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Spahn MA, Luyten K, Van Loy T, Sathekge M, Deroose CM, Koole M, Schols D, Vanduffel W, De Vos K, Annaert P, Bormans G, Cleeren F. Second generation Al 18F-labeled D-amino acid peptide for CXCR4 targeted molecular imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2024; 132-133:108906. [PMID: 38518400 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2024.108906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is overexpressed in many cancers, e.g. multiple myeloma and acute leukemia, yet solely [68Ga]PentixaFor is used for clinical PET imaging. The aim of this study was to develop and assess a second generation Al18F-labeled D-amino acid peptide based on the viral macrophage inflammatory protein II for CXCR4 targeted molecular imaging. METHODS We designed a library of monomer and multimer constructs and evaluated their binding affinity for human and mouse CXCR4. Based on these results, we selected the best vector molecule for development of an Al18F-labeled ligand, [18F]AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s), which was further evaluated in a cell-based binding assay to assess its binding properties and specificity for CXCR4. Next, pharmacokinetics and tumor uptake of [18F]AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) were evaluated in naïve mice and mice with xenografts derived from U87.CXCR4 cells. Finally, we performed an imaging study in a non-human primate to assess the in vivo distribution of this novel radioligand in a species closely related to humans. RESULTS The lead ligand AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) showed six-fold higher affinity for human CXCR4 compared to Ga-Pentixafor. The corresponding radiotracer was obtained in a good radiochemical yield of 40.1 ± 13.5 % (n = 4) and apparent molar activity of 20.4 ± 3.3 MBq/nmol (n = 4) after optimization. In U87.CD4.CXCR4 cell binding assays, the total bound fraction of [18F]AlF-NOTA-(2×)DV1(c11sc12s) was 32.4 ± 1.8 %. This fraction could be reduced by 82.5 % in the presence of 75 μM AMD3100. In naïve mice, [18F]AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) accumulated in organs expressing mouse CXCR4, e.g. the liver (SUVmean (mean standardized uptake value) 75 min p.i. 11.7 ± 0.6), which was blockable by co-injecting AMD3100 (5 mg/kg). In U87.CXCR4 xenografted tumor mice, the tumor uptake of [18F]AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) remained low (SUVmean 0.5 ± 0.1), but was reduced by co-administration of AMD3100. Surprisingly, [18F]AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) exhibited a similar biodistribution in a non-human primate as in mice indicating off-target binding of [18F]AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) in liver tissue. We confirmed that [18F]AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) is taken up by hepatocytes using in vitro studies and that the uptake can be blocked with AMD3100 and rifampicin, a potent organic anion-transporting-polypeptide (OATP)1B1 and OATP1B3 inhibitor. CONCLUSION The second generation D-peptide AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) showed high affinity for human CXCR4 and the corresponding radiotracer was produced in good radiochemical yields. However, [18F]AlF-NOTA-2xDV1(c11sc12s) is not specific for CXCR4 and is also a substrate for OATP1B1 and/or OATP1B3, known to mediate hepatic uptake. Therefore, D-amino acid peptides, based on the viral macrophage inflammatory protein II, are not the prefered vector molecule for the development of CXCR4 targeting molecular imaging tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Aline Spahn
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kaat Luyten
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Van Loy
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mike Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria & Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christophe M Deroose
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof De Vos
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederik Cleeren
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Le Roy MM, Claes S, Saffon-Merceron N, Schols D, Troadec T, Tripier R. Selective synthesis of an elusive C-functional bis-cyclam and study of its inhibition of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3059-3067. [PMID: 38545887 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02050a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
This article presents the controlled synthesis of a rare example of C,C'-linked bis-cyclam architecture in mild conditions through the "bis-aminal" route previously used for the advantageous synthesis of cyclam, N- and C-functional cyclams and N,N'-bis-cyclams. Two synthetic pathways were explored with the smart design of α,β-unsaturated ketones or alkyl halides bis-cyclizing agents. The first led to the isolation of a key intermediate for the future design of N-functionalized bis-cyclams, whereas the second allowed the preparation of the targeted C,C'-xylylene-bis-cyclam under mild conditions with decent yield. This compound was then studied as a CXCR4 receptor inhibitor, one of the main applications known for bis-macrocyclic compounds, in particular in the context of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. Although results demonstrated that its potency is lower (i.e. 137-fold higher IC50) than the gold standard AMD3100 against HIV infection, clear evidence of CXCR4 inhibition is presented, confirming the potential of this novel architecture and related compounds in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie M Le Roy
- Univ Brest, UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29200 Brest, France.
| | - Sandra Claes
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thibault Troadec
- Univ Brest, UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29200 Brest, France.
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- Univ Brest, UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29200 Brest, France.
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3
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Klaver D, Gander H, Frena B, Amato M, Thurnher M. Crosstalk between purinergic receptor P2Y 11 and chemokine receptor CXCR7 is regulated by CXCR4 in human macrophages. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:132. [PMID: 38472446 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
P2Y11 is a G protein-coupled ATP receptor that activates IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) in a cyclic AMP dependent manner. In human macrophages, P2Y11/IL-1R crosstalk with CCL20 as a prime target is controlled by phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), which mediates breakdown of cyclic AMP. Here, we used gene expression analysis to identify activation of CXCR4 and CXCR7 as a hallmark of P2Y11 signaling. We found that PDE4 inhibition with rolipram boosts P2Y11/IL-1R-induced upregulation of CXCR7 expression and CCL20 production in an epidermal growth factor receptor dependent manner. Using an astrocytoma cell line, naturally expressing CXCR7 but lacking CXCR4, P2Y11/IL-1R activation effectively induced and CXCR7 agonist TC14012 enhanced CCL20 production even in the absence of PDE4 inhibition. Moreover, CXCR7 depletion by RNA interference suppressed CCL20 production. In macrophages, the simultaneous activation of P2Y11 and CXCR7 by their respective agonists was sufficient to induce CCL20 production with no need of PDE4 inhibition, as CXCR7 activation increased its own and eliminated CXCR4 expression. Finally, analysis of multiple CCL chemokines in the macrophage secretome revealed that CXCR4 inactivation and CXCR7 activation selectively enhanced P2Y11/IL-1R-mediated secretion of CCL20. Altogether, our data establish CXCR7 as an integral component of the P2Y11/IL-1R-initiated signaling cascade and CXCR4-associated PDE4 as a regulatory checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Klaver
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66a, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Hubert Gander
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66a, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Beatrice Frena
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66a, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Marco Amato
- Central Institute for Blood Transfusion & Department of Immunology (ZIB), Tirol Kliniken GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Thurnher
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 66a, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria.
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Yi H, Qin L, Ye X, Song J, Ji J, Ye T, Li J, Li L. Progression of radio-labeled molecular imaging probes targeting chemokine receptors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2024; 195:104266. [PMID: 38232861 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2024.104266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are significantly expressed in the surface of most inflammatory cells and tumor cells. Guided by chemokines, inflammatory cells which express the relevant chemokine receptors migrate to inflammatory lesions and participate in the evolution of inflammation diseases. Similarly, driven by chemokines, immune cells infiltrate into tumor lesions not only induces alterations in the tumor microenvironment, disrupting the efficacy of tumor therapies, but also has the potential to selectively target tumoral cells and diminish tumor progression. Chemokine receptors, which are significantly expressed on the surface of tumor cell membranes, are regulated by chemokines and initiate tumor-associated signaling pathways within tumor cells, playing a complex role in tumor progression. Based on the antagonists targeting chemokine receptors, radionuclide-labeled molecular imaging probes have been developed for the emerging application of molecular imaging in diseases such as tumors and inflammation. The value and limitations of molecular probes in disease imaging are worth reviewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqing Yi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Lilin Qin
- Second Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Xuemei Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Jinling Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Jianfeng Ji
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Juan Li
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dongfang Street 150, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.
| | - Linfa Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Banshan Street 1, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.
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5
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Meng Q, Zhu R, Mao Y, Zhu S, Wu Y, Huang L, Ciechanover A, An J, Xu Y, Huang Z. Biological and mutational analyses of CXCR4-antagonist interactions and design of new antagonistic analogs. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20230981. [PMID: 38131305 PMCID: PMC10987480 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20230981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 has become an attractive therapeutic target for HIV-1 infection, hematopoietic stem cell mobilization, and cancer metastasis. A wide variety of synthetic antagonists of CXCR4 have been developed and studied for a growing list of clinical applications. To compare the biological effects of different antagonists on CXCR4 functions and their common and/or distinctive molecular interactions with the receptor, we conducted head-to-head comparative cell-based biological and mutational analyses of the interactions with CXCR4 of eleven reported antagonists, including HC4319, DV3, DV1, DV1 dimer, V1, vMIP-II, CVX15, LY2510924, IT1t, AMD3100, and AMD11070 that were representative of different structural classes of D-peptides, L-peptide, natural chemokine, cyclic peptides, and small molecules. The results were rationalized by molecular modeling of CXCR4-antagonist interactions from which the common as well as different receptor binding sites of these antagonists were derived, revealing a number of important residues such as W94, D97, H113, D171, D262, and E288, mostly of negative charge. To further examine this finding, we designed and synthesized new antagonistic analogs by adding positively charged residues Arg to a D-peptide template to enhance the postulated charge-charge interactions. The newly designed analogs displayed significantly increased binding to CXCR4, which supports the notion that negatively charged residues of CXCR4 can engage in interactions with moieties of positive charge of the antagonistic ligands. The results from these mutational, modeling and new analog design studies shed new insight into the molecular mechanisms of different types of antagonists in recognizing CXCR4 and guide the development of new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruohan Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujia Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lina S.M. Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Heath, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Aaron Ciechanover
- The Rapport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Jing An
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Heath, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
| | - Yan Xu
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Heath, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
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6
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Yu J, Zhou X, Shen L. CXCR4-Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals for the Imaging and Therapy of Malignant Tumors. Molecules 2023; 28:4707. [PMID: 37375261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), also known as fusin or CD184, is a 7-transmembrane helix G-protein-coupled receptor that is encoded by the CXCR4 gene. Involved in various physiological processes, CXCR4 could form an interaction with its endogenous partner, chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), which is also named SDF-1. In the past several decades, the CXCR4/CXCL12 couple has attracted a large amount of research interest due to its critical functions in the occurrence and development of refractory diseases, such as HIV infection, inflammatory diseases, and metastatic cancer, including breast cancer, gastric cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer. Furthermore, overexpression of CXCR4 in tumor tissues was shown to have a high correlation with tumor aggressiveness and elevated risks of metastasis and recurrence. The pivotal roles of CXCR4 have encouraged an effort around the world to investigate CXCR4-targeted imaging and therapeutics. In this review, we would like to summarize the implementation of CXCR4-targeted radiopharmaceuticals in the field of various kinds of carcinomas. The nomenclature, structure, properties, and functions of chemokines and chemokine receptors are briefly introduced. Radiopharmaceuticals that could target CXCR4 will be described in detail according to their structure, such as pentapeptide-based structures, heptapeptide-based structures, nonapeptide-based structures, etc. To make this review a comprehensive and informative article, we would also like to provide the predictive prospects for the CXCR4-targeted species in future clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yu
- HTA Co., Ltd., Beijing 102413, China
- Department of Nuclear Technology Application, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- HTA Co., Ltd., Beijing 102413, China
| | - Langtao Shen
- HTA Co., Ltd., Beijing 102413, China
- National Isotope Center of Engineering and Technology, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
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Chang MR, Rusanov DA, Arakelyan J, Alshehri M, Asaturova AV, Kireeva GS, Babak MV, Ang WH. Targeting emerging cancer hallmarks by transition metal complexes: Cancer stem cells and tumor microbiome. Part I. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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8
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Discovery of Bis-Imidazoline Derivatives as New CXCR4 Ligands. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031156. [PMID: 36770826 PMCID: PMC9920567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 regulate leukocyte trafficking, homeostasis and functions and are potential therapeutic targets in many diseases such as HIV-1 infection and cancers. Here, we identified new CXCR4 ligands in the CERMN chemical library using a FRET-based high-throughput screening assay. These are bis-imidazoline compounds comprising two imidazole rings linked by an alkyl chain. The molecules displace CXCL12 binding with submicromolar potencies, similarly to AMD3100, the only marketed CXCR4 ligand. They also inhibit anti-CXCR4 mAb 12G5 binding, CXCL12-mediated chemotaxis and HIV-1 infection. Further studies with newly synthesized derivatives pointed out to a role of alkyl chain length on the bis-imidazoline properties, with molecules with an even number of carbons equal to 8, 10 or 12 being the most potent. Interestingly, these differ in the functions of CXCR4 that they influence. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular docking predict that the alkyl chain folds in such a way that the two imidazole groups become lodged in the transmembrane binding cavity of CXCR4. Results also suggest that the alkyl chain length influences how the imidazole rings positions in the cavity. These results may provide a basis for the design of new CXCR4 antagonists targeting specific functions of the receptor.
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Zmajkovicova K, Pawar S, Maier-Munsa S, Maierhofer B, Wiest I, Skerlj R, Taveras AG, Badarau A. Genotype–phenotype correlations in WHIM syndrome: a systematic characterization of CXCR4WHIM variants. Genes Immun 2022; 23:196-204. [PMID: 36089616 PMCID: PMC9519442 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-022-00181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome is a rare primary immunodeficiency predominantly caused by heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in CXCR4 C-terminus. We assessed genotype–phenotype correlations for known pathogenic CXCR4 variants and in vitro response of each variant to mavorixafor, an investigational CXCR4 antagonist. We used cell-based assays to analyze CXCL12-induced receptor trafficking and downstream signaling of 14 pathogenic CXCR4 variants previously identified in patients with WHIM syndrome. All CXCR4 variants displayed impaired receptor trafficking, hyperactive downstream signaling, and enhanced chemotaxis in response to CXCL12. Mavorixafor inhibited CXCL12-dependent signaling and hyperactivation in cells harboring CXCR4WHIM mutations. A strong correlation was found between CXCR4 internalization defect and severity of blood leukocytopenias and infection susceptibility, and between AKT activation and immunoglobulin A level and CD4+ T-cell counts. This study is the first to show WHIM syndrome clinical phenotype variability as a function of both CXCR4WHIM genotype diversity and associated functional dysregulation. Our findings suggest that CXCR4 internalization may be used to assess the pathogenicity of CXCR4 variants in vitro and also as a potential WHIM-related disease biomarker. The investigational CXCR4 antagonist mavorixafor inhibited CXCL12-dependent signaling in all tested CXCR4-variant cell lines at clinically relevant concentrations.
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Sonawani A, Kharche S, Dasgupta D, Sengupta D. Insights into the dynamic interactions at chemokine-receptor interfaces and mechanistic models of chemokine binding. J Struct Biol 2022; 214:107877. [PMID: 35750237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2022.107877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are the central signaling hubs of several processes such as cell migration, chemotaxis and cell positioning. In this graphical review, we provide an overview of the structural and mechanistic principles governing chemokine recognition that are currently emerging. Structural models of chemokine-receptor co-complexes with endogenous chemokines, viral chemokines and therapeutics have been resolved that highlight multiple interaction sites, termed as CRS1, CRS1.5 etc. The first site of interaction has been shown to be the N-terminal domain of the receptors (CRS1 site). A large structural flexibility of the N-terminal domain has been reported that was supported by both experimental and simulation studies. Upon chemokine binding, the N-terminal domain appears to show constricted dynamics and opens up to interact with the chemokine via a large interface. The subsequent sites such as CRS1.5 and CRS2 sites have been structurally well resolved although differences arise such as the localization of the N-terminus of the ligand to a major or minor pocket of the orthosteric binding site. Several computational studies have highlighted the dynamic protein-protein interface at the CRS1 site that seemingly appears to resolve the differences in NMR and mutagenesis studies. Interestingly, the differential dynamics at the CRS1 site suggests a mixed model of binding with complex signatures of both conformational selection and induced fit models. Integrative experimental and computational approaches could help unravel the structural basis of promiscuity and specificity in chemokine-receptor binding and open up new avenues of therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Sonawani
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D.Y. Patil Deemed to be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai 400614, India
| | - Shalmali Kharche
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Debjani Dasgupta
- School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, D.Y. Patil Deemed to be University, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai 400614, India
| | - Durba Sengupta
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008, India.
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CXCR4 as a novel target in immunology: moving away from typical antagonists. FUTURE DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 4:FDD77. [PMID: 35875591 PMCID: PMC9298491 DOI: 10.4155/fdd-2022-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 has been a target of interest in drug discovery for numerous years. However, so far, most if not all studies focused on finding antagonists of CXCR4 function. Recent studies demonstrate that targeting a minor allosteric pocket of CXCR4 induces an immunomodulating effect in immune cells expressing CXCR4, connected to the TLR pathway. Compounds binding in this minor pocket seem to be functionally selective with inverse agonistic properties in selected GPCR signaling pathways (Gi activation), but additional signaling pathways are likely to be involved in the immunomodulating effects. In depth research into these CXCR4-targeted immunomodulators could lead to novel treatment options for (auto)-immune diseases.
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Allosteric modulation of the chemokine receptor-chemokine CXCR4-CXCL12 complex by tyrosine sulfation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:812-822. [PMID: 35306016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its cognate ligand CXCL12 mediate pathways that lead to cell migration and chemotaxis. Although the structural details of related receptor-ligand complexes have been resolved, the roles of the N-terminal domain of the receptor and post-translational sulfation that are determinants of ligand selectivity and affinity remain unclear. Here, we analyze the structural dynamics induced by receptor sulfation by combining molecular dynamics, docking and network analysis. The sulfotyrosine residues, 7YsN-term, 12YsN-term and 21YsN-term allow the N-terminal domain of the apo-sulfated receptor to adopt an "open" conformation that appears to facilitate ligand binding. The overall topology of the CXCR4-CXCL12 complex is independent of the sulfation state, but an extensive network of protein-protein interactions characterizes the sulfated receptor, in line with its increased ligand affinity. The altered interactions of sulfotyrosine residues, such as 21YsN-term-47RCXCL12 replacing the 21YN-term-13FCXCL12 interaction, propagate via allosteric pathways towards the receptor lumen. In particular, our results suggest that the experimentally-reported receptor-ligand interactions 262D6.58-8RCXCL12 and 277E7.28-12RCXCL12 could be dependent on the sulfation state of the receptor and need to be carefully analyzed. Our work is an important step in understanding chemokine-receptor interactions and how post-translational modifications could modulate receptor-ligand complexes.
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A fragment integrational approach to GPCR inhibition: Identification of a high affinity small molecule CXCR4 antagonist. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 231:114150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Alluri SR, Higashi Y, Kil KE. PET Imaging Radiotracers of Chemokine Receptors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175174. [PMID: 34500609 PMCID: PMC8434599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and chemokine receptors have been recognized as critical signal components that maintain the physiological functions of various cells, particularly the immune cells. The signals of chemokines/chemokine receptors guide various leukocytes to respond to inflammatory reactions and infectious agents. Many chemokine receptors play supportive roles in the differentiation, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis of diverse tumor cells. In addition, the signaling functions of a few chemokine receptors are associated with cardiac, pulmonary, and brain disorders. Over the years, numerous promising molecules ranging from small molecules to short peptides and antibodies have been developed to study the role of chemokine receptors in healthy states and diseased states. These drug-like candidates are in turn exploited as radiolabeled probes for the imaging of chemokine receptors using noninvasive in vivo imaging, such as positron emission tomography (PET). Recent advances in the development of radiotracers for various chemokine receptors, particularly of CXCR4, CCR2, and CCR5, shed new light on chemokine-related cancer and cardiovascular research and the subsequent drug development. Here, we present the recent progress in PET radiotracer development for imaging of various chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh R. Alluri
- University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Yusuke Higashi
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Kun-Eek Kil
- University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(573)-884-7885
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15
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Bhunia SS, Saxena AK. Efficiency of Homology Modeling Assisted Molecular Docking in G-protein Coupled Receptors. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:269-294. [PMID: 32901584 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200908165250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular docking is in regular practice to assess ligand affinity on a target protein crystal structure. In the absence of protein crystal structure, the homology modeling or comparative modeling is the best alternative to elucidate the relationship details between a ligand and protein at the molecular level. The development of accurate homology modeling (HM) and its integration with molecular docking (MD) is essential for successful, rational drug discovery. OBJECTIVE The G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are attractive therapeutic targets due to their immense role in human pharmacology. The GPCRs are membrane-bound proteins with the complex constitution, and the understanding of their activation and inactivation mechanisms is quite challenging. Over the past decade, there has been a rapid expansion in the number of solved G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) crystal structures; however, the majority of the GPCR structures remain unsolved. In this context, HM guided MD has been widely used for structure-based drug design (SBDD) of GPCRs. METHODS The focus of this review is on the recent (i) developments on HM supported GPCR drug discovery in the absence of GPCR crystal structures and (ii) application of HM in understanding the ligand interactions at the binding site, virtual screening, determining receptor subtype selectivity and receptor behaviour in comparison with GPCR crystal structures. RESULTS The HM in GPCRs has been extremely challenging due to the scarcity in template structures. In such a scenario, it is difficult to get accurate HM that can facilitate understanding of the ligand-receptor interactions. This problem has been alleviated to some extent by developing refined HM based on incorporating active /inactive ligand information and inducing protein flexibility. In some cases, HM proteins were found to outscore crystal structures. CONCLUSION The developments in HM have been highly operative to gain insights about the ligand interaction at the binding site and receptor functioning at the molecular level. Thus, HM guided molecular docking may be useful for rational drug discovery for the GPCRs mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shome S Bhunia
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kashipur, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anil K Saxena
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow 226031, India
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16
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Jørgensen AS, Daugvilaite V, De Filippo K, Berg C, Mavri M, Benned-Jensen T, Juzenaite G, Hjortø G, Rankin S, Våbenø J, Rosenkilde MM. Biased action of the CXCR4-targeting drug plerixafor is essential for its superior hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. Commun Biol 2021; 4:569. [PMID: 33980979 PMCID: PMC8115334 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the FDA-approval of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilizer plerixafor, orally available and potent CXCR4 antagonists were pursued. One such proposition was AMD11070, which was orally active and had superior antagonism in vitro; however, it did not appear as effective for HSC mobilization in vivo. Here we show that while AMD11070 acts as a full antagonist, plerixafor acts biased by stimulating β-arrestin recruitment while fully antagonizing G protein. Consequently, while AMD11070 prevents the constitutive receptor internalization, plerixafor allows it and thereby decreases receptor expression. These findings are confirmed by the successful transfer of both ligands' binding sites and action to the related CXCR3 receptor. In vivo, plerixafor exhibits superior HSC mobilization associated with a dramatic reversal of the CXCL12 gradient across the bone marrow endothelium, which is not seen for AMD11070. We propose that the biased action of plerixafor is central for its superior therapeutic effect in HSC mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid S Jørgensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Viktorija Daugvilaite
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katia De Filippo
- Department of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Unit for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Masa Mavri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tau Benned-Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Goda Juzenaite
- Department of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gertrud Hjortø
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Rankin
- Department of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Våbenø
- Helgeland Hospital Trust, Sandnessjøen, Norway.
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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Hong Z, Wei Z, Xie T, Fu L, Sun J, Zhou F, Jamal M, Zhang Q, Shao L. Targeting chemokines for acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:48. [PMID: 33743810 PMCID: PMC7981899 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a hematological malignancy characterized by the malignant clonal expansion of lymphoid hematopoietic precursors. It is regulated by various signaling molecules such as cytokines and adhesion molecules in its microenvironment. Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that regulate migration, positioning and interactions of cells. Many chemokine axes such as CXCL12/CXCR4 and CCL25/CCR9 have been proved to play important roles in leukemia microenvironment and further affect ALL outcomes. In this review, we summarize the chemokines that are involved in ALL progression and elaborate on their roles and mechanisms in leukemia cell proliferation, infiltration, drug resistance and disease relapse. We also discuss the potential of targeting chemokine axes for ALL treatments, since many related inhibitors have shown promising efficacy in preclinical trials, and some of them have entered clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Hong
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zimeng Wei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Fu
- The First Clinical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Jamal
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Liang Shao
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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18
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Bruxelle JF, Trattnig N, Mureithi MW, Landais E, Pantophlet R. HIV-1 Entry and Prospects for Protecting against Infection. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020228. [PMID: 33499233 PMCID: PMC7911371 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) establishes a latent viral reservoir soon after infection, which poses a major challenge for drug treatment and curative strategies. Many efforts are therefore focused on blocking infection. To this end, both viral and host factors relevant to the onset of infection need to be considered. Given that HIV-1 is most often transmitted mucosally, strategies designed to protect against infection need to be effective at mucosal portals of entry. These strategies need to contend also with cell-free and cell-associated transmitted/founder (T/F) virus forms; both can initiate and establish infection. This review will discuss how insight from the current model of HIV-1 mucosal transmission and cell entry has highlighted challenges in developing effective strategies to prevent infection. First, we examine key viral and host factors that play a role in transmission and infection. We then discuss preventive strategies based on antibody-mediated protection, with emphasis on targeting T/F viruses and mucosal immunity. Lastly, we review treatment strategies targeting viral entry, with focus on the most clinically advanced entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Bruxelle
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.-F.B.); (R.P.)
| | - Nino Trattnig
- Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Marianne W. Mureithi
- KAVI—Institute of Clinical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box, Nairobi 19676–00202, Kenya;
| | - Elise Landais
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ralph Pantophlet
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Correspondence: (J.-F.B.); (R.P.)
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19
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Dale DC, Firkin F, Bolyard AA, Kelley M, Makaryan V, Gorelick KJ, Ebrahim T, Garg V, Tang W, Jiang H, Skerlj R, Beaussant Cohen S. Results of a phase 2 trial of an oral CXCR4 antagonist, mavorixafor, for treatment of WHIM syndrome. Blood 2020; 136:2994-3003. [PMID: 32870250 PMCID: PMC7770568 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, and myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome is a rare primary immunodeficiency caused by gain-of-function mutations in the CXCR4 gene. We report the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary efficacy of mavorixafor from a phase 2 open-label dose-escalation and extension study in 8 adult patients with genetically confirmed WHIM syndrome. Mavorixafor is an oral small molecule selective antagonist of the CXCR4 receptor that increases mobilization and trafficking of white blood cells from the bone marrow. Patients received escalating doses of mavorixafor, up to 400 mg once daily. Five patients continued on the extension study for up to 28.6 months. Mavorixafor was well tolerated with no treatment-related serious adverse events. At a median follow-up of 16.5 months, we observed dose-dependent increases in absolute neutrophil count (ANC) and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC). At doses ≥300 mg/d, ANC was maintained at >500 cells per microliter for a median of 12.6 hours, and ALC was maintained at >1000 cells per microliter for up to 16.9 hours. Continued follow-up on the extension study resulted in a yearly infection rate that decreased from 4.63 events (95% confidence interval, 3.3-6.3) in the 12 months prior to the trial to 2.27 events (95% confidence interval, 1.4-3.5) for patients on effective doses. We observed an average 75% reduction in the number of cutaneous warts. This study demonstrates that mavorixafor, 400 mg once daily, mobilizes neutrophil and lymphocytes in adult patients with WHIM syndrome and provides preliminary evidence of clinical benefit for patients on long-term therapy. The trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT03005327.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Dale
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Frank Firkin
- Department of Medicine and
- University of Washington, Severe Chronic Neutropenia International Registry, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Audrey Anna Bolyard
- University of Washington, Severe Chronic Neutropenia International Registry, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Merideth Kelley
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Vahagn Makaryan
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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20
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Stephens BS, Ngo T, Kufareva I, Handel TM. Functional anatomy of the full-length CXCR4-CXCL12 complex systematically dissected by quantitative model-guided mutagenesis. Sci Signal 2020; 13:eaay5024. [PMID: 32665413 PMCID: PMC7437921 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Because of their prominent roles in development, cancer, and HIV, the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 have been the subject of numerous structural and functional studies, but the determinants of ligand binding, selectivity, and signaling are still poorly understood. Here, building on our latest structural model, we used a systematic mutagenesis strategy to dissect the functional anatomy of the CXCR4-CXCL12 complex. Key charge swap mutagenesis experiments provided evidence for pairwise interactions between oppositely charged residues in the receptor and chemokine, confirming the accuracy of the predicted orientation of the chemokine relative to the receptor and providing insight into ligand selectivity. Progressive deletion of N-terminal residues revealed an unexpected contribution of the receptor N terminus to chemokine signaling. This finding challenges a longstanding "two-site" hypothesis about the essential features of the receptor-chemokine interaction in which the N terminus contributes only to binding affinity. Our results suggest that although the interaction of the chemokine N terminus with the receptor-binding pocket is the key driver of signaling, the signaling amplitude depends on the extent to which the receptor N terminus binds the chemokine. Together with systematic characterization of other epitopes, these data enable us to propose an experimentally consistent structural model for how CXCL12 binds CXCR4 and initiates signal transmission through the receptor transmembrane domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S Stephens
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tony Ngo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Tracy M Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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21
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Cao Y, Jiang Z, Li Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Akakuru OU, Li J, Wu A. Tandem post-synthetic modification of a zeolitic imidazolate framework for CXCR4-overexpressed esophageal squamous cell cancer imaging and therapy. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:12779-12789. [PMID: 32347269 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00895h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) as emerging porous materials have attracted remarkable attention for their unprecedented porosity and acidic sensitive degradation that enables high drug loading and microenvironment responsive fast payload release. However, the limited functions and disadvantages of ZIFs such as early drug release, potential cytotoxicity inducing damage to major organs, and even death of animals, impede their further biomedical application. In this work, we report the first tandem post-synthetic modification of ZIF-7 with both metal ions and organic ligands. Inspired by the benzimidazole-like inhibitors that are similar to the organic ligand of ZIF-7, a chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) inhibitor AMD-070 (AMD) and magnesium ions (Mn2+) were successfully tandem exchanged to the ZIF-7 framework, forming an active-targeting framework AMD-ZIF-7(Mn) for CXCR4-overexpressed esophageal squamous cell cancer. The obtained AMD-ZIF-7(Mn) showed good biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, it exhibited an excellent T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging performance and CXCR4 targeting ability. With 5-Fu loading, AMD-ZIF-7(Mn)/5-Fu showed a synergistic therapeutic effect in DNA damage and CXCR4 inhibition of esophageal squamous cell cancer. Therefore, we propose a structural reconstruction method to effectively explore and improve the biomedical application of ZIFs in esophageal squamous cell cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, P.R. China.
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22
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Discovery of novel aminopiperidinyl amide CXCR4 modulators through virtual screening and rational drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 201:112479. [PMID: 32534343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is a potential therapeutic target for HIV infection, metastatic cancer, and inflammatory autoimmune diseases. In this study, we screened the ZINC chemical database for novel CXCR4 modulators through a series of in silico guided processes. After evaluating the screened compounds for their binding affinities to CXCR4 and inhibitory activities against the chemoattractant CXCL12, we identified a hit compound (ZINC 72372983) showing 100 nM affinity and 69% chemotaxis inhibition at the same concentration (100 nM). To increase the potency of our hit compound, we explored the protein-ligand interactions at an atomic level using molecular dynamics simulation which enabled us to design and synthesize a novel compound (Z7R) with nanomolar affinity (IC50 = 1.25 nM) and improved chemotaxis inhibition (78.5%). Z7R displays promising anti-inflammatory activity (50%) in a mouse edema model by blocking CXCR4-expressed leukocytes, being supported by our immunohistochemistry study.
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23
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Fang X, Meng Q, Zhang H, Liang B, Zhu S, Wang J, Zhang C, Huang LS, Zhang X, Schooley RT, An J, Xu Y, Huang Z. Design, synthesis, and biological characterization of a new class of symmetrical polyamine-based small molecule CXCR4 antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112410. [PMID: 32492596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4, a well-studied coreceptor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry, recognizes its cognate ligand SDF-1α (also named CXCL12) which plays many important roles, including regulating immune cells, controlling hematopoietic stem cells, and directing cancer cells migration. These pleiotropic roles make CXCR4 an attractive target to mitigate human disorders. Here a new class of symmetrical polyamines was designed and synthesized as potential small molecule CXCR4 antagonists. Among them, a representative compound 21 (namely HF50731) showed strong CXCR4 binding affinity (mean IC50 = 19.8 nM) in the CXCR4 competitive binding assay. Furthermore, compound 21 significantly inhibited SDF-1α-induced calcium mobilization and cell migration, and blocked HIV-1 infection via antagonizing CXCR4 coreceptor function. The structure-activity relationship analysis, site-directed mutagenesis, and molecular docking were conducted to further elucidate the binding mode of compound 21, suggesting that compound 21 could primarily occupy the minor subpocket of CXCR4 and partially bind in the major subpocket by interacting with residues W94, D97, D171, and E288. Our studies provide not only new insights for the fragment-based design of small molecule CXCR4 antagonists for clinical applications, but also a new and effective molecular probe for CXCR4-targeting biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Fang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qian Meng
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Boqiang Liang
- Nobel Institute of Biomedicine, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Nobel Institute of Biomedicine, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Chaozai Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Lina S Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Xingquan Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Robert T Schooley
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jing An
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; School of Life and Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Ziwei Huang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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24
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Tahirovic YA, Pelly S, Jecs E, Miller EJ, Sharma SK, Liotta DC, Wilson LJ. Small molecule and peptide-based CXCR4 modulators as therapeutic agents. A patent review for the period from 2010 to 2018. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:87-101. [PMID: 31854208 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1707186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The chemokine receptor CXCR4 has been under intense study due to the central role it plays in immune system regulation and the pathology of many human diseases. The FDA approval of the first CXCR4 antagonist drug Plerixafor (i.e. AMD3100, Mozobil®) ushered in an increase in patent activity covering CXCR4 based therapeutic agents over the past decade.Areas covered: This article describes patent documents published during the period of 2010 through 2018 for both small molecules and peptide-based CXCR4 modulators as therapeutic agents. There is an expansion of intellectual property (IP) around existing and new small molecules of clinical interest, including new chemotypes featuring aromatic and aliphatic heterocycles. There is also significant IP covering peptide-based therapeutics, although about half as many in number as those covering small molecules.Expert opinion: In the last decade there has been significant interest in modulators of the CXCR4 receptor, as gauged by the number of patent filings and clinical investigations targeting this receptor for human disease intervention. Seven of the many CXCR4 modulators described herein, that are currently in human clinical trials, are likely to spur the creation of other FDA approved therapeutics in the near future, most likely as immune and oncology drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edgars Jecs
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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25
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Suttisintong K, Kaewchangwat N, Thanayupong E, Nerungsi C, Srikun O, Pungpo P. Recent Progress in the Development of HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors: From Small Molecules to Potent Anti-HIV Agents. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1599-1620. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190712204050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Viral entry, the first process in the reproduction of viruses, primarily involves attachment of the viral envelope proteins to membranes of the host cell. The crucial components that play an important role in viral entry include viral surface glycoprotein gp120, viral transmembrane glycoprotein gp41, host cell glycoprotein (CD4), and host cell chemokine receptors (CCR5 and CXCR4). Inhibition of the multiple molecular interactions of these components can restrain viruses, such as HIV-1, from fusion with the host cell, blocking them from reproducing. This review article specifically focuses on the recent progress in the development of small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors and incorporates important aspects of their structural modification that lead to the discovery of new molecular scaffolds with more potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khomson Suttisintong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology, Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Narongpol Kaewchangwat
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology, Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Eknarin Thanayupong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology, Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Chakkrapan Nerungsi
- The Government Pharmaceutical Organization, 75/1 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Onsiri Srikun
- The Government Pharmaceutical Organization, 75/1 Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornpan Pungpo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, 85 Sathonlamark Road, Warinchamrap, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
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26
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Negro S, Zanetti G, Mattarei A, Valentini A, Megighian A, Tombesi G, Zugno A, Dianin V, Pirazzini M, Fillo S, Lista F, Rigoni M, Montecucco C. An Agonist of the CXCR4 Receptor Strongly Promotes Regeneration of Degenerated Motor Axon Terminals. Cells 2019; 8:E1183. [PMID: 31575088 PMCID: PMC6829515 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of the G-protein coupled receptor CXCR4 by its ligand CXCL12α is involved in a large variety of physiological and pathological processes, including the growth of B cells precursors and of motor axons, autoimmune diseases, stem cell migration, inflammation, and several neurodegenerative conditions. Recently, we demonstrated that CXCL12α potently stimulates the functional recovery of damaged neuromuscular junctions via interaction with CXCR4. This result prompted us to test the neuroregeneration activity of small molecules acting as CXCR4 agonists, endowed with better pharmacokinetics with respect to the natural ligand. We focused on NUCC-390, recently shown to activate CXCR4 in a cellular system. We designed a novel and convenient chemical synthesis of NUCC-390, which is reported here. NUCC-390 was tested for its capability to induce the regeneration of motor axon terminals completely degenerated by the presynaptic neurotoxin α-Latrotoxin. NUCC-390 was found to strongly promote the functional recovery of the neuromuscular junction, as assayed by electrophysiology and imaging. This action is CXCR4 dependent, as it is completely prevented by AMD3100, a well-characterized CXCR4 antagonist. These data make NUCC-390 a strong candidate to be tested in human therapy to promote nerve recovery of function after different forms of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy.
| | - Giulia Zanetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy.
| | - Andrea Mattarei
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy.
| | - Alice Valentini
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy.
| | - Aram Megighian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy.
- Padua Neuroscience Institute, Padua 35131, Italy.
| | - Giulia Tombesi
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Zugno
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy.
| | - Valentina Dianin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy.
| | - Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy.
| | - Silvia Fillo
- Center of Medical and Veterinary Research of the Ministry of Defence, Rome 00184, Italy.
| | - Florigio Lista
- Center of Medical and Veterinary Research of the Ministry of Defence, Rome 00184, Italy.
| | - Michela Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy.
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy.
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padua 35131, Italy.
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27
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Burke BP, Miranda CS, Lee RE, Renard I, Nigam S, Clemente GS, D'Huys T, Ruest T, Domarkas J, Thompson JA, Hubin TJ, Schols D, Cawthorne CJ, Archibald SJ. 64Cu PET Imaging of the CXCR4 Chemokine Receptor Using a Cross-Bridged Cyclam Bis-Tetraazamacrocyclic Antagonist. J Nucl Med 2019; 61:123-128. [PMID: 31201250 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.218008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the chemokine receptor chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) plays an important role in cancer metastasis, in autoimmune diseases, and during stem cell-based repair processes after stroke and myocardial infarction. Previously reported PET imaging agents targeting CXCR4 suffer from either high nonspecific uptake or bind only to the human form of the receptor. The objective of this study was to develop a high-stability 64Cu-labeled small-molecule PET agent for imaging both human and murine CXCR4 chemokine receptors. Methods: Synthesis, radiochemistry, stability and radioligand binding assays were performed for the novel tracer 64Cu-CuCB-bicyclam. In vivo dynamic PET studies were performed on mice bearing U87 (CXCR4 low-expressing) and U87.CXCR4 (human-CXCR4 high-expressing) tumors. Biodistribution and receptor blocking studies were performed on CD1-IGS immunocompetent mice. CXCR4 expression on tumor and liver disaggregates was confirmed using a combination of immunohistochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot. Results: 64Cu-CuCB-bicyclam has a high affinity for both the human and the murine variants of the CXCR4 receptor (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, 8 nM [human]/2 nM [murine]) and can be obtained from the parent chelator that has low affinity. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate specific uptake in CXCR4-expressing cells that can be blocked by more than 90% using a higher-affinity antagonist, with limited uptake in non-CXCR4-expressing organs and high in vivo stability. The tracer was also able to selectively displace the CXCR4 antagonists AMD3100 and AMD3465 from the liver. Conclusion: The tetraazamacrocyclic small molecule 64Cu-CuCB-bicyclam has been shown to be an imaging agent for the CXCR4 receptor that is likely to be applicable across a range of species. It has high affinity and stability and is suitable for preclinical research in immunocompetent murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia S Miranda
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Rhiannon E Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Isaline Renard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Shubhanchi Nigam
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Gonçalo S Clemente
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D'Huys
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Torsten Ruest
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Juozas Domarkas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - James A Thompson
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom; and
| | - Timothy J Hubin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, Oklahoma
| | | | - Christopher J Cawthorne
- Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Archibald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom .,Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
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28
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Zhang J, Chen J, Wo D, Yan H, Liu P, Ma E, Li L, Zheng L, Chen D, Yu Z, Liang C, Peng J, Ren DN, Zhu W. LRP6 Ectodomain Prevents SDF-1/CXCR4-Induced Breast Cancer Metastasis to Lung. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:4832-4845. [PMID: 31010839 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lung metastasis is an important cause of breast cancer-related deaths, in which SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway plays a critical role. Single transmembrane protein LRP6 is viewed as an oncogene via activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our work aims to investigate the relationship between SDF-1/CXCR4 and LRP6 in breast cancer lung metastasis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined the expressions and functions of SDF-1/CXCR4 and LRP6 as well as their relationship in breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS LRP6 ectodomain (LRP6N) directly bound to CXCR4 and competitively prevented SDF-1 binding to CXCR4. LRP6N prevented SDF-1/CXCR4-induced metastasis to lung and prolonged survival in mice bearing breast tumors, whereas LRP6 knockdown activated SDF-1/CXCR4 signal transduction and promoted lung metastasis and tumor death. Furthermore, patients with breast cancer with high CXCR4 expression had poor prognosis, which was exacerbated by low LRP6 expression but improved by high LRP6 expression. Interestingly, a secreted LRP6N was found in the serum of mice and humans, which was downregulated by the onset of cancer metastasis in both mice bearing breast cancer as well as in patients with breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS LRP6N might be a promising diagnostic marker for the early detection of breast cancer metastasis as well as an inhibitor of SDF-1/CXCR4-induced breast cancer metastasis. LRP6N also provides an interesting link between Wnt signaling and SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling, the two key pathways involved in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Zhang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Heart Failure Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinxiao Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Wo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Yan
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Heart Failure Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Heart Failure Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - En Ma
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Heart Failure Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Limei Li
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Heart Failure Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zheng
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Heart Failure Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Daxin Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatric, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zuoren Yu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Heart Failure Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunli Liang
- Department of Surgery East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatric, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Dan-Ni Ren
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine on Geriatric, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
| | - Weidong Zhu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Research Institute of Heart Failure Shanghai East Hospital, Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of Ministry of Education, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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29
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Katzman BM, Cox BD, Prosser AR, Alcaraz AA, Murat B, Héroux M, Tebben A, Zhang Y, Schroeder GM, Snyder JP, Wilson LJ, Liotta DC. Tetrahydroisoquinoline CXCR4 Antagonists Adopt a Hybrid Binding Mode within the Peptide Subpocket of the CXCR4 Receptor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:67-73. [PMID: 30655949 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The rationale for the structural and mechanistic basis of a tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) based series of CXCR4 antagonists is presented. Using the previously reported crystal structures which reveal two distinct binding sites of CXCR4 defined as the small molecule (IT1t or minor) binding pocket and peptide (CVX15 or major) binding pocket, we hypothesized our THIQ small molecule series could bind like either molecule in these respective receptor configurations (IT1t versus CVX15 based poses). To this end, a thorough investigation was performed through a combination of receptor mutation studies, medicinal chemistry, biological testing, conformational analysis, and flexible docking. Our findings showed that the CVX15 peptide-based CXCR4 receptor complexes (red pose) were consistently favored over the small molecule IT1t based CXCR4 receptor configurations (blue pose) to correctly explain the computational and mutational studies as well as key structural components of activity for these small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke M. Katzman
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Bryan D. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Anthony R. Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ana A. Alcaraz
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Brigitte Murat
- Medicinal Chemistry platform, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Madeleine Héroux
- Medicinal Chemistry platform, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Andrew Tebben
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, US Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, US Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - Gretchen M. Schroeder
- Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, US Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
| | - James P. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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30
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Gao R, Mitra RN, Zheng M, Wang K, Dahringer JC, Han Z. Developing Nanoceria-Based pH-Dependent Cancer-Directed Drug Delivery System for Retinoblastoma. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2018; 28:1806248. [PMID: 32699541 PMCID: PMC7375362 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201806248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Development of a single combinatorial nano-platform technology to target cancer cells has been an unprecedented reality in boosting synergistic anti-tumor activities and in reducing off-target effects. We have designed a novel anti-tumor delivery system using a chemotherapy drug and a tumor target molecule covalently linked to cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria). Nanoceria have a unique redox activity in that they possess antioxidant activity at physiological pH but have an intrinsic oxidase activity at acidic pH. Our system is integrated with (1) extracellular pH responsive functionality, (2) tumor cell targetable (CXC chemokine receptor 4, CXCR4 receptor specific) antagonist, (3) reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducible nanoceria, and (4) chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (DOX). These combinatorial nanoparticles (AMD-GCCNPs-DOX) are not only sensitive to the extracellular acidic pH conditions and targeted tumor cells but can also instantaneously induce ROS and release DOX intracellularly to enhance the chemotherapeutic activity in retinoblastoma cells (WERI-Rb-1 and Y79) and in xenograft (Y79/GFP-luc grafted) and genetic p107s (Rb Lox/lox , p107 +/- , p130 -/- ) orthotopic mice models. Together we introduce a lucidly engineered combinatorial nano-construct that offers a viable and simple strategy for delivering a cocktail of therapeutics into tumor cells under acidosis, exhibiting a promising new future for clinical therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, 2208 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, China 100050
| | - Rajendra Narayan Mitra
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, 2208 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, 2208 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, 2208 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599
| | - Jesse Christine Dahringer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, 2208 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599
| | - Zongchao Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina, 2208 Marsico Hall, 125 Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599
- Carolina Institute for NanoMedicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599
- Division of Pharmacoengineering & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA 27599
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31
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Berg C, Daugvilaite V, Steen A, Jørgensen AS, Våbenø J, Rosenkilde MM. Inhibition of HIV Fusion by Small Molecule Agonists through Efficacy-Engineering of CXCR4. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:881-886. [PMID: 29461034 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes, notably as a coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cell entry. Its broad expression pattern and vital biological importance make CXCR4 a troublesome drug target, as disruption of the interaction with its endogenous ligand, CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), has severe consequences. In fact, only one CXCR4 drug, the bicyclam antagonist and HIV entry inhibitor AMD3100 (Plerixafor/Mozobil), has been approved for clinical use, however only for stem cell mobilization-a consequence of CXCR4 antagonism. Here, we report the engineering of an efficacy switch mutation in CXCR4-F292A7.43 in the middle of transmembrane helix 7-that converted the antagonists AMD3100 and AMD11070 into partial agonists. As agonists on F292A CXCR4, AMD3100 and AMD11070 were less disruptive to CXCR4 signaling while they remained efficient inhibitors of HIV fusion. This demonstrates that small molecule CXCR4 agonists can have a therapeutic potential as HIV entry inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Berg
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine, Herlev−Gentofte Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Viktorija Daugvilaite
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne Steen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Astrid Sissel Jørgensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jon Våbenø
- Helgeland Hospital Trust, Prestmarkveien 1, 8800 Sandnessjøen, Norway
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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32
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Liu X, Liu H, Dai L, Ma B, Ma K. CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 elicits analgesic effect and restores the GlyRα3 expression against neuropathic pain. J Pain Res 2017; 10:2205-2212. [PMID: 28919816 PMCID: PMC5593393 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s139619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 have been reported to play a critical role in neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. Recently, some reports have implicated this chemokine signaling in the pathogenesis of many kinds of pain. However, its role in neuropathic pain (NP) is still largely unclear. This study explored the distribution and function of CXCR4 in spinal cord (SC) dorsal horn (DH) in a rat L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model. Methods Rats received repeated intrathecal injection of CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100. Behavioral assessments were conducted using a traditional “up–down” method. The spinal CXCL12 contents were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The expression and distribution of CXCR4 in the SC were determined by immunoflurescence and Western blot. GlyRα3 expressions were also measured by Western blot or immunofluorescence. Results SNL induced CXCL12–CXCR4 activation in the spinal DH. Intrathecal administration of AMD3100 alleviated the chronic NP against SNL (P<0.01). CXCR4 was colocalized with GlyRα3-positive neurons in the spinal DH at ratio >97%. Meanwhile, AMD3100 rescued the decrease of GlyRα3 expression (P<0.01 vs the SNL group on Day 14 and Day 21). Conclusion CXCR4 antagonist can elicit analgesic effects and restore the inhibitory neurotransmission such as GlyRα3 against NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Liu
- Pain Management Center, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Liu
- Pain Management Center, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Dai
- Pain Management Center, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingjie Ma
- Pain Management Center, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Ma
- Pain Management Center, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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33
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Tsou LK, Huang YH, Song JS, Ke YY, Huang JK, Shia KS. Harnessing CXCR4 antagonists in stem cell mobilization, HIV infection, ischemic diseases, and oncology. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:1188-1234. [PMID: 28768055 DOI: 10.1002/med.21464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 antagonists (e.g., PlerixaforTM ) have been successfully validated as stem cell mobilizers for peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Applications of the CXCR4 antagonists have heralded the era of cell-based therapy and opened a potential therapeutic horizon for many unmet medical needs such as kidney injury, ischemic stroke, cancer, and myocardial infarction. In this review, we first introduce the central role of CXCR4 in diverse cellular signaling pathways and discuss its involvement in several disease progressions. We then highlight the molecular design and optimization strategies for targeting CXCR4 from a large number of case studies, concluding that polyamines are the preferred CXCR4-binding ligands compared to other structural options, presumably by mimicking the highly positively charged natural ligand CXCL12. These results could be further justified with computer-aided docking into the CXCR4 crystal structure wherein both major and minor subpockets of the binding cavity are considered functionally important. Finally, from the clinical point of view, CXCR4 antagonists could mobilize hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells with long-term repopulating capacity to the peripheral blood, promising to replace surgically obtained bone marrow cells as a preferred source for stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Kelvin Tsou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Yu Ke
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jing-Kai Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kak-Shan Shia
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
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34
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Structure and Function of Peptide-Binding G Protein-Coupled Receptors. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2726-2745. [PMID: 28705763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors and are important human drug targets. Of the 826 human GPCRs, 118 of them recognize endogenous peptide or protein ligands, and 30 of the 118 are targeted by approved drug molecules, including the very high-profile class B glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor. In this review, we analyze the 21 experimentally determined three-dimensional structures of the known peptide-binding GPCRs in relation to the endogenous peptides and drug molecules that modulate their cell signaling processes. Our integrated analyses reveal that half of the marketed drugs and most of the drugs in clinical trials that interact with peptide GPCRs are small molecules with a wide range of binding modes distinct from those of large peptide ligands. As we continue to collect additional data on these receptors from orthogonal approaches, including nuclear magnetic resonance and electron microscopy, we are beginning to understand how these receptors interact with their ligands at the molecular level and how improving the pharmacology of GPCR signal transduction requires us to study these receptors using multiple biophysical techniques.
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35
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Ziarek JJ, Kleist AB, London N, Raveh B, Montpas N, Bonneterre J, St-Onge G, DiCosmo-Ponticello CJ, Koplinski CA, Roy I, Stephens B, Thelen S, Veldkamp CT, Coffman FD, Cohen MC, Dwinell MB, Thelen M, Peterson FC, Heveker N, Volkman BF. Structural basis for chemokine recognition by a G protein-coupled receptor and implications for receptor activation. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/471/eaah5756. [PMID: 28325822 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aah5756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines orchestrate cell migration for development, immune surveillance, and disease by binding to cell surface heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The array of interactions between the nearly 50 chemokines and their 20 GPCR targets generates an extensive signaling network to which promiscuity and biased agonism add further complexity. The receptor CXCR4 recognizes both monomeric and dimeric forms of the chemokine CXCL12, which is a distinct example of ligand bias in the chemokine family. We demonstrated that a constitutively monomeric CXCL12 variant reproduced the G protein-dependent and β-arrestin-dependent responses that are associated with normal CXCR4 signaling and lead to cell migration. In addition, monomeric CXCL12 made specific contacts with CXCR4 that are not present in the structure of the receptor in complex with a dimeric form of CXCL12, a biased agonist that stimulates only G protein-dependent signaling. We produced an experimentally validated model of an agonist-bound chemokine receptor that merged a nuclear magnetic resonance-based structure of monomeric CXCL12 bound to the amino terminus of CXCR4 with a crystal structure of the transmembrane domains of CXCR4. The large CXCL12:CXCR4 protein-protein interface revealed by this structure identified previously uncharacterized functional interactions that fall outside of the classical "two-site model" for chemokine-receptor recognition. Our model suggests a mechanistic hypothesis for how interactions on the extracellular face of the receptor may stimulate the conformational changes required for chemokine receptor-mediated signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Ziarek
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Andrew B Kleist
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Nir London
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Barak Raveh
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nicolas Montpas
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Julien Bonneterre
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Geneviève St-Onge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Chad A Koplinski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ishan Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Bryan Stephens
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 93093, USA
| | - Sylvia Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vela 6, Bellinzona CH-6500, Switzerland
| | | | - Frederick D Coffman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Center for Biophysical Pathology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Marion C Cohen
- Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Michael B Dwinell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Via Vela 6, Bellinzona CH-6500, Switzerland
| | - Francis C Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Nikolaus Heveker
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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36
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Arimont M, Sun SL, Leurs R, Smit M, de Esch IJP, de Graaf C. Structural Analysis of Chemokine Receptor-Ligand Interactions. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4735-4779. [PMID: 28165741 PMCID: PMC5483895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
This
review focuses on the construction and application of structural chemokine
receptor models for the elucidation of molecular determinants of chemokine
receptor modulation and the structure-based discovery and design of
chemokine receptor ligands. A comparative analysis of ligand binding
pockets in chemokine receptors is presented, including a detailed
description of the CXCR4, CCR2, CCR5, CCR9, and US28 X-ray structures,
and their implication for modeling molecular interactions of chemokine
receptors with small-molecule ligands, peptide ligands, and large
antibodies and chemokines. These studies demonstrate how the integration
of new structural information on chemokine receptors with extensive
structure–activity relationship and site-directed mutagenesis
data facilitates the prediction of the structure of chemokine receptor–ligand
complexes that have not been crystallized. Finally, a review of structure-based
ligand discovery and design studies based on chemokine receptor crystal
structures and homology models illustrates the possibilities and challenges
to find novel ligands for chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Arimont
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shan-Liang Sun
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Smit
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan J P de Esch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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37
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Maples RD, Cain AN, Burke BP, Silversides JD, Mewis RE, D'huys T, Schols D, Linder DP, Archibald SJ, Hubin TJ. Aspartate-Based CXCR4 Chemokine Receptor Binding of Cross-Bridged Tetraazamacrocyclic Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes. Chemistry 2016; 22:12916-30. [PMID: 27458983 PMCID: PMC5224883 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The CXCR4 chemokine receptor is implicated in a number of diseases including HIV infection and cancer development and metastasis. Previous studies have demonstrated that configurationally restricted bis-tetraazamacrocyclic metal complexes are high-affinity CXCR4 antagonists. Here, we present the synthesis of Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) acetate complexes of six cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycles to mimic their coordination interaction with the aspartate side chains known to bind them to CXCR4. X-ray crystal structures for three new Cu(2+) acetate complexes and two new Zn(2+) acetate complexes demonstrate metal-ion-dependent differences in the mode of binding the acetate ligand concomitantly with the requisite cis-V-configured cross-bridged tetraazamacrocyle. Concurrent density functional theory molecular modelling studies produced an energetic rationale for the unexpected [Zn(OAc)(H2 O)](+) coordination motif present in all of the Zn(2+) cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycle crystal structures, which differs from the chelating acetate [Zn(OAc)](+) structures of known unbridged and side-bridged tetraazamacrocyclic Zn(2+) -containing CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall D Maples
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK, 73096, USA
| | - Amy N Cain
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK, 73096, USA
| | - Benjamin P Burke
- Department of Chemistry and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Jon D Silversides
- Department of Chemistry and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Ryan E Mewis
- Department of Chemistry and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Thomas D'huys
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Douglas P Linder
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK, 73096, USA
| | - Stephen J Archibald
- Department of Chemistry and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Timothy J Hubin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK, 73096, USA.
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38
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Signal transmission through the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) transmembrane helices. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:9928-33. [PMID: 27543332 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601278113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The atomic-level mechanisms by which G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit extracellular ligand binding events through their transmembrane helices to activate intracellular G proteins remain unclear. Using a comprehensive library of mutations covering all 352 residues of the GPCR CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), we identified 41 amino acids that are required for signaling induced by the chemokine ligand CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor 1). CXCR4 variants with each of these mutations do not signal properly but remain folded, based on receptor surface trafficking, reactivity to conformationally sensitive monoclonal antibodies, and ligand binding. When visualized on the structure of CXCR4, the majority of these residues form a continuous intramolecular signaling chain through the transmembrane helices; this chain connects chemokine binding residues on the extracellular side of CXCR4 to G protein-coupling residues on its intracellular side. Integrated into a cohesive model of signal transmission, these CXCR4 residues cluster into five functional groups that mediate (i) chemokine engagement, (ii) signal initiation, (iii) signal propagation, (iv) microswitch activation, and (v) G protein coupling. Propagation of the signal passes through a "hydrophobic bridge" on helix VI that coordinates with nearly every known GPCR signaling motif. Our results agree with known conserved mechanisms of GPCR activation and significantly expand on understanding the structural principles of CXCR4 signaling.
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39
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Mishra RK, Shum AK, Platanias LC, Miller RJ, Schiltz GE. Discovery and characterization of novel small-molecule CXCR4 receptor agonists and antagonists. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30155. [PMID: 27456816 PMCID: PMC4960487 DOI: 10.1038/srep30155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12 (SDF-1) and its cognate receptor CXCR4 are involved in a large number of physiological processes including HIV-1 infectivity, inflammation, tumorigenesis, stem cell migration, and autoimmune diseases. While previous efforts have identified a number of CXCR4 antagonists, there have been no small molecule agonists reported. Herein, we describe the identification of a novel series of CXCR4 modulators, including the first small molecules to display agonist behavior against this receptor, using a combination of structure- and ligand-based virtual screening. These agonists produce robust calcium mobilization in human melanoma cell lines which can be blocked by the CXCR4-selective antagonist AMD3100. We also demonstrate the ability of these new agonists to induce receptor internalization, ERK activation, and chemotaxis, all hallmarks of CXCR4 activation. Our results describe a new series of biologically relevant small molecules that will enable further study of the CXCR4 receptor and may contribute to the development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama K Mishra
- The Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA
| | - Andrew K Shum
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA.,Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Richard J Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Gary E Schiltz
- The Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Northwestern University, Evanston IL, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL, USA
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40
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Zachariassen ZG, Karlshøj S, Haug BE, Rosenkilde MM, Våbenø J. Probing the Molecular Interactions between CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) and an Arginine-Based Tripeptidomimetic Antagonist (KRH-1636). J Med Chem 2015; 58:8141-53. [PMID: 26397724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We here report an experimentally verified binding mode for the known tripeptidomimetic CXCR4 antagonist KRH-1636 (1). A limited SAR study based on the three functionalities of 1 was first conducted, followed by site-directed mutagenesis studies. The receptor mapping showed that both the potency and affinity of 1 were dependent on the transmembrane residues His(113), Asp(171), Asp(262), and His(281) and also suggested the involvement of Tyr(45) and Gln(200) (potency) and Tyr(116) and Glu(288) (affinity). Molecular docking of 1 to an X-ray structure of CXCR4 showed that the l-Arg guanidino group of 1 forms polar interactions with His(113) and Asp(171) and the (pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino moiety is anchored by Asp(262) and His(281), whereas the naphthalene ring is tightly packed in a hydrophobic subpocket formed by the aromatic side chains of Trp(94), Tyr(45), and Tyr(116). The detailed picture of ligand-receptor interactions provided here will assist in structure-based design and further development of small-molecule peptidomimetic CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zack G Zachariassen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , Breivika, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Stefanie Karlshøj
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bengt Erik Haug
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Pharmacy, University of Bergen , Allégaten 41, NO-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen , Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Våbenø
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , Breivika, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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41
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Hamal S, D'huys T, Rowley WF, Vermeire K, Aquaro S, Frost BJ, Schols D, Bell TW. Metal complexes of pyridine-fused macrocyclic polyamines targeting the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:10517-26. [PMID: 26338723 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01557j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 acts as a key cell surface receptor in HIV infections, multiple forms of cancer, and various other pathologies, such as rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. Macrocyclic polyamines and their metal complexes are known to exert anti-HIV activity, many acting as HIV entry inhibitors by specifically binding to CXCR4. Three series of pyridopentaazacylopentadecanes, in which the pyridine ring is fused to zero, one, or two saturated six-membered rings, were synthesized by manganese(ii)-templated Schiff-base cyclization of triethylenetetramine with various dicarbonyl compounds. By evaluating these macrocyclic polyamines and their complexes with Mn(2+), Cu(2+), Fe(3+), and Zn(2+), we have discovered novel CXCR4-binding compounds. The MnCl2 complex of a new pentaazacyclopentadecane with one fused carbocyclic ring (11) was found to have the greatest potency as an antagonist of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 (IC50: 0.014 μM), as evidenced by inhibiting binding of CXCL12 to PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells). Consequently, this compound inhibits replication of the CXCR4-using (X4) HIV-1 strain NL4-3 in the TZM-bl cell line with an IC50 value of 0.52 μM and low cytotoxicity (CC50: >100 μM). In addition, 18 other compounds were evaluated for their interaction with CXCR4 via their ability to interfere with ligand chemokine binding and HIV entry and infection. Of these, the metal complexes of the two more hydrophobic series with one or two fused carbocyclic rings exhibited the greatest potency. The Zn(2+) complex 21 was among the most potent, showing that redox activity of the metal center is not associated with CXCR4 antagonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Hamal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
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42
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Thiele S, Mungalpara J, Steen A, Rosenkilde MM, Våbenø J. Determination of the binding mode for the cyclopentapeptide CXCR4 antagonist FC131 using a dual approach of ligand modifications and receptor mutagenesis. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:5313-29. [PMID: 25039237 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The cyclopentapeptide FC131 (cyclo(-L-Arg(1) -L-Arg(2) -L-2-Nal(3) -Gly(4) -D-Tyr(5) -)) is an antagonist at the CXC chemokine receptor CXCR4, which plays a role in human immunodeficiency virus infection, cancer and stem cell recruitment. Binding modes for FC131 in CXCR4 have previously been suggested based on molecular docking guided by structure-activity relationship (SAR) data; however, none of these have been verified by in vitro experiments. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Heterologous (125) I-12G5-competition binding and functional assays (inhibition of CXCL12-mediated activation) of FC131 and three analogues were performed on wild-type CXCR4 and 25 receptor mutants. Computational modelling was used to rationalize the experimental data. KEY RESULTS The Arg(2) and 2-Nal(3) side chains of FC131 interact with residues in TM-3 (His(113) , Asp(171) ) and TM-5 (hydrophobic pocket) respectively. Arg(1) forms charge-charge interactions with Asp(187) in ECL-2, while D-Tyr(5) points to the extracellular side of CXCR4. Furthermore, the backbone of FC131 interacts with the chemokine receptor-conserved Glu(288) via two water molecules. Intriguingly, Tyr(116) and Glu(288) form a H-bond in CXCR4 crystal structures and mutation of either residue to Ala abolishes CXCR4 activity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Ligand modification, receptor mutagenesis and computational modelling approaches were used to identify the binding mode of FC131 in CXCR4, which was in agreement with binding modes suggested from previous SAR studies. Furthermore, insights into the mechanism for CXCR4 activation by CXCL12 were gained. The combined findings will facilitate future design of novel CXCR4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thiele
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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43
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Progress toward rationally designed small-molecule peptide and peptidomimetic CXCR4 antagonists. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:1261-83. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 5 years, X-ray structures of CXCR4 in complex with three different ligands (the small-molecule antagonist IT1t, the polypeptide antagonist CVX15 and the viral chemokine antagonist vMIP-II) have been released. In addition to the inherent scientific value of these specific X-ray structures, they provide a reliable structural foundation for studies of the molecular interactions between CXCR4 and its key peptide ligands (CXCL12 and HIV-1 gp120), and serve as valuable templates for further development of small-molecule CXCR4 antagonists with therapeutic potential. We here review recent computational studies of the molecular interactions between CXCR4 and its peptide ligands – based on the X-ray structures of CXCR4 – and the current status of small-molecule peptide and peptidomimetic CXCR4 antagonists.
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44
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Planesas JM, Pérez-Nueno VI, Borrell JI, Teixidó J. Studying the binding interactions of allosteric agonists and antagonists of the CXCR4 receptor. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 60:1-14. [PMID: 26080355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Several examples of allosteric modulators of GPCRs have been reported recently in the literature, but understanding their molecular mechanism presents a new challenge for medicinal chemistry. For the specific case of the cellular receptor CXCR4, it is known that pepducins (lipidated fragments of intracellular GPCR loops) such as ATI-2341 modulate CXCR4 activity agonistically via an allosteric mechanism. Moreover, there are also examples of small organic molecules such as AMD11070 and GSK812397 which may also act as allosteric antagonists. However, incomplete knowledge of the ligand-binding sites has hampered a detailed molecular understanding of how these inhibitors work. Here, we attempt to answer this question by analysing the binding interactions between the CXCR4 receptor and the above-mentioned allosteric modulators. We propose two different allosteric binding sites, one located in the intracellular loops 1, 2 and 3 (ICL1, ICL2 and ICL3) which binds the pepducin agonist ATI-2341, and the other at a subsite of the main extracellular orthosteric binding pocket between extracellular loops 1 and 2 and the N-terminus, which binds the antagonists AMD11070 and GSK812397. Allosteric interactions between the CXCR4 and ATI-2341 were predicted by combining different modeling approaches. First, a rotational blind docking search was applied and the best poses were subsequently refined using flexible docking methods and molecular dynamic simulations. For the AMD11070 and GSK812397 antagonists, the entire CXCR4 protein surface was explored by blind docking in order to define the binding region. A second docking analysis by subsites was then performed to refine the allosteric interactions. Finally, we identified the binding residues that appear to be essential for CXCR4 allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M Planesas
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarriá (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Violeta I Pérez-Nueno
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarriá (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain; Harmonic Pharma, Espace Transfert, 615 rue du Jardin Botanique, 54600 Villers lès Nancy, France.
| | - José I Borrell
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarriá (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Teixidó
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarriá (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
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45
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Lau G, Labrecque J, Metz M, Vaz R, Fricker SP. Specificity for a CCR5 Inhibitor Is Conferred by a Single Amino Acid Residue: ROLE OF ILE198. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11041-51. [PMID: 25767113 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.640169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR2b share 89% amino acid homology. CCR5 is a co-receptor for HIV and CCR5 antagonists have been investigated as inhibitors of HIV infection. We describe the use of two CCR5 antagonists, Schering-C (SCH-C), which is specific for CCR5, and TAK-779, a dual inhibitor of CCR5 and CCR2b, to probe the CCR5 inhibitor binding site using CCR5/CCR2b chimeric receptors. Compound inhibition in the different chimeras was assessed by inhibition of chemokine-induced calcium flux. SCH-C inhibited RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) (CCL5)-mediated calcium flux on CCR5 with an IC50 of 22.8 nM but was inactive against monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2)-mediated calcium flux on CCR2b. However, SCH-C inhibited CCL2-induced calcium flux against a CCR5/CCR2b chimera consisting of transmembrane domains IV-VI of CCR5 with an IC50 of 55 nM. A sequence comparison of CCR5 and CCR2b identified a divergent amino acid sequence located at the junction of transmembrane domain V and second extracellular loop. Transfer of the CCR5 sequence KNFQTLKIV into CCR2b conferred SCH-C inhibition (IC50 of 122 nM) into the predominantly CCR2b chimera. Furthermore, a single substitution, R206I, conferred partial but significant inhibition (IC50 of 1023 nM) by SCH-C. These results show that a limited amino acid sequence is responsible for SCH-C specificity to CCR5, and we propose a model showing the interaction with CCR5 Ile(198).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Lau
- From Anormed Inc., Langley, British Columbia V2Y 1N5, Canada
| | - Jean Labrecque
- From Anormed Inc., Langley, British Columbia V2Y 1N5, Canada
| | - Markus Metz
- Lead Generation to Candidate Realization, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, and
| | - Roy Vaz
- Lead Generation to Candidate Realization, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, and
| | - Simon P Fricker
- Sanofi-Genzyme Research and Development Center, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701
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46
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Qin L, Kufareva I, Holden LG, Wang C, Zheng Y, Zhao C, Fenalti G, Wu H, Han GW, Cherezov V, Abagyan R, Stevens RC, Handel TM. Structural biology. Crystal structure of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in complex with a viral chemokine. Science 2015; 347:1117-22. [PMID: 25612609 DOI: 10.1126/science.1261064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors control cell migration during development, immune system responses, and in numerous diseases, including inflammation and cancer. The structural basis of receptor:chemokine recognition has been a long-standing unanswered question due to the challenges of structure determination for membrane protein complexes. Here, we report the crystal structure of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in complex with the viral chemokine antagonist vMIP-II at 3.1 angstrom resolution. The structure revealed a 1:1 stoichiometry and a more extensive binding interface than anticipated from the paradigmatic two-site model. The structure helped rationalize a large body of mutagenesis data and together with modeling provided insights into CXCR4 interactions with its endogenous ligand CXCL12, its ability to recognize diverse ligands, and the specificity of CC and CXC receptors for their respective chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Qin
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Lauren G Holden
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gustavo Fenalti
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Huixian Wu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gye Won Han
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute. Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Ruben Abagyan
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge Institute. Department of Biological Sciences, Bridge Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Tracy M Handel
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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47
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Stoichiometry and geometry of the CXC chemokine receptor 4 complex with CXC ligand 12: molecular modeling and experimental validation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E5363-72. [PMID: 25468967 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1417037111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors regulate cell migration during development, immune system function, and in inflammatory diseases, making them important therapeutic targets. Nevertheless, the structural basis of receptor:chemokine interaction is poorly understood. Adding to the complexity of the problem is the persistently dimeric behavior of receptors observed in cell-based studies, which in combination with structural and mutagenesis data, suggest several possibilities for receptor:chemokine complex stoichiometry. In this study, a combination of computational, functional, and biophysical approaches was used to elucidate the stoichiometry and geometry of the interaction between the CXC-type chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and its ligand CXCL12. First, relevance and feasibility of a 2:1 stoichiometry hypothesis was probed using functional complementation experiments with multiple pairs of complementary nonfunctional CXCR4 mutants. Next, the importance of dimers of WT CXCR4 was explored using the strategy of dimer dilution, where WT receptor dimerization is disrupted by increasing expression of nonfunctional CXCR4 mutants. The results of these experiments were supportive of a 1:1 stoichiometry, although the latter could not simultaneously reconcile existing structural and mutagenesis data. To resolve the contradiction, cysteine trapping experiments were used to derive residue proximity constraints that enabled construction of a validated 1:1 receptor:chemokine model, consistent with the paradigmatic two-site hypothesis of receptor activation. The observation of a 1:1 stoichiometry is in line with accumulating evidence supporting monomers as minimal functional units of G protein-coupled receptors, and suggests transmission of conformational changes across the dimer interface as the most probable mechanism of altered signaling by receptor heterodimers.
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Role of 3D Structures in Understanding, Predicting, and Designing Molecular Interactions in the Chemokine Receptor Family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Hartimath SV, van Waarde A, Dierckx RAJO, de Vries EFJ. Evaluation of N-[(11)C]methyl-AMD3465 as a PET tracer for imaging of CXCR4 receptor expression in a C6 glioma tumor model. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3810-7. [PMID: 25094028 DOI: 10.1021/mp500398r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 play an important role in tumor progression and metastasis. CXCR4 receptors are expressed by many cancer types and provide a potential target for treatment. Noninvasive detection of CXCR4 may aid diagnosis and improve therapy selection. It has been demonstrated in preclinical studies that positron emission tomography (PET) with a radiolabeled small molecule could enable noninvasive monitoring of CXCR4 expression. Here, we prepared N-[(11)C]methyl-AMD3465 as a new PET tracer for CXCR4. N-[(11)C]Methyl-AMD3465 was readily prepared by N-methylation with [(11)C]CH3OTf. The tracer was obtained in a 60 ± 2% yield (decay corrected), the purity of the tracer was >99%, and specific activity was 47 ± 14 GBq/μmol. Tracer stability was tested in vitro using liver microsomes and rat plasma; excellent stability was observed. The tracer was evaluated in rat C6 glioma and human PC-3 cell lines. In vitro cellular uptake of N-[(11)C]methyl-AMD3465 was receptor mediated. The effect of transition metal ions (Cu(2+), Ni(2+), and Zn(2+)) on cellular binding was examined in C6 cells, and the presence of these ions increased the cellular binding of the tracer 9-, 7-, and 3-fold, respectively. Ex vivo biodistribution and PET imaging of N-[(11)C]methyl-AMD3465 were performed in rats with C6 tumor xenografts. Both PET and biodistribution studies demonstrated specific accumulation of the tracer in the tumor (SUV 0.6 ± 0.2) and other CXCR4 expressing organs, such as lymph node (1.5 ± 0.2), liver (8.9 ± 1.0), bone marrow (1.0 ± 0.3), and spleen (1.0 ± 0.1). Tumor uptake was significantly reduced (66%, p < 0.01) after pretreatment with Plerixafor (AMD3100). Biodistribution data indicates a tumor-to-muscle ratio of 7.85 and tumor-to-plasma ratio of 1.14, at 60 min after tracer injection. Our data demonstrated that N-[(11)C]methyl-AMD3465 is capable of detecting physiologic CXCR4 expression in tumors and other CXCR4 expressing tissues. These results warrant further evaluation of N-[(11)C]methyl-AMD3465 as a potential PET tracer for CXCR4 receptor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Hartimath
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Cox BD, Prosser AR, Katzman BM, Alcaraz AA, Liotta DC, Wilson LJ, Snyder JP. Anti-HIV small-molecule binding in the peptide subpocket of the CXCR4:CVX15 crystal structure. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1614-20. [PMID: 24990206 PMCID: PMC5776682 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is involved in chemotaxis and serves as a coreceptor for T-tropic HIV-1 viral entry, thus making this receptor an attractive drug target. Recently, crystal structures of CXCR4 were reported as complexes with the small molecule IT1t and the CVX15 peptide. Follow-up efforts to model different antagonists into the small molecule CXCR4:IT1t crystal structure did not generate poses consistent with either the X-ray crystal structure or site-directed mutagenesis (SDM). Here, we compare the binding pockets of the two CXCR4 crystal structures, revealing differences in helices IV, V, VI, and VII, with major differences for the His203 residue buried in the binding pocket. The small molecule antagonist AMD11070 was docked into both CXCR4 crystal structures. An AMD11070 pose identified from the CXCR4:CVX15 model presented interactions with Asp171, Glu288, Trp94, and Asp97, consistent with published SDM data, thus suggesting it is the bioactive pose. A CXCR4 receptor model was optimized around this pose of AMD11070, and the resulting model correlated HIV-1 inhibition with MM-GBSA docking scores for a congeneric AMD11070-like series. Subsequent NAMFIS NMR results successfully linked the proposed binding pose to an independent experimental structure. These results strongly suggest that not all small molecules will bind to CXCR4 in a similar manner as IT1t. Instead, the CXCR4:CVX15 crystal structure may provide a binding locus for small organic molecules that is more suitable than the secondary IT1t site. This work is expected to provide modeling insights useful for future CXCR4 antagonist and X4-tropic HIV-1 based drug design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA)
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