1
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Danilov SM, Adzhubei IA, Kozuch AJ, Petukhov PA, Popova IA, Choudhury A, Sengupta D, Dudek SM. Carriers of Heterozygous Loss-of-Function ACE Mutations Are at Risk for Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2024; 12:162. [PMID: 38255267 PMCID: PMC10813023 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that subjects with heterozygous loss-of-function (LoF) ACE mutations are at risk for Alzheimer's disease because amyloid Aβ42, a primary component of the protein aggregates that accumulate in the brains of AD patients, is cleaved by ACE (angiotensin I-converting enzyme). Thus, decreased ACE activity in the brain, either due to genetic mutation or the effects of ACE inhibitors, could be a risk factor for AD. To explore this hypothesis in the current study, existing SNP databases were analyzed for LoF ACE mutations using four predicting tools, including PolyPhen-2, and compared with the topology of known ACE mutations already associated with AD. The combined frequency of >400 of these LoF-damaging ACE mutations in the general population is quite significant-up to 5%-comparable to the frequency of AD in the population > 70 y.o., which indicates that the contribution of low ACE in the development of AD could be under appreciated. Our analysis suggests several mechanisms by which ACE mutations may be associated with Alzheimer's disease. Systematic analysis of blood ACE levels in patients with all ACE mutations is likely to have clinical significance because available sequencing data will help detect persons with increased risk of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Patients with transport-deficient ACE mutations (about 20% of damaging ACE mutations) may benefit from preventive or therapeutic treatment with a combination of chemical and pharmacological (e.g., centrally acting ACE inhibitors) chaperones and proteosome inhibitors to restore impaired surface ACE expression, as was shown previously by our group for another transport-deficient ACE mutation-Q1069R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei M. Danilov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (A.J.K.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Ivan A. Adzhubei
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Alexander J. Kozuch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (A.J.K.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Pavel A. Petukhov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Isolda A. Popova
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Ananyo Choudhury
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; (A.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Dhriti Sengupta
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; (A.C.); (D.S.)
| | - Steven M. Dudek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (A.J.K.); (S.M.D.)
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2
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Heo SY, Kang N, Kim EA, Kim J, Lee SH, Ahn G, Oh JH, Shin AY, Kim D, Heo SJ. Purification and Molecular Docking Study on the Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE)-Inhibitory Peptide Isolated from Hydrolysates of the Deep-Sea Mussel Gigantidas vrijenhoeki. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:458. [PMID: 37623739 PMCID: PMC10456528 DOI: 10.3390/md21080458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to prepare an angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory peptide from the hydrothermal vent mussel, Gigantidas vrijenhoeki. The G. vrijenhoeki protein was hydrolyzed by various hydrolytic enzymes. The peptic hydrolysate exhibited the highest ACE-inhibitory activity and was fractionated into four molecular weight ranges by ultrafiltration. The <1 kDa fraction exhibited the highest ACE inhibitory activity and was found to have 11 peptide sequences. Among the analyzed peptides, KLLWNGKM exhibited stronger ACE inhibitory activity and an IC50 value of 0.007 μM. To investigate the ACE-inhibitory activity of the analyzed peptides, a molecular docking study was performed. KLLWNGKM exhibited the highest binding energy (-1317.01 kcal/mol), which was mainly attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonds with the ACE active pockets, zinc-binding motif, and zinc ion. These results indicate that G. vrijenhoeki-derived peptides can serve as nutritional and pharmacological candidates for controlling blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Yeong Heo
- Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.H.); (N.K.); (E.-A.K.); (J.K.)
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Nalae Kang
- Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.H.); (N.K.); (E.-A.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Eun-A Kim
- Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.H.); (N.K.); (E.-A.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Junseong Kim
- Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.H.); (N.K.); (E.-A.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Seung-Hong Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ginnae Ahn
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea;
| | - Je Hyeok Oh
- Marine Ecosystem and Biological Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; (J.H.O.); (A.Y.S.); (D.K.)
| | - A Young Shin
- Marine Ecosystem and Biological Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; (J.H.O.); (A.Y.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Dongsung Kim
- Marine Ecosystem and Biological Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Busan 49111, Republic of Korea; (J.H.O.); (A.Y.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Soo-Jin Heo
- Jeju Bio Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea; (S.-Y.H.); (N.K.); (E.-A.K.); (J.K.)
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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3
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Ko SC, Kim JY, Lee JM, Yim MJ, Kim HS, Oh GW, Kim CH, Kang N, Heo SJ, Baek K, Lee DS. Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition and Molecular Docking Study of Meroterpenoids Isolated from Brown Alga, Sargassum macrocarpum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11065. [PMID: 37446242 PMCID: PMC10341620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) is an important blood pressure regulator. In this study, we aimed to investigate the ACE-inhibitory effects of meroterpenoids isolated from the brown alga, Sargassum macrocarpum, and the molecular mechanisms underlying ACE inhibition. Four fractions of S. macrocarpum were prepared using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water as solvents and analyzed for their potential ACE-inhibitory effects. The chloroform fraction showed the strongest ACE-inhibitory effect, with an IC50 value of 0.18 mg/mL. Three meroterpenoids, sargachromenol, 7-methyl sargachromenol, and sargaquinoic acid, were isolated from the chloroform fraction. Meroterpenoids isolated from S. macrocarpum had IC50 values of 0.44, 0.37, and 0.14 mM. The molecular docking study revealed that the ACE-inhibitory effect of the isolated meroterpenoids was mainly attributed to Zn-ion, hydrogen bonds, pi-anion, and pi-alkyl interactions between the meroterpenoids and ACE. These results suggest that S. macrocarpum could be a potential raw material for manufacturing antihypertensive nutraceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Chun Ko
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea; (S.-C.K.); (J.M.L.); (M.-J.Y.); (H.-S.K.); (G.-W.O.); (C.H.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Ji-Yul Kim
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea; (S.-C.K.); (J.M.L.); (M.-J.Y.); (H.-S.K.); (G.-W.O.); (C.H.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea; (S.-C.K.); (J.M.L.); (M.-J.Y.); (H.-S.K.); (G.-W.O.); (C.H.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Mi-Jin Yim
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea; (S.-C.K.); (J.M.L.); (M.-J.Y.); (H.-S.K.); (G.-W.O.); (C.H.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea; (S.-C.K.); (J.M.L.); (M.-J.Y.); (H.-S.K.); (G.-W.O.); (C.H.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Gun-Woo Oh
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea; (S.-C.K.); (J.M.L.); (M.-J.Y.); (H.-S.K.); (G.-W.O.); (C.H.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Chul Hwan Kim
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea; (S.-C.K.); (J.M.L.); (M.-J.Y.); (H.-S.K.); (G.-W.O.); (C.H.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Nalae Kang
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea; (N.K.); (S.-J.H.)
| | - Soo-Jin Heo
- Jeju Marine Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), Jeju 63349, Republic of Korea; (N.K.); (S.-J.H.)
| | - Kyunghwa Baek
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea; (S.-C.K.); (J.M.L.); (M.-J.Y.); (H.-S.K.); (G.-W.O.); (C.H.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Dae-Sung Lee
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea; (S.-C.K.); (J.M.L.); (M.-J.Y.); (H.-S.K.); (G.-W.O.); (C.H.K.); (K.B.)
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4
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Kozuch AJ, Petukhov PA, Fagyas M, Popova IA, Lindeblad MO, Bobkov AP, Kamalov AA, Toth A, Dudek SM, Danilov SM. Urinary ACE Phenotyping as a Research and Diagnostic Tool: Identification of Sex-Dependent ACE Immunoreactivity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:953. [PMID: 36979933 PMCID: PMC10045976 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is highly expressed in renal proximal tubules, but ACE activity/levels in the urine are at least 100-fold lower than in the blood. Decreased proximal tubular ACE has been associated with renal tubular damage in both animal models and clinical studies. Because ACE is shed into urine primarily from proximal tubule epithelial cells, its urinary ACE measurement may be useful as an index of tubular damage. OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY We applied our novel approach-ACE phenotyping-to characterize urinary ACE in volunteer subjects. ACE phenotyping includes (1) determination of ACE activity using two substrates (ZPHL and HHL); (2) calculation of the ratio of hydrolysis of the two substrates (ZPHL/HHL ratio); (3) quantification of ACE immunoreactive protein levels; and (4) fine mapping of local ACE conformation with mAbs to ACE. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In normal volunteers, urinary ACE activity was 140-fold less than in corresponding plasma/serum samples and did not differ between males and females. However, urinary ACE immunoreactivity (normalized binding of 25 mAbs to different epitopes) was strongly sex-dependent for the several mAbs tested, an observation likely explained by differences in tissue ACE glycosylation/sialylation between males and females. Urinary ACE phenotyping also allowed the identification of ACE outliers. In addition, daily variability of urinary ACE has potential utility as a feedback marker for dieting individuals pursuing weight loss. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Urinary ACE phenotyping is a promising new approach with potential clinical significance to advance precision medicine screening techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Kozuch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, CSB 915, MC 719, 840 S. Wood Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pavel A. Petukhov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Miklos Fagyas
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 94, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Isolda A. Popova
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Matthew O. Lindeblad
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | - Attila Toth
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 94, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Steven M. Dudek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, CSB 915, MC 719, 840 S. Wood Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sergei M. Danilov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, CSB 915, MC 719, 840 S. Wood Ave., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Medical Center, Moscow University, Moscow 119435, Russia
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5
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Danilov SM, Jain MS, A. Petukhov P, Kurilova OV, Ilinsky VV, Trakhtman PE, Dadali EL, Samokhodskaya LM, Kamalov AA, Kost OA. Blood ACE Phenotyping for Personalized Medicine: Revelation of Patients with Conformationally Altered ACE. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020534. [PMID: 36831070 PMCID: PMC9953529 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) metabolizes a number of important peptides participating in blood pressure regulation and vascular remodeling. Elevated blood ACE is a marker for granulomatous diseases and elevated ACE expression in tissues is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Objective and Methodology: We applied a novel approach -ACE phenotyping-to find a reason for conformationally impaired ACE in the blood of one particular donor. Similar conformationally altered ACEs were detected previously in 2-4% of the healthy population and in up to 20% of patients with uremia, and were characterized by significant increase in the rate of angiotensin I hydrolysis. Principal findings: This donor has (1) significantly increased level of endogenous ACE inhibitor in plasma with MW less than 1000; (2) increased activity toward angiotensin I; (3) M71V mutation in ABCG2 (membrane transporter for more than 200 compounds, including bilirubin). We hypothesize that this patient may also have the decreased level of free bilirubin in plasma, which normally binds to the N domain of ACE. Analysis of the local conformation of ACE in plasma of patients with Gilbert and Crigler-Najjar syndromes allowed us to speculate that binding of mAbs 1G12 and 6A12 to plasma ACE could be a natural sensor for estimation of free bilirubin level in plasma. Totally, 235 human plasma/sera samples were screened for conformational changes in soluble ACE. Conclusions/Significance: ACE phenotyping of plasma samples allows us to identify individuals with conformationally altered ACE. This type of screening has clinical significance because this conformationally altered ACE could not only result in the enhancement of the level of angiotensin II but could also serve as an indicator of free bilirubin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei M. Danilov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Medical Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Mark S. Jain
- Medical Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Petukhov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Olga V. Kurilova
- Medical Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Pavel E. Trakhtman
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Armais A. Kamalov
- Medical Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A. Kost
- Chemistry Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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6
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Im ST, Lee SH. Structure Characterization and Antihypertensive Effect of an Antioxidant Peptide Purified from Alcalase Hydrolysate of Velvet Antler. Food Sci Anim Resour 2023; 43:184-194. [PMID: 36789190 PMCID: PMC9890357 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2022.e70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, interest in food-derived bioactive peptides as promising ingredients for the prevention and improvement of hypertension is increasing. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure and antihypertensive effect of an antioxidant peptide purified from velvet antler in a previous study and evaluate its potential as a various bioactive peptide. Molecular weight (MW) and amino acid sequences of the purified peptide were determined by quadrupole time-of-flight electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy. The angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity of the purified peptide was assessed by enzyme reaction methods and in silico molecular docking analysis to determine the interaction between the purified peptide and ACE. Also, antihypertensive effect of the purified peptide in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) was investigated. The purified antioxidant peptide was identified to be a pentapeptide Asp-Asn-Arg-Tyr-Tyr with a MW of 730.31 Da. This pentapeptide showed potent inhibition activity against ACE (IC50 value, 3.72 μM). Molecular docking studies revealed a good and stable binding affinity between purified peptide and ACE and indicated that the purified peptide could interact with HOH2570, ARG522, ARG124, GLU143, HIS387, TRP357, and GLU403 residues of ACE. Furthermore, oral administration of the pentapeptide significantly reduced blood pressure in SHRs. The pentapeptide derived from enzymatic hydrolysate of velvet antler is an excellent ACE inhibitor. It might be effectively applied as an animal-based functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Tae Im
- Department of Medical Science,
Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea
| | - Seung-Hong Lee
- Department of Medical Science,
Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea,Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering,
Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Korea,Corresponding author:
Seung-Hong Lee, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Soonchunhyang
University, Asan 31538, Korea, Tel: +82-41-530-4980, Fax:
+82-41-530-3085, E-mail:
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7
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Tang H, Wang C, Cao S, Wang F. Novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from walnut protein isolate: Separation, identification and molecular docking study. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14411. [PMID: 36121201 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Walnut protein isolate was hydrolyzed using alcalase® to obtain angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory (ACEI) peptides. The components with high ACEI activity were successfully purified from walnut protein isolate hydrolysates (WPIH) by ultrafiltration and G-25 gel chromatography. The 1520 peptides were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Then the screening model of ACEI peptides was established by in silico approach. It was found that four ACEI active peptides (PPKP, YPQY, YLPP, and PKPP) were obtained with IC50 values ranging from 506 to 89 μmol/L, among which PPKP had the highest ACEI activity (IC50 = 89 ± 1 μmol/L). The four peptides mentioned above were novel, non-toxic, and resistant to gastrointestinal digestion. The molecular docking studies showed that the ACEI effect of ACEI peptide was mainly due to the interaction with residues of Gln281 and His353 in the ACE active pockets. In vivo availability of ACEI peptides showed that the probability of PPKP binding to ACE was 37.9% in the human body. Our studies suggest that the ACEI peptides derived from the WPIH can be considered functional foods that can prevent hypertension. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Hypertension is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. This study used a cost-effective method to isolate and identify potential ACEI peptides from the walnut meal. Since the walnut meal is often discarded in the processing of walnut products and thus pollutes the environment, the preparation of walnut meal into ACEI peptides can reduce the impact of hypertension on people and reduce environmental pollution. The experimental results show that walnut ACEI peptides are a safe and healthy nutritional product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengkuan Tang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shinuo Cao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fengjun Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, P. R. China
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8
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Lammi C, Boschin G, Bartolomei M, Arnoldi A, Galaverna G, Dellafiora L. Mechanistic Insights into Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Tripeptides to Decipher the Chemical Basis of Their Activity. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:11572-11578. [PMID: 36074807 PMCID: PMC9501895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Food proteins are an important source of bioactive peptides, and the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are worthy of attention for their possible beneficial effects in subjects with mild hypertension. However, the chemical basis underpinning their activity is not well-understood, hampering the discovery of novel inhibitory sequences from the plethora of peptides encrypted in food proteins. This work combined computational and in vitro investigations to describe precisely the chemical basis of potent inhibitory tripeptides. A substantial set of previously uncharacterized tripeptides have been investigated in silico and in vitro, and LCP was described for the first time as a potent ACE inhibitory peptide with IC50 values of 8.25 and 6.95 μM in cell-free and cell-based assays, respectively. The outcomes presented could serve to better understand the chemical basis of already characterized potent inhibitory tripeptides or as a blueprint to design novel and potent inhibitory peptides and peptide-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lammi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Giovanna Boschin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Martina Bartolomei
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, Parma 43124, Italy
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9
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Lubbe L, Sewell BT, Woodward JD, Sturrock ED. Cryo-EM reveals mechanisms of angiotensin I-converting enzyme allostery and dimerization. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110550. [PMID: 35818993 PMCID: PMC9379546 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. The somatic isoform of angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (sACE) plays a critical role in blood pressure regulation, and ACE inhibitors are thus widely used to treat hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Our current understanding of sACE structure, dynamics, function, and inhibition has been limited because truncated, minimally glycosylated forms of sACE are typically used for X‐ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations. Here, we report the first cryo‐EM structures of full‐length, glycosylated, soluble sACE (sACES1211). Both monomeric and dimeric forms of the highly flexible apo enzyme were reconstructed from a single dataset. The N‐ and C‐terminal domains of monomeric sACES1211 were resolved at 3.7 and 4.1 Å, respectively, while the interacting N‐terminal domains responsible for dimer formation were resolved at 3.8 Å. Mechanisms are proposed for intradomain hinging, cooperativity, and homodimerization. Furthermore, the observation that both domains were in the open conformation has implications for the design of sACE modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizelle Lubbe
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bryan Trevor Sewell
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jeremy D Woodward
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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10
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Popova IA, Lubbe L, Petukhov PA, Kalantarov GF, Trakht IN, Chernykh ER, Leplina OY, Lyubimov AV, Garcia JGN, Dudek SM, Sturrock ED, Danilov SM. Epitope mapping of novel monoclonal antibodies to human angiotensin I-converting enzyme. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1577-1593. [PMID: 33931897 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE, CD143) plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation, vascular remodeling, and immunity. A wide spectrum of mAbs to different epitopes on the N and C domains of human ACE have been generated and used to study different aspects of ACE biology, including establishing a novel approach-conformational fingerprinting. Here we characterized a novel set of 14 mAbs, developed against human seminal fluid ACE. The epitopes for these novel mAbs were defined using recombinant ACE constructs with truncated N and C domains, species cross-reactivity, ACE mutagenesis, and competition with the previously mapped anti-ACE mAbs. Nine mAbs recognized regions on the N domain, and 5 mAbs-on the C domain of ACE. The epitopes for most of these novel mAbs partially overlap with epitopes mapped onto ACE by the previously generated mAbs, whereas mAb 8H1 recognized yet unmapped region on the C domain where three ACE mutations associated with Alzheimer's disease are localized and is a marker for ACE mutation T877M. mAb 2H4 could be considered as a specific marker for ACE in dendritic cells. This novel set of mAbs can identify even subtle changes in human ACE conformation caused by tissue-specific glycosylation of ACE or mutations, and can detect human somatic and testicular ACE in biological fluids and tissues. Furthermore, the high reactivity of these novel mAbs provides an opportunity to study changes in the pattern of ACE expression or glycosylation in different tissues, cells, and diseases, such as sarcoidosis and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isolda A Popova
- Recombinant Protein Production Core (rPPC), Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Lizelle Lubbe
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pavel A Petukhov
- School of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Ilya N Trakht
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elena R Chernykh
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga Y Leplina
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunotherapy, Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alex V Lyubimov
- Toxicology Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Steven M Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Edward D Sturrock
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sergei M Danilov
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Medical Center, Moscow University, Moscow, Russia
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11
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Kang N, Ko SC, Kim HS, Yang HW, Ahn G, Lee SC, Lee TG, Lee JS, Jeon YJ. Structural Evidence for Antihypertensive Effect of an Antioxidant Peptide Purified from the Edible Marine Animal Styela clava. J Med Food 2020; 23:132-138. [PMID: 32017648 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the antihypertensive effects of an antioxidant peptide, Leu-Trp-His-Thr-His (LWHTH), purified from Styela clava peptic hydrolysate, to assess the bioactivity of the peptide and verify the value of S. clava as a health-promoting food. Also, the study presented structural evidence for the effects of LWHTH. The inhibitory effect of LWHTH on angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) was assessed using enzyme reaction methods and the simulation methods in computational space. LWHTH inhibited ACE with an IC50 value of 16.42 ± 0.45 μM. The LWHTH structure was stable, and its ACE inhibitory effect was retained under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. In silico simulations revealed that LWHTH binds the active site of ACE, with residues LW making the ACE-LWHTH complex stable and residues HTH making the complex strong. Furthermore, LWHTH significantly reduced blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. These results demonstrate that LWHTH has the potential to be a healthy functional food with antihypertensive effects. Therefore, S. clava consumption may be beneficial for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalae Kang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea.,Jeju International Marine Science Center for Research and Education, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Jeju, Korea
| | - Seok-Chun Ko
- Team of Marine Bio-Resouorces, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seochun, Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Hye-Won Yang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Ginnae Ahn
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungnam University, Changwon, Korea
| | - Tae-Gee Lee
- Department of Hotel Cuisine and Baking, Jeonnam State University, Damyang-Gun, Korea
| | - Jung-Suck Lee
- Research Center for Industrial Development of Seafood, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Korea
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea.,Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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12
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Gohari M, Dastgheib SA, Noorishadkam M, Lookzadeh MH, Mirjalili SR, Akbarian-Bafghi MJ, Morovati-Sharifabad M, Neamatzadeh H. Association of eNOS and ACE Polymorphisms with Retinopathy of Prematurity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2020; 39:334-345. [PMID: 31437068 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2019.1652378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: We performed a meta-analysis to clarify the association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphisms with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) risk. Methods: PubMed, Medline, and Embase literatures up to June 01, 2019, were reviewed. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of associations. Results: Eighteen case-control studies including 14 studies (810 cases and 1754 controls) on eNOS polymorphisms and four studies (1014 cases and 1215 controls) on ACE I/D polymorphism were selected. Overall, analysis showed that infants with the ACE I/D polymorphism have an increased susceptibility to ROP. No association of eNOS 27-bp, 894 G > T and -786 T > C polymorphisms with ROP risk was found. Conclusion: ACE I/D polymorphism may serve as genetic biomarker of increased ROP risk. The eNOS polymorphisms do not appear to influence susceptibility to ROP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Gohari
- Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hossein Neamatzadeh
- Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
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13
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Abstract
COVID-19, a disease caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has reached the proportion of a pandemic and presents with either mild and moderate symptoms or in severe cases with acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and even death. Older age, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and obesity significantly increase morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients. In the present review we summarize the existing, and daily growing, data on the impact of COVID-19 infection on patients with diabetes, their antidiabetic therapy as well as the extra precautions, apart from good glucose control, they have to take in order not to contract the virus. Social distancing and strict hand hygiene are of great importance in order to help the global goal of eradication of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stavros Antonopoulos
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetes Center, Tzaneio General Hospital of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece
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14
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Zheng Y, Zhang Y, San S. Efficacy of a Novel ACE-Inhibitory Peptide from Sargassum Maclurei in Hypertension and Reduction of Intracellular Endothelin-1. Nutrients 2020; 12:E653. [PMID: 32121212 PMCID: PMC7146574 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sargassum maclurei is a potential protein resource because of its high protein content and relatively balanced amino acid composition. To promote its usage in food, medical, or other industries, S. maclurei protein was hydrolyzed by pepsin and papain to obtain bioactive peptides. The S. maclurei protein hydrolysates (SMPHs) were purified using gel chromatography and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and 12 major fractions were obtained. The fraction D11 with the highest angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition (61.59%, at 1 mg/ mL) was subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and about 17 peptides were identified, of which the RWDISQPY (1063.5 Da) was chosen to be synthesized based on in silico analysis. The RWDISQPY demonstrated high ACE inhibition ability (IC50: 72.24 μM) with competitive inhibition mode, and could effectively (p < 0.05) lower the systolic blood pressure and diastolic pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats at the concentration of 150 mg/kg body weight. The results of the molecular docking simulation demonstrated that RWDISQPY could bind with the active sites S1 and S2 of ACE via short hydrogen bonds. Moreover, RWDISQPY showed acceptable endothelin-1 suppressing capacity (26.21% at 1.5 mg/mL). These results indicate that S. maclurei could be developed into functional foods such as antihypertensive products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zheng
- Food Science Institute of Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Coconut Research Institute of Chinese Tropical Agriculture Academic, Haikou 570100, China;
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China;
| | - Sang San
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China;
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15
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Danilov SM, Kadrev AV, Kurilova OV, Tikhomirova VE, Kryukova OV, Mamedov VN, Kamalov DM, Danilova NV, Okhobotov DA, Gayfullin NM, Evdokimov VV, Alekseev BJ, Kost OA, Samokhodskaya LM, Kamalov AA. Tissue ACE phenotyping in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6349-61. [PMID: 31695843 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells of prostate express significant level of ACE and, as a result, seminal fluid has 50-fold more ACE than plasma. The substitution of highly specialized prostate epithelial cells by tumor cells results in dramatic decrease in ACE production in prostate tissues. We performed detailed characterization of ACE status in prostate tissues from patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PC) using new approach- ACE phenotyping, that includes evaluation of: 1) ACE activity with two substrates (HHL and ZPHL); 2) the ratio of the rates of their hydrolysis (ZPHL/HHL ratio); 3) the ratio of immunoreactive ACE protein to ACE activity; 4) the pattern of mAbs binding to different epitopes on ACE – ACE conformational fingerprint - to reveal conformational changes in prostate ACE due to prostate pathology. ACE activity dramatically decreased and the ratio of immunoreactive ACE protein to ACE activity increased in PC tissues. The catalytic parameter, ZPHL/HHL ratio, increased in prostate tissues from all patients with PC, but was did not change for most |BPH patients. Nevertheless, prostate tissues of several patients diagnosed with BPH based on histology, also demonstrated decreased ACE activity and increased immunoreactive ACE protein/ACE activity and ZPHL/HHL ratios, that could be considered as more early indicators of prostate cancer development than routine histology. Thus, ACE phenotyping of prostate biopsies has a potential to be an effective approach for early diagnostics of prostate cancer or at least for differential diagnostics of BPH and PC.
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16
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Tong RC, Qi M, Yang QM, Li PF, Wang DD, Lan JP, Wang ZT, Yang L. Extract of Plantago asiatica L. Seeds Ameliorates Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats by Inhibition of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:403. [PMID: 31114496 PMCID: PMC6502967 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plantago asiatica L. seeds is a common folk medicine with a long history of medical use in China because of its antipyretic, diuretic, and expectorant properties. It has been applied to treat hypertension clinically due to its diuresis, however, its efficacy and mechanisms on anti-hypertension has not been reported yet to our knowledge. In this study, we investigated the antihypertensive effect and underlying mechanisms of P. asiatica L. seeds extract (PASE) in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Male SHRs were treated with 2.5 mg/kg of fosinopril (FOS) and 400 mg/kg of PASE orally per day for once or 12 weeks. SHR or Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) receiving vehicle (distilled water) was used as control. The results demonstrated systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures (SBP, DBP, and MBP) were significantly lowered after single and long-term intragastric administration of PASE. The cardiac and aortic index and collagen accumulation were improved in the PASE group compared with the SHRs group. Meanwhile, PASE treatment remarkably reduced urine total protein, the ratio of serum urea nitrogen to serum creatinine, and increased serum potassium. The levels of serum angiotensin I (Ang I), angiotensin II (Ang II), the ratio of Ang II to Ang I, and aldosterone (ALD) were lowered after treatment of PASE. Besides, PASE and its major active constituents of phenylethanoid glycosides, including isoacteoside, plantamajoside and acteoside, were found to effectively inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activation in vitro. These findings suggest that PASE has the antihypertensive effect that may involve a mechanism of ACE inhibition and simultaneously protect organ damage against hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Chao Tong
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Qi
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi-Ming Yang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Ping Lan
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-Tao Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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Dal Mas C, Carvalho MS, Marins LA, Yonamine CM, Cordeiro Q, McIntyre RS, Mansur RB, Brietzke E, Hayashi MAF. Oligopeptidases activity in bipolar disorder: Ndel1 and angiotensin I converting enzyme. J Affect Disord 2019; 244:67-70. [PMID: 30321766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal activity of two enzymes relevant to neurodevelopment, namely nuclear-distribution element-like 1 (Ndel1) and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), was reported in individuals with schizophrenia; to our knowledge, these oligopeptidases were never measured in bipolar disorder (BD). AIMS Evaluate the enzyme activity of Ndel1 and ACE in euthymic individuals with BD type 1 which was compare to healthy control (HC) group. METHODS Ndel1 and ACE activities were assessed in the serum of individuals with BD type 1 according to DSM-IV criteria (n = 70) and a HC group (n = 34). The possible differences between BD type 1 and HC groups were evaluated using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), and the results were adjusted for age, gender and body mass index. RESULTS We observed a positive correlation between Ndel1 activity and the total YMRS score in BD group (p = 0.030) and a positive correlation between ACE activity and Ham-D score (p = 0.047). ANCOVA analysis showed lower Ndel1 activity in BDs compared to HCs. Interestingly, we did not observe between-groups differences in ACE activity, despite the recognized correlation of ACE activity levels with cognitive functions, also described to be worsened in psychiatric patients. CONCLUSION Oligopeptidases, especially Ndel1, which has been strongly correlated with neurodevelopment and brain formation, are potentially a good new target in the study of the neurobiology of BD. LIMITATIONS The relatively small sample size did not permit to examine the cause-effect relationship of clinical dimensions of BD and the enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dal Mas
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de maio 100, Ed. INFAR, 3rd floor, CEP 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle S Carvalho
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de maio 100, Ed. INFAR, 3rd floor, CEP 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas A Marins
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de maio 100, Ed. INFAR, 3rd floor, CEP 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila M Yonamine
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de maio 100, Ed. INFAR, 3rd floor, CEP 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Quirino Cordeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo (ISCMSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rodrigo B Mansur
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Department of Psychiatry, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 3rd floor, Vila Clementino, CEP 04039-032 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua 3 de maio 100, Ed. INFAR, 3rd floor, CEP 04044-020 São Paulo, Brazil.
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18
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Lin YH, Chen GW, Yeh CH, Song H, Tsai JS. Purification and Identification of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides and the Antihypertensive Effect of Chlorella sorokiniana Protein Hydrolysates. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1397. [PMID: 30275420 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hot water was used to obtain Chlorella sorokiniana hot water extract (HWE). Subsequently, this byproduct was freeze-dried, hydrolysed at 50 °C using Protease N to obtain C. sorokiniana protein hydrolysates (PN-1), and then digested with a gastrointestinal enzyme (PN-1G). The inhibitory effects of the HWE and hydrolysates against angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) were investigated. The soluble protein and peptide contents were 379.9 and 179.7 mg/g, respectively, for HWE and 574.8 and 332.8 mg/g, respectively, for PN-1. The IC50 values of the HWE, PN-1, and PN-1G on ACE were 1.070, 0.035, and 0.044 mg/mL, respectively. PN-1G was separated into seven fractions through size exclusion chromatography. The sixth fraction of the hydrolysate had a molecular weight between 270 and 340 Da, and the lowest IC50 value on ACE was 0.015 mg/mL. The amino acid sequences of the ACE-inhibitory peptides were Trp-Val, Val-Trp, Ile-Trp, and Leu-Trp, of which the IC50 values were 307.61, 0.58, 0.50, and 1.11 µΜ, respectively. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were reduced 20 and 21 mm Hg, respectively, in spontaneously hypertensive rats after 6 h of oral administration with a dose of 171.4 mg PN-1 powder/kg body weight.
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19
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Danilov SM. [Conformational Fingerprinting Using Monoclonal Antibodies <br />(on the Example of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme-ACE)]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2018; 51:1046-1061. [PMID: 29271967 DOI: 10.7868/s0026898417060155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During the past 30 years my laboratory has generated 40+ monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to structural and conformational epitopes on human ACE as well as ACE from rats, mice and other species. These mAbs were successfully used for detection and quantification of ACE by ELISA, Western blotting, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. In all these applications mainly single mAbs were used. We hypothesized that we can obtain a completely new kind of information about ACE structure and function if we use the <b>whole set</b> of mAbs directed to <b>different</b> epitopes on the ACE molecule. When we finished epitope mapping of all mAbs to ACE (and especially, those recognizing conformational epitopes), we realized that we had obtained a new tool to study ACE. First, we demonstrated that binding of some mAbs is very sensitive to local conformational changes on the ACE surface-due to local denaturation, inactivation, ACE inhibitor or mAbs binding or due to diseases. Second, we were able to detect, localize and characterize several human ACE mutations. And, finally, we established a new concept - <b>conformational fingerprinting of ACE</b> using mAbs that in turn allowed us to obtain evidence for <b>tissue specificity of ACE</b>, which has promising scientific and diagnostic perspectives. The initial goal for the generation of mAbs to ACE 30 years ago was obtaining mAbs to organ-specific endothelial cells, which could be used for organ-specific drug delivery. Our systematic work on characterization of mAbs to numerous epitopes on ACE during these years has lead not only to the generation of the most effective mAbs for specific drug/gene delivery into the <b>lung</b> capillaries, but also to the establishment of the concept of <b>conformational fingerprinting of ACE</b>, which in turn gives a theoretical base for the generation of mAbs, specific for ACE from different organs. We believe that this concept could be applicable for any glycoprotein against which there is a set of mAbs to different epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Danilov
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA.,Arizona University, Tucson, USA.,Medical Scientific and Educational Center of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,
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20
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Reis RI, Nogueira MD, Campanha-Rodrigues AL, Pereira LM, Andrade MCC, Parreiras-E-Silva LT, Costa-Neto CM, Mortara RA, Casarini DE. The binding of captopril to angiotensin I-converting enzyme triggers activation of signaling pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 315:C367-C379. [PMID: 29874111 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00012.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a global health problem, and angiotensin I (ANG I)-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are largely used to control this pathology. Recently, it has been shown that ACE can also act as a transducer signal molecule when its inhibitors or substrates bind to it. This new role of ACE could contribute to understanding some of the effects not explained by its catalytic activity only. In this study, we investigated signaling pathway activation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing ACE (CHO-ACE) under different conditions. We also investigated gene modulation after 4 h and 24 h of captopril treatment. Our results demonstrated that CHO-ACE cells when stimulated with ANG I, ramipril, or captopril led to JNK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. To verify any physiological role at the endogenous level, we made use of primary cultures of mesangial cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar rats. Our results showed that ERK1/2 activation occurred mainly in primary cultures of mesangial cells from SHR rats upon captopril stimulation, suggesting that this signaling pathway could be differentially regulated during hypertension. Our results also showed that captopril treatment leads to a decrease of cyclooxygenase 2, interleukin-1β, and β-arrestin2 and a significant increase of AP2 gene expression levels. Our findings strengthen the fact that, in addition to the blockage of enzymatic activity, ACE inhibitors also trigger signaling pathway activation, and this may contribute to their beneficial effects in the treatment of hypertension and other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana I Reis
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Marie D Nogueira
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Campanha-Rodrigues
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Larissa Miranda Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Maria Claudina C Andrade
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Lucas T Parreiras-E-Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirao Preto - University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Claudio M Costa-Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine at Ribeirao Preto - University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil
| | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Dulce E Casarini
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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21
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Danilov SM. Conformational Fingerprinting Using Monoclonal Antibodies (on the Example of Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme-ACE). Mol Biol 2017; 51:906-920. [PMID: 32287393 PMCID: PMC7102274 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317060048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During the past 30 years my laboratory has generated 40+ monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to structural and conformational epitopes on human ACE as well as ACE from rats, mice and other species. These mAbs were successfully used for detection and quantification of ACE by ELISA, Western blotting, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. In all these applications mainly single mAbs were used. We hypothesized that we can obtain a completely new kind of information about ACE structure and function if we use the whole set of mAbs directed to different epitopes on the ACE molecule. When we finished epitope mapping of all mAbs to ACE (and especially, those recognizing conformational epitopes), we realized that we had obtained a new tool to study ACE. First, we demonstrated that binding of some mAbs is very sensitive to local conformational changes on the ACE surface—due to local denaturation, inactivation, ACE inhibitor or mAbs binding or due to diseases. Second, we were able to detect, localize and characterize several human ACE mutations. And, finally, we established a new concept—conformational fingerprinting of ACE using mAbs that in turn allowed us to obtain evidence for tissue specificity of ACE, which has promising scientific and diagnostic perspectives. The initial goal for the generation of mAbs to ACE 30 years ago was obtaining mAbs to organ-specific endothelial cells, which could be used for organ-specific drug delivery. Our systematic work on characterization of mAbs to numerous epitopes on ACE during these years has lead not only to the generation of the most effective mAbs for specific drug/gene delivery into the lung capillaries, but also to the establishment of the concept of conformational fingerprinting of ACE, which in turn gives a theoretical base for the generation of mAbs, specific for ACE from different organs. We believe that this concept could be applicable for any glycoprotein against which there is a set of mAbs to different epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Danilov
- 1University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA.,2Arizona University, Tucson, USA.,3Medical Scientific and Educational Center of Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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22
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Auwal SM, Zarei M, Tan CP, Basri M, Saari N. Improved In Vivo Efficacy of Anti-Hypertensive Biopeptides Encapsulated in Chitosan Nanoparticles Fabricated by Ionotropic Gelation on Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2017; 7:E421. [PMID: 29207480 PMCID: PMC5746911 DOI: 10.3390/nano7120421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent biotechnological advances in the food industry have led to the enzymatic production of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory biopeptides with a strong blood pressure lowering effect from different food proteins. However, the safe oral administration of biopeptides is impeded by their enzymatic degradation due to gastrointestinal digestion. Consequently, nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery systems are used to overcome these gastrointestinal barriers to maintain the improved bioavailability and efficacy of the encapsulated biopeptides. In the present study, the ACE-inhibitory biopeptides were generated from stone fish (Actinopyga lecanora) protein using bromelain and stabilized by their encapsulation in chitosan (chit) nanoparticles (NPs). The nanoparticles were characterized for in vitro physicochemical properties and their antihypertensive effect was then evaluated on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The results of a physicochemical characterization showed a small particle size of 162.70 nm, a polydispersity index (pdi) value of 0.28, a zeta potential of 48.78 mV, a high encapsulation efficiency of 75.36%, a high melting temperature of 146.78 °C and an in vitro sustained release of the biopeptides. The results of the in vivo efficacy indicated a dose-dependent blood pressure lowering effect of the biopeptide-loaded nanoparticles that was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared with the un-encapsulated biopeptides. Moreover, the results of a morphological examination using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated the nanoparticles as homogenous and spherical. Thus, the ACE-inhibitory biopeptides stabilized by chitosan nanoparticles can effectively reduce blood pressure for an extended period of time in hypertensive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehu Muhammad Auwal
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano 700231, Nigeria.
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj 66131, Iran.
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mahiran Basri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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23
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Lin HC, Alashi AM, Aluko RE, Sun Pan B, Chang YW. Antihypertensive properties of tilapia ( Oreochromis spp.) frame and skin enzymatic protein hydrolysates. Food Nutr Res 2017; 61:1391666. [PMID: 29151830 PMCID: PMC5678373 DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1391666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins from tilapia frame and skin can potentially be precursors of antihypertensive peptides according to the result of BIOPEP analyses. The aim was to generate peptides with inhibitory effects against angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and renin from tilapia frame and skin protein isolates (FPI and SPI). The most active hydrolysate was then tested for blood pressure-lowering ability in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Tilapia frame and skin protein hydrolysates (FPHs and SPHs) were respectively produced from FPI and SPI hydrolysis using pepsin, papain, or bromelain. The ACE-inhibitory activities of tilapia protein hydrolysates with varying degree of hydrolysis (DH) were evaluated. In order to enhance the activity, the hydrolysate was fractionated into four fractions (<1 kDa, 1–3 kDa, 3–5 kDa, and 5–10 kDa) and the one with the greatest ability to inhibit in vitro ACE and renin activities was subjected to oral administration (100 mg/kg body weight) to SHRs. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rates (HR) were subsequently measured within 24 h. The pepsin-hydrolyzed FPH (FPHPe) with the highest DH (23%) possessed the strongest ACE-inhibitory activity (IC50: 0.57 mg/mL). Its <1 kDa ultrafiltration fraction (FPHPe1) suppressed both ACE (IC50: 0.41 mg/mL) and renin activities more effectively than larger peptides. In addition, FPHPe1 significantly (p < 0.05) reduced SBP (maximum −33 mmHg), DBP (maximum −24 mmHg), MAP (maximum −28 mmHg), and HR (maximum −58 beats) in SHRs. FPHPe1 showed both in vitro and in vivo antihypertensive effects, which suggest tilapia processing coproducts may be valuable protein raw materials for producing antihypertensive peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chieh Lin
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Adeola M Alashi
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bonnie Sun Pan
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Chang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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24
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Hung WC, Ling XH, Chang CC, Hsu HF, Wang SW, Lee YC, Luo C, Lee YT, Houng JY. Inhibitory Effects of Siegesbeckia orientalis Extracts on Advanced Glycation End Product Formation and Key Enzymes Related to Metabolic Syndrome. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101785. [PMID: 29065451 PMCID: PMC6151556 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome typically includes Type 2 diabetes associated with hyperglycemia, central obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension. It is highly related to oxidative stress, formation of advanced glycated end products (AGEs) and key enzymes, such as carbohydrate digesting enzymes like pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). This study used an in vitro approach to assess the potential of four extracts of Siegesbeckia orientalis linne on key enzymes relevant to metabolic syndrome. In this research, S. orientailis was firstly extracted by ethanol. The ethanol extract (SE) was then partitioned sequentially with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol, and these extracts were named SE-Hex, SE-EA and SE-MeOH, respectively. The experimental results showed that SE-EA had the highest total phenolic content (TPC, 76.9 ± 1.8 mg/g) and the total flavonoids content (TFC, 5.3 ± 0.3 mg/g). This extract exhibited the most significant antioxidant activities, including DPPH radical-scavenging capacity (IC50 = 161.8 ± 2.4 μg/mL), ABTS radical-scavenging capacity (IC50 = 13.9 ± 1.5 μg/mL) and reducing power. For anti-glycation activities, SE-EA showed the best results in the inhibition of AGEs, as well as inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase (IC50 = 362.3 ± 9.2 μg/mL) and α-amylase (IC50 = 119.0 ± 17.7 μg/mL). For anti-obesity activities, SE-EA indicated the highest suppression effect on pancreatic lipase (IC50 = 3.67 ± 0.52 mg/mL). Finally, for anti-hypertension activity, SE-EA also demonstrated the strongest inhibitory activity on ACE (IC50 = 626.6 ± 15.0 μg/mL). Close relationships were observed among the parameters of TPC, antioxidant activities, inhibitory activities on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase and ACE (R > 0.9). Moderate correlations were found among the parameters of TFC, antioxidant activities, and suppression of dicarbonyl compounds formation (R = 0.5-0.9). Taken together these in vitro studies reveal the therapeutic potential of SE-EA extract in the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chin Hung
- Division of Cardiology, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Xue-Hua Ling
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chang Chang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Hsia-Fen Hsu
- Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chen Lee
- Department of Nutrition Therapy, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Ci Luo
- Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Tzu Lee
- Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Jer-Yiing Houng
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan.
- Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
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25
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Li B, Qiao L, Li L, Zhang Y, Li K, Wang L, Qiao Y. A Novel Antihypertensive Derived from Adlay (Coix larchryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) Glutelin. Molecules 2017; 22:E123. [PMID: 28098801 PMCID: PMC6155628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that Coix glutelin pepsin hydrolysate can effectively inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in vitro. The main purpose of this study was to obtain potent anti-hypertensive peptides from Coix glutelin. The Coix glutelin hydrolysates (CGH) were prepared by pepsin catalysis and further separated by an ultrafitration (UF) system, gel filtration chromatography (GFC) and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). As a result, the sub-fraction F5-3 had the highest ACE-inhibitory activity. Six ACE inhibitory peptides were identifiedusing nano-liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The most potent peptide GAAGGAF (IC50 = 14.19 μmol·L-1) was finally obtained by further molecular simulation screening and a series of division and optimization. Single oral administration of synthesized GAAGGAF at 15 mg/kg body weight (BW) in spontaneously hypertensively rats (SHR) could reduce the systolic blood pressure (SBP) around 27.50 mmHg and blood pressure-lowering effect lasted for at least 8 h. The study demonstrated for the first time that the ACE inhibitory peptide GAAGGAF from Coix glutelin has a significant antihypertensive effect, and it could be a good natural ingredient for pharmaceuticals against hypertension and the related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 South Zhonghuan Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Liansheng Qiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 South Zhonghuan Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Lingling Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 South Zhonghuan Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 South Zhonghuan Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Kai Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 South Zhonghuan Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 South Zhonghuan Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Yanjiang Qiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 South Zhonghuan Road, Wangjing, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China.
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26
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Tian Y, Ge Z, Xing Y, Sun Y, Ying J. Correlation of angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism with rheumatic heart disease: a meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:e00412. [PMID: 27758878 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20160151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a serious cardiovascular disorder worldwide. Several articles have reported the effect of angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion (ACE I/D) polymorphism in RHD risk. However, the results still remain inconsistent. The objective of the present study was to assess more precise estimations of the relationship between ACE I/D variant and RHD susceptibility. Relevant case–control studies published between January 2000 and 2016 were searched in the electronic databases. The odds ratio (OR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was employed to calculate the strength of the effect. A total of nine articles were retrieved, including 1333 RHD patients and 1212 healthy controls. Overall, our result did not detect a significant association between ACE I/D polymorphism and RHD risk under each genetic model (P > 0.05). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity showed no positive relationship in Asians as well (P > 0.05). With respect to the severity of RHD, our result found that the frequency differences between mitral valve lesion (MVL), combined valve lesion (CVL) and healthy controls were not significantly different. Furthermore, no significant association was found between female, male RHD patients and the controls regarding to the ACE I/D polymorphism. In conclusion, our result indicated that ACE I/D polymorphism might not be a risk factor for RHD progression based on the existing research results. Additional well-designed studies with larger samples are still needed to confirm these findings.
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27
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Girgih AT, Nwachukwu ID, Hasan F, Fagbemi TN, Gill T, Aluko RE. Kinetics of the inhibition of renin and angiotensin I-converting enzyme by cod (Gadus morhua) protein hydrolysates and their antihypertensive effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Nutr Res 2015; 59:29788. [PMID: 26715103 PMCID: PMC4695624 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v59.29788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cod muscle has a balanced protein profile that contains potentially bioactive amino acid sequences. However, there is limited information on release of these peptides from the parent proteins and their ability to modulate mammalian blood pressure. Objective The aim of this study was to generate cod antihypertensive peptides with potent in vitro inhibitory effects against angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and renin. The most active peptides were then tested for systolic blood pressure (SBP)-reducing ability in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Design Cod protein hydrolysate (CPH) was produced by subjecting the muscle proteins to proteolysis first by pepsin and followed by trypsin+chymotrypsin combination. In order to enhance peptide activity, the CPH was subjected to reverse-phase (RP)-HPLC separation to yield four fractions (CF1, CF2, CF3, and CF4). The CPH and RP-HPLC fractions were each tested at 1 mg/mL for ability to inhibit in vitro ACE and renin activities. CPH and the most active RP-HPLC fraction (CF3) were then used for enzyme inhibition kinetics assays followed by oral administration (200 and 30 mg/kg body weight for CPH and CF3, respectively) to SHRs and SBP measurements within 24 h. Results The CPH, CF3, and CF4 had similar ACE-inhibitory activities of 84, 85, and 87%, which were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the values for CF1 (69%) and CF2 (79%). Conversely, the CF3 had the highest (63%) renin-inhibitory activity (p<0.05) when compared to CPH (43%), CF1 (15%), and CF4 (44%). CPH and CF3 exhibited uncompetitive mode of ACE inhibition, whereas renin inhibition was non-competitive. Even at a 6.7-fold lower dosage, the CF3 significantly (p<0.05) reduced SBP (maximum −40.0 mmHg) better than CPH (maximum −19.1 mmHg). Conclusions RP-HPLC fractionation led to enhanced antihypertensive effects of cod peptides, which may be due to a stronger renin-inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham T Girgih
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,The Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ifeanyi D Nwachukwu
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,The Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Fida Hasan
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Tayo N Fagbemi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Tom Gill
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.,The Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada;
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28
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Zhou Z, Cheng C, Li Y. Structure-based design and optimization of antihypertensive peptides to obtain high inhibitory potency against both renin and angiotensin I-converting enzyme. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2015; 26:1001-1016. [PMID: 26524626 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2015.1104725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The human renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an essential role in regulating blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance. Renin and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) are two key enzymes in RAS and have long been recognized as attractive antihypertensive targets. Here, a synthetic strategy was proposed integrating quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and binding free energy analysis to discover novel dual renin and ACE peptidic inhibitors. With the strategy a number of candidates were generated virtually, from which eight promising peptides were selected and synthesized for biological assay. Consequently, three peptides (RYLP, YTAWVP and YRAWVL) were successfully identified to have satisfactory inhibitory profile against both renin and ACE with IC50 values of <1 mM and <10 μM, respectively. Structural analysis and energetic dissection revealed different binding modes of peptide to renin and ACE; a peptide only inserts its C-terminus into the active site of ACE, whereas the whole peptide packs tightly against renin. In addition, when limited to structural diversity it is hard to reconcile the renin and ACE inhibitory activities of short peptides such as dipeptides. These findings can be used to guide peptide optimization with improved biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhou
- a Department of Cardiology , Jiujiang No.1 People's Hospital of Jiangxi Province , Jiujiang , China
| | - C Cheng
- b Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery , Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Y Li
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Institute of Hypertension, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
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29
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Pereza N, Ostojić S, Zdravčević M, Volk M, Kapović M, Peterlin B. Insertion/deletion polymorphism in intron 16 of ACE gene in idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion: case-control study, systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online 2015; 32:237-46. [PMID: 26673102 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in intron 16 of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene (ACE) has been extensively studied as a predisposing factor for idiopathic recurrent spontaneous abortion (IRSA). A case-control study including 149 women with ≥3 spontaneous abortions and 149 controls was performed to test the association of ACE I/D polymorphism with IRSA. A systematic review was conducted of previous case-control studies, with strict selection criteria for meta-analyses. We also aimed to evaluate the potential differences in summary estimates between studies defining IRSA as ≥2 and ≥3 spontaneous abortions. Genotyping was performed by PCR, and systematic review conducted using PubMed and Scopus. There was no association of the polymorphism with IRSA in Slovenian women. Sixteen case-control studies, showing substantial differences regarding IRSA definition and selection criteria for women were identified. Meta-analysis was performed and included four studies defining IRSA as ≥2 spontaneous abortions and the current study, which defined IRSA as ≥3 spontaneous abortions. Based on random effects model, meta-analysis conducted on 1192 patients and 736 controls showed no association with IRSA under dominant(DD+IDvsII) and recessive(DDvsID+II) genetic models. Well-designed studies are needed to evaluate the role of ACE I/D polymorphism in IRSA defined as ≥3 spontaneous abortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Pereza
- Department of biology and medical genetics, Faculty of medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
| | - Saša Ostojić
- Department of biology and medical genetics, Faculty of medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Matea Zdravčević
- Department of biology and medical genetics, Faculty of medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marija Volk
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miljenko Kapović
- Department of biology and medical genetics, Faculty of medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Borut Peterlin
- Clinical Institute of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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30
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Takagaki A, Nanjo F. Effects of Metabolites Produced from (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate by Rat Intestinal Bacteria on Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Activity and Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:8262-8266. [PMID: 26323573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory activity of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) was examined with (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) metabolites produced by intestinal bacteria, together with tea catechins. All of the metabolites showed ACE inhibitory activities and the order of IC50 was hydroxyphenyl valeric acids > 5-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone (1) > trihydroxyphenyl 4-hydroxyvaleric acid ≫ dihydroxyphenyl 4-hydroxyvaleric acid ≫ 5-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone (2). Among the catechins, galloylated catechins exhibited stronger ACE inhibitory activity than nongalloylated catechins. Furthermore, the effects of a single oral intake of metabolites 1 and 2 on systolic blood pressure (SBP) were examined with spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Significant decreases in SBP were observed between 2 h after oral administration of 1 (150 mg/kg in SHR) and the control group (p = 0.002) and between 4 h after administration of 2 (200 mg/kg in SHR) and the control group (p = 0.044). These results suggest that the two metabolites have hypotensive effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Takagaki
- Food Research Laboratories, Mitsui Norin Company, Ltd. , 223-1 Miyabara, Fujieda-shi, Shizuoka 426-0133, Japan
| | - Fumio Nanjo
- Food Research Laboratories, Mitsui Norin Company, Ltd. , 223-1 Miyabara, Fujieda-shi, Shizuoka 426-0133, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Squid is one of the most important commercial fishes in the world and is mainly utilized or consumed as sliced raw fish or as processed products. The biofunctional activities of enzymatic squid meat hydrolysate were determined to develop value-added products. Enzymatic squid hydrolysate manufactured by Alcalase effectively quenched 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide radical with IC50 values of 311, 3,410, and 111.5 μg/mL, respectively. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of squid hydrolysate was strong with an IC50 value of 145.1 μg/mL, while tyrosinase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 4.72 mg/mL was moderately low. Overall, squid meat hydrolysate can be used in food or cosmetic industries as a bioactive ingredient and possibly be used in the manufacture of seasoning, bread, noodle, or cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyuk Choi
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon 210-702, Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Kim
- Institute of Drug Research & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Sang Moo Kim
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangwon 210-702, Korea
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Morais KLP, Ianzer D, Miranda JRR, Melo RL, Guerreiro JR, Santos RAS, Ulrich H, Lameu C. Proline rich-oligopeptides: diverse mechanisms for antihypertensive action. Peptides 2013; 48:124-33. [PMID: 23933300 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinin-potentiating peptides from Bothrops jararaca (Bj) discovered in the early 1960s, were the first natural inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). These peptides belong to a large family of snake venom proline-rich oligopeptides (PROs). One of these peptides, Bj-PRO-9a, was essential for defining ACE as effective drug target and development of captopril, an active site-directed inhibitor of ACE used worldwide for the treatment of human arterial hypertension. Recent experimental evidences demonstrated that cardiovascular effects exerted by different Bj-PROs are due to distinct mechanisms besides of ACE inhibition. In the present work, we have investigated the cardiovascular actions of four Bj-PROs, namely Bj-PRO-9a, -11e, -12b and -13a. Bj-PRO-9a acts upon ACE and BK activities to promote blood pressure reduction. Although the others Bj-PROs are also able to inhibit the ACE activity and to potentiate the BK effects, our results indicate that antihypertensive effect evoked by them involve new mechanisms. Bj-PRO-11e and Bj-PRO-12b involves induction of [Ca(2+)]i transients by so far unknown receptor proteins. Moreover, we have suggested argininosuccinate synthetase and M3 muscarinic receptor as targets for cardiovascular effects elicited by Bj-PRO-13a. In summary, the herein reported results provide evidence that Bj-PRO-mediated effects are not restricted to ACE inhibition or potentiation of BK-induced effects and suggest different actions for each peptide for promoting arterial pressure reduction. The present study reveals the complexity of the effects exerted by Bj-PROs for cardiovascular control, opening avenues for the better understanding of blood pressure regulation and for the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia L P Morais
- Laboratório Especial de Toxinologia Aplicada (LETA/CAT-Cepid), Instituto Butantan, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Gobbetti M, Smacchi E, Corsetti A, Bellucci M. Inhibition of Proteolytic Enzymes from Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 948 and Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme by Peptides from Zein, Hordein, and Gluten Hydrolysates. J Food Prot 1997; 60:499-504. [PMID: 31195588 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-60.5.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Peptides inhibitory to partially purified endopeptidase and crude proteinase from Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 948 were isolated from tryptic hydrolysates of zein and hordein by reversed-phase fast protein liquid chromatography and identified by sequencing. The sequences are Ser-Ala-Tyr-Pro-Gly-Gln-Ile-Thr-Ser-Asn and Gln-Val-Ser-Leu-Asn-Ser-Gly-Tyr-Tyr for peptides from zein and hordein, respectively. Inhibitions of >85% and from >50 to >85% were determined on endopeptidase and proteinase by peptides from zein and hordein. Ki values ranged from 4 to 32 μM. The same peptides also showed inhibition of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme. The concentrations of peptides providing 50% inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme were 7 and 23 μM for the decapeptide and nonapeptide, respectively. Other fractions containing peptides with less inhibitory activity were detected in the zein as well as in the gluten tryptic digests.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gobbetti
- Institute of Dairy Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Perugia, S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia
| | - E Smacchi
- Institute of Dairy Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Perugia, S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia
| | - A Corsetti
- Institute of Dairy Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Perugia, S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia
| | - M Bellucci
- Istituto di Ricerche sul Miglioramento Genetico delle Piante Foraggere, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Perugia, Italy
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