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Kim JY, Barua S, Jeong YJ, Lee JE. Adiponectin: The Potential Regulator and Therapeutic Target of Obesity and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176419. [PMID: 32899357 PMCID: PMC7504582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal and human mechanistic studies have consistently shown an association between obesity and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD, a degenerative brain disease, is the most common cause of dementia and is characterized by the presence of extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles disposition. Some studies have recently demonstrated that Aβ and tau cannot fully explain the pathophysiological development of AD and that metabolic disease factors, such as insulin, adiponectin, and antioxidants, are important for the sporadic onset of nongenetic AD. Obesity prevention and treatment can be an efficacious and safe approach to AD prevention. Adiponectin is a benign adipokine that sensitizes the insulin receptor signaling pathway and suppresses inflammation. It has been shown to be inversely correlated with adipose tissue dysfunction and may enhance the risk of AD because a range of neuroprotection adiponectin mechanisms is related to AD pathology alleviation. In this study, we summarize the recent progress that addresses the beneficial effects and potential mechanisms of adiponectin in AD. Furthermore, we review recent studies on the diverse medications of adiponectin that could possibly be related to AD treatment, with a focus on their association with adiponectin. A better understanding of the neuroprotection roles of adiponectin will help clarify the precise underlying mechanism of AD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Youl Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.B.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Sumit Barua
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.B.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Ye Jun Jeong
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.B.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea; (J.Y.K.); (S.B.); (Y.J.J.)
- BK21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2228-1646 (ext. 1659); Fax: +82-2-365-0700
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2
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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3
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Reis RI, Nogueira MD, Campanha-Rodrigues AL, Pereira LM, Andrade MCC, Parreiras-E-Silva LT, Costa-Neto CM, Mortara RA, Casarini DE. The binding of captopril to angiotensin I-converting enzyme triggers activation of signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C367-C379. [PMID: 29874111 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00012.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a global health problem, and angiotensin I (ANG I)-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are largely used to control this pathology. Recently, it has been shown that ACE can also act as a transducer signal molecule when its inhibitors or substrates bind to it. This new role of ACE could contribute to understanding some of the effects not explained by its catalytic activity only. In this study, we investigated signaling pathway activation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing ACE (CHO-ACE) under different conditions. We also investigated gene modulation after 4 h and 24 h of captopril treatment. Our results demonstrated that CHO-ACE cells when stimulated with ANG I, ramipril, or captopril led to JNK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. To verify any physiological role at the endogenous level, we made use of primary cultures of mesangial cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar rats. Our results showed that ERK1/2 activation occurred mainly in primary cultures of mesangial cells from SHR rats upon captopril stimulation, suggesting that this signaling pathway could be differentially regulated during hypertension. Our results also showed that captopril treatment leads to a decrease of cyclooxygenase 2, interleukin-1β, and β-arrestin2 and a significant increase of AP2 gene expression levels. Our findings strengthen the fact that, in addition to the blockage of enzymatic activity, ACE inhibitors also trigger signaling pathway activation, and this may contribute to their beneficial effects in the treatment of hypertension and other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana I Reis
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marie D Nogueira
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Campanha-Rodrigues
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Larissa Miranda Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Maria Claudina C Andrade
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Lucas T Parreiras-E-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirao Preto - University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Claudio M Costa-Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirao Preto - University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Dulce E Casarini
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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4
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Abstract
Multiple binding and transport proteins facilitate many aspects of retinoid biology through effects on retinoid transport, cellular uptake, metabolism, and nuclear delivery. These include the serum retinol binding protein sRBP (aka Rbp4), the plasma membrane sRBP receptor Stra6, and the intracellular retinoid binding-proteins such as cellular retinol-binding proteins (CRBP) and cellular retinoic acid binding-proteins (CRABP). sRBP transports the highly lipophilic retinol through an aqueous medium. The major intracellular retinol-binding protein, CRBP1, likely enhances efficient retinoid use by providing a sink to facilitate retinol uptake from sRBP through the plasma membrane or via Stra6, delivering retinol or retinal to select enzymes that generate retinyl esters or retinoic acid, and protecting retinol/retinal from excess catabolism or opportunistic metabolism. Intracellular retinoic acid binding-proteins (CRABP1 and 2, and FABP5) seem to have more diverse functions distinctive to each, such as directing retinoic acid to catabolism, delivering retinoic acid to specific nuclear receptors, and generating non-canonical actions. Gene ablation of intracellular retinoid binding-proteins does not cause embryonic lethality or gross morphological defects. Metabolic and functional defects manifested in knockouts of CRBP1, CRBP2 and CRBP3, however, illustrate their essentiality to health, and in the case of CRBP2, to survival during limited dietary vitamin A. Future studies should continue to address the specific molecular interactions that occur between retinoid binding-proteins and their targets and their precise physiologic contributions to retinoid homeostasis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Napoli
- Graduate Program in Metabolic Biology, Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, 119 Morgan Hall, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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5
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Gowrisankar YV, Clark MA. Angiotensin II regulation of angiotensin-converting enzymes in spontaneously hypertensive rat primary astrocyte cultures. J Neurochem 2016; 138:74-85. [PMID: 27085714 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) II plays a critical role in cardiovascular and blood pressure regulation. Ang II is produced by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and it interacts with the Ang AT1 receptor to cause much of its well-known cardiovascular effects. Ang-(1-7) is another active peptide produced by the rennin-angiotensin system. This peptide is produced from Ang I or Ang II by the catalytic activity of ACE2. Ang-(1-7) interacts with the Mas receptor to counteract many of the effects of Ang II. Thus, the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis acts opposite of the ACE/Ang II/AT1 axis. In this study we investigated how Ang II regulates the key enzymes of these axes, ACE and its homolog ACE2, and determined whether they are dysregulated in the hypertensive condition. Brainstem and cerebellum astrocytes isolated from the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) were used in these studies. Ang II effect on the enzymes' mRNA and protein levels was measured using quantitative PCR and western blotting techniques, respectively. Results from this study showed that Ang II up-regulated ACE protein levels, but down-regulated ACE mRNA levels in brainstem and cerebellum astrocytes in both models. Ang II also reduced ACE2 mRNA expression in SHR and Wistar astrocytes isolated from both brain regions. Ang II effects on ACE2 protein were biphasic. In SHR astrocytes, Ang II-mediated ACE2 protein initially increased then decreased at later time points. In contrast, in Wistar astrocytes, Ang II initially decreased ACE2 protein expression, but up-regulated the protein at later time points. The findings of these studies suggest that Ang II has a differential effect on ACE and ACE2 expression. Furthermore, in the SHR model there may be alteration in the ACE/ACE2 balance in a manner that favors increased Ang II generation and decreased Ang-(1-7) production contributing to the hypertensive phenotype observed in this model. The levels of angiotensin (Ang) II depend on the actions of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2. We showed in astrocytes isolated from the SHRs that Ang II differentially affects ACE and ACE2 expression. There may be an alteration in the ACE/ACE2 balance favoring Ang II generation. This imbalance may contribute to the hypertensive phenotype observed in this SHR model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugandhar V Gowrisankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle A Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
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6
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Sawada Y, Sakamoto Y, Toh M, Ohara N, Hatanaka Y, Naka A, Kishimoto Y, Kondo K, Iida K. Milk-derived peptide Val-Pro-Pro (VPP) inhibits obesity-induced adipose inflammation via an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) dependent cascade. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:2502-10. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Sawada
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science; Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuri Sakamoto
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science; Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mariko Toh
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science; Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Nozomi Ohara
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science; Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuiko Hatanaka
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science; Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Ayano Naka
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition; Faculty of Human Life and Environmental Sciences, Ochanomizu University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kishimoto
- Endowed Research Department “Food for Health”; Ochanomizu University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuo Kondo
- Endowed Research Department “Food for Health”; Ochanomizu University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kaoruko Iida
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science; Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University; Tokyo Japan
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7
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a disorder based on insulin resistance. Metabolic syndrome is diagnosed by a co-occurrence of three out of five of the following medical conditions: abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressures, elevated glucose, high triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Clinical implication of metabolic syndrome is that it increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome has increased globally, particularly in the last decade, to the point of being regarded as an epidemic. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the USA is estimated to be 34% of adult population. Moreover, increasing rate of metabolic syndrome in developing countries is dramatic. One can speculate that metabolic syndrome is going to induce huge impact on our lives. The metabolic syndrome cannot be treated with a single agent, since it is a multifaceted health problem. A healthy lifestyle including weight reduction is likely most effective in controlling metabolic syndrome. However, it is difficult to initiate and maintain healthy lifestyles, and in particular, with the recidivism of obesity in most patients who lose weight. Next, pharmacological agents that deal with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia can be used singly or in combination: anti-obesity drugs, thiazolidinediones, metformin, statins, fibrates, renin-angiotensin system blockers, glucagon like peptide-1 agonists, sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitors, and some antiplatelet agents such as cilostazol. These drugs have not only their own pharmacologic targets on individual components of metabolic syndrome but some other properties may prove beneficial, i.e. anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative. This review will describe pathophysiologic features of metabolic syndrome and pharmacologic agents for the treatment of metabolic syndrome, which are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-city, 463-707, South Korea,
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8
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Abstract
Increasing incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) which leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is one of the major health issues in the modern world and requires novel strategies for treatment. Adipose tissue has been recognized to have endocrine function and secretes a variety of hormones called adipokines. Several adipokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of CKD and may have a strong impact as a risk factor for renal decline. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the role of adipokines in the progression of CKD, with focus on recent experimental and clinical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Miyamoto
- Center for Renal Translational Medicine, University of California San Diego/Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Mnafgui K, Derbali A, Sayadi S, Gharsallah N, Elfeki A, Allouche N. Anti-obesity and cardioprotective effects of cinnamic acid in high fat diet- induced obese rats. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:4369-77. [PMID: 26139902 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder that is associated with numerous diseases including hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Cinnamic acid is a phytochemical compound having many biological effects and could be considered for the management of obesity. This study is aimed to assess the possible anti-obesity and cardioprotective properties of cinnamic acid (CA) in high fat diet-fed rats (HFD). Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups. They received normal diet, HFD diet, HFD supplemented with fluvastatin (2 mg/kg/day) or cinnamic acid (30 mg/kg/day) for 7 weeks. The results showed an increase in body weight of HFD rats by ~27 % as compared to control group. Moreover, serum lipase activity underwent a significant rise by 103 % which led to an increase in the levels of total cholesterol (T-Ch), triglycerides (TG), LDL-cholesterol in serum of untreated HFD-fed rats. Furthermore, the concentration of leptin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity exhibited remarkable increases in serum of HFD-fed rats as compared to controls. Whereas, the administration of CA to HFD-fed rats improved the body weight gain and serum lipid profile and reverted back near to normal the activities of lipase and ACE. In addition, the echocardiography evidenced that CA is able to protect the aorta and aortic arch and avoided vasoconstriction by increasing their diameters and improved liver steatosis and kidney indices of toxicity. Overall, these results suggest that cinnamic acid exerts anti-obesity and antihypertensive effects through inhibition of lipid digestive enzymes and ACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kais Mnafgui
- Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, P.O. Box 95, Sfax, 3052 Tunisia ; Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, B.P. 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Amal Derbali
- Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, P.O. Box 95, Sfax, 3052 Tunisia
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Laboratoire des Bioprocédés Environnementaux, pôle d'excellence régional (PER, AUF), Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, University of Sfax, B.P. "1177", 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Neji Gharsallah
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, B.P. 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Abdelfattah Elfeki
- Laboratory of Animal Ecophysiology, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, P.O. Box 95, Sfax, 3052 Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Allouche
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, B.P. 1171, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
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10
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Mahadik SR, Lele RD, Mehtalia SD, Deo SS, Parikh V. Secretion of adiponectin from human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue: effects of ramipril and TNFα. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-014-0195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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11
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Dost T, Kafkas S, Gokalp F, Karul A, Birincioglu M. Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on adiponectin levels and lipid profile in the ovariectomized-aged rats. J Pharmacol Pharmacother 2014; 5:21-6. [PMID: 24554906 PMCID: PMC3917161 DOI: 10.4103/0976-500x.124413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the relationship between angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and adiponectin and lipid profile in the ovariectomized-aged rats. Materials and Methods: Wistar albino rats were first divided into two groups; control (C) and ovariectomized (OVX). Bilateral ovariectomy were carried out on rats (n = 30) except control group (n = 10). After 6 weeks from ovariectomy, ovariectomized rats were subdivided into three groups; one group received no treatment (OVX), two groups received low dose (OVX + Cap5; 5 mg/kg/day) and high dose (OVX + Cap20; 20 mg/kg/day) captopril (Cap). Body weights were monitored weekly. Adiponectin, triglyceride, cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels were measured at the end of the 6 weeks. Results: In the OVX group, body weights increased (P < 0.001). In the OVX + Cap20 group, body weights significantly decreased compared with the OVX group during weeks 5 and 6 (P < 0.05). While adiponectin levels increased in the OVX + Cap5 group (P = 0.014), triglyceride and cholesterol levels decreased in the OVX + Cap20 group (P = 0.016 and P < 0.001, respectively) compared to the OVX group. HDL-C and VLDL-C levels decreased only in OVX + Cap20 group (P < 0.005). Conclusions: ACE inhibitors may be decreasing the ovariectomy-induced weight gain by increasing adiponectin levels, and by affecting lipid profiles. The adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may be playing an important role in the development of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turhan Dost
- Department of Pharmacology, Adnan Menderes University, Medical School, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Samet Kafkas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Adnan Menderes University, Medical School, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Filiz Gokalp
- Department of Pharmacology, Adnan Menderes University, Medical School, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Aslihan Karul
- Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University, Medical School, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Birincioglu
- Department of Pharmacology, Adnan Menderes University, Medical School, Aydın, Turkey
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12
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Bernstein KE, Ong FS, Blackwell WLB, Shah KH, Giani JF, Gonzalez-Villalobos RA, Shen XZ, Fuchs S, Touyz RM. A modern understanding of the traditional and nontraditional biological functions of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 65:1-46. [PMID: 23257181 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a zinc-dependent peptidase responsible for converting angiotensin I into the vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. However, ACE is a relatively nonspecific peptidase that is capable of cleaving a wide range of substrates. Because of this, ACE and its peptide substrates and products affect many physiologic processes, including blood pressure control, hematopoiesis, reproduction, renal development, renal function, and the immune response. The defining feature of ACE is that it is composed of two homologous and independently catalytic domains, the result of an ancient gene duplication, and ACE-like genes are widely distributed in nature. The two ACE catalytic domains contribute to the wide substrate diversity of ACE and, by extension, the physiologic impact of the enzyme. Several studies suggest that the two catalytic domains have different biologic functions. Recently, the X-ray crystal structure of ACE has elucidated some of the structural differences between the two ACE domains. This is important now that ACE domain-specific inhibitors have been synthesized and characterized. Once widely available, these reagents will undoubtedly be powerful tools for probing the physiologic actions of each ACE domain. In turn, this knowledge should allow clinicians to envision new therapies for diseases not currently treated with ACE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E Bernstein
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Davis 2021, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is likely the most common cause of liver disease in adults as well as in children and adolescents. Its occurrence is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance. NAFLD may lead to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with possible evolution towards cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition to steatosis, NASH is characterized by necroinflammation and fibrosis. While the presence of simple steatosis can be assessed by imaging studies, the occurrence of NASH and its staging requires a liver biopsy. Along these lines, major efforts are directed at identifying non-invasive methodologies able to discriminate simple NAFLD from NASH and to predict the stage of fibrotic evolution. Current treatment relies on weight loss and exercise, although various insulin-sensitizing agents, antioxidants and anti-inflammatory and antifibrogenic agents are under evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pinzani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Research, High Education and Transfer DENOThe, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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14
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Sun X, Rentzsch B, Gong M, Eichhorst J, Pankow K, Papsdorf G, Maul B, Bader M, Siems WE. Signal transduction in CHO cells stably transfected with domain-selective forms of murine ACE. Biol Chem 2010; 391:235-244. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Membrane-bound human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been reported to initiate intracellular signaling after interaction with substrates or inhibitors. Somatic ACE is known to contain two distinct, extracellular catalytic centers. We analyzed the signal transduction mechanisms in cells transfected with different forms of murine ACE (mACE) and investigated whether the two domains are similarly involved in these processes. For this purpose, CHO cells were stably transfected with mACE or with its domain-selective mutants. In addition to these modified cellular models, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were used in this study. Signal transduction molecules such as JNK and c-Jun were analyzed after activation of cells with several ACE substrates and inhibitors. ACE-targeting compounds such as substrates, inhibitors, or even the ACE product angiotensin-II induce in mACE-expressing cells a signal transduction response. These processes are also evoked by partially inactivated forms of mACE and finally result in an enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 transcription. Surprisingly, the membrane-bound ACE activity is also influenced by ACE-targeted interventions. Our data suggest that the two catalytic domains of mACE do not function independently but that the signal transduction is influenced by negative cooperativity of the two catalytic domains. This study underlines that ACE indeed has receptor-like properties which occur in a species-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoou Sun
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brit Rentzsch
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maolian Gong
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jenny Eichhorst
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Pankow
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gisela Papsdorf
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Maul
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
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Lambert DW, Clarke NE, Turner AJ. Not just angiotensinases: new roles for the angiotensin-converting enzymes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:89-98. [PMID: 19763395 PMCID: PMC7079792 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a critical regulator of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Angiotensin II, the primary bioactive peptide of the RAS, is generated from angiotensin I by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). A homologue of ACE, ACE2, is able to convert angiotensin II to a peptide with opposing effects, angiotensin-(1-7). It is proposed that disturbance of the balance of ACE and ACE2 expression and/or function is important in pathologies in which angiotensin II plays a role. These include cardiovascular and renal disease, lung injury and liver fibrosis. The critical roles of ACE and ACE2 in regulating angiotensin II levels have traditionally focussed attention on their activities as angiotensinases. Recent discoveries, however, have illuminated the roles of these enzymes and of the ACE2 homologue, collectrin, in intracellular trafficking and signalling. This paper reviews the key literature regarding both the catalytic and non-catalytic roles of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Lambert
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Sheffield, S10 2TA, Sheffield, UK.
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Lucero HA, Kintsurashvili E, Marketou ME, Gavras H. Cell signaling, internalization, and nuclear localization of the angiotensin converting enzyme in smooth muscle and endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5555-68. [PMID: 20022959 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.074740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) catalyzes the extracellular formation of angiotensin II, and degradation of bradykinin, thus regulating blood pressure and renal handling of electrolytes. We have previously shown that exogenously added ACE elicited transcriptional regulation independent of its enzymatic activity. Because transcriptional regulation generates from protein-DNA interactions within the cell nucleus we have investigated the initial cellular response to exogenous ACE and the putative internalization of the enzyme in smooth muscle cells (SMC) and endothelial cells (EC). The following phenomena were observed when ACE was added to cells in culture: 1) it bound to SMC and EC with high affinity (K(d) = 361.5 +/- 60.5 pM) and with a low binding occupancy (B(max) = 335.0 +/- 14.0 molecules/cell); 2) it triggered cellular signaling resulting in late activation of focal adhesion kinase and SHP2; 3) it modulated platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling; 4) it was endocytosed by SMC and EC; and 5) it transited through the early endosome, partially occupied the late endosome and the lysosome, and was localized to the nuclei. The incorporation of ACE or a fragment of it into the nuclei reached saturation at 120 min, and was preceded by a lag time of 40 min. Internalized ACE was partially cleaved into small fragments. These results revealed that extracellular ACE modulated cell signaling properties, and that SMC and EC have a pathway for delivery of extracellular ACE to the nucleus, most likely involving cell surface receptor(s) and requiring transit through late endosome/lysosome compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A Lucero
- Alapis Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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17
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Production and secretion of adiponectin from 3T3-L1 adipocytes: comparison of antihypertensive drugs. Am J Hypertens 2009; 22:1126-9. [PMID: 19730415 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2009.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiponectin is an important vascular protective adipocytokine that possesses antidiabetic, antiatherogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of various antihypertensive drugs on the production and secretion of adiponectin from adipocytes. METHODS 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated for 6 h with increased doses of the following drugs: hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, losartan, telmisartan, captopril, and nifedipine. Adiponectin levels, as well as adiponectin-mRNA expression, were measured in the medium and cells. RESULTS Significant increases of adiponectin were induced by telmisartan: 56% with a dose of 0.1 micromol/l (P < 0.05), 131% with 10 micromol/l (P < 0.05), and 125% with 100 micromol/l (P < 0.01). Losartan (100 micromol/l) also increased adiponectin by 65% (P < 0.05). Conversely, hydrochlorothiazide, 0.1 micromol/l, reduced adiponectin by 37% (P < 0.01). Captopril, atenolol, and nifedipine had no effect on adiponectin. Gene expression of adiponectin correlated with these results: with telmisartan, it increased by 27%, and with hydrochlorothiazide it decreased by 38% (P < 0.05 for both compared to the control). CONCLUSION In this comparative model, telmisartan, and to a lesser extent, losartan, increased production and secretion of adiponectin from 3T3-L1 adipocytes compared to the other antihypertensive drugs.
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Weisinger RS, Stanley TK, Begg DP, Weisinger HS, Spark KJ, Jois M. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition lowers body weight and improves glucose tolerance in C57BL/6J mice maintained on a high fat diet. Physiol Behav 2009; 98:192-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Santos EL, de Picoli Souza K, da Silva ED, Batista EC, Martins PJF, D'Almeida V, Pesquero JB. Long term treatment with ACE inhibitor enalapril decreases body weight gain and increases life span in rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:951-8. [PMID: 19549507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin system is involved in homeostasis processes linked to renal and cardiovascular system and recently has been linked to metabolic syndrome. We analyzed the influence of long term angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalapril treatment in normotensive adult Wistar rats fed with standard or palatable hyperlipidic diets. Our results show that long term enalapril treatment decreases absolute food intake, serum leptin concentration and body weight gain. Moreover, in adipose tissue, enalapril treatment led to decreased ACE activity, enhanced the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, adiponectin, hormone-sensitive lipase, fatty acid synthase, catalase and superoxide dismutase resulting in prolonged life span. On the other hand, the ACE inhibitor was not able to improve the transport of leptin through the blood brain barrier or to alter the sensitivity of this hormone in the central nervous system. The effect of enalapril in decreasing body weight gain was also observed in older rats. In summary, these results extend our previous findings and corroborate data from the literature regarding the beneficial metabolic effects of enalapril and show for the first time that this ACE inhibitor prolongs life span in rats also fed with palatable hyperlipidic diet, an action probably correlated with adipose tissue metabolic modulation and body weight reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Lucas Santos
- School of Environmental and Biological Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Rodovia dourados - Itahum, Km 12, Dourados, MS, Brazil
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