1
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Wagner N, Wagner KD. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152432. [PMID: 35954274 PMCID: PMC9368267 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) function as nuclear transcription factors upon the binding of physiological or pharmacological ligands and heterodimerization with retinoic X receptors. Physiological ligands include fatty acids and fatty-acid-derived compounds with low specificity for the different PPAR subtypes (alpha, beta/delta, and gamma). For each of the PPAR subtypes, specific pharmacological agonists and antagonists, as well as pan-agonists, are available. In agreement with their natural ligands, PPARs are mainly focused on as targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and its associated complications. Nevertheless, many publications are available that implicate PPARs in malignancies. In several instances, they are controversial for very similar models. Thus, to better predict the potential use of PPAR modulators for personalized medicine in therapies against malignancies, it seems necessary and timely to review the three PPARs in relation to the didactic concept of cancer hallmark capabilities. We previously described the functions of PPAR beta/delta with respect to the cancer hallmarks and reviewed the implications of all PPARs in angiogenesis. Thus, the current review updates our knowledge on PPAR beta and the hallmarks of cancer and extends the concept to PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wagner
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (K.-D.W.); Tel.: +33-489-153-713 (K.-D.W.)
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2
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Needham H, Torpey G, Flores CC, Davis CJ, Vanderheyden WM, Gerstner JR. A Dichotomous Role for FABP7 in Sleep and Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis: A Hypothesis. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:798994. [PMID: 35844236 PMCID: PMC9280343 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.798994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are a family of intracellular lipid chaperone proteins known to play critical roles in the regulation of fatty acid uptake and transport as well as gene expression. Brain-type fatty acid binding protein (FABP7) is enriched in astrocytes and has been implicated in sleep/wake regulation and neurodegenerative diseases; however, the precise mechanisms underlying the role of FABP7 in these biological processes remain unclear. FABP7 binds to both arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), resulting in discrete physiological responses. Here, we propose a dichotomous role for FABP7 in which ligand type determines the subcellular translocation of fatty acids, either promoting wakefulness aligned with Alzheimer's pathogenesis or promoting sleep with concomitant activation of anti-inflammatory pathways and neuroprotection. We hypothesize that FABP7-mediated translocation of AA to the endoplasmic reticulum of astrocytes increases astrogliosis, impedes glutamatergic uptake, and enhances wakefulness and inflammatory pathways via COX-2 dependent generation of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. Conversely, we propose that FABP7-mediated translocation of DHA to the nucleus stabilizes astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle dynamics, preserves glutamatergic uptake, and promotes sleep by activating anti-inflammatory pathways through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ transcriptional cascade. Importantly, this model generates several testable hypotheses applicable to other neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Needham
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Grace Torpey
- Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Carlos C. Flores
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Christopher J. Davis
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - William M. Vanderheyden
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Jason R. Gerstner
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
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3
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Luo S, Jiang X, Yin G, Liu Y, Liu Z, Meng L, Wu J, Wu H. The herbal agent plantamajoside, exerts a potential inhibitory effect on the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:573. [PMID: 33850545 PMCID: PMC8027734 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plantamajoside (PMS), a major component of Plantago asiatica L, has several pharmacological properties, including anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects. However, the effects of PMS on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have yet to be determined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PMS on HCC and elucidate the underlying mechanism. All assays were conducted using 5 groups, namely control, sorafenib, and PMS 100, 50, and 25 µg/ml groups. Cell proliferation was determined by the MTT assay. Cell migration was evaluated with the wound healing and Transwell assays, respectively. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were evaluated via flow cytometry. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis and western blotting were used to further investigate the mechanism of action of PMS. Sorafenib and PMS both significantly attenuated the proliferation and migration of HCC cells, and markedly promoted cell apoptosis. PMS induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. The efficacy of PMS increased in a dose-dependent manner. Further study evaluated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARγ), nuclear factor (NF)-κB and cyclooxygenase (Cox-2) using RT-qPCR analysis and western blotting. The results demonstrated that PMS promoted the expression of PPARγ and suppressed the expression of NF-κB and Cox-2. In conclusion, PMS was shown to affect cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis and cell cycle distribution. Furthermore, PMS promoted the expression of PPARγ and inhibited the expression of NF-κB and Cox-2, which may be the mechanism underlying its biological effects. Based on the results of the present study, PMS appears to be a promising agent for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Luo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Xing Jiang
- Department of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Gang Yin
- Department of Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Linglian Meng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Haoxin Wu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
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4
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Nemenoff R. Activation of PPARγ in myeloid cells promotes lung cancer progression and metastasis. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:403-404. [PMID: 22737631 PMCID: PMC3382846 DOI: 10.4161/onci.19309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PPARγ activators inhibit cancer cell growth. However the role of these agents in progression/metastasis is not well-defined. Using an orthotopic model of lung cancer, we showed that pioglitazone accelerated progression/metastasis through affects on macrophages. This suggests that potential therapeutic agents may have opposing effects on cancer in different cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Nemenoff
- Department of Medicine; University of Colorado Denver; Aurora, CO USA
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5
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Sippel TR, Johnson AM, Li HY, Hanson D, Nguyen TT, Bullock BL, Poczobutt JM, Kwak JW, Kleczko EK, Weiser-Evans MC, Nemenoff RA. Activation of PPARγ in Myeloid Cells Promotes Progression of Epithelial Lung Tumors through TGFβ1. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1748-1758. [PMID: 31088909 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease in which patient-specific treatments are desirable and the development of targeted therapies has been effective. Although mutations in KRAS are frequent in lung adenocarcinoma, there are currently no targeted agents against KRAS. Using a mouse lung adenocarcinoma cell line with a Kras mutation (CMT167), we previously showed that PPARγ activation in lung cancer cells inhibits cell growth in vitro yet promotes tumor progression when activated in myeloid cells of the tumor microenvironment. Here, we report that PPARγ activation in myeloid cells promotes the production of TGFβ1, which, in turn, acts on CMT167 cancer cells to increase migration and induce an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Targeting TGFβ1 signaling in CMT167 cells prevented their growth and metastasis in vivo. Similarly, another mouse lung adenocarcinoma cell line with a Kras mutation, LLC, induced TGFβ1 in myeloid cells through PPARγ activation. However, LLC cells are more mesenchymal and did not undergo EMT in response to TGFβ1, nor did LLC require TGFβ1 signaling for metastasis in vivo. Converting CMT167 cells to a mesenchymal phenotype through overexpression of ZEB1 made them unresponsive to TGFβ1 receptor inhibition. The ability of TGFβ1 to induce EMT in lung tumors may represent a critical process in cancer progression. We propose that TGFβ receptor inhibition could provide an additional treatment option for KRAS-mutant epithelial lung tumors.Implications: This study suggests that TGFβ receptor inhibitors may be an effective therapy in a subset of KRAS-mutant patients with non-small cell lung cancer, which show an epithelial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha R Sippel
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Amber M Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Howard Y Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Dwight Hanson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Teresa T Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Bonnie L Bullock
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joanna M Poczobutt
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jeff W Kwak
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Emily K Kleczko
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mary C Weiser-Evans
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Raphael A Nemenoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado. .,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
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6
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Korbecki J, Bobiński R, Dutka M. Self-regulation of the inflammatory response by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:443-458. [PMID: 30927048 PMCID: PMC6517359 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family includes three transcription factors: PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. PPAR are nuclear receptors activated by oxidised and nitrated fatty acid derivatives as well as by cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGA2 and 15d-PGJ2) during the inflammatory response. This results in the modulation of the pro-inflammatory response, preventing it from being excessively activated. Other activators of these receptors are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (arachidonic acid, ALA, EPA, and DHA). The main function of PPAR during the inflammatory reaction is to promote the inactivation of NF-κB. Possible mechanisms of inactivation include direct binding and thus inactivation of p65 NF-κB or ubiquitination leading to proteolytic degradation of p65 NF-κB. PPAR also exert indirect effects on NF-κB. They promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, or heme oxygenase-1, resulting in a reduction in the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), i.e., secondary transmitters in inflammatory reactions. PPAR also cause an increase in the expression of IκBα, SIRT1, and PTEN, which interferes with the activation and function of NF-κB in inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 Str., 40-752, Katowice, Poland. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
| | - Rafał Bobiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Dutka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
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7
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Ginsenoside Rf inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 induction via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in A549 cells. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:319-325. [PMID: 30976170 PMCID: PMC6437553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside Rf is a ginseng saponin found only in Panax ginseng that affects lipid metabolism. It also has neuroprotective and antiinflammatory properties. We previously showed that Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) inhibited the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by hypoxia via peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). The aim of the current study was to evaluate the possibility of ginsenoside Rf as an active ingredient of KRG in the inhibition of hypoxia-induced COX-2 via PPARγ. Methods The effects of ginsenoside Rf on the upregulation of COX-2 by hypoxia and its antimigration effects were evaluated in A549 cells. Docking of ginsenoside Rf was performed with the PPARγ structure using Surflex-Dock in Sybyl-X 2.1.1. Results PPARγ protein levels and peroxisome proliferator response element promoter activities were promoted by ginsenoside Rf. Inhibition of COX-2 expression by ginsenoside Rf was blocked by the PPARγ-specific inhibitor, T0070907. The PPARγ inhibitor also blocked the ability of ginsenoside Rf to suppress cell migration under hypoxia. The docking simulation results indicate that ginsenoside Rf binds to the active site of PPARγ. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that ginsenoside Rf inhibits hypoxia induced-COX-2 expression and cellular migration, which are dependent on PPARγ activation. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rf has an antiinflammatory effect under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, docking analysis of ginsenoside Rf into the active site of PPARγ suggests that the compound binds to PPARγ in a position similar to that of known agonists.
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8
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New ML, White CM, McGonigle P, McArthur DG, Dwyer-Nield LD, Merrick DT, Keith RL, Tennis MA. Prostacyclin and EMT Pathway Markers for Monitoring Response to Lung Cancer Chemoprevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018; 11:643-654. [PMID: 30045935 PMCID: PMC6170683 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide and global burden could be reduced through targeted application of chemoprevention. The development of squamous lung carcinoma has been linked with persistent, high-grade bronchial dysplasia. Bronchial histology improved in former smokers in a chemoprevention trial with the prostacyclin analogue iloprost. Prostacyclin acts through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) to reverse epithelial to mesenchymal transition and promote anticancer signaling. We hypothesized that the prostacyclin signaling pathway and EMT could provide response markers for prostacyclin chemoprevention of lung cancer. Human bronchial epithelial cells were treated with cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) or iloprost for 2 weeks, CSC for 16 weeks, or CSC for 4 weeks followed by 4 weeks of CSC and/or iloprost, and RNA was extracted. Wild-type or prostacyclin synthase transgenic mice were exposed to 1 week of cigarette smoke or one injection of urethane, and RNA was extracted from the lungs. We measured potential markers of prostacyclin and iloprost efficacy in these models. We identified a panel of markers altered by tobacco carcinogens and inversely affected by prostacyclin, including PPARγ, 15PGDH, CES1, COX-2, ECADHERIN, SNAIL, VIMENTIN, CRB3, MIR34c, and MIR221 These data introduce a panel of potential markers for monitoring interception of bronchial dysplasia progression during chemoprevention with prostacyclin. Chemoprevention is a promising approach to reduce lung cancer mortality in a high-risk population. Identifying markers for targeted use is critical for success in future clinical trials of prostacyclin for lung cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Prev Res; 11(10); 643-54. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L New
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Collin M White
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Polly McGonigle
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Lori D Dwyer-Nield
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daniel T Merrick
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robert L Keith
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Eastern Colorado Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Meredith A Tennis
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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9
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Li HY, McSharry M, Walker D, Johnson A, Kwak J, Bullock B, Neuwelt A, Poczobutt JM, Sippel TR, Keith RL, Weiser-Evans MCM, Clambey E, Nemenoff RA. Targeted overexpression of prostacyclin synthase inhibits lung tumor progression by recruiting CD4+ T lymphocytes in tumors that express MHC class II. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1423182. [PMID: 29721380 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1423182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung-specific overexpression of prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) decreases tumor initiation in murine lung cancer models. Prostacyclin analogs prevent lung tumor formation in mice and reverse bronchial dysplasia in former smokers. However, the effect of prostacyclin on lung cancer progression has not been well studied. We investigated the effects of pulmonary PGIS overexpression in an orthotopic immunocompetent mouse model of lung cancer using two murine lung cancer cell lines. Pulmonary PGIS overexpression significantly inhibited CMT167 lung tumor growth, increased CXCL9 expression, and increased CD4+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Immunodepletion of CD4+ T cells abolished the inhibitory effect of pulmonary PGIS overexpression on CMT167 lung tumor growth. In contrast, pulmonary PGIS overexpression failed to inhibit growth of a second murine lung cancer cell line, Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) cells, and failed to increase CXCL9 expression or CD4+ T lymphocytes in LLC lung tumors. Transcriptome profiling of CMT167 cells and LLC cells recovered from tumor-bearing mice demonstrated that in vivo, CMT167 cells but not LLC cells express MHC class II genes and cofactors necessary for MHC class II processing and presentation. These data demonstrate that prostacyclin can inhibit lung cancer progression and suggest that prostacyclin analogs may serve as novel immunomodulatory agents in a subset of lung cancer patients. Moreover, expression of MHC Class II by lung cancer cells may represent a biomarker for response to prostacyclin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Y Li
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA.,Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Maria McSharry
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deandra Walker
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Amber Johnson
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jeff Kwak
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bonnie Bullock
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alexander Neuwelt
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Joanna M Poczobutt
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Trisha R Sippel
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert L Keith
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA.,Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mary C M Weiser-Evans
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Departments of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric Clambey
- Departments of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Raphael A Nemenoff
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Departments of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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10
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Xie XP, Gan B, Yang W, Wang HQ. ctPath: Demixing pathway crosstalk effect from transcriptomics data for differential pathway identification. J Biomed Inform 2017; 73:104-114. [PMID: 28756161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Identifying differentially expressed pathways (DEPs) plays important roles in understanding tumor etiology and promoting clinical treatment of cancer or other diseases. By assuming gene expression to be a sparse non-negative linear combination of hidden pathway signals, we propose a pathway crosstalk-based transcriptomics data analysis method (ctPath) for identifying differentially expressed pathways. Biologically, pathways of different functions work in concert at the systematic level. The proposed method interrogates the crosstalks between pathways and discovers hidden pathway signals by mapping high-dimensional transcriptomics data into a low-dimensional pathway space. The resulted pathway signals reflect the activity level of pathways after removing pathway crosstalk effect and allow a robust identification of DEPs from inherently complex and noisy transcriptomics data. CtPath can also correct incomplete and inaccurate pathway annotations which frequently occur in public repositories. Experimental results on both simulation data and real-world cancer data demonstrate the superior performance of ctPath over other popular approaches. R code for ctPath is available for non-commercial use at the URL http://micblab.iim.ac.cn/Download/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ping Xie
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bin Gan
- Biological Molecular Information System Lab., Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wulin Yang
- Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui, China; Cancer Hospital, CAS, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hong-Qiang Wang
- Biological Molecular Information System Lab., Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui, China; Center for Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui, China; Cancer Hospital, CAS, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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11
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Seabloom DE, Galbraith AR, Haynes AM, Antonides JD, Wuertz BR, Miller WA, Miller KA, Steele VE, Miller MS, Clapper ML, O'Sullivan MG, Ondrey FG. Fixed-Dose Combinations of Pioglitazone and Metformin for Lung Cancer Prevention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:116-123. [PMID: 28052934 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Combination treatment with pioglitazone and metformin is utilized clinically in the treatment of type II diabetes. Treatment with this drug combination reduced the development of aerodigestive cancers in this patient population. Our goal is to expand this treatment into clinical lung cancer chemoprevention. We hypothesized that dietary delivery of metformin/pioglitazone would prevent lung adenoma formation in A/J mice in a benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced carcinogenesis model while modulating chemoprevention and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in residual adenomas. We found that metformin (500 and 850 mg/kg/d) and pioglitazone (15 mg/kg/d) produced statistically significant decreases in lung adenoma formation both as single-agent treatments and in combination, compared with untreated controls, after 15 weeks. Treatment with metformin alone and in combination with pioglitazone resulted in statistically significant decreases in lung adenoma formation at both early- and late-stage interventions. Pioglitazone alone resulted in significant decreases in adenoma formation only at early treatment intervention. We conclude that oral metformin is a viable chemopreventive treatment at doses ranging from 500 to 1,000 mg/kg/d. Pioglitazone at 15 mg/kg/d is a viable chemopreventive agent at early-stage interventions. Combination metformin and pioglitazone performed equal to metformin alone and better than pioglitazone at 15 mg/kg/d. Because the drugs are already FDA-approved, rapid movement to human clinical studies is possible. Cancer Prev Res; 10(2); 116-23. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna E Seabloom
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,AeroCore Inhalation Testing, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Anna M Haynes
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,AeroCore Inhalation Testing, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Beverly R Wuertz
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,AeroCore Inhalation Testing, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Wendy A Miller
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kimberly A Miller
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Vernon E Steele
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Mark Steven Miller
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - M Gerard O'Sullivan
- Comparative Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Frank G Ondrey
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. .,AeroCore Inhalation Testing, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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12
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Zhao T, Du H, Blum JS, Yan C. Critical role of PPARγ in myeloid-derived suppressor cell-stimulated cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1529-43. [PMID: 26625314 PMCID: PMC4811478 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) is a key enzyme controlling neutral lipid metabolic signaling in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSCs from LAL-deficient (lal−/−) mice directly stimulate cancer cell proliferation. PPARγ ligand treatment inhibited lal−/− MDSCs stimulation of tumor cell growth and metastasis in vivo, and tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro. In addition, PPARγ ligand treatment impaired lal−/− MDSCs transendothelial migration, and differentiation from lineage-negative cells. The corrective effects of PPARγ ligand on lal−/− MDSCs functions were mediated by regulating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and subsequently blocking MDSCs ROS overproduction. Furthermore, in the myeloid-specific dominant-negative PPARγ (dnPPARγ) overexpression bitransgenic mouse model, tumor growth and metastasis were enhanced, and MDSCs from these mice stimulated tumor cell proliferation and migration. MDSCs with dnPPARγ overexpression showed increased transendothelial migration, overactivation of the mTOR pathway, and ROS overproduction. These results indicate that PPARγ plays a critical role in neutral lipid metabolic signaling controlled by LAL, which provides a mechanistic basis for clinically targeting MDSCs to reduce the risk of cancer proliferation, growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Janice S Blum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Cong Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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13
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Inhibition of hypoxia-induced cyclooxygenase-2 by Korean Red Ginseng is dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:240-246. [PMID: 28701863 PMCID: PMC5489747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a traditional herbal medicine made by steaming and drying fresh ginseng. It strengthens the endocrine and immune systems to ameliorate various inflammatory responses. The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 pathway has important implications for inflammation responses and tumorigenesis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a transcription factor that regulates not only adipogenesis and lipid homeostasis, but also angiogenesis and inflammatory responses. Methods The effects of the KRG on inhibition of hypoxia-induced COX-2 via PPARγ in A549 cells were determined by luciferase assay, Western blot, and/or quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The antimigration and invasive effects of KRG were evaluated on A549 cells using migration and matrigel invasion assays. Results and conclusion We previously reported that hypoxia-induced COX-2 protein and mRNA levels were suppressed by KRG. This study examines the possibility of PPARγ as a cellular target of KRG for the suppression of hypoxia-induced COX-2. PPARγ protein levels and PPARγ-responsive element (PPRE)-driven reporter activities were increased by KRG. Reduction of hypoxia-induced COX-2 by KRG was abolished by the PPARγ inhibitor GW9662. In addition, the inhibition of PPARγ abolished the effect of KRG on hypoxia-induced cell migration and invasion. Discussion Our results show that KRG inhibition of hypoxia-induced COX-2 expression and cell invasion is dependent on PPARγ activation, supporting the therapeutic potential for suppression of inflammation under hypoxia. Further studies are required to demonstrate whether KRG activates directly PPARγ and to identify the constituents responsible for this activity.
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14
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Kim J, Sato M, Choi JW, Kim HW, Yeh BI, Larsen JE, Minna JD, Cha JH, Jeong Y. Nuclear Receptor Expression and Function in Human Lung Cancer Pathogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134842. [PMID: 26244663 PMCID: PMC4526668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is caused by combinations of diverse genetic mutations. Here, to understand the relevance of nuclear receptors (NRs) in the oncogene-associated lung cancer pathogenesis, we investigated the expression profile of the entire 48 NR members by using QPCR analysis in a panel of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) that included precancerous and tumorigenic HBECs harboring oncogenic K-rasV12 and/or p53 alterations. The analysis of the profile revealed that oncogenic alterations accompanied transcriptional changes in the expression of 19 NRs in precancerous HBECs and 15 NRs according to the malignant progression of HBECs. Amongst these, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a NR chosen as a proof-of-principle study, showed increased expression in precancerous HBECs, which was surprisingly reversed when these HBECs acquired full in vivo tumorigenicity. Notably, PPARγ activation by thiazolidinedione (TZD) treatment reversed the increased expression of pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in precancerous HBECs. In fully tumorigenic HBECs with inducible expression of PPARγ, TZD treatments inhibited tumor cell growth, clonogenecity, and cell migration in a PPARγ-sumoylation dependent manner. Mechanistically, the sumoylation of liganded-PPARγ decreased COX2 expression and increased 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase expression. This suggests that ligand-mediated sumoylation of PPARγ plays an important role in lung cancer pathogenesis by modulating prostaglandin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Nuclear Receptor Research Consortium, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mitsuo Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jong-Whan Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Il Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jill E. Larsen
- The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - John D. Minna
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeong-Heon Cha
- Department of Oral Biology, Oral Cancer Research Institute, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 Project, Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YJ); (JHC)
| | - Yangsik Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Nuclear Receptor Research Consortium, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YJ); (JHC)
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15
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Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Patil A, Anand R, Patil SG, Rao RS, Augustine D. Inflammation and Oral Cancer: An Update Review on Targeted Therapies. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16:595-602. [PMID: 26329416 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the recent past, numerous inflammation-mediated molecular pathways have been explored and studied as important events in carcinogenesis with respect to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). These pathways are engaged in numerous stages during tumorigenesis; which includes processes, like initiation, promotion, malignant conversion, invasion and metastasis. The inflammation-mediated/related carcinogenesis pathways reported in OSCC involves COX-2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), p38a MAP kinase, NF-kB, STAT, RhoC, PPARy, etc. Many researchers are trying to target these pathways to explore more effective therapeutic interventions in OSCC. The aim of the present paper is to briefly discuss these pathways, with special emphasis on the therapeutic utilities. The therapeutic targets for the aforementioned pathways were searched in databases pubmed and scopus with no restriction to date of publication. Articles published in English medical literature on OSCC were selected for discussion. The recent combinations, modifications in dosage and frequency, or the use of new anti-inflammatory compounds, may exemplify the next generation care for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi S Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr DY Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr DY Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth Pune, Maharashtra, India, Phone: +919922491465, e-mail:
| | - Anuprita Patil
- EK 2 Emirates building, Muhaisnah 4, United Arab Emirates Dubai
| | - Rahul Anand
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr DY Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr DY Patil Vidyapeeth Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shankar Gouda Patil
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Roopa S Rao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dominic Augustine
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, MS Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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16
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Opposing roles for mammary epithelial-specific PPARγ signaling and activation during breast tumour progression. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:85. [PMID: 25889730 PMCID: PMC4422298 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among women worldwide, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer, and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Improved understanding of breast tumourigenesis may facilitate the development of more effective therapies. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ is a transcription factor that regulates genes involved in insulin sensitivity and adipogenesis. Previously, we showed, using 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA)-treated haploinsufficient PPARγ mice, that PPARγ suppresses breast tumour progression; however, the PPARγ expressing cell types and mechanisms involved remain to be clarified. Here, the role of PPARγ expression and activation in mammary epithelial cells (MG) with respect to DMBA-mediated breast tumourigenesis was investigated. Methods PPARγ MG knockout (PPARγ-MG KO) mice and their congenic, wild-type controls (PPARγ-WT) were treated once a week for six weeks by oral gavage with 1 mg DMBA dissolved in corn oil and maintained on a normal chow diet. At week 7, mice were randomly divided into those maintained on a normal chow diet (DMBA Only; PPARγ-WT: n = 25 and PPARγ-MG KO: n = 39) or those receiving a diet supplemented with the PPARγ ligand, rosiglitazone (ROSI, 4 mg/kg/day) (DMBA + ROSI; PPARγ-WT: n = 34 and PPARγ-MG KO: n = 17) for the duration of the 25-week study. Results Compared to DMBA Only-treated PPARγ-WTs, both breast tumour susceptibility and serum levels of proinflammatory and chemotactic cytokines, namely IL-4, eotaxin, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and MIP-1α, were decreased among PPARγ-MG KOs. Cotreatment with ROSI significantly reduced breast tumour progression among PPARγ-WTs, correlating with increased BRCA1 and decreased VEGF and COX-2 protein expression levels in breast tumours; whereas, surprisingly DMBA + ROSI-treated PPARγ-MG KOs showed increased breast tumourigenesis, correlating with activation of COX-2. Conclusion These novel data suggest MG-specific PPARγ expression and signaling is critical during breast tumourigenesis, and may serve as a strong candidate predictive biomarker for response of breast cancer patients to the use of therapeutic strategies that include PPARγ ligands. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0347-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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17
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The multifaceted factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in metabolism, immunity, and cancer. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:302-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Wright MB, Bortolini M, Tadayyon M, Bopst M. Minireview: Challenges and opportunities in development of PPAR agonists. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1756-68. [PMID: 25148456 PMCID: PMC5414793 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical impact of the fibrate and thiazolidinedione drugs on dyslipidemia and diabetes is driven mainly through activation of two transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-α and PPAR-γ. However, substantial differences exist in the therapeutic and side-effect profiles of specific drugs. This has been attributed primarily to the complexity of drug-target complexes that involve many coregulatory proteins in the context of specific target gene promoters. Recent data have revealed that some PPAR ligands interact with other non-PPAR targets. Here we review concepts used to develop new agents that preferentially modulate transcriptional complex assembly, target more than one PPAR receptor simultaneously, or act as partial agonists. We highlight newly described on-target mechanisms of PPAR regulation including phosphorylation and nongenomic regulation. We briefly describe the recently discovered non-PPAR protein targets of thiazolidinediones, mitoNEET, and mTOT. Finally, we summarize the contributions of on- and off-target actions to select therapeutic and side effects of PPAR ligands including insulin sensitivity, cardiovascular actions, inflammation, and carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Wright
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Pharmaceuticals (M.B.W., M.Bor., M.Bop.), CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland; and MediTech Media (M.T.), London EC1V 9AZ, United Kingdom
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19
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Lanaspa MA, Ishimoto T, Cicerchi C, Tamura Y, Roncal-Jimenez CA, Chen W, Tanabe K, Andres-Hernando A, Orlicky DJ, Finol E, Inaba S, Li N, Rivard CJ, Kosugi T, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Petrash JM, Sautin YY, Ejaz AA, Kitagawa W, Garcia GE, Bonthron DT, Asipu A, Diggle CP, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Nakagawa T, Johnson RJ. Endogenous fructose production and fructokinase activation mediate renal injury in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2526-38. [PMID: 24876114 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013080901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is associated with activation of the polyol pathway, in which glucose is converted to sorbitol by aldose reductase. Previous studies focused on the role of sorbitol in mediating diabetic complications. However, in the proximal tubule, sorbitol can be converted to fructose, which is then metabolized largely by fructokinase, also known as ketohexokinase, leading to ATP depletion, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and oxidative stress. We and others recently identified a potential deleterious role of dietary fructose in the generation of tubulointerstitial injury and the acceleration of CKD. In this study, we investigated the potential role of endogenous fructose production, as opposed to dietary fructose, and its metabolism through fructokinase in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Wild-type mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes developed proteinuria, reduced GFR, and renal glomerular and proximal tubular injury. Increased renal expression of aldose reductase; elevated levels of renal sorbitol, fructose, and uric acid; and low levels of ATP confirmed activation of the fructokinase pathway. Furthermore, renal expression of inflammatory cytokines with macrophage infiltration was prominent. In contrast, diabetic fructokinase-deficient mice demonstrated significantly less proteinuria, renal dysfunction, renal injury, and inflammation. These studies identify fructokinase as a novel mediator of diabetic nephropathy and document a novel role for endogenous fructose production, or fructoneogenesis, in driving renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Lanaspa
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado;
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Christina Cicerchi
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Yoshifuru Tamura
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Carlos A Roncal-Jimenez
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Wei Chen
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Katsuyuki Tanabe
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Ana Andres-Hernando
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - David J Orlicky
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Esteban Finol
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Venezuelan Scientific Research Institute and University Hospital of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Shinichiro Inaba
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Nanxing Li
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Christopher J Rivard
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Tomoki Kosugi
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Laura G Sanchez-Lozada
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology and Department of Nephrology, INC Ignacio Chavez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Mark Petrash
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - A Ahsan Ejaz
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Wataru Kitagawa
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Gabriela E Garcia
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - David T Bonthron
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Aruna Asipu
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christine P Diggle
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Takahiko Nakagawa
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; TMK Project, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Richard J Johnson
- The Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
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Rosiglitazone regulates anti-inflammation and growth inhibition via PTEN. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:787924. [PMID: 24757676 PMCID: PMC3971553 DOI: 10.1155/2014/787924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist has anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. However, the mechanisms by which PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone interferes with inflammation and cancer via phosphatase and tensin homolog-(PTEN)-dependent pathway remain unclear. We found that lower doses (<25 μ M) of rosiglitazone significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-(LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) release (via inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production (via cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2), and activation of Akt in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. However, rosiglitazone did not inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In PTEN knockdown (shPTEN) cells exposed to LPS, rosiglitazone did not inhibit NO release, PGE2 production, and activation of Akt. These cells had elevated basal levels of iNOS, COX-2, and ROS. However, higher doses (25-100 μ M) of rosiglitazone, without LPS stimulation, did not block NO release and PGE2 productions, but they inhibited p38 MAPK phosphorylation and blocked ROS generation in shPTEN cells. In addition, rosiglitazone caused G1 arrest and reduced the number of cells in S + G2/M phase, leading to growth inhibition. These results indicate that the anti-inflammatory property of rosiglitazone is related to regulation of PTEN independent of inhibition on ROS production. However, rosiglitazone affected the dependence of PTEN-deficient cell growth on ROS.
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21
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Burotto M, Szabo E. PPARγ in head and neck cancer prevention. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:924-9. [PMID: 24434068 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer is a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Intervention during the early phases of carcinogenesis represents a promising new strategy for curbing the devastating effects of this disease and its primary treatment modalities, surgery and radiation with or without concomitant chemotherapy. This review focuses on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) as a target for chemoprevention of oral cancer. Accumulating data suggest that ligands of PPARγ, which include the thiazolidinedione class of agents approved for the treatment of diabetes, inhibit cancer cell growth in vitro and in animal carcinogenesis models, providing the rationale for testing this approach in populations at risk for head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Burotto
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States
| | - Eva Szabo
- Lung and Upper Aerodigestive Cancer Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States.
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22
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D’Archivio M, Scazzocchio B, Giammarioli S, Fiani ML, Varì R, Santangelo C, Veneziani A, Iacovelli A, Giovannini C, Gessani S, Masella R. ω3-PUFAs exert anti-inflammatory activity in visceral adipocytes from colorectal cancer patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77432. [PMID: 24116229 PMCID: PMC3792028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to correlate specific fatty acid profiles of visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) with inflammatory signatures potentially associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods Human adipocytes were isolated from biopsies of visceral WAT from 24 subjects subdivided in four groups: normal-weight (BMI 22.0-24.9 Kg/m2) and over-weight/obese (BMI 26.0-40.0 Kg/m2), affected or not by CRC. To define whether obesity and/or CRC affect the inflammatory status of WAT, the activation of the pro-inflammatory STAT3 and the anti-inflammatory PPARγ transcription factors as well as the expression of adiponectin were analyzed by immunoblotting in adipocytes isolated from each group of subjects. Furthermore, to evaluate whether differences in inflammatory WAT environment correlate with specific fatty acid profiles, gas-chromatographic analysis was carried out on WAT collected from all subject categories. Finally, the effect of the ω3 docosahexaenoic acid treatment on the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors in adipocytes was also evaluated. Results We provide the first evidence for the existence of a pro-inflammatory environment in WAT of CRC patients, as assessed by the up-regulation of STAT3, and the concomitant decrease of PPARγ and adiponectin with respect to healthy subjects. WAT inflammatory status was independent of obesity degree but correlated with a decreased ω3-/ω6-polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio. These observations suggested that qualitative changes, other than quantitative ones, in WAT fatty acid may influence tissue dysfunctions potentially linked to inflammatory conditions. This hypothesis was further supported by the finding that adipocyte treatment with docosahexaenoic acid restored the equilibrium between STAT3 and PPARγ. Conclusion Our results suggest that adipocyte dysfunctions occur in CRC patients creating a pro-inflammatory environment that might influence cancer development. Furthermore, the protective potential of docosahexaenoic acid in re-establishing the equilibrium between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors might represent a useful tool for preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo D’Archivio
- Department Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Maria L. Fiani
- Department Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosaria Varì
- Department Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Gessani
- Department Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Masella
- Department Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Rome, Italy
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23
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Yang L, Yuan J, Liu L, Shi C, Wang L, Tian F, Liu F, Wang H, Shao C, Zhang Q, Chen Z, Qin W, Wen W. α-linolenic acid inhibits human renal cell carcinoma cell proliferation through PPAR-γ activation and COX-2 inhibition. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:197-202. [PMID: 23946803 PMCID: PMC3742629 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
ω-3 fatty acids have potential anticancer effects, and consuming food rich in ω-3 fatty acids reduces the human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk. However, the direct effect of ω-3 fatty acids on RCC in vitro is unknown. In the present study, the effects of α-linolenic acid (ALA), an ω-3 fatty acid, were observed on cell proliferation in the RCC cell line OS-RC-2. The activity and gene expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the OS-RC-2 cells were measured by ELISA and real-time RT-PCR, respectively, following ALA treatment. ALA (20–80 μM) dose-dependently suppressed the proliferation of the OS-RC-2 cells. PPAR-γ activity and gene expression were significantly increased by ALA at 20 and 40 μM. COX-2 activity and gene expression levels were significantly decreased by ALA from 20 μM. Use of purely the PPAR-γ agonist, rosiglitazone, decreased the proliferation of the OS-RC-2 cells, while ALA induced further suppression of cell proliferation in the presence of rosiglitazone. The COX-2 inhibitor N-(3-Pyridyl)indomethacinamide induced further suppression of cell proliferation in the presence of rosiglitazone. N-(3-Pyridyl)indomethacinamide also suppressed the proliferation of the OS-RC-2 cells. In the presence of N-(3-Pyridyl)indomethacinamide, ALA and rosiglitazone further inhibited OS-RC-2 cell proliferation. In conclusion, ALA inhibits the cell proliferation of the OS-RC-2 human RCC cell line. PPAR-γ activation and COX-2 inhibition serve as two signaling pathways for the inhibitory effects of ALA on RCC cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yang
- Departments of Urology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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Pishvaian MJ, Marshall JL, Wagner AJ, Hwang JJ, Malik S, Cotarla I, Deeken JF, He AR, Daniel H, Halim AB, Zahir H, Copigneaux C, Liu K, Beckman RA, Demetri GD. A phase 1 study of efatutazone, an oral peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, administered to patients with advanced malignancies. Cancer 2012; 118:5403-13. [PMID: 22570147 PMCID: PMC3726261 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efatutazone (CS-7017), a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist, exerts anticancer activity in preclinical models. The authors conducted a phase 1 study to determine the recommended phase 2 dose, safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of efatutazone. METHODS Patients with advanced solid malignancies and no curative therapeutic options were enrolled to receive a given dose of efatutazone, administered orally (PO) twice daily for 6 weeks, in a 3 + 3 intercohort dose-escalation trial. After the third patient, patients with diabetes mellitus were excluded. Efatutazone dosing continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity, with measurement of efatutazone pharmacokinetics and plasma adiponectin levels. RESULTS Thirty-one patients received efatutazone at doses ranging from 0.10 to 1.15 mg PO twice daily. Dose escalation stopped when maximal impact on PPARγ-related biomarkers had been reached before any protocol-defined maximum-tolerated dose level. On the basis of a population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis, the recommended phase 2 dose was 0.5 mg PO twice daily. A majority of patients experienced peripheral edema (53.3%), often requiring diuretics. Three episodes of dose-limiting toxicities, related to fluid retention, were noted in the 0.10-, 0.25-, and 1.15-mg cohorts. Of 31 treated patients, 27 were evaluable for response. A sustained partial response (PR; 690 days on therapy) was observed in a patient with myxoid liposarcoma. Ten additional patients had stable disease (SD) for ≥60 days. Exposures were approximately dose proportional, and adiponectin levels increased after 4 weeks of treatment at all dose levels. Immunohistochemistry of archived specimens demonstrated that PPARγ and retinoid X receptor expression levels were significantly greater in patients with SD for ≥60 days or PR (P = .0079), suggesting a predictive biomarker. CONCLUSIONS Efatutazone demonstrates acceptable tolerability with evidence of disease control in patients with advanced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pishvaian
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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25
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Genini D, Garcia-Escudero R, Carbone GM, Catapano CV. Transcriptional and Non-Transcriptional Functions of PPARβ/δ in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46009. [PMID: 23049921 PMCID: PMC3457940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) is a nuclear receptor involved in regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, wound healing and inflammation. PPARβ/δ has been associated also with cancer. Here we investigated the expression of PPARβ/δ and components of the prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We found increased expression of PPARβ/δ, Cox-2, cPLA2, PGES and VEGF in human NSCLC compared to normal lung. In NSCLC cell lines PPARβ/δ activation increased proliferation and survival, while PPARβ/δ knock-down reduced viability and increased apoptosis. PPARβ/δ agonists induced Cox-2 and VEGF transcription, suggesting the existence of feed-forward loops promoting cell survival, inflammation and angiogenesis. These effects were seen only in high PPARβ/δ expressing cells, while low expressing cells were less or not affected. The effects were also abolished by PPARβ/δ knock-down or incubation with a PPARβ/δ antagonist. Induction of VEGF was due to both binding of PPARβ/δ to the VEGF promoter and PI3K activation through a non-genomic mechanism. We found that PPARβ/δ interacted with the PI3K regulatory subunit p85α leading to PI3K activation and Akt phosphorylation. Collectively, these data indicate that PPARβ/δ might be a central element in lung carcinogenesis controlling multiple pathways and representing a potential target for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Genini
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR) and Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ramon Garcia-Escudero
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppina M. Carbone
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR) and Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Carlo V. Catapano
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR) and Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Anti- and Protumorigenic Effects of PPARγ in Lung Cancer Progression: A Double-Edged Sword. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:362085. [PMID: 22934105 PMCID: PMC3425863 DOI: 10.1155/2012/362085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors that plays an important role in the control of gene expression linked to a variety of physiological processes, including cancer. Ligands for PPARγ include naturally occurring fatty acids and the thiazolidinedione class of antidiabetic drugs. Activation of PPARγ in a variety of cancer cells leads to inhibition of growth, decreased invasiveness, reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines, and promotion of a more differentiated phenotype. However, systemic activation of PPARγ has been reported to be protumorigenic in some in vitro systems and in vivo models. Here, we review the available data that implicate PPARγ in lung carcinogenesis and highlight the challenges of targeting PPARγ in lung cancer treatments.
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Youssef J, Badr M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and cancer: challenges and opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:68-82. [PMID: 21449912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, function as transcription factors and modulators of gene expression. These actions allow PPARs to regulate a variety of biological processes and to play a significant role in several diseases and conditions. The current literature describes frequently opposing and paradoxical roles for the three PPAR isotypes, PPARα, PPARβ/δ and PPARγ, in cancer. While some studies have implicated PPARs in the promotion and development of cancer, others, in contrast, have presented evidence for a protective role for these receptors against cancer. In some tissues, the expression level of these receptors and/or their activation correlates with a positive outcome against cancer, while, in other tissue types, their expression and activation have the opposite effect. These disparate findings raise the possibility of (i) PPAR receptor-independent effects, including effects on receptors other than PPARs by the utilized ligands; (ii) cancer stage-specific effect; and/or (iii) differences in essential ligand-related pharmacokinetic considerations. In this review, we highlight the latest available studies on the role of the various PPAR isotypes in cancer in several major organs and present challenges as well as promising opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan Youssef
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Das UN. Radiation resistance, invasiveness and metastasis are inflammatory events that could be suppressed by lipoxin A4. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 86:3-11. [PMID: 22014542 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Radiation induces overexpression and activity of the MET oncogene that, in turn, enhances the production of prostaglandin E(2), a pro-inflammatory molecule. Prostaglandin E(2) promotes tumor cell invasion, prevents apoptosis, enhances their metastasis and causes radioresistance. It is proposed that lipoxin A(4), a potent endogenous anti-inflammatory molecule, opposes the actions of prostaglandin E(2) and thus, could promote radiosensitivity, suppress tumor cell proliferation, invasiveness and suppress metastasis. Thus, methods designed to enhance endogenous lipoxin A(4) formation or its synthetic analogs may be useful in the management of cancer.
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Activation of PPARγ in myeloid cells promotes lung cancer progression and metastasis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28133. [PMID: 22145026 PMCID: PMC3228753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) inhibits growth of cancer cells including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Clinically, use of thiazolidinediones, which are pharmacological activators of PPARγ is associated with a lower risk of developing lung cancer. However, the role of this pathway in lung cancer metastasis has not been examined well. The systemic effect of pioglitazone was examined in two models of lung cancer metastasis in immune-competent mice. In an orthotopic model, murine lung cancer cells implanted into the lungs of syngeneic mice metastasized to the liver and brain. As a second model, cancer cells injected subcutaneously metastasized to the lung. In both models systemic administration of pioglitazone increased the rate of metastasis. Examination of tissues from the orthotopic model demonstrated increased numbers of arginase I-positive macrophages in tumors from pioglitazone-treated animals. In co-culture experiments of cancer cells with bone marrow-derived macrophages, pioglitazone promoted arginase I expression in macrophages and this was dependent on the expression of PPARγ in the macrophages. To assess the contribution of PPARγ in macrophages to cancer progression, experiments were performed in bone marrow-transplanted animals receiving bone marrow from Lys-M-Cre+/PPARγflox/flox mice, in which PPARγ is deleted specifically in myeloid cells (PPARγ-Macneg), or control PPARγflox/flox mice. In both models, mice receiving PPARγ-Macneg bone marrow had a marked decrease in secondary tumors which was not significantly altered by treatment with pioglitazone. This was associated with decreased numbers of arginase I-positive cells in the lung. These data support a model in which activation of PPARγ may have opposing effects on tumor progression, with anti-tumorigenic effects on cancer cells, but pro-tumorigenic effects on cells of the microenvironment, specifically myeloid cells.
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30
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Lim WY, Chuah KL, Eng P, Leong SS, Lim E, Lim TK, Ng A, Poh WT, Tee A, Teh M, Salim A, Seow A. Meat consumption and risk of lung cancer among never-smoking women. Nutr Cancer 2011; 63:850-9. [PMID: 21774592 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.589961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between diet and lung cancer, apart from the protective effect of fruit and vegetables, is poorly understood. Reports on the role of dietary components such as meat are inconsistent, and few studies include sufficient numbers of nonsmokers. We examined the relationship between meat consumption and never-smoking lung cancer in a hospital-based case-control study of Singapore Chinese women, a population with low smoking prevalence. Three hundred and ninety-nine cases and 815 controls were recruited, of whom 258 cases and 712 controls were never smokers. A standardized questionnaire (which included a food frequency questionnaire module) was administered by trained interviewers. Among these never smokers, fruit and vegetable intake were inversely associated with lung cancer risk. Seventy-two percent of meat consumed was white meat (chicken or fish). Meat consumption overall was inversely associated with lung cancer [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 0.88, 0.59 for second, third tertiles, P (trend) = .012]. An inverse relationship between fish consumption and lung cancer (adjusted OR, 0.81, 0.47 for 2nd, 3rd tertiles, P (trend) < .001) was observed. No association was seen between consumption of processed meats and lung cancer, nor between dietary heterocyclic amines and lung cancer. Our data suggest that fish consumption may be protective against lung cancer in never smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yen Lim
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. wei-yen
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31
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The Role of PPARgamma in the Cyclooxygenase Pathway in Lung Cancer. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:790568. [PMID: 18769553 PMCID: PMC2526169 DOI: 10.1155/2008/790568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and high levels of the proinflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) have been observed in many tumor types. Both reduced (PPARγ) expression and elevated COX-2 within the tumor are associated with poor prognosis in lung cancer patients, and recent work has indicated that these signaling pathways may be interrelated. Synthetic (PPARγ) agonists such as the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of anti-diabetic drugs can decrease COX-2 levels, inhibit growth of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells in vitro, and block tumor progression in xenograft models. TZDs alter the expression of COX-2 and consequent production of the protumorigenic inflammatory molecule prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) through both (PPARγ) dependent and independent mechanisms. Certain TZDs also reduce expression of PGE2 receptors or upregulate the PGE2 catabolic enzyme 15-prostaglandin dehydrogenase. As several COX-2 enzymatic products have antitumor properties and specific COX-2 inhibition has been associated with increased risk of adverse cardiac events, directly reducing the effects or concentration of PGE2 may provide a more safe and effective strategy for lung cancer treatment. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these effects may be helpful for designing anticancer therapies. This article summarizes recent research on the relationship between (PPARγ), TZDs, and the COX-2/PGE2 pathways in lung cancer.
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32
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To Live or to Die: Prosurvival Activity of PPARgamma in Cancers. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:209629. [PMID: 18784849 PMCID: PMC2532487 DOI: 10.1155/2008/209629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of PPARγ in tumorigenesis is controversial. In this article, we review and analyze literature from the past decade that highlights the potential proneoplastic activity of PPARγ. We discuss the following five aspects of the nuclear hormone receptor and its agonists: (1) relative expression of PPARγ in human tumor versus normal tissues; (2) receptor-dependent proneoplastic effects; (3) impact of PPARγ and its agonists on tumors in animal models; (4) clinical trials of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in human malignancies; (5) TZDs as chemopreventive agents in epidemiology studies. The focus is placed on the most relevant in vivo animal models and human data. In vitro cell line studies are included only when the effects are shown to be dependent on the PPARγ receptor.
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Activation and Molecular Targets of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-gamma Ligands in Lung Cancer. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:156875. [PMID: 18509496 PMCID: PMC2396386 DOI: 10.1155/2008/156875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, and five-year survival remains poor, raising the urgency for new treatment strategies. Activation of PPARγ represents a potential target for both the treatment and prevention of lung cancer. Numerous studies have examined the effect of thiazolidinediones such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone on lung cancer cells in vitro and in xenograft models. These studies indicate that activation of PPARγ inhibits cancer cell proliferation as well as invasiveness and metastasis. While activation of PPARγ can occur by direct binding of pharmacological ligands to the molecule, emerging data indicate that PPARγ activation can occur through engagement of other signal transduction pathways, including Wnt signaling and prostaglandin production. Data, both from preclinical models and retrospective clinical studies, indicate that activation of PPARγ may represent an attractive chemopreventive strategy. This article reviews the existing biological and mechanistic experiments focusing on the role of PPARγ in lung cancer, focusing specifically on nonsmall cell lung cancer.
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Mita R, Beaulieu MJ, Field C, Godbout R. Brain fatty acid-binding protein and omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids: mechanistic insight into malignant glioma cell migration. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37005-15. [PMID: 20834042 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.170076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas (MG) are highly infiltrative tumors that consistently recur despite aggressive treatment. Brain fatty acid-binding protein (FABP7), which binds docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA), localizes to sites of tumor infiltration and is associated with a poor prognosis in MG. Manipulation of FABP7 expression in MG cell lines affects cell migration, suggesting a role for FABP7 in tumor infiltration and recurrence. Here, we show that DHA inhibits and AA stimulates migration in an FABP7-dependent manner in U87 MG cells. We demonstrate that DHA binds to and sequesters FABP7 to the nucleus, resulting in decreased cell migration. This anti-migratory effect is partially dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, a DHA-activated transcription factor. Conversely, AA-bound FABP7 stimulates cell migration by activating cyclooxygenase-2 and reducing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ levels. Our data provide mechanistic insight as to why FABP7 is associated with a poor prognosis in MG and suggest that relative levels of DHA and AA in the tumor environment can make a profound impact on tumor growth properties. We propose that FABP7 and its fatty acid ligands may be key therapeutic targets for controlling the dissemination of MG cells within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Mita
- Department of Oncology, School of Cancer, Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2
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35
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma inhibits transformed growth of non-small cell lung cancer cells through selective suppression of Snail. Neoplasia 2010; 12:224-34. [PMID: 20234816 DOI: 10.1593/neo.91638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Work from our laboratory and others has demonstrated that activation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) inhibits transformed growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines in vitro and in vivo. We have demonstrated that activation of PPARgamma promotes epithelial differentiation of NSCLC by increasing expression of E-cadherin, as well as inhibiting expression of COX-2 and nuclear factor-kappaB. The Snail family of transcription factors, which includes Snail (Snail1), Slug (Snail2), and ZEB1, is an important regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as well as cell survival. The goal of this study was to determine whether the biological responses to rosiglitazone, a member of the thiazolidinedione family of PPARgamma activators, are mediated through the regulation of Snail family members. Our results indicate that, in two independent NSCLC cell lines, rosiglitazone specifically decreased expression of Snail, with no significant effect on either Slug or ZEB1. Suppression of Snail using short hairpin RNA silencing mimicked the effects of PPARgamma activation, in inhibiting anchorage-independent growth, promoting acinar formation in three-dimensional culture, and inhibiting invasiveness. This was associated with the increased expression of E-cadherin and decreased expression of COX-2 and matrix metaloproteinases. Conversely, overexpression of Snail blocked the biological responses to rosiglitazone, increasing anchorage-independent growth, invasiveness, and promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The suppression of Snail expression by rosiglitazone seemed to be independent of GSK-3 signaling but was rather mediated through suppression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity. These findings suggest that selective regulation of Snail may be critical in mediating the antitumorigenic effects of PPARgamma activators.
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36
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Ban JO, Kwak DH, Oh JH, Park EJ, Cho MC, Song HS, Song MJ, Han SB, Moon DC, Kang KW, Hong JT. Suppression of NF-kappaB and GSK-3beta is involved in colon cancer cell growth inhibition by the PPAR agonist troglitazone. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:75-85. [PMID: 20540935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonists such as troglitazone, pioglitazone and thiazolidine have been shown to induce apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. The molecular mechanism of PPARgamma agonist-induced apoptosis of colon cancer cells, however, is not clear. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) is an indispensable element for the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) which plays a critical role in the mediation of survival signals in cancer cells. To investigate the mechanisms of PPARgamma agonist-induced apoptosis of colon cancer cells, we examined the effect of troglitazone (0-16muM) on the activation of GSK-3beta and NF-kappaB. Our study showed that the inhibitory effect of troglitazone on colon cancer cell growth was associated with inhibition of NF-kappaB activity and GSK-3beta expression in a dose-dependent manner. Cells were arrested in G(0)/G(1) phase followed by the induction of apoptosis after treatment of troglitazone with concomitant decrease in the expression of the G(0)/G(1) phase regulatory proteins; Cdk2, Cdk4, cyclin B1, D1, and E as well as in the anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2 along with an increase in the expression of the pro-apoptosis-associated proteins; Caspase-3, Caspase-9 and Bax. Transient transfection of GSK-3beta recovered troglitazone-induced cell growth inhibition and NF-kappaB inactivation. In contrast, co-treatment of troglitazone with a GSK-3beta inhibitor (AR-a014418) or siRNA against GSK-3beta, significantly augmented the inhibitory effect of troglitazone on the NF-kappaB activity, the cancer cell growth and on the expression of G(0)/G(1) phase regulatory proteins and pro-apoptosis regulatory proteins. These results suggest that the PPARgamma agonist, troglitazone, inhibits colon cancer cell growth via inactivation of NF-kappaB by suppressing GSK-3beta activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ok Ban
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaesin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea.
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Tennis MA, Van Scoyk MM, Freeman SV, Vandervest KM, Nemenoff RA, Winn RA. Sprouty-4 inhibits transformed cell growth, migration and invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and is regulated by Wnt7A through PPARgamma in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:833-43. [PMID: 20501643 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sprouty proteins are potent receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors that antagonize growth factor signaling and are involved in lung development. However, little is known about the regulation or targets of Sprouty-4 (Spry4) in lung cancer. Our study aimed to determine the role of Spry4 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We found that Spry4 mRNA expression was decreased in NSCLC cell lines and in dysplastic lung cell lines compared with a nontransformed cell line, suggesting that Spry4 has tumor-suppressing activity. When Spry4 was stably transfected into H157 and H2122 NSCLC cell lines, decreased migration and invasion were observed. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity was decreased, and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors TIMP1 and CD82 were increased. Stable expression of Spry4 led to reduced cell growth and reduced anchorage-independent growth in NSCLC cell lines, along with upregulation of tumor suppressors p53 and p21. Changes in epithelial and mesenchymal markers indicated that Spry4 expression induces a reversal of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition characteristic of tumor cells. Treatment of a nontransformed lung epithelial cell line with short hairpin RNA to Spry4 led to the decreased expression of epithelial markers and increased cell growth, supporting the concept of Spry4 acting as a tumor suppressor. We showed that the activity of the Spry4 promoter is increased by Wnt7A/Fzd9 signaling through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. These data present previously undescribed targets of Spry4 and suggest that Spry4 is a downstream target of Wnt7A/Fzd 9 signaling. Spry4 may have efficacy in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Tennis
- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Box C272, RC2 9th Floor, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Han SW, Roman J. Anticancer actions of PPARγ ligands: Current state and future perspectives in human lung cancer. World J Biol Chem 2010; 1:31-40. [PMID: 21537367 PMCID: PMC3083946 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v1.i3.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factors and members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Of the three PPARs identified to date (PPARγ, PPARβ/δ, and PPARα), PPARγ has been studied the most, in part because of the availability of PPARγ agonists (also known as PPARγ ligands) and its significant effects on the management of several human diseases including type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and cancers. PPARγ is expressed in many tumors including lung cancer, and its function has been linked to the process of lung cancer development, progression and metastasis. Studies performed in gynogenic and xenograft models of lung cancer showed decreased tumor growth and metastasis in animals treated with PPARγ ligands. Furthermore, data are emerging from retrospective clinical studies that suggest a protective role for PPARγ ligands on the incidence of lung cancer. This review summarizes the research being conducted in this area and focuses on the mechanisms and potential therapeutic effects of PPARγ ligands as a novel anti-lung cancer treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou Wei Han
- Shou Wei Han, Jesse Roman, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
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Knopfová L, Smarda J. The use of Cox-2 and PPARγ signaling in anti-cancer therapies. Exp Ther Med 2010; 1:257-264. [PMID: 22993537 DOI: 10.3892/etm_00000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased production of the pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and altered expression and activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) have been observed in many malignancies. Both the PPARγ ligands and the Cox-2 inhibitors possess anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic effects in vitro and have been assessed for their therapeutic potential in several pre-clinical and clinical studies. Recently, multiple interactions between PPARγ and Cox-2 signaling pathways have been revealed. Understanding of the cross-talk between PPARγ and Cox-2 might provide important novel strategies for the effective treatment and/or prevention of cancer. This article summarizes recent achievements involving the functional interactions between the PPARγ and Cox-2 signaling pathways and discusses the implications of such interplay for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Knopfová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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Grandel U, Heygster D, Sibelius U, Fink L, Sigel S, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Hattar K. Amplification of lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine synthesis in non-small cell lung cancer/neutrophil cocultures. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1729-35. [PMID: 19825995 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines are centrally involved in tumor progression and survival in non-small cell lung cancer, and both the presence of infiltrating neutrophils and bacterial infection in the lung may indicate a poor prognosis. Against this background, we investigated the effect of the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 synthesis in the non-small cell lung cancer line A549 and in A549-neutrophil cocultures. The LPS induced a dose-dependent and time-dependent release of IL-8 from A549 cells, whereas IL-6 could not be detected. Interestingly, in A549-neutrophil cocultures, IL-8 synthesis was massively amplified and IL-6 was also released, compared with the respective monocultures. The A549 cells were identified as the primary cellular source of these cytokines, as enhanced cytokine mRNA transcription was detected in this cell type, although not in neutrophils in the coculture system. Experiments done in transwells indicated that direct cell-cell contact was a prerequisite for the increased cytokine generation. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha bioactivity by neutralizing antibodies and blocking cyclooxygenase-2 activity blunted the enhanced cytokine generation in the coculture system. Amplification of LPS-induced cytokine secretion could be reproduced when the small cell lung cancer cell line H69 was cocultured with neutrophils. When the Gram-positive cell wall component lipoteichoic acid was used instead of LPS, cytokine synthesis was also amplified in A549-neutrophil cocultures, to a similar extent to that observed with LPS. These data indicate that interaction between bacterial pathogens, neutrophils, and tumor cells might amplify the release of proinflammatory cytokines which may promote tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Grandel
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Giessen Lung Center, Giessen, Germany
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ANANT SHRIKANT, HOUCHEN COURTNEYW. HuR and TTP: two RNA binding proteins that deliver message from the 3' end. Gastroenterology 2009; 136:1495-8. [PMID: 19327732 PMCID: PMC2803091 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- SHRIKANT ANANT
- Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition and Department of Cell Biology andOU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - COURTNEY W. HOUCHEN
- Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, andOU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, and VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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Nemenoff R, Meyer AM, Hudish TM, Mozer AB, Snee A, Narumiya S, Stearman RS, Winn RA, Weiser-Evans M, Geraci MW, Keith RL. Prostacyclin prevents murine lung cancer independent of the membrane receptor by activation of peroxisomal proliferator--activated receptor gamma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 1:349-56. [PMID: 19138979 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) decreases lung tumor multiplicity in chemical- and cigarette-smoke-induced murine lung cancer models. Prostacyclin signals through a single G-protein-coupled receptor (IP), which signals through cyclic AMP. To determine the role of this receptor in lung cancer chemoprevention by prostacyclin, PGIS-overexpressing mice were crossed to mice that lack the IP receptor [IP(-/-)]. Carcinogen-induced lung tumor incidence was similar in IP(+/+), IP(+/-), and IP(-/-) mice, and overexpression of PGIS gave equal protection in all three groups, indicating that the protective effects of prostacyclin are not mediated through activation of IP. Because prostacyclin can activate members of the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family of nuclear receptors, we examined the role of PPARgamma in the protection of prostacyclin against lung tumorigenesis. Iloprost, a stable prostacyclin analogue, activated PPARgamma in nontransformed bronchial epithelial cells and in a subset of human non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines. Iloprost-impregnated chow fed to wild-type mice resulted in elevated lung macrophages and decreased lung tumor formation. Transgenic animals with lung-specific PPARgamma overexpression also developed fewer lung tumors. This reduction was not enhanced by administration of supplemental iloprost. These studies indicate that PPARgamma is a critical target for prostacyclin-mediated lung cancer chemoprevention and may also have therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Nemenoff
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
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Lin CC, Lin WN, Wang WJ, Sun CC, Tung WH, Wang HH, Yang CM. Functional coupling expression of COX-2 and cPLA2 induced by ATP in rat vascular smooth muscle cells: role of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and NF-kappaB. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 82:522-31. [PMID: 19233864 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that function as synthetic units play important roles in inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and angiogenesis. As extracellular nucleotides such as ATP have been shown to act via activation of P(2) purinoceptors implicated in various inflammatory diseases, we hypothesized that extracellular nucleotides contribute to vascular diseases via upregulated expression of inflammatory proteins, such as cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in VSMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Western blotting, promoter assay, RT-PCR, and PGE2 immunoassay revealed that ATPgammaS induced expression of COX-2 and prostaglandin (PGE2) synthesis through the activation of p42/p44 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), p38 MAPK, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). These responses were attenuated by inhibitors of MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK1/2; U0126), p38 MAPK (SB202190), and NF-kappaB (helenalin), or by tranfection with dominant negative mutants of p42, p38, IkappaB kinase (IKK)alpha, and IKKbeta. Furthermore, the ATPgammaS-stimulated translocation of NF-kappaB into the nucleus and degradation of IkappaBalpha was blocked by U0126 and helenalin. In addition, the ATPgammaS-stimulated cPLA2 expression was inhibited by U0126, SB202190, helenalin, celecoxib (a selective COX-2 inhibitor), and PGE2 receptor antagonists (AH6809, GW627368X, and SC-19220). However, the inhibitory effect of celecoxib on cPLA2 expression was reversed by addition of exogenous PGE2. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that in VSMCs, activation of p42/p44 MAPK, p38 MAPK, and NF-kappaB is essential for ATPgammaS-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 synthesis. Newly synthesized PGE2 was observed to act as an autocrine signal contributing to cPLA2 expression, which may be implicated in inflammatory responses. Collectively, our findings provide insights into the correlation between COX-2 and cPLA2 expression in ATPgammaS-stimulated VSMCs with similar molecular mechanisms and functional coupling to amplify the occurrence of vessel disease-related vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Lin
- Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Bauer AK, Rondini EA. Review paper: the role of inflammation in mouse pulmonary neoplasia. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:369-90. [PMID: 19176494 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0217-b-rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a risk factor for the development of many types of neoplasia, including skin, colon, gastric, and mammary cancers, among others. Chronic pulmonary diseases, such as chronic bronchitis and asthma, predispose to lung neoplasia. We will review the mouse literature examining the role of inflammation in lung neoplasia, focusing specifically on genetic susceptibility, pharmacologic modulation of inflammatory pathways, and both transgenic and knockout mouse models used to assess pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways involved in lung neoplasia. Identification of molecular mechanisms that govern the association between inflammation and pulmonary neoplasia could provide novel preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for a disease in which few biomarkers currently exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bauer
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (USA).
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Yamaguchi K, Cekanova M, McEntee MF, Yoon JH, Fischer SM, Renes IB, Van Seuningen I, Baek SJ. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligand MCC-555 suppresses intestinal polyps in ApcMin/+ mice via extracellular signal-regulated kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-dependent pathways. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:2779-87. [PMID: 18790758 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A large body of studies has suggested that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligands, such as thiazolidinedione, are potent candidates for chemopreventive agents. MCC-555 is a PPARgamma/alpha dual agonist and has been shown previously to induce apoptosis in vitro; however, the molecular mechanisms by which MCC-555 affects antitumorigenesis in vivo are poorly understood. In this study, we explored the antitumorigenic effects of MCC-555 both in cell culture and in Apc-deficient mice, an animal model for human familial adenomatous polyposis. MCC-555 increased MUC2 expression in colorectal and lung cancer cells, and treatment with the PPARgamma antagonist GW9662 revealed that MUC2 induction by MCC-555 was mediated in a PPARgamma-dependent manner. Moreover, MCC-555 increased transcriptional activity of human and mouse MUC2 promoters. Subsequently, treatment with MCC-555 (30 mg/kg/d) for 4 weeks reduced the number of small intestinal polyps to 54.8% of that in control mice. In agreement with in vitro studies, enhanced Muc2 expression was observed in the small intestinal tumors of Min mice treated with MCC-555, suggesting that MUC2 expression may be associated at least in part with the antitumorigenic action of MCC-555. In addition, highly phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was found in the intestinal tumors of MCC-555-treated Min mice, and inhibition of the ERK pathway by a specific inhibitor markedly suppressed MCC-555-induced Muc2 expression in vitro. Overall, these results indicate that MCC-555 has a potent tumor suppressor activity in intestinal tumorigenesis, likely involving MUC2 up-regulation by ERK and PPARgamma pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Chemotherapeutic drugs induce PPAR-gamma expression and show sequence-specific synergy with PPAR-gamma ligands in inhibition of non-small cell lung cancer. Neoplasia 2008; 10:597-603. [PMID: 18516296 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) ligands can exert antitumor effects against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a variety of other cancers. In this study, we investigate the potential use of a PPAR-gamma ligand, troglitazone (Tro), in combination with either of two chemotherapeutic agents, cisplatin (Cis) or paclitaxel (Pac), for the treatment of NSCLC. In vitro, treatment of NSCLC cell lines with Tro potentiated Cis- or Pac-induced growth inhibition. The potentiation of growth inhibition was observed only when Cis or Pac treatment was followed by Tro and not vice versa, demonstrating a sequence-specific effect. Median effect analysis revealed a synergistic interaction between Tro and Cis in the inhibition of NSCLC cell growth and confirmed the sequence-specific effect. We also found that Cis or Pac up-regulated the expression of PPAR-gamma protein, accounting for the observed sequence-specific synergy. Similarly, experiments performed using a NSCLC xenograft model demonstrated enhanced effectiveness of combined treatment with Cis and PPAR-gamma ligands, Tro or pioglitazone. Tumors from Cis-treated mice also demonstrated enhanced PPAR-gamma expression. Together, our data demonstrate a novel sequence-specific synergy between PPAR-gamma ligands and chemotherapeutic agents for lung cancer treatment.
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Neil JR, Johnson KM, Nemenoff RA, Schiemann WP. Cox-2 inactivates Smad signaling and enhances EMT stimulated by TGF-beta through a PGE2-dependent mechanisms. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29:2227-35. [PMID: 18725385 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that mammary tumorigenesis converts transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) from a tumor suppressor to a tumor promoter, the molecular, cellular and microenvironmental mechanisms underlying the dichotomous nature of TGF-beta in mammary epithelial cells (MECs) remains to be determined definitively. Aberrant upregulation of the inducible cyclooxygenase, Cox-2, occurs frequently in breast cancers and is associated with increasing disease severity and the acquisition of metastasis; however, the impact of Cox-2 expression on normal and malignant MEC response to TGF-beta remains unknown. We show here that TGF-beta induced Cox-2 expression in normal MECs during their acquisition of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. Moreover, stable Cox-2 expression in normal MECs stimulated their invasion, EMT and anchorage-independent growth and inhibited their activation of Smad2/3 by TGF-beta. Conversely, antagonizing TGF-beta signaling in malignant, metastatic MECs significantly reduced their expression of Cox-2 as well as enhanced their activation of Smad2/3 by TGF-beta. Along these lines, elevated Cox-2 expression elicited prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production and the autocrine activation of EP receptors, which antagonized Smad2/3 signaling in normal and malignant MECs. Importantly, rendering normal and malignant MECs Cox-2 deficient inhibited their production of PGE(2) and acquisition of an EMT morphology as well as potentiated their nuclear accumulation of Smad2/3 and transcription of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and p15 messenger RNA. Collectively, our findings establish Cox-2 as a novel antagonist of Smad2/3 signaling in normal and malignant MECs; they also suggest that chemotherapeutic targeting of Cox-2 may offer new inroads in restoring the tumor-suppressing activities of TGF-beta in malignant, metastatic breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Neil
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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