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Chen R, Zhu S, Zhao R, Liu W, Jin L, Ren X, He H. Targeting ferroptosis as a potential strategy to overcome the resistance of cisplatin in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1402514. [PMID: 38711989 PMCID: PMC11071065 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1402514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a crucial public health problem, accounting for approximately 2% of all cancers globally and 90% of oral malignancies over the world. Unfortunately, despite the achievements in surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy techniques over the past decades, OSCC patients still low 5-year survival rate. Cisplatin, a platinum-containing drug, serves as one of the first-line chemotherapeutic agents of OSCC. However, the resistance to cisplatin significantly limits the clinical practice and is a crucial factor in tumor recurrence and metastasis after conventional treatments. Ferroptosis is an iron-based form of cell death, which is initiated by the intracellular accumulation of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, cisplatin-resistant OSCC cells exhibit lower level of ROS and lipid peroxidation compared to sensitive cells. The reduced ferroptosis in cisplatin resistance cells indicates the potential relationship between cisplatin resistance and ferroptosis, which is proved by recent studies showing that in colorectal cancer cells. However, the modulation pathway of ferroptosis reversing cisplatin resistance in OSCC cells still remains unclear. This article aims to concisely summarize the molecular mechanisms and evaluate the relationship between ferroptosis and cisplatin resistance OSCC cells, thereby providing novel strategies for overcoming cisplatin resistance and developing new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkun Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Periodontology, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuyu Zhu
- Department of Oral Implantology, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ruoyu Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Periodontology, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wang Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Periodontology, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Luxin Jin
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Periodontology, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaobin Ren
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
- Department of Periodontology, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hongbing He
- Department of Periodontology, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Shirbhate E, Singh V, Mishra A, Jahoriya V, Veerasamy R, Tiwari AK, Rajak H. Targeting Lysosomes: A Strategy Against Chemoresistance in Cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:1449-1468. [PMID: 38343053 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575287242240129120002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is still the major method of treatment for many types of cancer. Curative cancer therapy is hampered significantly by medication resistance. Acidic organelles like lysosomes serve as protagonists in cellular digestion. Lysosomes, however, are gaining popularity due to their speeding involvement in cancer progression and resistance. For instance, weak chemotherapeutic drugs of basic nature permeate through the lysosomal membrane and are retained in lysosomes in their cationic state, while extracellular release of lysosomal enzymes induces cancer, cytosolic escape of lysosomal hydrolases causes apoptosis, and so on. Drug availability at the sites of action is decreased due to lysosomal drug sequestration, which also enhances cancer resistance. This review looks at lysosomal drug sequestration mechanisms and how they affect cancer treatment resistance. Using lysosomes as subcellular targets to combat drug resistance and reverse drug sequestration is another method for overcoming drug resistance that is covered in this article. The present review has identified lysosomal drug sequestration as one of the reasons behind chemoresistance. The article delves deeper into specific aspects of lysosomal sequestration, providing nuanced insights, critical evaluations, or novel interpretations of different approaches that target lysosomes to defect cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Shirbhate
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur-495 009, (C.G.), India
| | - Vaibhav Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur-495 009, (C.G.), India
| | - Aditya Mishra
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur-495 009, (C.G.), India
| | - Varsha Jahoriya
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur-495 009, (C.G.), India
| | - Ravichandran Veerasamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Semeling, 08100 Bedong, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- UAMS College of Pharmacy; UAMS - University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, (AR) USA
| | - Harish Rajak
- Department of Pharmacy, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur-495 009, (C.G.), India
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3
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Lasorsa F, Rutigliano M, Milella M, Ferro M, Pandolfo SD, Crocetto F, Autorino R, Battaglia M, Ditonno P, Lucarelli G. Cancer Stem Cells in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Origins and Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13179. [PMID: 37685983 PMCID: PMC10487877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The term "cancer stem cell" (CSC) refers to a cancer cell with the following features: clonogenic ability, the expression of stem cell markers, differentiation into cells of different lineages, growth in nonadhesive spheroids, and the in vivo ability to generate serially transplantable tumors that reflect the heterogeneity of primary cancers (tumorigenicity). According to this model, CSCs may arise from normal stem cells, progenitor cells, and/or differentiated cells because of striking genetic/epigenetic mutations or from the fusion of tissue-specific stem cells with circulating bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). CSCs use signaling pathways similar to those controlling cell fate during early embryogenesis (Notch, Wnt, Hedgehog, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), fibroblast growth factors, leukemia inhibitory factor, and transforming growth factor-β). Recent studies identified a subpopulation of CD133+/CD24+ cells from ccRCC specimens that displayed self-renewal ability and clonogenic multipotency. The development of agents targeting CSC signaling-specific pathways and not only surface proteins may ultimately become of utmost importance for patients with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Lasorsa
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Rutigliano
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Martina Milella
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Ferro
- Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 71013 Milan, Italy
| | - Savio Domenico Pandolfo
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Felice Crocetto
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Autorino
- Department of Urology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Michele Battaglia
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ditonno
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lucarelli
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area-Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
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4
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Guan D, Zhao L, Shi X, Ma X, Chen Z. Copper in cancer: From pathogenesis to therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114791. [PMID: 37105071 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the basic trace elements for the structure and metabolism of human tissue is copper. However, as a heavy metal, excessive intake or abnormal accumulation of copper in the body can cause inevitable damage to the organism because copper can result in direct injury to various cell components or disruption of the redox balance, eventually leading to cell death. Interestingly, a growing body of research reports that diverse cancers have raised serum and tumor copper levels. Tumor cells depend on more copper for their metabolism than normal cells, and a decrease in copper or copper overload can have a detrimental effect on tumor cells. New modalities for identifying and characterizing copper-dependent signals offer translational opportunities for tumor therapy, but their mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, this article summarizes what we currently know about the correlation between copper and cancer and describes the characteristics of copper metabolism in tumor cells and the prospective application of copper-derived therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defeng Guan
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lihui Zhao
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin Shi
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Embryology, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Zhou Chen
- The First Clinical Medical School of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
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5
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Saghafian Larijani R, Shabani Ravari N, Goodarzi N, Akhlaghpour S, Saghafian Larijani S, Rouini MR, Dinarvand R. Current status of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) agents in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Ranasinghe R, Mathai ML, Zulli A. Cisplatin for cancer therapy and overcoming chemoresistance. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10608. [PMID: 36158077 PMCID: PMC9489975 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin spearheads the anticancer chemotherapeutics in present-day use although acute toxicity is its primary impediment factor. Among a plethora of experimental medications, a drug as effective or surpassing the benefits of cisplatin has not been discovered yet. Although Oxaliplatin is considered more superior to cisplatin, the former has been better for colorectal cancer while cisplatin is widely used for treating gynaecological cancers. Carcinoma imposes a heavy toll on mortality rates worldwide despite the novel treatment strategies and detection methods that have been introduced; nanomedicine combined with precision medicine, immunotherapy, volume-regulated anion channels, and fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography. Millions of deaths occur annually from metastatic cancers which escape early detection and the concomitant diseases caused by highly toxic chemotherapy that causes organ damage. It continues due to insufficient knowledge of the debilitative mechanisms induced by cancer biology. To overcome chemoresistance and to attenuate the adverse effects of cisplatin therapy, both in vitro and in vivo models of cisplatin-treated cancers and a few multi-centred, multi-phasic, randomized clinical trials in pursuant with recent novel strategies have been tested. They include plant-based phytochemical compounds, de novo drug delivery systems, biochemical/immune pathways, 2D and 3D cell culture models using small molecule inhibitors and genetic/epigenetic mechanisms, that have contributed to further the understanding of cisplatin's role in modulating the tumour microenvironment. Cisplatin was beneficial in cancer therapy for modulating the putative cellular mechanisms; apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle arrest and gene therapy of micro RNAs. Specific importance of drug influx, efflux, systemic circulatory toxicity, half-maximal inhibition, and the augmentation of host immunometabolism have been identified. This review offers a discourse on the recent anti-neoplastic treatment strategies to enhance cisplatin efficacy and to overcome chemoresistance, given its superiority among other tolerable chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranmali Ranasinghe
- Institute for Health and Sport, College of Health and Medicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael L Mathai
- Institute for Health and Sport, College of Health and Medicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, College of Health and Medicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Griso AB, Acero-Riaguas L, Castelo B, Cebrián-Carretero JL, Sastre-Perona A. Mechanisms of Cisplatin Resistance in HPV Negative Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cells 2022; 11:561. [PMID: 35159370 PMCID: PMC8834318 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are the eighth most common cancers worldwide. While promising new therapies are emerging, cisplatin-based chemotherapy remains the gold standard for advanced HNSCCs, although most of the patients relapse due to the development of resistance. This review aims to condense the different mechanisms involved in the development of cisplatin resistance in HNSCCs and highlight future perspectives intended to overcome its related complications. Classical resistance mechanisms include drug import and export, DNA repair and oxidative stress control. Emerging research identified the prevalence of these mechanisms in populations of cancer stem cells (CSC), which are the cells mainly contributing to cisplatin resistance. The use of old and new CSC markers has enabled the identification of the characteristics within HNSCC CSCs predisposing them to treatment resistance, such as cell quiescence, increased self-renewal capacity, low reactive oxygen species levels or the acquisition of epithelial to mesenchymal transcriptional programs. In the present review, we will discuss how cell intrinsic and extrinsic cues alter the phenotype of CSCs and how they influence resistance to cisplatin treatment. In addition, we will assess how the stromal composition and the tumor microenvironment affect drug resistance and the acquisition of CSCs' characteristics through a complex interplay between extracellular matrix content as well as immune and non-immune cell characteristics. Finally, we will describe how alterations in epigenetic modifiers or other signaling pathways can alter tumor behavior and cell plasticity to induce chemotherapy resistance. The data generated in recent years open up a wide range of promising strategies to optimize cisplatin therapy, with the potential to personalize HNSCC patient treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Griso
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies and Biomarkers in Cancer, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.G.); (L.A.-R.)
| | - Lucía Acero-Riaguas
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies and Biomarkers in Cancer, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.G.); (L.A.-R.)
| | - Beatriz Castelo
- Medical Oncology Department, University Hospital La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Ana Sastre-Perona
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies and Biomarkers in Cancer, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.G.); (L.A.-R.)
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8
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Pasquariello KZ, Dey JM, Sprowl JA. Current Understanding of Membrane Transporters as Regulators or Targets for Cisplatin-Induced Hearing Loss. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:348-355. [PMID: 34330821 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a platinum-based drug which remains among the most efficacious anticancer treatment options. Unfortunately, use of cisplatin is hindered by dose-limiting toxicities, including irreversible hearing loss, which can grossly affect patient quality of life. Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity is the result of cochlear hair cell damage through a mechanism that is poorly understood. However, cisplatin cytotoxicity is reliant on intracellular accumulation, a process that is largely dependent on the presence of particular membrane transporters. This review will provide an update on our current understanding of the various transporters known to be involved in the disposition and cytotoxicity of platinum drugs or their metabolites, as well as their role in mediating cisplatin-induced hearing loss. We also provide a summary of the successes and opportunities in therapeutically targeting membrane transporters to alleviate platinum-induced hearing loss. Moreover, we describe how this approach could be used to reduce the severity or onset of other adverse events associated with exposure to various forms of platinum drugs, without diminishing anti-tumor efficacy. Significance Statement Cisplatin-induced hearing loss is a dose limiting and irreversible adverse event with no current preventative or curative treatment measures. Pharmacological targeting of membrane transporters that regulate platinum uptake into cochlear hair cells, if conducted appropriately, may alleviate this devastating side effect and could be applied to alleviate other platinum-induced toxicities.
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Key Words
- Uptake transporters (OATP, OAT, OCT, PEPT, MCT, NTCP, ASBT, etc.)
- cancer chemotherapy
- efflux transporters (P-gp, BCRP, MRP, MATE, BSEP, etc)
- ototoxicity
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason A Sprowl
- School of Pharmacy, University of Buffalo, United States
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9
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Jia C, Deacon GB, Zhang Y, Gao C. Platinum(IV) antitumor complexes and their nano-drug delivery. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Boyd SD, Ullrich MS, Skopp A, Winkler DD. Copper Sources for Sod1 Activation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060500. [PMID: 32517371 PMCID: PMC7346115 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper ions (i.e., copper) are a critical part of several cellular processes, but tight regulation of copper levels and trafficking are required to keep the cell protected from this highly reactive transition metal. Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (Sod1) protects the cell from the accumulation of radical oxygen species by way of the redox cycling activity of copper in its catalytic center. Multiple posttranslational modification events, including copper incorporation, are reliant on the copper chaperone for Sod1 (Ccs). The high-affinity copper uptake protein (Ctr1) is the main entry point of copper into eukaryotic cells and can directly supply copper to Ccs along with other known intracellular chaperones and trafficking molecules. This review explores the routes of copper delivery that are utilized to activate Sod1 and the usefulness and necessity of each.
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11
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Zheng CW, Zeng RJ, Xu LY, Li EM. Rho GTPases: Promising candidates for overcoming chemotherapeutic resistance. Cancer Lett 2020; 475:65-78. [PMID: 31981606 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite therapeutic advances, resistance to chemotherapy remains a major challenge to patients with malignancies. Rho GTPases are essential for the development and progression of various diseases including cancer, and a vast number of studies have linked Rho GTPases to chemoresistance. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms can expound the effects of Rho GTPases towards chemotherapeutic agents, and targeting Rho GTPases is a promising strategy to downregulate the chemo-protective pathways and overcome chemoresistance. Importantly, exceptions in certain biological conditions and interactions among the members of Rho GTPases should be noted. In this review, we focus on the role of Rho GTPases, particularly Rac1, in regulating chemoresistance and provide an overview of their related mechanisms and available inhibitors, which may offer novel options for future targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wen Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Rui-Jie Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China; Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
| | - En-Min Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China; The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, China.
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12
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Muley H, Fadó R, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R, Casals N. Drug uptake-based chemoresistance in breast cancer treatment. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113959. [PMID: 32272110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of tumor and the second leading cause of death due to cancer among women. Although screening methods, diagnosis and therapeutic options have improved in the last decade, chemoresistance remains an important challenge. There is evidence relating breast cancer resistance with signaling pathways involving hormone and growth receptors, survival, apoptosis and the activation of efflux pumps. However, the resistance mechanisms linked to drug uptake are poorly understood, despite it often being observed that the drug content is lower in resistant cancer cells and that the entry of the drug into these cells is a limiting process for the subsequent therapeutic effect.In this review, we provide an overview of drug uptake-based resistance mechanisms developed by cancer cells in the four main types of chemotherapy used in breast cancer: anthracyclines, taxanes, oxazaphosphorines and platinum-based drugs. The contribution of tumor microenvironment to reduced drug-uptake and multidrug resistance is also analyzed. As a developing field, nanomedicine-based approaches provide promising opportunities to improve drug specific targeting, cell interaction and uptake into cancer cells. The endocytic-mediated pathways attributed to the different types of nanoformulations as well as the contribution of nanotherapeutics to overcoming chemoresistance affecting drug uptake in breast cancer will be described. New approaches focusing on drug uptake mechanisms could improve breast cancer chemotherapy, obtaining better dose-response outcomes and reducing toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Muley
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rut Fadó
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rosalía Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain
| | - Núria Casals
- Basic Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, E-08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Zhou J, Kang Y, Chen L, Wang H, Liu J, Zeng S, Yu L. The Drug-Resistance Mechanisms of Five Platinum-Based Antitumor Agents. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:343. [PMID: 32265714 PMCID: PMC7100275 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based anticancer drugs, including cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, nedaplatin, and lobaplatin, are heavily applied in chemotherapy regimens. However, the intrinsic or acquired resistance severely limit the clinical application of platinum-based treatment. The underlying mechanisms are incredibly complicated. Multiple transporters participate in the active transport of platinum-based antitumor agents, and the altered expression level, localization, or activity may severely decrease the cellular platinum accumulation. Detoxification components, which are commonly increasing in resistant tumor cells, can efficiently bind to platinum agents and prevent the formation of platinum–DNA adducts, but the adducts production is the determinant step for the cytotoxicity of platinum-based antitumor agents. Even if adequate adducts have formed, tumor cells still manage to survive through increased DNA repair processes or elevated apoptosis threshold. In addition, autophagy has a profound influence on platinum resistance. This review summarizes the critical participators of platinum resistance mechanisms mentioned above and highlights the most potential therapeutic targets or predicted markers. With a deeper understanding of the underlying resistance mechanisms, new solutions would be produced to extend the clinical application of platinum-based antitumor agents largely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabei Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Urology, Cancer Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junqing Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lushan Yu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Ghaffari R, Di Bona KR, Riley CL, Richburg JH. Copper transporter 1 (CTR1) expression by mouse testicular germ cells, but not Sertoli cells, is essential for functional spermatogenesis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215522. [PMID: 31002737 PMCID: PMC6474593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance in copper (Cu) tissue homeostasis has a degenerative effect on spermatogenesis and male fertility. The high-affinity Cu transporter 1 (CTR1; SLC31A1) is the major protein responsible for Cu acquisition in eukaryotes and is highly expressed in mouse testes. Studies on yeast and Drosophila have demonstrated the conserved essential function of Cu and CTR1 for meiosis and fertility, implying that CTR1 may play an essential function in mammalian spermatogenesis. In mice, spermatogenesis takes place within the seminiferous epithelium, where tight junctions between somatic Sertoli cells (SCs) create a specialized microenvironment for the development of meiotic germ cells (GCs) by tightly regulating the free transport of metabolites and ions to reach these cells. Here, it is demonstrated that within the seminiferous epithelium, CTR1 is expressed on the membrane of primary pachytene spermatocytes and SCs. To examine the physiological significance of CTR1 in spermatogenesis, mice with a GC-specific (Ctr1ΔGC) and SC-specific (Ctr1ΔSC) disruption of the Ctr1 gene were generated. The testis of Ctr1ΔGC mice exhibits a severe progressive loss of GCs starting at postnatal day (PND) 28 leading to testis hypoplasia by adulthood. No spermatogenic recovery was observed in Ctr1ΔGC testis beyond PND 41, despite the presence of FOXO-1 expressing undifferentiated spermatogonial cells. However, Ctr1ΔSC mice displayed functional spermatogenesis and were fertile, even though testicular Cu levels and Cu-dependent cellular activities were significantly reduced. These results reveal, for the first time, the importance of CTR1 expression by GCs for maintaining functional spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashin Ghaffari
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Kristin R. Di Bona
- The Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. Riley
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
| | - John H. Richburg
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
- The Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States of America
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15
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Guerra F, Paiano A, Migoni D, Girolimetti G, Perrone AM, De Iaco P, Fanizzi FP, Gasparre G, Bucci C. Modulation of RAB7A Protein Expression Determines Resistance to Cisplatin through Late Endocytic Pathway Impairment and Extracellular Vesicular Secretion. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11010052. [PMID: 30626032 PMCID: PMC6357196 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin (CDDP) is widely used in treatment of cancer, yet patients often develop resistance with consequent therapeutical failure. In CDDP-resistant cells alterations of endocytosis and lysosomal functionality have been revealed, although their causes and contribution to therapy response are unclear. METHODS We investigated the role of RAB7A, a key regulator of late endocytic trafficking, in CDDP-resistance by comparing resistant and sensitive cells using western blotting, confocal microscopy and real time PCR. Modulation of RAB7A expression was performed by transfection and RNA interference, while CDDP sensitivity and intracellular accumulation were evaluated by viability assays and chemical approaches, respectively. Also extracellular vesicles were purified and analyzed. Finally, correlations between RAB7A and chemotherapy response was investigated in human patient samples. RESULTS We demonstrated that down-regulation of RAB7A characterizes the chemoresistant phenotype, and that RAB7A depletion increases CDDP-resistance while RAB7A overexpression decreases it. In addition, increased production of extracellular vesicles is modulated by RAB7A expression levels and correlates with reduction of CDDP intracellular accumulation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated, for the first time, that RAB7A regulates CDDP resistance determining alterations in late endocytic trafficking and drug efflux through extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Guerra
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Aurora Paiano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Danilo Migoni
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Giulia Girolimetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Medical Genetics Unit, University Hospital S. Orsola-Malpighi, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Anna Myriam Perrone
- Unit of Oncologic Gynecology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 13, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Pierandrea De Iaco
- Unit of Oncologic Gynecology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 13, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Paolo Fanizzi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Gasparre
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Medical Genetics Unit, University Hospital S. Orsola-Malpighi, via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Bucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni 165, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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16
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Phytochemicals: Current strategy to sensitize cancer cells to cisplatin. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 110:518-527. [PMID: 30530287 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin-based chemotherapeutic regimens are the most frequently used adjuvant treatments for many types of cancer. However, the development of chemoresistance to cisplatin results in treatment failure. Despite the significant developments in understanding the mechanisms of cisplatin resistance, effective strategies to enhance the chemosensitivity of cisplatin are lacking. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring plant-based compounds that can augment the anti-cancer activity of cisplatin, with minimal side effects. Notably, some novel phytochemicals, such as curcumin, not only increase the efficacy of cisplatin but also decrease toxicity induced by cisplatin. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. In this review, we discussed the progress made in utilizing phytochemicals to enhance the anti-cancer efficacy of cisplatin. We also presented some ideal phytochemicals as novel agents for counteracting cisplatin-induced organ damage.
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17
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Arnesano F, Nardella MI, Natile G. Platinum drugs, copper transporters and copper chelators. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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18
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Lambert IH, Sørensen BH. Facilitating the Cellular Accumulation of Pt-Based Chemotherapeutic Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2249. [PMID: 30071606 PMCID: PMC6121265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin are Pt-based drugs used in the chemotherapeutic eradication of cancer cells. Although most cancer patient cells initially respond well to the treatment, the clinical effectiveness declines over time as the cancer cells develop resistance to the drugs. The Pt-based drugs are accumulated via membrane-bound transporters, translocated to the nucleus, where they trigger various intracellular cell death programs through DNA interaction. Here we illustrate how resistance to Pt-based drugs, acquired through limitation in the activity/subcellular localization of canonical drug transporters, might be circumvented by the facilitated uptake of Pt-based drug complexes via nanocarriers/endocytosis or lipophilic drugs by diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Henry Lambert
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell Biology and Physiology, Universitetsparken 13, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Belinda Halling Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Section of Cell Biology and Physiology, Universitetsparken 13, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Jiang P, Wu X, Wang X, Huang W, Feng Q. NEAT1 upregulates EGCG-induced CTR1 to enhance cisplatin sensitivity in lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:43337-43351. [PMID: 27270317 PMCID: PMC5190027 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based drugs are the firstline of treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but resistance to these drugs is a major obstacle to effective chemotherapy. Our previous study revealed that the green tea polyphenol, EGCG, induced cisplatin transporter CTR1 (copper transporter 1) and enhanced cisplatin sensitivity in ovarian cancer. In this study, we found that EGCG upregulated CTR1 and increased platinum accumulation in NSCLC (A549, H460 and H1299) cells, cDDP-resistant A549 cells and a nude mouse xenograft model. Cisplatin-induced inhibition of cell growth was enhanced by EGCG treatment in vitro and in vivo. MicroRNA hsa-mir-98-5p appears to suppress CTR1 gene expression, while long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) appears to enhance it. Bioinformatics analysis showed that hsa-mir-98-5p has specific complementary binding sites for NEAT1. In addition, hsa-mir-98-5p was predicted to be a putative CTR1 target. NEAT1 may act as a competing endogenous lncRNA to upregulate EGCG-induced CTR1 by sponging hsa-mir-98-5p in NSCLC. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism how NEAT1 upregulates EGCG-induced CTR1 and enhances cisplatin sensitivity in vitro and in vivo, and suggest EGCG could serve as an effective adjuvant chemotherapeutic in lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Beijing Research Institute for Nutritional Resources, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Logeman BL, Wood LK, Lee J, Thiele DJ. Gene duplication and neo-functionalization in the evolutionary and functional divergence of the metazoan copper transporters Ctr1 and Ctr2. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11531-11546. [PMID: 28507097 PMCID: PMC5500815 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.793356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential element for proper organismal development and is involved in a range of processes, including oxidative phosphorylation, neuropeptide biogenesis, and connective tissue maturation. The copper transporter (Ctr) family of integral membrane proteins is ubiquitously found in eukaryotes and mediates the high-affinity transport of Cu+ across both the plasma membrane and endomembranes. Although mammalian Ctr1 functions as a Cu+ transporter for Cu acquisition and is essential for embryonic development, a homologous protein, Ctr2, has been proposed to function as a low-affinity Cu transporter, a lysosomal Cu exporter, or a regulator of Ctr1 activity, but its functional and evolutionary relationship to Ctr1 is unclear. Here we report a biochemical, genetic, and phylogenetic comparison of metazoan Ctr1 and Ctr2, suggesting that Ctr2 arose over 550 million years ago as a result of a gene duplication event followed by loss of Cu+ transport activity. Using a random mutagenesis and growth selection approach, we identified amino acid substitutions in human and mouse Ctr2 proteins that support copper-dependent growth in yeast and enhance copper accumulation in Ctr1-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts. These mutations revert Ctr2 to a more ancestral Ctr1-like state while maintaining endogenous functions, such as stimulating Ctr1 cleavage. We suggest key structural aspects of metazoan Ctr1 and Ctr2 that discriminate between their biological roles, providing mechanistic insights into the evolutionary, biochemical, and functional relationships between these two related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L Kent Wood
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710 and
| | - Jaekwon Lee
- the Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Dennis J Thiele
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology,
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710 and
- Biochemistry, and
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21
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Cerovska E, Elsnerova K, Vaclavikova R, Soucek P. The role of membrane transporters in ovarian cancer chemoresistance and prognosis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:741-753. [PMID: 28511565 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1332179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate of all cancers in women. There is currently no effective method for early diagnosis, limiting the precision of clinical expectations. Predictions of therapeutic efficacy are currently not available either. Specifically, the development of chemoresistance against conventional chemotherapy poses a fundamental complication. Some membrane transporters have been reported to influence chemoresistance, which is often associated with a poor prognosis. Areas covered: The aim of this article is to review the existing information about membrane transporters and their role in both ovarian cancer chemoresistance and its outcomes. We then highlight limitations of current methodologies and suggest alternatives providing avenues for future research. Expert opinion: Membrane transporters play an important role in development of chemoresistance and affect prognosis of ovarian cancer patients; however, due to variations in methodology and in patient populations, their specific roles have yet to be clarified. For further evaluation of the clinical utility of membrane transporters, it is essential to validate results and improve methods for marker assessment across laboratories. A promising area for future research is to identify the genetic variability in potential markers in peripheral blood. These markers would then stratify patients into defined groups for optimal intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela Cerovska
- a Toxicogenomics Unit , National Institute of Public Health , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Elsnerova
- a Toxicogenomics Unit , National Institute of Public Health , Prague , Czech Republic.,b 3rd Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic.,c Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen , Charles University , Pilsen , Czech Republic
| | - Radka Vaclavikova
- a Toxicogenomics Unit , National Institute of Public Health , Prague , Czech Republic.,c Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen , Charles University , Pilsen , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Soucek
- a Toxicogenomics Unit , National Institute of Public Health , Prague , Czech Republic.,c Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen , Charles University , Pilsen , Czech Republic
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22
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Öhrvik H, Aaseth J, Horn N. Orchestration of dynamic copper navigation – new and missing pieces. Metallomics 2017; 9:1204-1229. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A general principle in all cells in the body is that an essential metal – here copper – is taken up at the plasma membrane, directed through cellular compartments for use in specific enzymes and pathways, stored in specific scavenging molecules if in surplus, and finally expelled from the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Öhrvik
- Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology
- Uppsala University
- Sweden
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Innlandet Hospital Trust and Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences
- Norway
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23
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Sørensen BH, Dam CS, Stürup S, Lambert IH. Dual role of LRRC8A-containing transporters on cisplatin resistance in human ovarian cancer cells. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 160:287-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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24
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Bompiani KM, Tsai CY, Achatz FP, Liebig JK, Howell SB. Copper transporters and chaperones CTR1, CTR2, ATOX1, and CCS as determinants of cisplatin sensitivity. Metallomics 2016; 8:951-62. [PMID: 27157188 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00076b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of resistance to cisplatin (cDDP) is commonly accompanied by reduced drug uptake or increased efflux. Previous studies in yeast and murine embryonic fibroblasts have reported that the copper (Cu) transporters and chaperones participate in the uptake, efflux, and intracellular distribution of cDDP. However, there is conflicting data from studies in human cells. We used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to individually knock out the human copper transporters CTR1 and CTR2 and the copper chaperones ATOX1 and CCS. Isogenic knockout cell lines were generated in both human HEK-293T and ovarian carcinoma OVCAR8 cells. All knockout cell lines had slowed growth compared to parental cells, small changes in basal Cu levels, and varying sensitivities to Cu depending on the gene targeted. However, all of the knockouts demonstrated only modest 2 to 5-fold changes in cDDP sensitivity that did not differ from the range of sensitivities of 10 wild type clones grown from the same parental cell population. We conclude that, under basal conditions, loss of CTR1, CTR2, ATOX1, or CCS does not produce a change in cisplatin sensitivity that exceeds the variance found within the parental population, suggesting that they are not essential to the mechanism by which cDDP enters these cell lines and is transported to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Bompiani
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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25
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Lysosomes as mediators of drug resistance in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 24:23-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Urso E, Maffia M. Behind the Link between Copper and Angiogenesis: Established Mechanisms and an Overview on the Role of Vascular Copper Transport Systems. J Vasc Res 2015; 52:172-96. [PMID: 26484858 DOI: 10.1159/000438485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis critically sustains the progression of both physiological and pathological processes. Copper behaves as an obligatory co-factor throughout the angiogenic signalling cascades, so much so that a deficiency causes neovascularization to abate. Moreover, the progress of several angiogenic pathologies (e.g. diabetes, cardiac hypertrophy and ischaemia) can be tracked by measuring serum copper levels, which are being increasingly investigated as a useful prognostic marker. Accordingly, the therapeutic modulation of body copper has been proven effective in rescuing the pathological angiogenic dysfunctions underlying several disease states. Vascular copper transport systems profoundly influence the activation and execution of angiogenesis, acting as multi-functional regulators of apparently discrete pro-angiogenic pathways. This review concerns the complex relationship among copper-dependent angiogenic factors, copper transporters and common pathological conditions, with an unusual accent on the multi-faceted involvement of the proteins handling vascular copper. Functions regulated by the major copper transport proteins (CTR1 importer, ATP7A efflux pump and metallo-chaperones) include the modulation of endothelial migration and vascular superoxide, known to activate angiogenesis within a narrow concentration range. The potential contribution of prion protein, a controversial regulator of copper homeostasis, is discussed, even though its angiogenic involvement seems to be mainly associated with the modulation of endothelial motility and permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Urso
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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27
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Decreased expression of CTR2 predicts poor prognosis of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2015; 34:5.e1-9. [PMID: 26411550 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is well known for its hypervascularity due to the Von Hippel-Lindau/hypoxia-inducible factor dysregulation. Recent findings suggested that copper transporter 2 (CTR2) is also associated with angiogenesis through copper׳s modulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway. Our group thus explored the prognostic role of CTR2 in patients with ccRCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 331 patients with ccRCC who underwent nephrectomy were enrolled between February 2005 and June 2007 at a single institution. The median follow-up was 98.97 months (2.63-120.47mo). Patients׳ samples were collected and stained for CTR2 by immunohistochemistry. The staining intensity was analyzed quantitatively and defined as high/low expression using X-tile software. Stage, Size, Grade, and Necrosis score and University of California Los Angeles Integrated Staging System score were applied to stratify patients׳ risks. Survival analyses were performed through the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard model. After integrating tumoral CTR2 expression with other clinical parameters, 2 nomograms were generated for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) prediction. RESULTS CTR2 expression in ccRCC was decreased compared with that in the peritumoral tissue (P<0.001) and negatively correlated with many other clinical parameters. In survival analyses using the Kaplan-Meier method, low tumoral CTR2 expression displayed a dismal prognostic effect both in OS and DFS prediction (P<0.001). Multivariate analyses also revealed the same result after adjusted with other clinical parameters (P<0.001). Stratifying patients into 3 risk levels using the Stage, Size, Grade, and Necrosis score and University of California Los Angeles Integrated Staging System score, decreased CTR2 expression associated with shorter OS and DFS in the low- and intermediate-risk groups. Moreover, the generated nomogram integrating tumoral CTR2 expression performed better in predicting patients׳ OS than using TNM stages alone (c-index = 0.799; 95% CI: 0.752-0.846 vs. 0.691; 95% CI: 0.637-0.745). CONCLUSIONS CTR2 is a novel prognostic marker for patients with ccRCC both in OS and DFS prediction, and could be incorporated with other clinical parameters for better patient risk stratification.
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28
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Callejo A, Sedó-Cabezón L, Juan ID, Llorens J. Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity: Effects, Mechanisms and Protection Strategies. TOXICS 2015; 3:268-293. [PMID: 29051464 PMCID: PMC5606684 DOI: 10.3390/toxics3030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent that is widely used to treat solid organ malignancies. However, serious side effects have been associated with its use, such as bilateral, progressive, irreversible, dose-dependent neurosensory hearing loss. Current evidence indicates that cisplatin triggers the production of reactive oxygen species in target tissues in the inner ear. A variety of agents that protect against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity have been successfully tested in cell culture and animal models. However, many of them interfere with the therapeutic effect of cisplatin, and therefore are not suitable for systemic administration in clinical practice. Consequently, local administration strategies, namely intratympanic administration, have been developed to achieve otoprotection, without reducing the antitumoral effect of cisplatin. While a considerable amount of pre-clinical information is available, clinical data on treatments to prevent cisplatin ototoxicity are only just beginning to appear. This review summarizes clinical and experimental studies of cisplatin ototoxicity, and focuses on understanding its toxicity mechanisms, clinical repercussions and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Callejo
- Unitat Funcional d'Otorrinolaringologia i Al·lèrgia, Institut Universtiari Quirón Dexeus, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Lara Sedó-Cabezón
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Ivan Domènech Juan
- Unitat Funcional d'Otorrinolaringologia i Al·lèrgia, Institut Universtiari Quirón Dexeus, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Servei d'Otorrinolaringologia, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Jordi Llorens
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain.
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain.
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29
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Ravera M, Gabano E, Bianco S, Ermondi G, Caron G, Vallaro M, Pelosi G, Zanellato I, Bonarrigo I, Cassino C, Osella D. Host–guest inclusion systems of Pt(IV)-bis(benzoato) anticancer drug candidates and cyclodextrins. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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30
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Wang X, Jiang P, Wang P, Yang CS, Wang X, Feng Q. EGCG Enhances Cisplatin Sensitivity by Regulating Expression of the Copper and Cisplatin Influx Transporter CTR1 in Ovary Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125402. [PMID: 25927922 PMCID: PMC4416002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is one of the first-line platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of many types of cancer, including ovary cancer. CTR1 (copper transporter 1), a transmembrane solute carrier transporter, has previously been shown to increase the cellular uptake and sensitivity of cisplatin. It is hypothesized that increased CTR1 expression would enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to cisplatin (cDDP). The present study demonstrates for the first time that (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major polyphenol from green tea, can enhance CTR1 mRNA and protein expression in ovarian cancer cells and xenograft mice. EGCG inhibits the rapid degradation of CTR1 induced by cDDP. The combination of EGCG and cDDP increases the accumulation of cDDP and DNA-Pt adducts, and subsequently enhances the sensitivity of ovarian cancer SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells to the chemotherapeutic agent. In the OVCAR3 ovarian cancer xenograft nude mice model, the combination of the lower concentration of cDDP and EGCG strongly repressed the tumor growth and exhibited protective effect on the nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin. Overall, these findings uncover a novel chemotherapy mechanism of EGCG as an adjuvant for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Beijing Research Institute for Nutritional Resources, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengqi Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chung S. Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Xuerong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Key Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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31
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Harrach S, Ciarimboli G. Role of transporters in the distribution of platinum-based drugs. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:85. [PMID: 25964760 PMCID: PMC4408848 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum derivatives used as chemotherapeutic drugs such as cisplatin and oxaliplatin have a potent antitumor activity. However, severe side effects such as nephro-, oto-, and neurotoxicity are associated with their use. Effects and side effects of platinum-based drugs are in part caused by their transporter-mediated uptake in target and non target cells. In this mini review, the transport systems involved in cellular handling of platinum derivatives are illustrated, focusing on transporters for cisplatin. The copper transporter 1 seems to be of particular importance for cisplatin uptake in tumor cells, while the organic cation transporter (OCT) 2, due to its specific organ distribution, may play a major role in the development of undesired cisplatin side effects. In polarized cells, e.g., in renal proximal tubule cells, apically expressed transporters, such as multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1, mediate secretion of cisplatin and in this way contribute to the control of its toxic effects. Specific inhibition of cisplatin uptake transporters such as the OCTs may be an attractive therapeutic option to reduce its toxicity, without impairing its antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Harrach
- Experimental Nephrology, Medical Clinic D, University of Münster, University Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
| | - Giuliano Ciarimboli
- Experimental Nephrology, Medical Clinic D, University of Münster, University Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, University Hospital MünsterMünster, Germany
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Galleggiante V, Rutigliano M, Sallustio F, Ribatti D, Ditonno P, Bettocchi C, Selvaggi FP, Lucarelli G, Battaglia M. CTR2 Identifies a Population of Cancer Cells with Stem Cell-like Features in Patients with Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Urol 2014; 192:1831-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Galleggiante
- Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Rutigliano
- Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Sallustio
- Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Nephrology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Ditonno
- Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Bettocchi
- Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Selvaggi
- Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lucarelli
- Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Battaglia
- Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation-Urology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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33
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Isolation and Characterization of Cancer Stem Cells in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Urologia 2014; 82:46-53. [DOI: 10.5301/uro.5000099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, several studies have investigated the presence of cancer stem cells in kidney cancer, performed characterization, and compared their profile with the normal stem cell counterparts. CD133, alone or in combination with other molecular markers, has been used to isolate normal and cancer stem cells from different sources, including renal carcinoma; however, it is still a matter of debate whether CD133+cells really represent the main tumorigenic population within the heterogeneous pool of cancer cells that characterize this tumor. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current findings related to cancer stem cells isolation in renal cell carcinoma, focusing on controversies about their origin and the identification of a specific marker.
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34
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Goldberg M, Manzi A, Aydin E, Singh G, Khoshkenar P, Birdi A, LaPorte B, Krauskopf A, Powell G, Chen J, Langer R. Development of a Nanoparticle-Embedded Chitosan Sponge for Topical and Local Administration of Chemotherapeutic Agents. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2014; 5:0409051-4090511. [PMID: 26336575 PMCID: PMC4547506 DOI: 10.1115/1.4030899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The following work describes the development of a novel noninvasive transmucosal drug delivery system, the chitosan sponge matrix (CSM). It is composed of cationic chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs) that encapsulate cisplatin (CDDP) embedded within a polymeric mucoadhesive CS matrix. CSM is designed to swell up when exposed to moisture, facilitating release of the NPs via diffusion across the matrix. CSM is intended to be administered topically and locally to mucosal tissues, with its initial indication being oral cancer (OC). Currently, intravenous (IV) administered CDDP is the gold standard chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of OC. However, its clinical use has been limited by its renal and hemotoxicity profile. We aim to locally administer CDDP via encapsulation in CS NPs and deliver them directly to the oral cavity with CSM. It is hypothesized that such a delivery device will greatly reduce any systemic toxicity and increase antitumor efficacy. This paper describes the methods for developing CSM and maintaining the integrity of CDDP NPs embedded in the CSM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Manzi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Erkin Aydin
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Gurtej Singh
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | | | | | | | - Geralle Powell
- Wellesley College , Department of Biology, Wellesley, MA 02481
| | - Julie Chen
- University of Massachusetts Lowell , Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lowell, MA 01854
| | - Robert Langer
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139
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35
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Jong NN, McKeage MJ. Emerging roles of metal solute carriers in cancer mechanisms and treatment. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2014; 35:450-62. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy N. Jong
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology and Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre; University of Auckland; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Mark J. McKeage
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology and Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre; University of Auckland; Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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36
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Tsai CY, Larson CA, Safaei R, Howell SB. Molecular modulation of the copper and cisplatin transport function of CTR1 and its interaction with IRS-4. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 90:379-87. [PMID: 24967972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The copper influx transporter CTR1 is also a major influx transporter for cisplatin (cDDP) in tumor cells. It influences the cytotoxicity of cDDP both in vivo and in vitro. Whereas Cu triggers internalization of CTR1 from the plasma membrane, cDDP does not. To investigate the mechanisms of these effects, myc-tagged forms of wild type hCTR1 and variants in which Y103 was converted to alanine, C189 was converted to serine, or the K178/K179 dilysine motif was converted to alanines were re-expressed in mouse embryo cells in which both alleles of CTR1 had been knocked out and also in HEK293T cells. The Y103A mutation and to a lesser extent the C189S mutation reduced internalization of CTR1 induced by Cu while the K178A/K179A had little effect. Both Y103 and C189 were required for Cu and cDDP transport whereas the K178/K179 motif was not. While Y103 lies in an YXXM motif that, when phosphorylated, is a potential docking site for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and other proteins involved in endocytosis, Western blot analysis of immunoprecipitated myc-CTR1, and proteomic analysis of peptides derived from CTR1, failed to identify any basal or Cu-induced phosphorylation. However, proteomic analysis did identify an interaction of CTR1 with IRS-4 and this was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation from HEK cells expressing either FLAG-CTR1 or myc-CTR1. The interaction was greater in the Y103A-expressing cells. We conclude that Y103 is required for the internalization of hCTR1 in response to Cu, that this occurs by a mechanism other than phosphorylation and that mutation of Y103 modulates the interaction with IRS-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Tsai
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA.
| | - Christopher A Larson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA.
| | - Roohangiz Safaei
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA
| | - Stephen B Howell
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, Mail Code 0819, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA.
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37
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Öhrvik H, Thiele DJ. How copper traverses cellular membranes through the mammalian copper transporter 1, Ctr1. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1314:32-41. [PMID: 24697869 PMCID: PMC4158275 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The copper transporter 1, Ctr1, is part of a major pathway for cellular copper (Cu) uptake in the intestinal epithelium, in hepatic and cardiac tissue, and likely in many other mammalian cells and tissues. Here, we summarize what is currently known about how extracellular Cu travels across the plasma membrane to enter the cytoplasm for intracellular distribution and for use by proteins and enzymes, the physiological roles of Ctr1, and its regulation. As a critical Cu importer, Ctr1 occupies a strategic position to exert a strong modifying influence on diseases and pathophysiological states caused by imbalances in Cu homeostasis. A more thorough understanding of the mechanisms that regulate Ctr1 abundance, trafficking, and function will provide new insights and opportunities for disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Öhrvik
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Dennis J. Thiele
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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38
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Öhrvik H, Thiele DJ. The role of Ctr1 and Ctr2 in mammalian copper homeostasis and platinum-based chemotherapy. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 31:178-82. [PMID: 24703712 PMCID: PMC4175275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential metal for growth and development that has the potential to be toxic if levels accumulate beyond the ability of cells to homeostatically balance uptake with detoxification. One system for Cu acquisition is the integral membrane Cu(+) transporter, Ctr1, which has been quite well characterized in terms of its function and physiology. The mammalian Ctr2 protein has been a conundrum for the copper field, as it is structurally closely related to the high affinity Cu transporter Ctr1, sharing important motifs for Cu transport activity. However, in contrast to mammalian Ctr1, Ctr2 fails to suppress the Cu-dependent growth phenotype of yeast cells defective in Cu(+) import, nor does it appreciably stimulate Cu acquisition when over-expressed in mammalian cells, underscoring important functional dissimilarities between the two proteins. Several roles for the mammalian Ctr2 have been suggested both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we summarize and discuss current insights into the Ctr2 protein and its interaction with Ctr1, its functions in mammalian Cu homeostasis and platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Öhrvik
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Dennis J Thiele
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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39
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Huang CP, Fofana M, Chan J, Chang CJ, Howell SB. Copper transporter 2 regulates intracellular copper and sensitivity to cisplatin. Metallomics 2014; 6:654-61. [PMID: 24522273 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00331k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells express two copper (Cu) influx transporters, CTR1 and CTR2. CTR1 serves as an influx transporter for both Cu and cisplatin (cDDP). In mouse embryo fibroblasts, reduction of CTR1 expression renders cells resistant to cDDP whereas reduction of CTR2 makes them hypersensitive both in vitro and in vivo. To investigate the role of CTR2 on intracellular Cu and cDDP sensitivity its expression was molecularly altered in the human epithelial 2008 cancer cell model. Intracellular exchangeable Cu(+) was measured with the fluorescent probe Coppersensor-3 (CS3). The ability of CS3 to report on changes in intracellular Cu(+) was validated by showing that Cu chelators reduced its signal, and that changes in signal accompanied alterations in expression of the major Cu influx transporter CTR1 and the two Cu efflux transporters, ATP7A and ATP7B. Constitutive knock down of CTR2 mRNA by ∼50% reduced steady-state exchangeable Cu by 22-23% and increased the sensitivity of 2008 cells by a factor of 2.6-2.9 in two separate clones. Over-expression of CTR2 increased exchangeable Cu(+) by 150% and rendered the 2008 cells 2.5-fold resistant to cDDP. The results provide evidence that CS3 can quantitatively assess changes in exchangeable Cu(+), and that CTR2 regulates both the level of exchangeable Cu(+) and sensitivity to cDDP in a model of human epithelial cancer. This study introduces CS3 and related sensors as novel tools for probing and assaying Cu-dependent sensitivity to anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Huang
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA.
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40
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Miller MA, Askevold B, Yang KS, Kohler RH, Weissleder R. Platinum compounds for high-resolution in vivo cancer imaging. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1131-5. [PMID: 24504646 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Platinum(II) compounds, principally cisplatin and carboplatin, are commonly used front-line cancer therapeutics. Despite their widespread use and continued interest in the development of new derivatives, including nanoformulations with improved properties, it has been difficult to visualize platinum compounds in live subjects, in real time, and with subcellular resolution. Here, we present four novel cisplatin- and carboplatin-derived fluorescent imaging compounds for quantitative intravital cancer imaging. We conjugated 4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-daiza-s-indacene (BODIPY) to Pt(II) complexes to generate derivatives with robust in vivo fluorescence and retained DNA-damaging and cytotoxic properties. We successfully applied these compounds to image pharmacokinetics and tumor uptake in a xenograft cancer mouse model. By using a genetic reporter of single-cell DNA damage for in vivo imaging, Pt drug accumulation and resultant DNA damage could be monitored in individual tumor cells, at subcellular resolution, and in real time in a live animal model of cancer. These derivatives represent promising imaging tools that will be useful in understanding further the distribution and interactions of platinum within tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles A Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114 (USA)
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41
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Schweigel-Röntgen M. The families of zinc (SLC30 and SLC39) and copper (SLC31) transporters. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2014; 73:321-55. [PMID: 24745988 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800223-0.00009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The solute carriers families 30 (SLC30; ZnT), 39 (SLC39; ZIP), and 31 (SLC31; CTR) are involved in the essential maintenance of cellular zinc (Zn²⁺) and copper (Cu²⁺) homeostasis, respectively. ZnTs mediate Zn²⁺ extrusion from cells (SLC30A1) or transport Zn²⁺ into organelles and secretory vesicles/granules (SLC30A2-SLC30A8). SLC39 family members are predominantly localized to the cell membrane where they perform Zn²⁺ uptake and increase the availability of cytosolic Zn²⁺. SLC39A1 is ubiquitously expressed, whereas other ZIP transporters (e.g., SLC39A2 and SLC39A3) show a more tissue-restricted expression consistent with organ-specific functions of these proteins. The members A1 (CTR1) and A2 (CTR2) of the SLC31 family of solute carriers belong to a network of proteins that acts to regulate the intracellular Cu²⁺ concentration within a certain range. SLC31A1 is predominantly localized to the plasma membrane, whereas SLC31A2 is mainly found in intracellular membranes of the late endosome and lysosome. The specific function of SLC31A2 is not known. SLC31A1 is ubiquitously expressed and has been characterized as a high-affinity importer of reduced copper (Cu⁺). Cu²⁺ transport function of CTR proteins is associated with oligomerization; SLC31A1 trimerizes and thereby forms a channel-like structure enabling Cu²⁺ translocation across the cell membrane. The molecular characteristics and structural details (e.g., membrane topology, conserved Zn²⁺, and Cu²⁺ binding sites) and mechanisms of translational and posttranslational regulation of expression and/or activity have been described for SLC30 and SLC39 family members, and for SLC31A1. For SLC31A1, data on tissue-specific functions (e.g., in the intestine, heart, and liver) are also available. A link between SLC31A1, immune function, and disorders such as Alzheimer's disease or cancer makes the protein a candidate therapeutic target. In secretory tissues (e.g., the mammary gland and pancreas), Zn²⁺ transporters of SLC families 30 and 39 are involved in specific functions such as insulin synthesis and secretion, metallation of digestive proenzymes, and transfer of nutrients into milk. Defective or dysregulated Zn²⁺ metabolism in these organs is associated with disorders such as diabetes and cancer, and impaired Zn²⁺ secretion into milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schweigel-Röntgen
- Institute for Muscle Biology & Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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42
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Ctr2 regulates biogenesis of a cleaved form of mammalian Ctr1 metal transporter lacking the copper- and cisplatin-binding ecto-domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4279-88. [PMID: 24167251 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311749110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential catalytic cofactor for enzymatic activities that drive a range of metabolic biochemistry including mitochondrial electron transport, iron mobilization, and peptide hormone maturation. Copper dysregulation is associated with fatal infantile disease, liver, and cardiac dysfunction, neuropathy, and anemia. Here we report that mammals regulate systemic copper acquisition and intracellular mobilization via cleavage of the copper-binding ecto-domain of the copper transporter 1 (Ctr1). Although full-length Ctr1 is critical to drive efficient copper import across the plasma membrane, cleavage of the ecto-domain is required for Ctr1 to mobilize endosomal copper stores. The biogenesis of the truncated form of Ctr1 requires the structurally related, previously enigmatic copper transporter 2 (Ctr2). Ctr2(-/-) mice are defective in accumulation of truncated Ctr1 and exhibit increased tissue copper levels, and X-ray fluorescence microscopy demonstrates that copper accumulates as intracellular foci. These studies identify a key regulatory mechanism for mammalian copper transport through Ctr2-dependent accumulation of a Ctr1 variant lacking the copper- and cisplatin-binding ecto-domain.
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43
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Xu AL, Yu GQ, Kong XC, Qiu XH, Li PL. Effect of Rac1 downregulation mediated by shRNA on the biological behaviour of human cervical cancer cells. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:1037-48. [PMID: 23760915 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513479875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The function of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate1 (Rac1) in the progression of cervical cancer is unclear. This study used RNA interference technology to explore the involvement of Rac1 in the regulation of cervical cancer cells. METHODS A short hairpin (sh) RNA plasmid targeting Rac1 was constructed and transfected into HeLa cells. Rac1 mRNA and protein levels were investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Cell proliferation and cisplatin chemosensitivity were determined using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. The Matrigel™ assay and flow cytometry were used to assess cell invasion and apoptosis, respectively. The concentration of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in cell supernatants was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Rac1 expression was significantly downregulated at the mRNA and protein levels in HeLa cells transfected with Rac1 shRNA, and the cell proliferation and invasion capability of cells was decreased. Rac1 downregulation was associated with a decrease in MMP-2 secretion, and increased cell chemosensitivity to cisplatin and cisplatin-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Rac1 may play an important role in cervical cancer progression and could be a potential target for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Li Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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44
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Waissbluth S, Daniel SJ. Cisplatin-induced ototoxicity: transporters playing a role in cisplatin toxicity. Hear Res 2013; 299:37-45. [PMID: 23467171 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a potent antineoplastic agent widely used for a variety of cancer types. Unfortunately, its use leads to dose limiting side effects such as ototoxicity. Up to 93% of patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy will develop progressive and irreversible sensorineural hearing loss which leads to a decreased quality of life in cancer survivors. No treatment is currently available for cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. It appears that cisplatin causes apoptosis by binding DNA, activating the inflammatory cascade as well as generating oxidative stress in the cell. Various studies have aimed to assess the potential protective effects of compounds such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, caspase inhibitors, anti-apoptotic agents and calcium channel blockers against the toxicity caused by cisplatin in the inner ear with variable degrees of protection. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity remains unclear. This review summarizes all of the known transporters that could play a role in cisplatin influx, leading to cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. The following were evaluated: copper transporters, organic cation transporters, the transient receptor potential channel family, calcium channels, multidrug resistance associated proteins, mechanotransduction channels and chloride channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Waissbluth
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Montreal Children's Hospital, Quebec, Canada
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45
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Ciarimboli G. Membrane transporters as mediators of Cisplatin effects and side effects. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:473829. [PMID: 24278698 PMCID: PMC3820462 DOI: 10.6064/2012/473829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Transporters are important mediators of specific cellular uptake and thus, not only for effects, but also for side effects, metabolism, and excretion of many drugs such as cisplatin. Cisplatin is a potent cytostatic drug, whose use is limited by its severe acute and chronic nephro-, oto-, and peripheral neurotoxicity. For this reason, other platinum derivatives, such as carboplatin and oxaliplatin, with less toxicity but still with antitumoral action have been developed. Several transporters, which are expressed on the cell membranes, have been associated with cisplatin transport across the plasma membrane and across the cell: the copper transporter 1 (Ctr1), the copper transporter 2 (Ctr2), the P-type copper-transporting ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B, the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), and the multidrug extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1). Some of these transporters are also able to accept other platinum derivatives as substrate. Since membrane transporters display a specific tissue distribution, they can be important molecules that mediate the entry of platinum derivatives in target and also nontarget cells possibly mediating specific effects and side effects of the chemotherapeutic drug. This paper summarizes the literature on toxicities of cisplatin compared to that of carboplatin and oxaliplatin and the interaction of these platinum derivatives with membrane transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Ciarimboli
- Experimentelle Nephrologie, Medizinische Klinik D, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A14, 48149 Münster, Germany
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46
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Marin JJG. Plasma membrane transporters in modern liver pharmacology. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:428139. [PMID: 24278693 PMCID: PMC3820525 DOI: 10.6064/2012/428139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The liver plays a crucial role in the detoxification of drugs used in the treatment of many diseases. The liver itself is the target for drugs aimed to modify its function or to treat infections and tumours affecting this organ. Both detoxification and pharmacological processes occurring in the liver require the uptake of the drug by hepatic cells and, in some cases, the elimination into bile. These steps have been classified as detoxification phase 0 and phase III, respectively. Since most drugs cannot cross the plasma membrane by simple diffusion, the involvement of transporters is mandatory. Several members of the superfamilies of solute carriers (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) proteins, with a minor participation of other families of transporters, account for the uptake and efflux, respectively, of endobiotic and xenobiotic compounds across the basolateral and apical membranes of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. These transporters are also involved in the sensitivity and refractoriness to the pharmacological treatment of liver tumours. An additional interesting aspect of the role of plasma membrane transporters in liver pharmacology regards the promiscuity of many of these carriers, which accounts for a variety of drug-drug, endogenous substances-drug and food components-drug interactions with clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose J. G. Marin
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca and CIBERehd, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Campus Miguel de Unamuno E.D. S09, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Sancho-Martínez SM, Prieto-García L, Prieto M, López-Novoa JM, López-Hernández FJ. Subcellular targets of cisplatin cytotoxicity: An integrated view. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:35-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Kuo MT, Fu S, Savaraj N, Chen HHW. Role of the human high-affinity copper transporter in copper homeostasis regulation and cisplatin sensitivity in cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4616-21. [PMID: 22962276 PMCID: PMC3445735 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The high-affinity copper transporter (Ctr1; SCLC31A1) plays an important role in regulating copper homeostasis because copper is an essential micronutrient and copper deficiency is detrimental to many important cellular functions, but excess copper is toxic. Recent research has revealed that human copper homeostasis is tightly controlled by interregulatory circuitry involving copper, Sp1, and human (hCtr1). This circuitry uses Sp1 transcription factor as a copper sensor in modulating hCtr1 expression, which in turn controls cellular copper and Sp1 levels in a 3-way mutual regulatory loop. Posttranslational regulation of hCtr1 expression by copper stresses has also been described in the literature. Because hCtr1 can also transport platinum drugs, this finding underscores the important role of hCtr1 in platinum-drug sensitivity in cancer chemotherapy. Consistent with this notion is the finding that elevated hCtr1 expression was associated with favorable treatment outcomes in cisplatin-based cancer chemotherapy. Moreover, cultured cell studies showed that elevated hCtr1 expression can be induced by depleting cellular copper levels, resulting in enhanced cisplatin uptake and its cell-killing activity. A phase I clinical trial using a combination of trientine (a copper chelator) and carboplatin has been carried out with encouraging results. This review discusses new insights into the role of hCtr1 in regulating copper homeostasis and explains how modulating cellular copper availability could influence treatment efficacy in platinum-based cancer chemotherapy through hCtr1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macus Tien Kuo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, USA.
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Shen DW, Pouliot LM, Hall MD, Gottesman MM. Cisplatin resistance: a cellular self-defense mechanism resulting from multiple epigenetic and genetic changes. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:706-21. [PMID: 22659329 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is one of the most effective broad-spectrum anticancer drugs. Its effectiveness seems to be due to the unique properties of cisplatin, which enters cells via multiple pathways and forms multiple different DNA-platinum adducts while initiating a cellular self-defense system by activating or silencing a variety of different genes, resulting in dramatic epigenetic and/or genetic alternations. As a result, the development of cisplatin resistance in human cancer cells in vivo and in vitro by necessity stems from bewilderingly complex genetic and epigenetic changes in gene expression and alterations in protein localization. Extensive published evidence has demonstrated that pleiotropic alterations are frequently detected during development of resistance to this toxic metal compound. Changes occur in almost every mechanism supporting cell survival, including cell growth-promoting pathways, apoptosis, developmental pathways, DNA damage repair, and endocytosis. In general, dozens of genes are affected in cisplatin-resistant cells, including pathways involved in copper metabolism as well as transcription pathways that alter the cytoskeleton, change cell surface presentation of proteins, and regulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Decreased accumulation is one of the most common features resulting in cisplatin resistance. This seems to be a consequence of numerous epigenetic and genetic changes leading to the loss of cell-surface binding sites and/or transporters for cisplatin, and decreased fluid phase endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Wu Shen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Rm. 2108, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Masselli M, Laise P, Tonini G, Fanelli D, Pillozzi S, Cetica V, Da Ros M, Sardi I, Buccoliero AM, Aricò M, Genitori L, Becchetti A, Arcangeli A. Deregulation of ion channel and transporter encoding genes in pediatric gliomas. Front Oncol 2012; 2:53. [PMID: 22662319 PMCID: PMC3362739 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors, including the majority gliomas, are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. World Health Organization has divided pediatric brain tumors into different grades and, based upon cDNA microarray data identifying gene expression profiles (GEPs), it has become evident in the last decade that the various grades involve different types of genetic alterations. However, it is not known whether ion channel and transporter genes, intimately involved in brain functioning, are associated with such GEPs. We determined the GEPs in an available cohort of 10 pediatric brain tumors initially by comparing the data obtained from four primary tumor samples and corresponding short-term cultures. The correspondence between the two types of samples was statistically significant. We then performed bioinformatic analyses on those samples (a total of nine) which corresponded to tumors of glial origin, either tissues or cell cultures, depending on the best "RNA integrity number." We used R software to evaluate the genes which were differentially expressed (DE) in gliomas compared with normal brain. Applying a p-value below 0.01 and fold change ≥4, led to identification of 2284 DE genes. Through a Functional Annotation Analysis (FAA) using the NIH-DAVID software, the DE genes turned out to be associated mainly with: immune/inflammatory response, cell proliferation and survival, cell adhesion and motility, neuronal phenotype, and ion transport. We have shown that GEPs of pediatric brain tumors can be studied using either primary tumor samples or short-term cultures with similar results. From FAA, we concluded that, among DE genes, pediatric gliomas show a strong deregulation of genes related to ion channels and transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Masselli
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Firenze Firenze, Italy
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