USA
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Uys JD, Xiong Y, Townsend DM. Nitrosative stress-induced S-glutathionylation of protein disulfide isomerase. Methods Enzymol 2011; 490:321-32. [PMID: 21266258 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385114-7.00018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stress result in the accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) which trigger redox-mediated signaling cascades through posttranslational modifications on cysteine residues, including S-nitrosylation (P-SNO) and S-glutathionylation (P-SSG). Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is the most abundant chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum and facilitates protein folding via oxidoreductase activity. Prolonged or acute nitrosative stress blunts the activity of PDI through the formation of PDI-SNO and PDI-SSG. The functional implication is that reduced activity for the period of time leads to an accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins and activation of the unfolded protein response. Redox regulation of PDI and downstream signaling events provides an integration point for the functional determination of cell survival pathways. Herein, we describe the methodologies to globally identify S-glutathionylated targets of ROS/RNS; validate and identify the specific cysteine targets and characterize the structural and functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim D Uys
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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Tegeder I, Scheving R, Wittig I, Geisslinger G. SNO-ing at the nociceptive synapse? Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:366-89. [PMID: 21436345 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide is generally considered a pronociceptive retrograde transmitter that, by activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase-mediated cGMP production and activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, drives nociceptive hypersensitivity. The duality of its functions, however, is increasingly recognized. This review summarizes nitric-oxide-mediated direct S-nitrosylation of target proteins that may modify nociceptive signaling, including glutamate receptors and G-protein-coupled receptors, transient receptor potential channels, voltage-gated channels, proinflammatory enzymes, transcription factors, and redoxins. S-Nitrosylation events require close proximity of nitric oxide production and target proteins and a permissive redox state in the vicinity. Despite the diversity of potential targets and effects, three major schemes arise that may affect nociceptive signaling: 1) S-Nitrosylation-mediated changes of ion channel gating properties, 2) modulation of membrane fusion and fission, and thereby receptor and channel membrane insertion, and 3) modulation of ubiquitination, and thereby protein degradation or transcriptional activity. In addition, S-Nitrosylation may alter the production of nitric oxide itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irmgard Tegeder
- Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, Haus 74; 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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