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Girnita L, Smith TJ, Janssen JAMJL. It Takes Two to Tango: IGF-I and TSH Receptors in Thyroid Eye Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:S1-S12. [PMID: 35167695 PMCID: PMC9359450 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a complex autoimmune disease process. Orbital fibroblasts represent the central orbital immune target. Involvement of the TSH receptor (TSHR) in TED is not fully understood. IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) is overexpressed in several cell types in TED, including fibrocytes and orbital fibroblasts. IGF-IR may form a physical and functional complex with TSHR. OBJECTIVE Review literature relevant to autoantibody generation in TED and whether these induce orbital fibroblast responses directly through TSHR, IGF-IR, or both. EVIDENCE IGF-IR has traditionally been considered a typical tyrosine kinase receptor in which tyrosine residues become phosphorylated following IGF-I binding. Evidence has emerged that IGF-IR possesses kinase-independent activities and can be considered a functional receptor tyrosine kinase/G-protein-coupled receptor hybrid, using the G-protein receptor kinase/β-arrestin system. Teprotumumab, a monoclonal IGF-IR antibody, effectively reduces TED disease activity, proptosis, and diplopia. In addition, the drug attenuates in vitro actions of both IGF-I and TSH in fibrocytes and orbital fibroblasts, including induction of proinflammatory cytokines by TSH and TED IgGs. CONCLUSIONS Although teprotumumab has been proven effective and relatively safe in the treatment of TED, many questions remain pertaining to IGF-IR, its relationship with TSHR, and how the drug might be disrupting these receptor protein/protein interactions. Here, we propose 4 possible IGF-IR activation models that could underlie clinical responses to teprotumumab observed in patients with TED. Teprotumumab is associated with several adverse events, including hyperglycemia and hearing abnormalities. Underpinning mechanisms of these are being investigated. Patients undergoing treatment with drug must be monitored for these and managed with best medical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Terry J Smith
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Joseph A M J L Janssen
- Correspondence: Joseph A.M.J.L. Janssen, MD, PhD, Erasmus Medical Centre, Erasmus MC, Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands.
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2
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Shi RJ, Fan HY, Yu XH, Tang YL, Jiang J, Liang XH. Advances of podophyllotoxin and its derivatives: patterns and mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 200:115039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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IGF-1R is a molecular determinant for response to p53 reactivation therapy in conjunctival melanoma. Oncogene 2022; 41:600-611. [PMID: 34785779 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02111-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
As the p53 tumor suppressor is rarely mutated in conjunctival melanoma (CM), we investigated its activation as a potential therapeutic strategy. Preventing p53/Mdm2 interaction by Nutlin-3, the prototypical Mdm2 antagonist, or via direct siRNA Mdm2 depletion, increased p53 and inhibited viability in CM cell lines. The sensitivity to Nutlin-3 p53 reactivation with concomitant Mdm2 stabilization was higher than that achieved by siRNA, indicative of effects on alternative Mdm2 targets, identified as the cancer-protective IGF-1R. Nutlin-3 treatment increased the association between IGF-1R and β-arrestin1, the adaptor protein that brings Mdm2 to the IGF-1R, initiating receptor degradation in a ligand-dependent manner. Controlled expression of β-arrestin1 augmented inhibitory Nutlin-3 effects on CM survival through enhanced IGF-1R degradation. Yet, the effect of IGF-1R downregulation on cell proliferation is balanced by β-arrestin1-induced p53 inhibition. As mitomycin (MMC) is a well-established adjuvant treatment for CM, and it triggers p53 activation through genotoxic stress, we evaluated how these alternative p53-targeting strategies alter the cancer-relevant bioactivities of CM. In 2D and 3D in vitro models, Nutlin-3 or MMC alone, or in combination, reduces the overall cell tumor growth ~30%, with double treatment inhibition rate only marginally higher than single-drug regimens. However, histopathological evaluation of the 3D models revealed that Nutlin-3 was the most effective, causing necrotic areas inside spheroids and complete loss of nuclear staining for the proliferative marker Ki67. These findings were further validated in vivo; zebrafish xenografts demonstrate that Nutlin-3 alone has higher efficacy in restraining CM tumor cell growth and preventing metastasis. Combined, these results reveal that β-arrestin1 directs Mdm2 toward different substrates, thus balancing IGF-1R pro-tumorigenic and p53-tumor suppressive signals. This study defines a potent dual-hit strategy: simultaneous control of a tumor-promoter (IGF-1R) and tumor-suppressor (p53), which ultimately mitigates recurrent and metastatic potential, thus opening up targeted therapy to CM.
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4
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The inhibition of GHR enhanced cytotoxic effects of etoposide on neuroblastoma. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110081. [PMID: 34252534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Etoposide, a DNA damage-inducing agent, is widely used to treat neuroblastoma. Etoposide binds to and inhibits topoisomerase II, thereby inducing the DNA damage response. However, the underlying mechanism of etoposide resistance in neuroblastoma remains unclear. The results of the present study revealed that etoposide upregulated growth hormone receptor (GHR) expression levels in etoposide-resistant neuroblastoma cells, suggesting that GHR upregulation may be involved in the underlying mechanism of etoposide resistance. Thus, the combined effect of GHR knockdown and etoposide treatment on cell viability, apoptosis and migration in vitro, as well as tumor growth in mouse xenograft models in vivo, was subsequently analyzed. The results of cell viability and colony formation assays demonstrated that GHR knockdown enhanced the inhibitory effects of etoposide on cell viability and sensitized cells to etoposide. The enhanced cell viability was discovered to be, at least in part, due to the increase in etoposide-induced apoptosis following GHR knockdown. Moreover, the knockdown of GHR enhanced the inhibitory effect of etoposide on cell migration. Mouse xenograft studies confirmed the effects of GHR silencing in etoposide-resistant neuroblastoma progression in vivo. Furthermore, the effects of GHR knockdown in etoposide resistance were hypothesized to occur via the inactivation of the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. In conclusion, the results of the present study provided novel insight into the underlying mechanism of etoposide resistance and a potential target for the treatment of etoposide-resistant neuroblastoma.
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5
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Crudden C, Shibano T, Song D, Dragomir MP, Cismas S, Serly J, Nedelcu D, Fuentes-Mattei E, Tica A, Calin GA, Girnita A, Girnita L. Inhibition of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 Promotes Unbiased Downregulation of IGF1 Receptor and Restrains Malignant Cell Growth. Cancer Res 2020; 81:501-514. [PMID: 33158816 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability of a receptor to preferentially activate only a subset of available downstream signal cascades is termed biased signaling. Although comprehensively recognized for the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), this process is scarcely explored downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), including the cancer-relevant insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R). Successful IGF1R targeting requires receptor downregulation, yet therapy-mediated removal from the cell surface activates cancer-protective β-arrestin-biased signaling (β-arr-BS). As these overlapping processes are initiated by the β-arr/IGF1R interaction and controlled by GPCR-kinases (GRK), we explored GRKs as potential anticancer therapeutic targets to disconnect IGF1R downregulation and β-arr-BS. Transgenic modulation demonstrated that GRK2 inhibition or GRK6 overexpression enhanced degradation of IGF1R, but both scenarios sustained IGF1-induced β-arr-BS. Pharmacologic inhibition of GRK2 by the clinically approved antidepressant, serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine (PX), recapitulated the effects of GRK2 silencing with dose- and time-dependent IGF1R downregulation without associated β-arr-BS. In vivo, PX treatment caused substantial downregulation of IGF1R, suppressing the growth of Ewing's sarcoma xenografts. Functional studies reveal that PX exploits the antagonism between β-arrestin isoforms; in low ligand conditions, PX favored β-arrestin1/Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination/degradation of IGF1R, a scenario usually exclusive to ligand abundancy, making PX more effective than antibody-mediated IGF1R downregulation. This study provides the rationale, molecular mechanism, and validation of a clinically feasible concept for "system bias" targeting of the IGF1R to uncouple downregulation from signaling. Demonstrating system bias as an effective anticancer approach, our study reveals a novel strategy for the rational design or repurposing of therapeutics to selectively cross-target the IGF1R or other RTK. SIGNIFICANCE: This work provides insight into the molecular and biological roles of biased signaling downstream RTK and provides a novel "system bias" strategy to increase the efficacy of anti-IGF1R-targeted therapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitrin Crudden
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Takashi Shibano
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dawei Song
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mihnea P Dragomir
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sonia Cismas
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julianna Serly
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniela Nedelcu
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Enrique Fuentes-Mattei
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrei Tica
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ada Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dermatology Department, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonard Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Zhu X, Li Y, Xu G, Fu C. Growth hormone receptor promotes breast cancer progression via the BRAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:1013-1020. [PMID: 32069380 PMCID: PMC7262926 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone receptor (GHR), a member of the class I cytokine receptor family, plays key roles in cancer progression. Recently, GHR has been reported to be associated with breast cancer development, but the molecular mechanism of GHR in this malignancy is not fully understood. To investigate this issue, we stably inhibited GHR in breast cancer cell lines, which were observed to reduce cell proliferation, tumor growth and induction of apoptosis, and arrest the cell‐cycle arrest at the G1–S phase transition. In addition, GHR silencing suppressed the protein levels of B‐Raf proto‐oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (BRAF), Mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and Extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK). These findings suggest that GHR may mediate breast cell progression and apoptosis through control of the cell cycle via the BRAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojue Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yonghao Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guoxin Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - ChangQing Fu
- Zhangjiagang Fifth People's Hospital, Suzhou, China
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7
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Chen B, Li J, Chi D, Sahnoune I, Calin S, Girnita L, Calin GA. Non-Coding RNAs in IGF-1R Signaling Regulation: The Underlying Pathophysiological Link between Diabetes and Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121638. [PMID: 31847392 PMCID: PMC6953109 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intricate molecular network shared between diabetes mellitus (DM) and cancer has been broadly understood. DM has been associated with several hormone-dependent malignancies, including breast, pancreatic, and colorectal cancer (CRC). Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and inflammation are the main pathophysiological mechanisms linking DM to cancer. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are widely appreciated as pervasive regulators of gene expression, governing the evolution of metabolic disorders, including DM and cancer. The ways ncRNAs affect the development of DM complicated with cancer have only started to be revealed in recent years. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling is a master regulator of pathophysiological processes directing DM and cancer. In this review, we briefly summarize a number of well-known miRNAs and lncRNAs that regulate the IGF-1R in DM and cancer, respectively, and further discuss the potential underlying molecular pathogenesis of this disease association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China;
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA;
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (G.A.C.)
| | - Junyan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China;
| | - Dongmei Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China;
| | - Iman Sahnoune
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA;
| | - Steliana Calin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA;
| | - Leonard Girnita
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - George A. Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA;
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (G.A.C.)
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8
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Crudden C, Song D, Cismas S, Trocmé E, Pasca S, Calin GA, Girnita A, Girnita L. Below the Surface: IGF-1R Therapeutic Targeting and Its Endocytic Journey. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101223. [PMID: 31600876 PMCID: PMC6829878 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-activated plasma membrane receptors follow pathways of endocytosis through the endosomal sorting apparatus. Receptors cluster in clathrin-coated pits that bud inwards and enter the cell as clathrin-coated vesicles. These vesicles travel through the acidic endosome whereby receptors and ligands are sorted to be either recycled or degraded. The traditional paradigm postulated that the endocytosis role lay in signal termination through the removal of the receptor from the cell surface. It is now becoming clear that the internalization process governs more than receptor signal cessation and instead reigns over the entire spatial and temporal wiring of receptor signaling. Governing the localization, the post-translational modifications, and the scaffolding of receptors and downstream signal components established the endosomal platform as the master regulator of receptor function. Confinement of components within or between distinct organelles means that the endosome instructs the cell on how to interpret and translate the signal emanating from any given receptor complex into biological effects. This review explores this emerging paradigm with respect to the cancer-relevant insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) and discusses how this perspective could inform future targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitrin Crudden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Dawei Song
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sonia Cismas
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Eric Trocmé
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
- St. Erik Eye Hospital, 11282 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sylvya Pasca
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ada Girnita
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
- Dermatology Department, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Leonard Girnita
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden.
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George B, George SK, Shi W, Haque A, Shi P, Eskandari G, Axelson M, Larsson O, Kaseb AO, Amin HM. Dual inhibition of IGF-IR and ALK as an effective strategy to eradicate NPM-ALK + T-cell lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:80. [PMID: 31340850 PMCID: PMC6657048 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0768-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase-expressing (NPM-ALK+) T cell lymphoma is an aggressive neoplasm. NPM-ALK, an oncogenic tyrosine kinase, plays a critical role in this lymphoma. Recently, selective ALK inhibitors have emerged as a first-line therapy for this neoplasm. Unfortunately, ALK inhibitors were hindered by emergence of resistance and relapse. We have previously demonstrated that type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) is commonly expressed and activated in this lymphoma. In addition, IGF-IR and NPM-ALK are physically associated and reciprocally enhance their phosphorylation/activation. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that combined inhibition of IGF-IR and NPM-ALK could significantly improve the effects of inhibiting each kinase alone. Methods We used clinically utilized inhibitors of IGF-IR (picropodophyllin; PPP) and ALK (ASP3026) to assess the in vitro cellular effects of combined treatment versus treatment using a single agent. Moreover, we used a systemic NPM-ALK+ T cell lymphoma mouse model to analyze the in vivo effects of PPP and ASP3026 alone or in combination. Results Our data show that combined treatment with PPP and ASP3026 decreased the viability, proliferation, and anchorage-independent colony formation, and increased apoptosis of NPM-ALK+ T cell lymphoma cells in vitro. The in vitro effects of combined treatment were synergistic and significantly more pronounced than the effects of PPP or ASP3026 alone. Biochemically, simultaneous antagonism of IGF-IR and ALK induced more pronounced decrease in pIGF-IRY1135/1136, pNPM-ALKY646, and pSTAT3Y705 levels than antagonizing IGF-IR or ALK alone. Moreover, combined targeting of IGF-IR and NPM-ALK decreased significantly systemic lymphoma tumor growth and improved mice survival in vivo. Consistent with the in vitro results, the in vivo effects of the combined therapy were more pronounced than the effects of targeting IGF-IR or ALK alone. Conclusions Combined targeting of IGF-IR and ALK is more effective than targeting IGF-IR or ALK alone in NPM-ALK+ T cell lymphoma. This strategy might also limit emergence of resistance to high doses of ALK inhibitors. Therefore, it could represent a successful therapeutic approach to eradicate this aggressive lymphoma. Importantly, combined inhibition is feasible because of the clinical availability of IGF-IR and ALK inhibitors. Our findings are applicable to other types of cancer where IGF-IR and ALK are simultaneously expressed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13045-019-0768-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawana George
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 072, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Suraj Konnath George
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 072, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wenyu Shi
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 072, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of the University of Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Abedul Haque
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 072, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ping Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ghazaleh Eskandari
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 072, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Magnus Axelson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Larsson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ahmed O Kaseb
- Depertment of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hesham M Amin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 072, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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10
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Helgadottir H, Rocha Trocoli Drakensjö I, Girnita A. Personalized Medicine in Malignant Melanoma: Towards Patient Tailored Treatment. Front Oncol 2018; 8:202. [PMID: 29946532 PMCID: PMC6006716 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite enormous international efforts, skin melanoma is still a major clinical challenge. Melanoma takes a top place among the most common cancer types and it has one of the most rapidly increasing incidences in many countries around the world. Until recent years, there have been limited options for effective systemic treatment of disseminated melanoma. However, lately, we have experienced a rapid advancement in the understanding of the biology and molecular background of the disease. This has led to new molecular classifications and the development of more effective targeted therapies adapted to distinct melanoma subtypes. Not only are these treatments more effective but they can be rationally prescribed to the patients standing to benefit. As such, melanoma management has now become one of the most developed for personalized medicine. The aim of the present paper is to summarize the current knowledge on melanoma molecular classification, predictive markers, combination therapies, as well as emerging new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildur Helgadottir
- Skin Tumor Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iara Rocha Trocoli Drakensjö
- Skin Tumor Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ada Girnita
- Skin Tumor Center, Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Blurring Boundaries: Receptor Tyrosine Kinases as functional G Protein-Coupled Receptors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 339:1-40. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Suleymanova N, Crudden C, Worrall C, Dricu A, Girnita A, Girnita L. Enhanced response of melanoma cells to MEK inhibitors following unbiased IGF-1R down-regulation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82256-82267. [PMID: 29137261 PMCID: PMC5669887 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its ability to compensate for signals lost following therapeutic MAPK-inhibition, insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) co-targeting is a rational approach for melanoma treatment. However IGF-1R conformational changes associated with its inhibition can preferentially activate MAPK-pathway in a kinase-independent manner, through a process known as biased signaling. We explored the impact of biased IGF-1R signaling, on response to MAPK inhibition in a panel of skin melanoma cell lines with differing MAPK and p53 mutation statuses. Specific siRNA towards IGF-1R down-regulates the receptor and all its signaling in a balanced manner, whilst IGF-1R targeting by small molecule Nutlin-3 parallels receptor degradation with a transient biased pERK1/2 activity, with both strategies synergizing with MEK1/2 inhibition. On the other hand, IGF-1R down-regulation by a targeted antibody (Figitumumab) induces a biased receptor conformation, preserved even when the receptor is exposed to the balanced natural ligand IGF-1. This process sustains MAPK activity and competes with the MEK1/2 inhibition. Our results indicate that IGF-1R down-regulation offers an approach to increase the sensitivity of melanoma cells to MAPK inhibition, and highlights that controlling biased signaling could provide greater specificity and precision required for multi-hit therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naida Suleymanova
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caitrin Crudden
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claire Worrall
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anica Dricu
- Biochemistry Unit, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ada Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dermatology Department, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonard Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Functional antagonism of β-arrestin isoforms balance IGF-1R expression and signalling with distinct cancer-related biological outcomes. Oncogene 2017; 36:5734-5744. [PMID: 28581517 PMCID: PMC5658667 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With very similar 3D structures, the widely expressed β-arrestin isoforms 1 and 2 play at times identical, distinct or even opposing roles in regulating various aspects of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) expression and signalling. Recent evidence recognizes the β-arrestin system as a key regulator of not only GPCRs, but also receptor tyrosine kinases, including the highly cancer relevant insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R). Binding of β-arrestin1 to IGF-1R leads to ligand-dependent degradation of the receptor and generates additional MAPK/ERK signalling, protecting cancer cells against anti-IGF-1R therapy. Because the interplay between β-arrestin isoforms governs the biological effects for most GPCRs, as yet unexplored for the IGF-1R, we sought to investigate specifically the regulatory roles of the β-arrestin2 isoform on expression and function of the IGF-1R. Results from controlled expression of either β-arrestin isoform demonstrate that β-arrestin2 acts in an opposite manner to β-arrestin1 by promoting degradation of an unstimulated IGF-1R, but protecting the receptor against agonist-induced degradation. Although both isoforms co-immunoprecipitate with IGF-1R, the ligand-occupied receptor has greater affinity for β-arrestin1; this association lasts longer, sustains MAPK/ERK signalling and mitigates p53 activation. Conversely, β-arrestin2 has greater affinity for the ligand-unoccupied receptor; this interaction is transient, triggers receptor ubiquitination and degradation without signalling activation, and leads to a lack of responsiveness to IGF-1, cell cycle arrest and decreased viability of cancer cells. This study reveals contrasting abilities of IGF-1R to interact with each β-arrestin isoform, depending on the presence of the ligand and demonstrates the antagonism between the two β-arrestin isoforms in controlling IGF-1R expression and function, which could be developed into a practical anti-IGF-1R strategy for cancer therapy.
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14
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Ling H, Girnita L, Buda O, Calin GA. Non-coding RNAs: the cancer genome dark matter that matters! Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 55:705-714. [PMID: 27988500 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein-coding genes comprise only 3% of the human genome, while the genes that are transcribed into RNAs but do not code for proteins occupy majority of the genome. Once considered as biological darker matter, non-coding RNAs are now being recognized as critical regulators in cancer genome. Among the many types of non-coding RNAs, microRNAs approximately 20 nucleotides in length are best characterized and their mechanisms of action are well generalized. microRNA exerts oncogenic or tumor suppressor function by regulation of protein-coding genes via sequence complementarity. The expression of microRNA is aberrantly regulated in all cancer types, and both academia and biotech companies have been keenly pursuing the potential of microRNA as cancer biomarker for early detection, prognosis, and therapeutic response. The key involvement of microRNAs in cancer also prompted interest on exploration of therapeutic values of microRNAs as anticancer drugs and drug targets. MRX34, a liposome-formulated miRNA-34 mimic, developed by Mirna Therapeutics, becomes the first microRNA therapeutic entering clinical trial for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and melanoma. In this review, we presented a general overview of microRNAs in cancer biology, the potential of microRNAs as cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets, and associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ling
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Leonard Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm
| | - Octavian Buda
- History of Medicine Department, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy Blvd. Eroii Sanitari, Bucharest
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
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15
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Worrall C, Suleymanova N, Crudden C, Trocoli Drakensjö I, Candrea E, Nedelcu D, Takahashi SI, Girnita L, Girnita A. Unbalancing p53/Mdm2/IGF-1R axis by Mdm2 activation restrains the IGF-1-dependent invasive phenotype of skin melanoma. Oncogene 2017; 36:3274-3286. [PMID: 28092675 PMCID: PMC5474566 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma tumors usually retain wild-type p53; however, its tumor-suppressor activity is functionally disabled, most commonly through an inactivating interaction with mouse double-minute 2 homolog (Mdm2), indicating p53 release from this complex as a potential therapeutic approach. P53 and the tumor-promoter insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) compete as substrates for the E3 ubiquitin ligase Mdm2, making their relative abundance intricately linked. Hence we investigated the effects of pharmacological Mdm2 release from the Mdm2/p53 complex on the expression and function of the IGF-1R. Nutlin-3 treatment increased IGF-1R/Mdm2 association with enhanced IGF-1R ubiquitination and a dual functional outcome: receptor downregulation and selective downstream signaling activation confined to the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. This Nutlin-3 functional selectivity translated into IGF-1-mediated bioactivities with biphasic effects on the proliferative and metastatic phenotype: an early increase and late decrease in the number of proliferative and migratory cells, while the invasiveness was completely inhibited following Nutlin-3 treatment through an impaired IGF-1-mediated matrix metalloproteinases type 2 activation mechanism. Taken together, these experiments reveal the biased agonistic properties of Nutlin-3 for the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, mediated by Mdm2 through IGF-1R ubiquitination and provide fundamental insights into destabilizing p53/Mdm2/IGF-1R circuitry that could be developed for therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Worrall
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - N Suleymanova
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Crudden
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Trocoli Drakensjö
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dermatology Department, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Candrea
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Iuliu Hatieganu' Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - D Nedelcu
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S-I Takahashi
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - L Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dermatology Department, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Girnita L, Takahashi SI, Crudden C, Fukushima T, Worrall C, Furuta H, Yoshihara H, Hakuno F, Girnita A. Chapter Seven - When Phosphorylation Encounters Ubiquitination: A Balanced Perspective on IGF-1R Signaling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 141:277-311. [PMID: 27378760 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell-surface receptors govern the critical information passage from outside to inside the cell and hence control important cellular decisions such as survival, growth, and differentiation. These receptors, structurally grouped into different families, utilize common intracellular signaling-proteins and pathways, yet promote divergent biological consequences. In rapid processing of extracellular signals to biological outcomes, posttranslational modifications offer a repertoire of protein processing options. Protein ubiquitination was originally identified as a signal for protein degradation through the proteasome system. It is now becoming increasingly recognized that both ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins, all evolved from a common ubiquitin structural superfold, are used extensively by the cell and encompass signal tags for many different cellular fates. In this chapter we examine the current understanding of the ubiquitin regulation surrounding the insulin-like growth factor and insulin signaling systems, major members of the larger family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and key regulators of fundamental physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - S-I Takahashi
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Crudden
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Fukushima
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - C Worrall
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Furuta
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Yoshihara
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Hakuno
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Dermatology Department, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Arun S, Vanisree AJ, Ravisankar S. Connexin 30 downregulates Insulin-like growth factor receptor-1, abolishes Erk and potentiates effects of an IGF-R inhibitor in a glioma cell line. Brain Res 2016; 1643:80-90. [PMID: 27130897 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Connexins (Cx) play a crucial role in cell communication though regulation of cell growth and proliferation. In recent decades, both suppressive and enhancing roles of gap junction proteins in malignancy have been proposed, though mechanisms remain unclear. We intend to evaluate the impact of Cx30 on dysregulated growth of glioma owing to an aberrant expression of Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R). The study also examined whether Cx30 expression influenced sensitivity of glioma cells to Picropodophyllin (PPP), the potent inhibitor of IGF-1R. C6 cells transfected with full length Cx30 resulted in complete abolition of colony-forming efficiency. Interestingly, PPP-supplemented cells behaved differently with and without exogenous Cx as confirmed by wound closure assay. The expressions of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated IGF-1R along with its key signaling enzymes, pAkt/pErk, were also varied significantly in transfected and non-transfected C6 cells. pIGF-1R and IGF-1R were significantly reduced on Cx30 transfection when compared with that of non-transfected cells. pErk expression was abolished in transfected C6 with no significant difference in the expression of pAkt. The potency of PPP against C6 was more pronounced in the presence of Cx30. We demonstrate that Cx30 has the potential to alter the IGF-1R mediated pathway thereby influencing the growth, proliferation and migration of glioma cells which could further enhance the effect of therapeutic intervention. Though it could not be corroborated that the observations made are due to Cx30-mediated channel-dependent and/or independent impact, we stress the impact of significance of Cx30 on IGF-1R in glioma and also in therapeutic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankaradoss Arun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Shantha Ravisankar
- Department of Neuropathology, Tamilnadu Multi specialty hospital, Chennai 600003, Tamilnadu, India
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18
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Malkani N, Jansson T, Gupta MB. IGFBP-1 hyperphosphorylation in response to leucine deprivation is mediated by the AAR pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 412:182-95. [PMID: 25957086 PMCID: PMC5563670 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) is the key regulator of fetal growth. IGF-I bioavailability is markedly diminished by IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) phosphorylation. Leucine deprivation strongly induces IGFBP-1 hyperphosphorylation, and plays an important role in fetal growth restriction (FGR). FGR is characterized by decreased amino acid availability, which activates the amino acid response (AAR) and inhibits the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. We investigated the role of AAR and mTOR in mediating IGFBP-1 secretion and phosphorylation in HepG2 cells in leucine deprivation. mTOR inhibition (rapamycin or raptor + rictor siRNA), or activation (DEPTOR siRNA) demonstrated a role of mTOR in leucine deprivation-induced IGFBP-1 secretion but not phosphorylation. When the AAR was blocked (U0126, or ERK/GCN2 siRNA), both IGFBP-1 secretion and hyperphosphorylation (pSer101/pSer119/pSer169) due to leucine deprivation were prevented. CK2 inhibition by TBB also attenuated IGFBP-1 phosphorylation in leucine deprivation. These results suggest that the AAR and mTOR independently regulate IGFBP-1 secretion and phosphorylation in response to decreased amino acid availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati Malkani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Madhulika B Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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19
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Crudden C, Ilic M, Suleymanova N, Worrall C, Girnita A, Girnita L. The dichotomy of the Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor: RTK and GPCR: friend or foe for cancer treatment? Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:2-12. [PMID: 25466906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The prime position of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), at the head of the principle mitogenic and anti-apoptotic signalling cascades, along with the resilience to transformation of IGF-1R deficient cells fuelled great excitement for its anti-cancer targeting. Yet its potential has not been fulfilled, as clinical trial results fell far short of expectations. Advancements in understanding of other receptors' function have now begun to shed light on this incongruity, with the now apparent parallels highlighting the immaturity of our understanding of IGF-1R biology, with the model used for drug development now recognised as having been too simplistic. Gathering together the many advancements of the field of IGF-1R research over the past decade, alongside those in the GPCR field, advocates for a major paradigm shift in our appreciation of the subtle workings of this receptor. This review will emphasise the updating of the IGF-1R's classification from an RTK, to an RTK/GPCR functional hybrid, which integrates both canonical kinase signalling with many functions characteristic of a GPCR. Recognition of the shortcomings of IGF-1R inhibitor drug development programs and the models used not only allows us to reignite the initial interest in the IGF-1R as an anti-cancer therapeutic target, but also points to the possibility of biased ligand therapeutics, which together may hold a very powerful key to unlocking the true potential of IGF-1R modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitrin Crudden
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marina Ilic
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Naida Suleymanova
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claire Worrall
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ada Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden; Dermatology Department, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonard Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Crudden C, Girnita A, Girnita L. Targeting the IGF-1R: The Tale of the Tortoise and the Hare. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:64. [PMID: 25964779 PMCID: PMC4410616 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) plays a key role in the development and maintenance of cancer. Since the first links between growth factor receptors and oncogenes were noted over three decades ago, targeting the IGF-1R has been of great interest. This review follows the progress from inception through intense pharmaceutical development, disappointing clinical trials and recent updates to the signaling paradigm. In light of major developments in signaling understanding and activation complexities, we examine reasons for failure of first line targeting approaches. Recent findings include the fact that the IGF-1R can signal in the absence of the ligand, in the absence of kinase activity, and utilizes components of the GPCR system. With recognition of the unappreciated complexities that this first wave of targeting approaches encountered, we advocate re-recognition of IGF-1R as a valid target for cancer treatment and look to future directions, where both research and pharmaceutical strengths can lend themselves to finally unearthing anti-IGF-1R potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitrin Crudden
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ada Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leonard Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Leonard Girnita, Cancer Centre Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CCK R8:04, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden,
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21
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Incerpi S, Hsieh MT, Lin HY, Cheng GY, De Vito P, Fiore AM, Ahmed RG, Salvia R, Candelotti E, Leone S, Luly P, Pedersen JZ, Davis FB, Davis PJ. Thyroid hormone inhibition in L6 myoblasts of IGF-I-mediated glucose uptake and proliferation: new roles for integrin αvβ3. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C150-61. [PMID: 24808494 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00308.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) have been shown to initiate short- and long-term effects via a plasma membrane receptor site located on integrin αvβ3. Also insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) activity is known to be subject to regulation by this integrin. To investigate the possible cross-talk between T4 and IGF-I in rat L6 myoblasts, we have examined integrin αvβ3-mediated modulatory actions of T4 on glucose uptake, measured through carrier-mediated 2-deoxy-[3H]-D-glucose uptake, and on cell proliferation stimulated by IGF-I, assessed by cell counting, [3H]-thymidine incorporation, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. IGF-I stimulated glucose transport and cell proliferation via the cell surface IGF-I receptor (IGFIR) and, downstream of the receptor, by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signal transduction pathway. Addition of 0.1 nM free T4 caused little or no cell proliferation but prevented both glucose uptake and proliferative actions of IGF-I. These actions of T4 were mediated by an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-sensitive pathway, suggesting the existence of crosstalk between IGFIR and the T4 receptor located near the RGD recognition site on the integrin. An RGD-sequence-containing integrin inhibitor, a monoclonal antibody to αvβ3, and the T4 metabolite tetraiodothyroacetic acid all blocked the inhibition by T4 of IGF-I-stimulated glucose uptake and cell proliferation. Western blotting confirmed roles for activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in the effects of IGF-I and also showed a role for ERK1/2 in the actions of T4 that modified the effects of IGF-I. We conclude that thyroid hormone inhibits IGF-I-stimulated glucose uptake and cell proliferation in L6 myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Incerpi
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy;
| | - Meng-Ti Hsieh
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guei-Yun Cheng
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - R G Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Luly
- Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Faith B Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | - Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York; Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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22
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Liang Z, Diepstra A, Xu C, van Imhoff G, Plattel W, Van Den Berg A, Visser L. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor is a prognostic factor in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87474. [PMID: 24489919 PMCID: PMC3905016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the tumor cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and the microenvironment includes aberrant activity of receptor tyrosine kinases. In this study we evaluated the expression, functionality and prognostic significance of Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in cHL. IGF-1R was overexpressed in 55% (44/80) of cHL patients. Phosphorylated IGF-1R was detectable in a minority of the IGF-1R positive tumor cells. The overall survival (OS, 98%) and 5-year progression-free survival (PFS, 93%) was significantly higher in IGF-1R positive cHL patients compared to IGF-1R negative patients (OS 83%, p = .029 and PFS 77%, p = .047, respectively). Three cHL cell lines showed expression of IGF-1R, with strong staining especially in the mitotic cells and expression of IGF-1. IGF-1 treatment had a prominent effect on the cell growth of L428 and L1236 cells and resulted in an increased phosphorylation of IGF1R, Akt and ERK. Inhibition of IGF-1R with cyclolignan picropodophyllin (PPP) decreased cell growth and induced a G2/M cell cycle arrest in all three cell lines. Moreover, a decrease in pCcd2 and an increase in CyclinB1 levels were observed which is consistent with the G2/M cell cycle arrest. In conclusion, IGF-1R expression in HRS cells predicts a favorable outcome, despite the oncogenic effect of IGF-1R in cHL cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liang
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Arjan Diepstra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Chuanhui Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Gustaaf van Imhoff
- Department of Hematology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wouter Plattel
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anke Van Den Berg
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lydia Visser
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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23
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Something old, something new and something borrowed: emerging paradigm of insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:2403-27. [PMID: 24276851 PMCID: PMC4055838 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) plays a key role in the development and progression of cancer; however, therapeutics targeting it have had disappointing results in the clinic. As a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), IGF-1R is traditionally described as an ON/OFF system, with ligand stabilizing the ON state and exclusive kinase-dependent signaling activation. Newly added to the traditional model, ubiquitin-mediated receptor downregulation and degradation was originally described as a response to ligand/receptor interaction and thus inseparable from kinase signaling activation. Yet, the classical model has proven over-simplified and insufficient to explain experimental evidence accumulated over the last decade, including kinase-independent signaling, unbalanced signaling, or dissociation between signaling and receptor downregulation. Based on the recent findings that IGF-1R “borrows” components of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, including β-arrestins and G-protein-related kinases, we discuss the emerging paradigm for the IGF-1R as a functional RTK/GPCR hybrid, which integrates the kinase signaling with the IGF-1R canonical GPCR characteristics. The contradictions to the classical IGF-1R signaling concept as well as the design of anti-IGF-1R therapeutics treatment are considered in the light of this paradigm shift and we advocate recognition of IGF-1R as a valid target for cancer treatment.
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Wang Q, Wei F, Lv G, Li C, Liu T, Hadjipanayis CG, Zhang G, Hao C, Bellail AC. The association of TP53 mutations with the resistance of colorectal carcinoma to the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor picropodophyllin. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:521. [PMID: 24182354 PMCID: PMC3840673 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence indicating the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) plays a critical role in the progression of human colorectal carcinomas. IGF-1R is an attractive drug target for the treatment of colon cancer. Picropodophyllin (PPP), of the cyclolignan family, has recently been identified as an IGF-1R inhibitor. The aim of this study is to determine the therapeutic response and mechanism after colorectal carcinoma treatment with PPP. METHODS Seven colorectal carcinoma cell lines were treated with PPP. Following treatment, cells were analyzed for growth by a cell viability assay, sub-G1 apoptosis by flow cytometry, caspase cleavage and activation of AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) by western blot analysis. To examine the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of PPP, mice implanted with human colorectal carcinoma xenografts underwent PPP treatment. RESULTS PPP treatment blocked the phosphorylation of IGF-1R, AKT and ERK and inhibited the growth of TP53 wild-type but not mutated colorectal carcinoma cell lines. The treatment of PPP also induced apoptosis in TP53 wild-type cells as evident by the presence of sub-G1 cells and the cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3, DNA fragmentation factor-45 (DFF45), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). The loss of BAD phosphorylation in the PPP-treated TP53 wild type cells further suggested that the treatment induced apoptosis through the BAD-mediated mitochondrial pathway. In contrast, PPP treatment failed to induce the phosphorylation of AKT and ERK and caspase cleavage in TP53 mutated colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Finally, PPP treatment suppressed the growth of xenografts derived from TP53 wild type but not mutated colorectal carcinoma cells. CONCLUSIONS We report the association of TP53 mutations with the resistance of treatment of colorectal carcinoma cells in culture and in a xenograft mouse model with the IGF-1R inhibitor PPP. TP53 mutations often occur in colorectal carcinomas and could be used as a biomarker to predict the resistance of colorectal carcinomas to the treatment by this IGF-1R inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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Lu X, Wang L, Mei J, Wang X, Zhu X, Zhang Q, Lv J. Picropodophyllin inhibits epithelial ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 435:385-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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β-Arrestin-biased agonism as the central mechanism of action for insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor-targeting antibodies in Ewing's sarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012. [PMID: 23188799 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1216348110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to its essential role in cancer, insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R)-targeted therapy is an exciting approach for cancer treatment. However, when translated into clinical trials, IGF-1R-specific antibodies did not fulfill expectations. Despite promising clinical responses in Ewing's sarcoma (ES) phase I/II trials, phase III trials were discouraging, requiring bedside-to-bench translation and functional reevaluation of the drugs. The anti-IGF-1R antibody figitumumab (CP-751,871; CP) was designed as an antagonist to prevent ligand-receptor interaction but, as with all anti-IGF-1R antibodies, it induces agonist-like receptor down-regulation. We explored this paradox in a panel of ES cell lines and found their sensitivity to CP was unaffected by presence of IGF-1, countering a ligand blocking mechanism. CP induced IGF-1R/β-arrestin1 association with dual functional outcome: receptor ubiquitination and degradation and decrease in cell viability and β-arrestin1-dependent ERK signaling activation. Controlled β-arrestin1 suppression initially enhanced CP resistance. This effect was mitigated on further β-arrestin1 decrease, due to loss of CP-induced ERK activation. Confirming this, the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 increased sensitivity to CP. Combined, these results reveal the mechanism of CP-induced receptor down-regulation and characteristics that functionally qualify a prototypical antagonist as an IGF-1R-biased agonist: β-arrestin1 recruitment to IGF-1R as the underlying mechanism for ERK signaling activation and receptor down-regulation. We further confirmed the consequences of β-arrestin1 regulation on cell sensitivity to CP and demonstrated a therapeutic strategy to enhance response. Defining and suppressing such biased signaling represents a practical therapeutic strategy to enhance response to anti-IGF-1R therapies.
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Brisson BK, Barton ER. Insulin-like growth factor-I E-peptide activity is dependent on the IGF-I receptor. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45588. [PMID: 23029120 PMCID: PMC3448668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is an essential growth factor that regulates the processes necessary for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The Igf1 gene encodes mature IGF-I and a carboxy-terminal extension called the E-peptide. In rodents, alternative splicing and post-translational processing produce two E-peptides (EA and EB). EB has been studied extensively and has been reported to promote cell proliferation and migration independently of IGF-I and its receptor (IGF-IR), but the mechanism by which EB causes these actions has not been identified. Further, the properties of EA have not been evaluated. Therefore, the goals of this study were to determine if EA and EB possessed similar activity and if these actions were IGF-IR independent. We utilized synthetic peptides for EA, EB, and a scrambled control to examine cellular responses. Both E-peptides increased MAPK signaling, which was blocked by pharmacologic IGF-IR inhibition. Although the E-peptides did not directly induce IGF-IR phosphorylation, the presence of either E-peptide increased IGF-IR activation by IGF-I, and this was achieved through enhanced cell surface bioavailability of the receptor. To determine if E-peptide biological actions required the IGF-IR, we took advantage of the murine C2C12 cell line as a platform to examine the key steps of skeletal muscle proliferation, migration and differentiation. EB increased myoblast proliferation and migration while EA delayed differentiation. The proliferation and migration effects were inhibited by MAPK or IGF-IR signaling blockade. Thus, in contrast to previous studies, we find that E-peptide signaling, mitogenic, and motogenic effects are dependent upon IGF-IR. We propose that the E-peptides have little independent activity, but instead affect growth via modulating IGF-I signaling, thereby increasing the complexity of IGF-I biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky K. Brisson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth R. Barton
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Selective recruitment of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) controls signaling of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:7055-60. [PMID: 22509025 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118359109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Arrestins are multifunctional proteins that play central roles in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) trafficking and signaling. β-Arrestin1 is also recruited to the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), mediating receptor degradation and signaling. Because GPCR phosphorylation by GPCR-kinases (GRKs) governs interactions of the receptors with β-arrestins, we investigated the regulatory roles of the four widely expressed GRKs on IGF-1R signaling/degradation. By suppressing GRK expression with siRNA, we demonstrated that lowering GRK5/6 abolishes IGF1-mediated ERK and AKT activation, whereas GRK2 inhibition increases ERK activation and partially inhibits AKT signaling. Conversely, β-arrestin-mediated ERK signaling is enhanced by overexpression of GRK6 and diminished by GRK2. Similarly, we demonstrated opposing effects of GRK2 and -6 on IGF-1R degradation: GRK2 decreases whereas GRK6 enhances ligand-induced degradation. GRK2 and GRK6 coimmunoprecipitate with IGF-1R and increase IGF-1R serine phosphorylation, promoting β-arrestin1 association. Using immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, and FRET analysis, we demonstrated β-arrestin/IGF-1R association to be transient for GRK2 and stable for GRK6. Using bioinformatic studies we identified serines 1248 and 1291 as the major serine phosphorylation sites of the IGF-1R, and subsequent mutation analysis demonstrated clear effects on IGF-1R signaling and degradation, mirroring alterations by GRKs. Targeted mutation of S1248 recapitulates GRK2 modulation, whereas S1291 mutation resembles GRK6 effects on IGF-1R signaling/degradation, consistent with GRK isoform-specific serine phosphorylation. This study demonstrates distinct roles for GRK isoforms in IGF-1R signaling through β-arrestin binding with divergent functional outcomes.
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The retinoic acid-induced up-regulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 is associated with prolidase-dependent collagen synthesis in UVA-irradiated human dermal equivalents. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 66:51-9. [PMID: 22245250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet (UV) A irradiation causes the degeneration of extracellular matrix in the skin dermis, mainly due to disrupted collagen homeostasis, resulting in the photo-aging of human skin. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) improves photo-aged human skin in vivo. OBJECTIVES Although the effects of ATRA on collagen synthesis and MMP regulation are well known, the effects of ATRA on other collagen homeostasis-associated genes have not been elucidated. This study was aimed to study the factors that are pharmacologically associated with the effect of ATRA on collagen homeostasis. METHODS The gene transcription profile of collagen homeostasis-associated genes was systematically evaluated in three-dimensional human dermal equivalents (HDEs) following UVA-irradiation and/or ATRA treatment. RESULTS In addition to the expected changes in MMPs and collagen synthesis in HDEs in response to ATRA, prolidase, an important enzyme in the recycling of proline and hydroxyproline from degraded collagen molecules, was significantly decreased by UVA irradiation, and its down-regulation was antagonized by ATRA. Transfection with a prolidase-specific siRNA led to a significant decrease in procollagen synthesis in human fibroblasts. ATRA inhibited the UVA irradiation-induced decrease in prolidase activity through an insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor signaling pathway in HDEs. ARTA increased IGF1 and IGF2 production in HDEs, and neutralizing IGFs with anti-IGF antibodies abolished the effect of ATRA on proliase activity. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that ATRA regulates prolidase activity in HDEs via IGF receptor signaling, suggesting one of the pharmacological mechanisms by which improves photo-aged human skin.
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Feng X, Aleem E, Lin Y, Axelson M, Larsson O, Strömberg T. Multiple antitumor effects of picropodophyllin in colon carcinoma cell lines: clinical implications. Int J Oncol 2011; 40:1251-8. [PMID: 22159423 PMCID: PMC3584617 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although colorectal cancer can be successfully treated by conventional strategies such as chemo/radiotherapy and surgery, a substantial number of cases, in particular those with liver metastases, remain incurable. Therefore, novel treatment approaches are warranted. The IGF-1R and its ligands, mainly IGF-1 and IGF-2, have been suggested to play pivotal roles in proliferation, survival and migration of adenocarcinoma cells of the colon/rectum. Therefore, interference with IGF-1R-mediated signaling may represent a therapeutic option for this malignancy. In this study, semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses of 48 paired, colorectal cancer patient samples showed significant overexpression of tumor IGF-1R and IGF-2 mRNA. There was also an overexpression of MMP-7, which was significantly correlated with histopathological parameters. Based on these findings, the effect of the IGF-1R-inhibitory cyclolignan picropodophyllin (PPP) was assessed in the four colon carcinoma cell lines HT-29, HCT-116, DLD-1 and CaCO-2. PPP strongly and dose-dependently inhibited proliferation and migration in all cell lines. However, when exposed to 0.5 μM PPP, only HT-29 showed a net decrease of viable cells as compared with the cell number at the beginning of the experiment, a finding that coincided with decreased expression/phosphorylation of IGF-1R, AKT and ERK. This cell line also exhibited PPP-induced downregulation of MMP-7 and MMP-9. Similar to the DLD-1 and HCT-116 cell lines, HT-29 also showed substantial cell detachment in response to PPP. Although a net reduction of cells by PPP seems to require a synchronized downregulation of IGF-1R, AKT and ERK1/2, part of the antitumor effect may be explained by other, possibly IGF-1R-unrelated mechanism(s). Such a multitude of inhibitory effects of PPP in colon cancer cells together with its low toxicity in vivo makes it a promising drug candidate in the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Feng
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Girnita A, Zheng H, Grönberg A, Girnita L, Ståhle M. Identification of the cathelicidin peptide LL-37 as agonist for the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor. Oncogene 2011; 31:352-65. [PMID: 21685939 PMCID: PMC3262900 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein-18 and its C terminal peptide, LL-37, displays broad antimicrobial activity that is mediated through direct contact with the microbial cell membrane. In addition, recent studies reveal that LL-37 is involved in diverse biological processes such as immunomodulation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and wound healing. An intriguing role for LL-37 in carcinogenesis is also beginning to emerge and the aim of this paper was to explore if and how LL-37 contributes to the signaling involved in tumor development. To this end, we investigated the putative interaction between LL-37 and growth factor receptors known to be involved in tumor growth and progression. Among several receptors tested, LL-37 bound with the highest affinity to insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), a receptor that is strongly linked to malignant cellular transformation. Furthermore, this interaction resulted in a dose-dependent phosphorylation and ubiquitination of IGF-1R, with downstream signaling confined to the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-pathway but not affecting phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt signaling. We found that signaling induced by LL-37 was dependent on the recruitment of β-arrestin to the fully functional IGF-1R and by using mutant receptors we demonstrated that LL-37 signaling is dependent on β-arrestin-1 binding to the C-terminus of IGF-1R. When analyzing the biological consequences of increased ERK activation induced by LL-37, we found that it resulted in enhanced migration and invasion of malignant cells in an IGF-1R/β-arrestin manner, but did not affect cell proliferation. These results indicate that LL-37 may act as a partial agonist for IGF-1R, with subsequent intra-cellular signaling activation driven by the binding of β-arrestin-1 to the IGF-1R. Functional experiments show that LL-37-dependent activation of the IGF-1R signaling resulted in increased migratory and invasive potential of malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Pawłowski KM, Popielarz D, Szyszko K, Gajewska M, Motyl T, Król M. Growth hormone receptor (GHR) RNAi decreases proliferation and enhances apoptosis in CMT-U27 canine mammary carcinoma cell line. Vet Comp Oncol 2011; 10:2-15. [PMID: 22235976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary gland has been identified as a major site of the extrapituitary growth hormone (GH) production. This finding is linked to its role in tumourigenesis of the mammary gland. Our previous studies indicated the role of GH and GH receptor (GHR) in regulation of proliferation and apoptosis. Thus, we have optimized the ghr RNA interference method in canine mammary carcinoma cell line CMT-U27. We have analysed the effect of GHR reduction on the intracellular signalling and the cell cycle and apoptosis. The results showed that GHR reduction decreased the p-ERK1/2 expression and caused increase of apoptosis and decrease in number of cells at S and G2M phases. This study indicates that GHR besides proliferative effect promotes growth by increasing cell survival. It can tilt the balance between proliferation and death in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Pawłowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiological Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - WULS, Warsaw, Poland
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Perrault R, Wright B, Storie B, Hatherell A, Zahradka P. Tyrosine kinase-independent activation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 by the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. Cell Signal 2011; 23:739-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hashemi J, Worrall C, Vasilcanu D, Fryknäs M, Sulaiman L, Karimi M, Weng WH, Lui WO, Rudduck C, Axelson M, Jernberg-Wiklund H, Girnita L, Larsson O, Larsson C. Molecular characterization of acquired tolerance of tumor cells to picropodophyllin (PPP). PLoS One 2011; 6:e14757. [PMID: 21423728 PMCID: PMC3056661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Picropodophyllin (PPP) is a promising novel anti-neoplastic agent that efficiently kills tumor cells in vitro and causes tumor regression and increased survival in vivo. We have previously reported that PPP treatment induced moderate tolerance in two out of 10 cell lines only, and here report the acquired genomic and expression alterations associated with PPP selection over 1.5 years of treatment. Methodology/Principal Findings Copy number alterations monitored using metaphase and array-based comparative genomic hybridization analyses revealed largely overlapping alterations in parental and maximally tolerant cells. Gain/ amplification of the MYC and PVT1 loci in 8q24.21 were verified on the chromosome level. Abnormalities observed in connection to PPP treatment included regular gains and losses, as well as homozygous losses in 10q24.1-q24.2 and 12p12.3-p13.2 in one of the lines and amplification at 5q11.2 in the other. Abnormalities observed in both tolerant derivatives include amplification/gain of 5q11.2, gain of 11q12.1-q14.3 and gain of 13q33.3-qter. Using Nexus software analysis we combined the array-CGH data with data from gene expression profilings and identified genes that were altered in both inputs. A subset of genes identified as downregulated (ALDH1A3, ANXA1, TLR4 and RAB5A) or upregulated (COX6A1, NFIX, ME1, MAPK and TAP2) were validated by siRNA in the tolerant or parental cells to alter sensitivity to PPP and confirmed to alter sensitivity to PPP in further cell lines. Conclusions Long-term PPP selection lead to altered gene expression in PPP tolerant cells with increase as well as decrease of genes involved in cell death such as PTEN and BCL2. In addition, acquired genomic copy number alterations were observed that were often reflected by altered mRNA expression levels for genes in the same regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamileh Hashemi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CMM L8:01, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Bao XH, Naomoto Y, Hao HF, Watanabe N, Sakurama K, Noma K, Motoki T, Tomono Y, Fukazawa T, Shirakawa Y, Yamatsuji T, Matsuoka J, Takaoka M. IGF-IR and its inhibitors in gastrointestinal carcinomas (Review). Oncol Lett 2010; 1:195-201. [PMID: 22966282 DOI: 10.3892/ol_00000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) and its associated signaling system play a significant role in tumorigenesis, tumor survival and progression, and cancer therapeutic resistance, and thus has provoked great interest as a promising target for cancer treatment. In this report we present the role of IGF-IR in gastrointestinal carcinomas whose pathology has been identified as tightly correlated with an abnormal expression and activation of IGF-IR. Reported data from experimental studies suggest the feasibility of targeted IGF-IR therapy in gastrointestinal carcinomas. Many types of inhibitors against IGF-IR have been developed. Inhibitors with anti-IGF-IR monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors currently undergoing preclinical and clinical evolution are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hong Bao
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Aberrant intracellular IGF-1R β-subunit makes receptor knockout cells (IGF1R-/-) susceptible to oncogenic transformation. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:1458-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Jin Q, Esteva FJ. Cross-talk between the ErbB/HER family and the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway in breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13:485-98. [PMID: 19034632 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-008-9107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis and their influence on clinical outcome is providing specific molecular markers for targeted therapy. Activation of tyrosine kinase receptors from the human epidermal growth factor receptor family (EGFR, HER2, HER3, HER4) and the insulin-like growth factor receptor I (IGF-IR) plays a key role in the initiation and progression of breast cancer. HER2 overexpression is a validated therapeutic target, as shown by the clinical efficacy of trastuzumab and lapatinib. However, only 25-30% of patients with HER2-overexpressing tumors respond to single-agent trastuzumab or lapatinib, and resistance develops even in responding patients. Therefore, to optimize therapeutic efficacy, it is urgent to elucidate the complex network of signaling pathways that develop in breast cancer cells. Signaling interactions have been reported between ErbB/HER family members and IGF-IR. As increased IGF-IR signaling has been implicated in trastuzumab resistance, agents targeting HER2, and IGF-IR could be potential therapeutic tools in breast cancers that develop resistance to HER2-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanri Jin
- Departments of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Sehat B, Andersson S, Girnita L, Larsson O. Identification of c-Cbl as a new ligase for insulin-like growth factor-I receptor with distinct roles from Mdm2 in receptor ubiquitination and endocytosis. Cancer Res 2008; 68:5669-77. [PMID: 18632619 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) plays several pivotal roles in cancer. Although most studies on the function of the IGF-IR have been attributed to kinase-dependent signaling, recent findings by our group and others have implicated biological roles mediated by ubiquitination of the receptor. As previously reported, the E3 ligases Mdm2 and Nedd4 mediate IGF-IR ubiquitination. Here we show that c-Cbl is a novel E3 ligase for IGF-IR. On ligand stimulation, both Mdm2 and c-Cbl associate with IGF-IR and mediate receptor polyubiquitination. Whereas Mdm2 catalyzed lysine 63 (K63) chain ubiquitination, c-Cbl modified IGF-IR through K48 chains. Mdm2-mediated ubiquitination occurred when cells were stimulated with a low concentration (5 ng/mL) of IGF-I, whereas c-Cbl required high concentrations (50-100 ng/mL). Mdm2-ubiquitinated IGF-IR was internalized through the clathrin endocytic pathway whereas c-Cbl-ubiquitinated receptors were endocytosed via the caveolin route. Taken together, our results show that c-Cbl constitutes a new ligase responsible for the ubiquitination of IGF-IR and that it complements the action of Mdm2 on ubiquitin lysine residue specificity, responsiveness to IGF-I, and type of endocytic pathway used. The actions and interactions of Mdm2 and c-Cbl in the ubiquitination and endocytosis of IGF-IR may have implications in cancer. In addition, identification and functional characterization of new E3 ligases are important in itself because therapeutic targeting of substrate-specific E3 ligases is likely to represent a critical strategy in future cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Sehat
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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