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Schroeder B, Demirel P, Fischer C, Masri E, Kallis S, Redl L, Rudolf T, Bergemann S, Arkona C, Nitsche C, Bartenschlager R, Rademann J. Nanoparticular Inhibitors of Flavivirus Proteases from Zika, West Nile and Dengue Virus Are Cell-Permeable Antivirals. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1955-1961. [PMID: 34917260 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral proteases have been established as drug targets in several viral diseases including human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections due to the essential role of these enzymes in virus replication. In contrast, no antiviral therapy is available to date against flaviviral infections including those by Zika virus (ZIKV), West Nile virus (WNV), or dengue virus (DENV). Numerous potent inhibitors of flaviviral proteases have been reported; however, a huge gap remains between the in vitro and intracellular activities, possibly due to low cellular uptake of the charged compounds. Here, we present an alternative, nanoparticular approach to antivirals. Conjugation of peptidomimetic inhibitors and cell-penetrating peptides to dextran yielded chemically defined nanoparticles that were potent inhibitors of flaviviral proteases. Peptide-dextran conjugates inhibited viral replication and infection in cells at nontoxic, low micromolar or even nanomolar concentrations. Thus, nanoparticular antivirals might be alternative starting points for the development of broad-spectrum antiflaviviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schroeder
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Demirel
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Fischer
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Enaam Masri
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kallis
- Department for Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg partner site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Redl
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudolf
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Bergemann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Arkona
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Nitsche
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department for Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 344, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg partner site, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Deprey K, Becker L, Kritzer J, Plückthun A. Trapped! A Critical Evaluation of Methods for Measuring Total Cellular Uptake versus Cytosolic Localization. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1006-1027. [PMID: 30882208 PMCID: PMC6527423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecules have many properties that make them promising for intracellular therapeutic applications, but delivery remains a key challenge because large biomolecules cannot easily enter the cytosol. Furthermore, quantification of total intracellular versus cytosolic concentrations remains demanding, and the determination of delivery efficiency is thus not straightforward. In this review, we discuss strategies for delivering biomolecules into the cytosol and briefly summarize the mechanisms of uptake for these systems. We then describe commonly used methods to measure total cellular uptake and, more selectively, cytosolic localization, and discuss the major advantages and drawbacks of each method. We critically evaluate methods of measuring "cell penetration" that do not adequately distinguish total cellular uptake and cytosolic localization, which often lead to inaccurate interpretations of a molecule's cytosolic localization. Finally, we summarize the properties and components of each method, including the main caveats of each, to allow for informed decisions about method selection for specific applications. When applied correctly and interpreted carefully, methods for quantifying cytosolic localization offer valuable insight into the bioactivity of biomolecules and potentially the prospects for their eventual development into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Deprey
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Lukas Becker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joshua Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Alalwiat A, Grieshaber SE, Paik BA, Kiick KL, Jia X, Wesdemiotis C. Top-down mass spectrometry of hybrid materials with hydrophobic peptide and hydrophilic or hydrophobic polymer blocks. Analyst 2016; 140:7550-64. [PMID: 26460278 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01600b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A multidimensional mass spectrometry (MS) methodology is introduced for the molecular level characterization of polymer-peptide (or polymer-protein) copolymers that cannot be crystallized or chromatographically purified. It encompasses electrospray ionization (ESI) or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) coupled with mass analysis, tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)) and gas-phase separation by ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS). The entire analysis is performed in the mass spectrometer ("top-down" approach) within milliseconds and with high sensitivity, as demonstrated for hybrid materials composed of hydrophobic poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) or hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) blocks tethered to the hydrophobic decapeptide VPGVGVPGVG (VG2) via triazole linkages. The composition of the major products can be rapidly surveyed by MALDI-MS and MS(2). For a more comprehensive characterization, the ESI-IM-MS (and MS(2)) combination is more suitable, as it separates the hybrid materials based on their unique charges and shapes from unconjugated polymer and partially hydrolyzed products. Such separation is essential for reducing spectral congestion, deconvoluting overlapping compositions and enabling straightforward structural assignments, both for the hybrid copolymers as well as the polymer and peptide reactants. The IM dimension also permits the measurement of collision cross-sections (CCSs), which reveal molecular architecture. The MS and MS(2) spectra of the mobility separated ions conclusively showed that [PtBA-VG2]m and [PAA-VG2]m chains with the expected compositions and sequences were formed. Single and double copolymer blocks (m = 1-2) could be detected. Further, the CCSs of the hybrids, which were prepared via azide/alkyne cycloadditions, confirmed the formation of macrocyclic structures. The top-down methodology described would be particularly useful for the detection and identification of peptide/protein-polymer conjugates which are increasingly used in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Alalwiat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA.
| | - Sarah E Grieshaber
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Bradford A Paik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Kristi L Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA.
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4
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Schmidt S, Adjobo-Hermans MJW, Wallbrecher R, Verdurmen WPR, Bovée-Geurts PHM, van Oostrum J, Milletti F, Enderle T, Brock R. Detecting Cytosolic Peptide Delivery with the GFP Complementation Assay in the Low Micromolar Range. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schmidt S, Adjobo-Hermans MJW, Wallbrecher R, Verdurmen WPR, Bovée-Geurts PHM, van Oostrum J, Milletti F, Enderle T, Brock R. Detecting Cytosolic Peptide Delivery with the GFP Complementation Assay in the Low Micromolar Range. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15105-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Koschek K, Durmaz V, Krylova O, Wieczorek M, Gupta S, Richter M, Bujotzek A, Fischer C, Haag R, Freund C, Weber M, Rademann J. Peptide-polymer ligands for a tandem WW-domain, an adaptive multivalent protein-protein interaction: lessons on the thermodynamic fitness of flexible ligands. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:837-47. [PMID: 26124884 PMCID: PMC4464424 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Three polymers, poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (pHPMA), hyperbranched polyglycerol (hPG), and dextran were investigated as carriers for multivalent ligands targeting the adaptive tandem WW-domain of formin-binding protein (FBP21). Polymer carriers were conjugated with 3–9 copies of the proline-rich decapeptide GPPPRGPPPR-NH2 (P1). Binding of the obtained peptide–polymer conjugates to the tandem WW-domain was investigated employing isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to determine the binding affinity, the enthalpic and entropic contributions to free binding energy, and the stoichiometry of binding for all peptide–polymer conjugates. Binding affinities of all multivalent ligands were in the µM range, strongly amplified compared to the monovalent ligand P1 with a KD > 1 mM. In addition, concise differences were observed, pHPMA and hPG carriers showed moderate affinity and bound 2.3–2.8 peptides per protein binding site resulting in the formation of aggregates. Dextran-based conjugates displayed affinities down to 1.2 µM, forming complexes with low stoichiometry, and no precipitation. Experimental results were compared with parameters obtained from molecular dynamics simulations in order to understand the observed differences between the three carrier materials. In summary, the more rigid and condensed peptide–polymer conjugates based on the dextran scaffold seem to be superior to induce multivalent binding and to increase affinity, while the more flexible and dendritic polymers, pHPMA and hPG are suitable to induce crosslinking upon binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Koschek
- Institute of Pharmacy & Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany ; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany ; Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM), Wiener Str. 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Vedat Durmaz
- Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin, Numerical Analysis and Modelling, Takustr. 7, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oxana Krylova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Institute of Pharmacy & Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany ; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Shilpi Gupta
- Institute of Pharmacy & Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Richter
- Institute of Pharmacy & Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany ; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Bujotzek
- Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin, Numerical Analysis and Modelling, Takustr. 7, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Fischer
- Institute of Pharmacy & Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Pharmacy & Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Institute of Pharmacy & Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany ; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Weber
- Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum für Informationstechnik Berlin, Numerical Analysis and Modelling, Takustr. 7, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Institute of Pharmacy & Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany ; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Witsenburg JJ, Sinzinger MD, Stoevesandt O, Ruttekolk IR, Roth G, Adjobo-Hermans MJW, Brock R. A peptide-functionalized polymer as a minimal scaffold protein to enhance cluster formation in early T cell signal transduction. Chembiochem 2015; 16:602-10. [PMID: 25663649 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In cellular signal transduction, scaffold proteins provide binding sites to organize signaling proteins into supramolecular complexes and act as nodes in the signaling network. Furthermore, multivalent interactions between the scaffold and other signaling proteins contribute to the formation of protein microclusters. Such microclusters are prominent in early T cell signaling. Here, we explored the minimal structural requirement for a scaffold protein by coupling multiple copies of a proline-rich peptide corresponding to an interaction motif for the SH3 domain of the adaptor protein GADS to an N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide polymer backbone. When added to GADS-containing cell lysates, these scaffolds (but not individual peptides) promoted the binding of GADS to peptide microarrays. This can be explained by the cross-linking of GADS into larger complexes. Furthermore, following import into Jurkat T cell leukemia cells, this synthetic scaffold enhanced the formation of microclusters of signaling proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Joris Witsenburg
- Department of Biochemistry (286), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA Nijmegen (The Netherlands)
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8
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Blum AP, Kammeyer JK, Yin J, Crystal DT, Rush AM, Gilson MK, Gianneschi NC. Peptides displayed as high density brush polymers resist proteolysis and retain bioactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15422-37. [PMID: 25314576 PMCID: PMC4227725 DOI: 10.1021/ja5088216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe a strategy for rendering peptides resistant to proteolysis by formulating them as high-density brush polymers. The utility of this approach is demonstrated by polymerizing well-established cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and showing that the resulting polymers are not only resistant to proteolysis but also maintain their ability to enter cells. The scope of this design concept is explored by studying the proteolytic resistance of brush polymers composed of peptides that are substrates for either thrombin or a metalloprotease. Finally, we demonstrate that the proteolytic susceptibility of peptide brush polymers can be tuned by adjusting the density of the polymer brush and offer in silico models to rationalize this finding. We contend that this strategy offers a plausible method of preparing peptides for in vivo use, where rapid digestion by proteases has traditionally restricted their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela P Blum
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, ‡Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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9
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Koschek K, Dathe M, Rademann J. Effects of Charge and Charge Distribution on the Cellular Uptake of Multivalent Arginine-Containing Peptide-Polymer Conjugates. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1982-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Nischan N, Chakrabarti A, Serwa RA, Bovee-Geurts PHM, Brock R, Hackenberger CPR. Stabilization of Peptides for Intracellular Applications by Phosphoramidate-Linked Polyethylene Glycol Chains. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11920-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Nischan N, Chakrabarti A, Serwa RA, Bovee-Geurts PHM, Brock R, Hackenberger CPR. Stabilisierung von Peptiden für intrazelluläre Anwendungen mit Phosphoramidat-verzweigten Polyethylenglycol-Ketten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Strehin I, Gourevitch D, Zhang Y, Heber-Katz E, Messersmith PB. Hydrogels Formed by Oxo-ester Mediated Native Chemical Ligation. Biomater Sci 2013; 1:603-613. [PMID: 23894696 PMCID: PMC3719992 DOI: 10.1039/c3bm00201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxo-ester mediated native chemical ligation (OMNCL) is a variation of the more general native chemical ligation (NCL) reaction that is widely employed for chemoselective ligation of peptide fragments. While OMNCL has been used for a variety of peptide ligations and for biomolecular modification of surfaces, it is typically practiced under harsh conditions that are unsuitable for use in a biological context. In this report we describe the use of OMNCL for polymer hydrogel formation, in-vitro cell encapsulation, and in-vivo implantation. Multivalent polymer precursors containing N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) activated oxo-esters and N-cysteine (N-Cys) endgroups were chemically synthesized from branched poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Hydrogels formed rapidly at physiologic pH upon mixing of aqueous solutions of NHS and N-Cys functionalized PEGs. Quantitative 1H NMR experiments showed that the reaction proceeds through an OMNCL pathway involving thiol capture to form a thioester intermediate, followed by an S-to-N acyl rearrangement to yield an amide cross-link. pH and temperature were found to influence gelation rate, allowing tailoring of gelation times from a few seconds to a few minutes. OMNCL hydrogels initially swelled before contracting to reach an equilibrium increase in relative wet weight of 0%. This unique behavior impacted the gel stiffness and was attributed to latent formation of disulfide cross-links between network-bound Cys residues. OMNCL hydrogels were adhesive to hydrated tissue, generating a lap shear adhesion strength of 46 kPa. Cells encapsulated in OMNCL hydrogels maintained high viability, and in-situ formation of OMNCL hydrogel by subcutaneous injection in mice generated a minimal acute inflammatory response. OMNCL represents a promising strategy for chemical cross-linking of hydrogels in a biological context and is an attractive candidate for in-vivo applications such as wound healing, tissue repair, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iossif Strehin
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, Biomedical Engineering Department, Materials Science and Engineering Department, Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Institute for Bionanotechnology in Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Dmitri Gourevitch
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program
| | - Yong Zhang
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program
| | - Ellen Heber-Katz
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program
| | - Phillip B. Messersmith
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, Biomedical Engineering Department, Materials Science and Engineering Department, Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Institute for Bionanotechnology in Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
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Stenzel MH. Bioconjugation Using Thiols: Old Chemistry Rediscovered to Connect Polymers with Nature's Building Blocks. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:14-18. [PMID: 35581832 DOI: 10.1021/mz3005814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Various pathways to bioconjugates based on thiol chemistry are discussed. Thiol-halogeno, thiol-parafluoro, thiol-ene, thiol-yne, thiol-vinylsulfone and thiol-vinyl sulfone, thiol-maleimide, thiol-bisulfone, and thiol-pyridyl disulfide are well-established synthetic routes discovered in recent years as tools to marry polymers with biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, peptide, DNA, antibodies, or other building blocks from nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School
of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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14
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Richter M, Chakrabarti A, Ruttekolk IR, Wiesner B, Beyermann M, Brock R, Rademann J. Multivalent Design of Apoptosis-Inducing Bid-BH3 Peptide-Oligosaccharides Boosts the Intracellular Activity at Identical Overall Peptide Concentrations. Chemistry 2012; 18:16708-15. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Peptide Scaffolds: Flexible Molecular Structures With Diverse Therapeutic Potentials. Int J Pept Res Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-011-9286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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