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Singh K, Nawabjan SA, Zhang L, El-Nezami H, Annapureddy RR, Chow BKC. Discovery of small-molecule modulators of the secretin receptor: Purmorphamine as novel anti-hypertensive agent. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 242:114642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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2
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Uddin MS, Naider F, Becker JM. Dynamic roles for the N-terminus of the yeast G protein-coupled receptor Ste2p. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:2058-2067. [PMID: 28754538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-factor receptor Ste2p has been used extensively as a model to understand the molecular mechanism of signal transduction by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Single and double cysteine mutants of Ste2p were created and served as surrogates to detect intramolecular interactions and dimerization of Ste2p using disulfide cross-linking methodology. When a mutation was introduced into the phylogenetically conserved tyrosine residue at position 26 (Y26C) in the N-terminus of Ste2p, dimerization was increased greatly. The amount of dimer formed by this Y26C mutant was greatly reduced by ligand binding even though the ligand binding site is far removed from the N-terminus; the lowering of the dimer formation was consistent with a conformational change in the N-terminus of the receptor upon activation. Dimerization was decreased by double mutations Y26C/V109C or Y26C/T114C indicating that Y26 is in close proximity to V109 and T114 of extracellular loop 1 in native Ste2p. Combined with earlier studies, these results indicate previously unrecognized roles for the N-terminus of Ste2p, and perhaps of GPCRs in general, and reveal a specific N-terminus residue or region, that is involved in GPCR signaling, intrareceptor interactions, and receptor dimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seraj Uddin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Fred Naider
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Assemblies Institute, College of Staten Island, CUNY, New York, New York 10314, United States; Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Becker
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States.
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Moran BM, Flatt PR, McKillop AM. G protein-coupled receptors: signalling and regulation by lipid agonists for improved glucose homoeostasis. Acta Diabetol 2016; 53:177-88. [PMID: 26739335 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-015-0826-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a pivotal role in cell signalling, controlling many processes such as immunity, growth, cellular differentiation, neurological pathways and hormone secretions. Fatty acid agonists are increasingly recognised as having a key role in the regulation of glucose homoeostasis via stimulation of islet and gastrointestinal GPCRs. Downstream cell signalling results in modulation of the biosynthesis, secretion, proliferation and anti-apoptotic pathways of islet and enteroendocrine cells. GPR40 and GPR120 are activated by long-chain fatty acids (>C12) with both receptors coupling to the Gαq subunit that activates the Ca(2+)-dependent pathway. GPR41 and GPR43 are stimulated by short-chain fatty acids (C2-C5), and activation results in binding to Gαi that inhibits the adenylyl cyclase pathway attenuating cAMP production. In addition, GPR43 also couples to the Gαq subunit augmenting intracellular Ca(2+) and activating phospholipase C. GPR55 is specific for cannabinoid endogenous agonists (endocannabinoids) and non-cannabinoid fatty acids, which couples to Gα12/13 and Gαq proteins, leading to enhancing intracellular Ca(2+), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK) phosphorylation and Rho kinase. GPR119 is activated by fatty acid ethanolamides and binds to Gαs utilising the adenylate cyclase pathway, which is dependent upon protein kinase A. Current research indicates that GPCR therapies may be approved for clinical use in the near future. This review focuses on the recent advances in preclinical diabetes research in the signalling and regulation of GPCRs on islet and enteroendocrine cells involved in glucose homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Moran
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Aine M McKillop
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Singh K, Senthil V, Arokiaraj AWR, Leprince J, Lefranc B, Vaudry D, Allam AA, Ajarem J, Chow BKC. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of N- and C-Terminally Modified Secretin Analogs for the Human Secretin Receptor. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149359. [PMID: 26930505 PMCID: PMC4773067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic role of human secretin (hSCT) validates its potential use as a therapeutic agent. Nevertheless, the structure of secretin in complex with its receptor is necessary to develop a suitable therapeutic agent. Therefore, in an effort to design a three-dimensional virtual homology model and identify a peptide agonist and/or antagonist for the human secretin receptor (hSR), the significance of the primary sequence of secretin peptides in allosteric binding and activation was elucidated using virtual docking, FRET competitive binding and assessment of the cAMP response. Secretin analogs containing various N- or C-terminal modifications were prepared based on previous findings of the role of these domains in receptor binding and activation. These analogs exhibited very low or no binding affinity in a virtual model, and were found to neither exhibit in vitro binding nor agonistic or antagonistic properties. A parallel analysis of the analogs in the virtual model and in vitro studies revealed instability of these peptide analogs to bind and activate the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vijayalakshmi Senthil
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Jérôme Leprince
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Neurotrophic Factors and Neuronal Differentiation Team, Inserm U982, Associated International Laboratory Samuel de Champlain, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Haute-Normandie (PRIMACEN), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Neurotrophic Factors and Neuronal Differentiation Team, Inserm U982, Associated International Laboratory Samuel de Champlain, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Haute-Normandie (PRIMACEN), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - David Vaudry
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Neurotrophic Factors and Neuronal Differentiation Team, Inserm U982, Associated International Laboratory Samuel de Champlain, Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Haute-Normandie (PRIMACEN), University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Ahmed A. Allam
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Jamaan Ajarem
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Billy K. C. Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail:
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The N-terminus of the yeast G protein-coupled receptor Ste2p plays critical roles in surface expression, signaling, and negative regulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1858:715-24. [PMID: 26707753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are found in all eukaryotic cells examined to date where they function as membrane-bound proteins that bind a multitude of extracellular ligands to initiate intracellular signal transduction systems controlling cellular physiology. GPCRs have seven heptahelical membrane spanning domains connected by extracellular and intracellular loops with an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus. The N-terminus has been the least studied domain of most GPCRs. The yeast Ste2p protein, the receptor for the thirteen amino acid peptide pheromone α-factor, has been used extensively as a model to study GPCR structure and function. In this study we constructed a number of deletions of the Ste2p N-terminus and uncovered an unexpected function as a negative regulatory domain. We examined the role of the N-terminus in expression, signaling function and ligand-binding properties and found that the residues 11-30 play a critical role in receptor expression on the cell surface. The studies also indicated that residues 2-10 of the N-terminus are involved in negative regulation of signaling as shown by the observation that deletion of these residues enhanced mating and gene induction. Furthermore, our results indicated that the residues 21-30 are essential for optimal signaling. Overall, we propose that the N-terminus of Ste2p plays multiple regulatory roles in controlling receptor function.
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Zhang XC, Cao C, Zhou Y, Zhao Y. Proton transfer-mediated GPCR activation. Protein Cell 2014; 6:12-7. [PMID: 25319942 PMCID: PMC4286134 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play essential roles in signal transduction from the environment into the cell. While many structural features have been elucidated in great detail, a common functional mechanism on how the ligand-binding signal is converted into a conformational change on the cytoplasmic face resulting in subsequent activation of downstream effectors remain to be established. Based on available structural and functional data of the activation process in class-A GPCRs, we propose here that a change in protonation status, together with proton transfer via conserved structural elements located in the transmembrane region, are the key elements essential for signal transduction across the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun C Zhang
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, National Center of Protein Science-Beijing, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China,
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Heifetz A, Barker O, Verquin G, Wimmer N, Meutermans W, Pal S, Law RJ, Whittaker M. Fighting obesity with a sugar-based library: discovery of novel MCH-1R antagonists by a new computational-VAST approach for exploration of GPCR binding sites. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:1084-99. [PMID: 23590178 DOI: 10.1021/ci4000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an increasingly common disease. While antagonism of the melanin-concentrating hormone-1 receptor (MCH-1R) has been widely reported as a promising therapeutic avenue for obesity treatment, no MCH-1R antagonists have reached the market. Discovery and optimization of new chemical matter targeting MCH-1R is hindered by reduced HTS success rates and a lack of structural information about the MCH-1R binding site. X-ray crystallography and NMR, the major experimental sources of structural information, are very slow processes for membrane proteins and are not currently feasible for every GPCR or GPCR-ligand complex. This situation significantly limits the ability of these methods to impact the drug discovery process for GPCR targets in "real-time", and hence, there is an urgent need for other practical and cost-efficient alternatives. We present here a conceptually pioneering approach that integrates GPCR modeling with design, synthesis, and screening of a diverse library of sugar-based compounds from the VAST technology (versatile assembly on stable templates) to provide structural insights on the MCH-1R binding site. This approach creates a cost-efficient new avenue for structure-based drug discovery (SBDD) against GPCR targets. In our work, a primary VAST hit was used to construct a high-quality MCH-1R model. Following model validation, a structure-based virtual screen yielded a 14% hit rate and 10 novel chemotypes of potent MCH-1R antagonists, including EOAI3367472 (IC50 = 131 nM) and EOAI3367474 (IC50 = 213 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heifetz
- Evotec (UK), Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
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Yu R, Li J, Wang J, Liu X, Huang L, Ding Y, Chen J. The functional recombinant first extracellular (EC1) domain of PACAP receptor PAC1 normal form (PAC1-EC1(N)) recognizes selective ligands and stimulates the proliferation of PAC1-CHO cells. Neurosci Lett 2010; 480:73-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Janssen T, Husson SJ, Meelkop E, Temmerman L, Lindemans M, Verstraelen K, Rademakers S, Mertens I, Nitabach M, Jansen G, Schoofs L. Discovery and characterization of a conserved pigment dispersing factor-like neuropeptide pathway inCaenorhabditis elegans. J Neurochem 2009; 111:228-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bruysters M, Verhoef-Post M, Themmen APN. Asp330 and Tyr331 in the C-terminal cysteine-rich region of the luteinizing hormone receptor are key residues in hormone-induced receptor activation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:25821-8. [PMID: 18641392 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804395200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The luteinizing hormone (LH) receptor plays an essential role in male and female gonadal function. Together with the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, the LH receptor forms the family of glycoprotein hormone receptors. All glycoprotein hormone receptors share a common modular topography, with an N-terminal extracellular ligand binding domain and a C-terminal seven-transmembrane transduction domain. The ligand binding domain consists of 9 leucine-rich repeats, flanked by N- and C-terminal cysteine-rich regions. Recently, crystal structures have been published of the extracellular domains of the FSH and TSH receptors. However, the C-terminal cysteine-rich region (CCR), also referred to as the "hinge region," was not included in these structures. Both structure and function of the CCR therefore remain unknown. In this study we set out to characterize important domains within the CCR of the LH receptor. First, we mutated all cysteines and combinations of cysteines in the CCR to identify the most probable disulfide bridges. Second, we exchanged large parts of the LH receptor CCR by its FSH receptor counterparts, and characterized the mutant receptors in transiently transfected HEK 293 cells. We zoomed in on important regions by focused exchange and deletion mutagenesis followed by alanine scanning. Mutations in the CCR specifically decreased the potencies of LH and hCG, because the potency of the low molecular weight agonist Org 41841 was unaffected. Using this unbiased approach, we identified Asp(330) and Tyr(331) as key amino acids in LH/hCG mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Bruysters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, P. O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Sugiura T, Kato Y, Wakayama T, Silver DL, Kubo Y, Iseki S, Tsuji A. PDZK1 Regulates Two Intestinal Solute Carriers (Slc15a1 and Slc22a5) in Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 36:1181-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Laburthe M, Couvineau A, Tan V. Class II G protein-coupled receptors for VIP and PACAP: structure, models of activation and pharmacology. Peptides 2007; 28:1631-9. [PMID: 17574305 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
VIP and PACAP impact strongly on human pathophysiology. Their receptors are very promising targets for developing new drugs in the treatment of inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. This article reviews the present knowledge regarding VIP and PACAP receptors, i.e. VPAC1, VPAC2 and PAC1. This includes: (I) a critical review of instrumental peptide agonists and antagonists; (II) a survey of recent data regarding the structure of VPAC1 receptor and the docking of VIP in the receptor binding domain. Structural models for the VPAC2 and PAC1 receptor N-terminal ectodomains are also described; (III) A critical description of the two models of VPAC1 receptor activation in the general context of class II/family B G protein-coupled receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/agonists
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I/chemistry
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/agonists
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/chemistry
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/agonists
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/chemistry
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Laburthe
- INSERM, U773, Centre de Recherche Biomédicale Bichat Beaujon, CRB3, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot, BP416, F-75018 Paris, France.
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