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Martins ASG, Reis SD, Benson E, Domingues MM, Cortinhas J, Vidal Silva JA, Santos SD, Santos NC, Pêgo AP, Moreno PMD. Enhancing Neuronal Cell Uptake of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids with Tetrahedral DNA Nanostructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309140. [PMID: 38342712 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
The successful translation of therapeutic nucleic acids (NAs) for the treatment of neurological disorders depends on their safe and efficient delivery to neural cells, in particular neurons. DNA nanostructures can be a promising NAs delivery vehicle. Nonetheless, the potential of DNA nanostructures for neuronal cell delivery of therapeutic NAs is unexplored. Here, tetrahedral DNA nanostructures (TDN) as siRNA delivery scaffolds to neuronal cells, exploring the influence of functionalization with two different reported neuronal targeting ligands: C4-3 RNA aptamer and Tet1 peptide are investigated. Nanostructures are characterized in vitro, as well as in silico using molecular dynamic simulations to better understand the overall TDN structural stability. Enhancement of neuronal cell uptake of TDN functionalized with the C4-3 Aptamer (TDN-Apt), not only in neuronal cell lines but also in primary neuronal cell cultures is demonstrated. Additionally, TDN and TDN-Apt nanostructures carrying siRNA are shown to promote silencing in a process aided by chloroquine-induced endosomal disruption. This work presents a thorough workflow for the structural and functional characterization of the proposed TDN as a nano-scaffold for neuronal delivery of therapeutic NAs and for targeting ligands evaluation, contributing to the future development of new neuronal drug delivery systems based on DNA nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S G Martins
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, INEB (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, Porto, 4200-465, Portugal
| | - Sara D Reis
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, INEB (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Erik Benson
- SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Tomtebodavägen 23, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
| | - Marco M Domingues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - João Cortinhas
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, INEB (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Joana A Vidal Silva
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, INEB (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Sofia D Santos
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, INEB (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
| | - Nuno C Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Ana P Pêgo
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, INEB (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Pedro M D Moreno
- i3S (Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde), Universidade do Porto, INEB (Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica), Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-135, Portugal
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Moreira R, Nóbrega C, de Almeida LP, Mendonça L. Brain-targeted drug delivery - nanovesicles directed to specific brain cells by brain-targeting ligands. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:260. [PMID: 38760847 PMCID: PMC11100082 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by extensive loss of function or death of brain cells, hampering the life quality of patients. Brain-targeted drug delivery is challenging, with a low success rate this far. Therefore, the application of targeting ligands in drug vehicles, such as lipid-based and polymeric nanoparticles, holds the promise to overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and direct therapies to the brain, in addition to protect their cargo from degradation and metabolization. In this review, we discuss the barriers to brain delivery and the different types of brain-targeting ligands currently in use in brain-targeted nanoparticles, such as peptides, proteins, aptamers, small molecules, and antibodies. Moreover, we present a detailed review of the different targeting ligands used to direct nanoparticles to specific brain cells, like neurons (C4-3 aptamer, neurotensin, Tet-1, RVG, and IKRG peptides), astrocytes (Aquaporin-4, D4, and Bradykinin B2 antibodies), oligodendrocytes (NG-2 antibody and the biotinylated DNA aptamer conjugated to a streptavidin core Myaptavin-3064), microglia (CD11b antibody), neural stem cells (QTRFLLH, VPTQSSG, and NFL-TBS.40-63 peptides), and to endothelial cells of the BBB (transferrin and insulin proteins, and choline). Reports demonstrated enhanced brain-targeted delivery with improved transport to the specific cell type targeted with the conjugation of these ligands to nanoparticles. Hence, this strategy allows the implementation of high-precision medicine, with reduced side effects or unwanted therapy clearance from the body. Nevertheless, the accumulation of some of these nanoparticles in peripheral organs has been reported indicating that there are still factors to be improved to achieve higher levels of brain targeting. This review is a collection of studies exploring targeting ligands for the delivery of nanoparticles to the brain and we highlight the advantages and limitations of this type of approach in precision therapies.
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Grants
- under BrainHealth2020 projects (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000008), through the COMPETE 2020 - Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization and Portuguese national funds via FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, under projects - UIDB/04539/2020 and UIDP/04539/2020, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030737 (NeuroStemForMJD, PTDC/BTM-ORG/30737/2017), CEECIND/04242/2017, and PhD Scholarship European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Centro 2020 Regional Operational Programme
- under BrainHealth2020 projects (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000008), through the COMPETE 2020 - Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalization and Portuguese national funds via FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, under projects - UIDB/04539/2020 and UIDP/04539/2020, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030737 (NeuroStemForMJD, PTDC/BTM-ORG/30737/2017), CEECIND/04242/2017, and PhD Scholarship European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Centro 2020 Regional Operational Programme
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, polo 1, Coimbra, FMUC, 3004-504, Portugal
- CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
| | - Clévio Nóbrega
- Algarve Biomedical Center Research Institute (ABC-RI), University of Algarve, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, polo 1, Coimbra, FMUC, 3004-504, Portugal
- CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-789, Portugal
| | - Liliana Mendonça
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, polo 1, Coimbra, FMUC, 3004-504, Portugal.
- CIBB - Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal.
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3030-789, Portugal.
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Ai L, Jiang X, Zhang K, Cui C, Liu B, Tan W. Tools and techniques for the discovery of therapeutic aptamers: recent advances. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:1393-1411. [PMID: 37840268 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2264187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pursuit of novel therapeutic agents for serious diseases such as cancer has been a global endeavor. Aptamers characteristic of high affinity, programmability, low immunogenicity, and rapid permeability hold great promise for the treatment of diseases. Yet obtaining the approval for therapeutic aptamers remains challenging. Consequently, researchers are increasingly devoted to exploring innovative strategies and technologies to advance the development of these therapeutic aptamers. AREAS COVERED The authors provide a comprehensive summary of the recent progress of the SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) technique, and how the integration of modern tools has facilitated the identification of therapeutic aptamers. Additionally, the engineering of aptamers to enhance their functional attributes, such as inhibiting and targeting, is discussed, demonstrating the potential to broaden their scope of utility. EXPERT OPINION The grand potential of aptamers and the insufficient development of relevant drugs have spurred countless efforts for stimulating their discovery and application in the therapeutic field. While SELEX techniques have undergone significant developments with the aid of advanced analysis instruments and ingeniously updated aptameric engineering strategies, several challenges still impede their clinical translation. A key challenge lies in the insufficient understanding of binding conformation and susceptibility to degradation under physiological conditions. Despite the hurdles, our opinion is optimistic. With continued progress in overcoming these obstacles, the widespread utilization of aptamers for clinical therapy is envisioned to become a reality soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Ai
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Kejing Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics and Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Cui
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Geriatrics and Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, The People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, The People's Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, School of Medicine and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, The People's Republic of China
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Kara N, Ayoub N, Ilgu H, Fotiadis D, Ilgu M. Aptamers Targeting Membrane Proteins for Sensor and Diagnostic Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093728. [PMID: 37175137 PMCID: PMC10180177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many biological processes (physiological or pathological) are relevant to membrane proteins (MPs), which account for almost 30% of the total of human proteins. As such, MPs can serve as predictive molecular biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Indeed, cell surface MPs are an important class of attractive targets of the currently prescribed therapeutic drugs and diagnostic molecules used in disease detection. The oligonucleotides known as aptamers can be selected against a particular target with high affinity and selectivity by iterative rounds of in vitro library evolution, known as Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment (SELEX). As an alternative to antibodies, aptamers offer unique features like thermal stability, low-cost, reuse, ease of chemical modification, and compatibility with various detection techniques. Particularly, immobilized-aptamer sensing platforms have been under investigation for diagnostics and have demonstrated significant value compared to other analytical techniques. These "aptasensors" can be classified into several types based on their working principle, which are commonly electrochemical, optical, or mass-sensitive. In this review, we review the studies on aptamer-based MP-sensing technologies for diagnostic applications and have included new methodological variations undertaken in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufer Kara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Nooraldeen Ayoub
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Huseyin Ilgu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Fotiadis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Muslum Ilgu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Aptalogic Inc., Ames, IA 50014, USA
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Hoshiyama J, Okada Y, Cho S, Ueki R, Sando S. Apt-clean: aptamer-mediated cleavage of extracellular antigens for the inhibition of membrane protein functions. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:445-449. [PMID: 36594498 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01695h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, targeted protein degradation (TPD) has attracted much attention as a powerful strategy for effective inhibition of disease-related proteins. However, development of ligands with high affinity and specificity for a target protein is still a demanding task and poses a particular challenge for designing TPD therapeutics. In this work, we report a novel TPD strategy called aptamer-mediated cleavage of extracellular antigen (Apt-clean), where oligonucleotide-based affinity agents are used for selective recruitment of proteases to target membrane proteins. Our data demonstrate that Apt-clean induces selective degradation of the target protein both in vitro and in cellulo. In addition, the potential of Apt-clean was demonstrated through the inhibition of tumor-related growth factor signaling. This novel TPD modality may serve as an efficient and flexible strategy for targeting membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Hoshiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Yuga Okada
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Seojung Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Ueki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Sando
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan. .,Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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6
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Gan Z, Roslan MAM, Abd Shukor MY, Halim M, Yasid NA, Abdullah J, Md Yasin IS, Wasoh H. Advances in Aptamer-Based Biosensors and Cell-Internalizing SELEX Technology for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Application. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12110922. [PMID: 36354431 PMCID: PMC9687594 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are a group of synthetic single-stranded nucleic acids. They are generated from a random library of single-stranded DNA or RNA by a technology named systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). SELEX is a repetitive process to select and identify suitable aptamers that show high affinity and specificity towards target cells. Great strides have been achieved in the design, construction, and use of aptamers up to this point. However, only a small number of aptamer-based applications have achieved widespread commercial and clinical acceptance. Additionally, finding more effective ways to acquire aptamers with high affinity remains a challenge. Therefore, it is crucial to thoroughly examine the existing dearth and advancement in aptamer-related technologies. This review focuses on aptamers that are generated by SELEX to detect pathogenic microorganisms and mammalian cells, as well as in cell-internalizing SELEX for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The development of novel aptamer-based biosensors using optical and electrical methods for microbial detection is reported. The applications and limitations of aptamers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuen Gan
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, SGR, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Yunus Abd Shukor
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, SGR, Malaysia
| | - Murni Halim
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, SGR, Malaysia
| | - Nur Adeela Yasid
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, SGR, Malaysia
| | - Jaafar Abdullah
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, SGR, Malaysia
| | - Ina Salwany Md Yasin
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, SGR, Malaysia
| | - Helmi Wasoh
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, SGR, Malaysia
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, SGR, Malaysia
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Yunn NO, Lee J, Lee HS, Oh EJ, Park M, Park S, Jin SY, Shin E, Lee JWY, Kim Y, Bae SS, Ryu SH. An aptamer agonist of the insulin receptor acts as a positive or negative allosteric modulator, depending on its concentration. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:531-541. [PMID: 35478209 PMCID: PMC9076861 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00760-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are widely used as binders that interact with targets with high affinity or as inhibitors of the function of target molecules. However, they have also been used to modulate target protein function, which they achieve by activating the target or stabilizing its conformation. Here, we report a unique aptamer modulator of the insulin receptor (IR), IR-A62. Alone, IR-A62 acts as a biased agonist that preferentially induces Y1150 monophosphorylation of IR. However, when administered alongside insulin, IR-A62 shows variable binding cooperativity depending on the ligand concentration. At low concentrations, IR-A62 acts as a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) agonist that enhances insulin binding, but at high concentrations, it acts as a negative allosteric modulator (NAM) agonist that competes with insulin for IR. Moreover, the concentration of insulin affects the binding of IR-A62 to IR. Finally, the subcutaneous administration of IR-A62 to diabetic mice reduces blood glucose levels with a longer-lasting effect than insulin administration. These findings imply that aptamers can elicit various responses from receptors beyond those of a simple agonist or inhibitor. We expect further studies of IR-A62 to help reveal the mechanism of IR activation and greatly expand the range of therapeutic applications of aptamers. Studying how an aptamer, a short section of RNA or DNA, affects the interaction of insulin with its membrane receptor protein offers further insights into aptamers in general. Aptamers can bind with high specificity and affinity to many target molecules, and affect the activity of many proteins. Researchers in South Korea led by Sun Sik Bae at Pusan National University and Sung Ho Ryu at Pohang University of Science and Technology explored the interaction of the aptamer IR-A62 with the membrane protein that binds to and responds to insulin. Whether IR-A62 activated or inhibited insulin’s interaction and effects depended on both the aptamer and insulin concentrations. While increasing understanding of the insulin receptor protein, investigating this subtly variable effect could more generally refine and expand the use of aptamers in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Oh Yunn
- Postech Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Lee
- The Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Oh
- Postech Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mangeun Park
- Postech Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongeun Park
- Postech Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Euisu Shin
- Aptamer Sciences, Inc., Seongnam, 13605, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo Woon Yi Lee
- Aptamer Sciences, Inc., Seongnam, 13605, Republic of Korea
| | - Youndong Kim
- Aptamer Sciences, Inc., Seongnam, 13605, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Sik Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- The Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Yunn NO, Park M, Park S, Lee J, Noh J, Shin E, Ryu SH. A hotspot for enhancing insulin receptor activation revealed by a conformation-specific allosteric aptamer. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:700-712. [PMID: 33410883 PMCID: PMC7826266 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that bind to a specific target with high affinity, and are widely applied in biomedical diagnostics and drug development. However, the use of aptamers has largely been limited to simple binders or inhibitors that interfere with the function of a target protein. Here, we show that an aptamer can also act as a positive allosteric modulator that enhances the activation of a receptor by stabilizing the binding of a ligand to that receptor. We developed an aptamer, named IR-A43, which binds to the insulin receptor, and confirmed that IR-A43 and insulin bind to the insulin receptor with mutual positive cooperativity. IR-A43 alone is inactive, but, in the presence of insulin, it potentiates autophosphorylation and downstream signaling of the insulin receptor. By using the species-specific activity of IR-A43 at the human insulin receptor, we demonstrate that residue Q272 in the cysteine-rich domain is directly involved in the insulin-enhancing activity of IR-A43. Therefore, we propose that the region containing residue Q272 is a hotspot that can be used to enhance insulin receptor activation. Moreover, our study implies that aptamers are promising reagents for the development of allosteric modulators that discriminate a specific conformation of a target receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Oh Yunn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mangeun Park
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongeun Park
- Postech Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongeun Noh
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Euisu Shin
- Aptamer Sciences, Inc., Seongnam 13605, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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9
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Jain S, Kaur J, Prasad S, Roy I. Nucleic acid therapeutics: a focus on the development of aptamers. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:255-274. [PMID: 32990095 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1829587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aptamers provide exciting opportunities for the development of specific and targeted therapeutic approaches. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss different therapeutic options available with nucleic acids, including aptamers, focussing on similarities and differences between them. The authors concentrate on case studies with specific aptamers, which exemplify their distinct advantages. The reasons for failure, wherever available, are deliberated upon. Attempts to accelerate the in vitro selection process have been discussed. Challenges with aptamers in terms of their specificity and targeted delivery and strategies to overcome these are described. Examples of precise regulation of systemic half-life of aptamers using antidotes are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Despite their nontoxic nature, a variety of reasons limit the therapeutic potential of aptamers in the clinic. The analysis of adverse effects observed with the pegnivacogin/anivamersen pair has highlighted the need to screen for preexisting PEG antibodies in any clinical trial involving pegylated molecules. Surprisingly, and promisingly, the ability of nucleic acid therapeutics to breach the blood brain barrier seems achievable. The recognition of specific motifs, e.g. G-quadruplex in thrombin-binding aptamers, or a 'nucleation' zone while designing aptamer-antidote pairs, is likely to accelerate the discovery of therapeutically efficacious molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
| | - Jaskirat Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
| | - Shivcharan Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
| | - Ipsita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Punjab, India
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10
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Zuidema JM, Dumont CM, Wang J, Batchelor WM, Lu YS, Kang J, Bertucci A, Ziebarth NM, Shea LD, Sailor MJ. Porous Silicon Nanoparticles Embedded in Poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) Nanofiber Scaffolds Deliver Neurotrophic Payloads to Enhance Neuronal Growth. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2002560. [PMID: 32982626 PMCID: PMC7513949 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202002560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Scaffolds made from biocompatible polymers provide physical cues to direct the extension of neurites and to encourage repair of damaged nerves. The inclusion of neurotrophic payloads in these scaffolds can substantially enhance regrowth and repair processes. However, many promising neurotrophic candidates are excluded from this approach due to incompatibilities with the polymer or with the polymer processing conditions. This work provides one solution to this problem by incorporating porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) that are pre-loaded with the therapeutic into a polymer scaffold during fabrication. The nanoparticle-drug-polymer hybrids are prepared in the form of oriented poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanofiber scaffolds. We test three different therapeutic payloads: bpV(HOpic), a small molecule inhibitor of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN); an RNA aptamer specific to tropomyosin-related kinase receptor type B (TrkB); and the protein nerve growth factor (NGF). Each therapeutic is loaded using a loading chemistry that is optimized to slow the rate of release of these water-soluble payloads. The drug-loaded pSiNP-nanofiber hybrids release approximately half of their TrkB aptamer, bpV(HOpic), or NGF payload in 2, 10, and >40 days, respectively. The nanofiber hybrids increase neurite extension relative to drug-free control nanofibers in a dorsal root ganglion explant assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Zuidema
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Courtney M Dumont
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Joanna Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Wyndham M Batchelor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive
| | - Yi-Sheng Lu
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jinyoung Kang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, CA
| | - Alessandro Bertucci
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Noel M Ziebarth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael J Sailor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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11
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Zamay TN, Zamay GS, Shnayder NA, Dmitrenko DV, Zamay SS, Yushchenko V, Kolovskaya OS, Susevski V, Berezovski MV, Kichkailo AS. Nucleic Acid Aptamers for Molecular Therapy of Epilepsy and Blood-Brain Barrier Damages. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 19:157-167. [PMID: 31837605 PMCID: PMC6920299 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the fourth most prevalent brain disorder affecting millions of people of all ages. Epilepsy is divided into six categories different in etiology and molecular mechanisms; however, their common denominator is the inability to maintain ionic homeostasis. Antiepileptic drugs have a broad spectrum of action and high toxicity to the whole organism. In many cases, they could not penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reach corresponding targets. Nucleic acid aptamers are a new and promising class of antiepileptic drugs as they are non-toxic, specific, and able to regulate the permeability of ion channels or inhibit inflammatory proteins. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of epileptogenesis and its interconnection with the BBB and show the potential of aptamers for antiepileptic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Zamay
- V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Galina S Zamay
- V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Research Center Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Natalia A Shnayder
- V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Neurology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Diana V Dmitrenko
- V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Sergey S Zamay
- Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Research Center Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Victoria Yushchenko
- V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Olga S Kolovskaya
- V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Research Center Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Vanessa Susevski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Maxim V Berezovski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Anna S Kichkailo
- V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia; Federal Research Center, Krasnoyarsk Research Center Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
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12
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Sun L, Xie X, Weng W, Jin H. Structural and mechanistic insights into modified G-quadruplex thrombin-binding DNA aptamers. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:753-759. [PMID: 30992128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin-binding aptamer (TBA) can fold into a G-quadruplex structure necessary for interacting with thrombin. When one thymidine residue of the TGT loop at position 7 is replaced with unlocked uracil (UNA), d-isothymidine (D-isoT) or l-isothymidine (L-isoT), these modified sequences display different activities. To date, the mechanisms of how D/L-isoT and UNA influence the biological properties of TBA have not been illustrated in the literature. In this paper, we fill this gap by probing the structure variations and binding modes of these modified TBAs via molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and free energy calculation. Comparative structural analyses demonstrated that both D-IsoT and UNA changed the local conformation of TGT loop and formed stronger interactions with the target protein. Particularly, D-IsoT and UNA adopted similar conformation which can well explain their similar biological activities. In addition, the flexibility of the two TT loops were described clearly. In contrast, L-IsoT at position 7 led to an obvious tendency to unfold. Free energy calculation and the analysis of key residues energy contributions eventually provide a clear picture of interactions for further understanding of the structure-activity relationships. Collectively, our findings open the way for a rational design of modified aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China.
| | - Xiaolan Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wenting Weng
- College of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
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13
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Kaur H. Recent developments in cell-SELEX technology for aptamer selection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2323-2329. [PMID: 30059712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SELEX technique is employed to select aptamers against wide range of targets. The in vitro method of aptamer selection using live cells as the target is referred as cell-SELEX. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW The review provides a comprehensive description on the development of aptamers through various cell-SELEX methods and list of aptamers identified through this method. In addition, it pinpoints the advantages and limitations of the cell-SELEX process and its variants. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The use of aptamers as therapeutic and diagnostic agents is rapidly evolving, selection techniques such as Cell-SELEX could be beneficial in identifying aptamers when the target is in its native conformation and without prior information of the cognate target, thereby bringing the aptamer development one step closer to the clinic. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The information in this review can serve as a database for the design and development of futuristic oligonucleotide based diagnostics and therapeutics work.
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14
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Modular cell-internalizing aptamer nanostructure enables targeted delivery of large functional RNAs in cancer cell lines. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2283. [PMID: 29891903 PMCID: PMC5995956 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Large RNAs and ribonucleoprotein complexes have powerful therapeutic potential, but effective cell-targeted delivery tools are limited. Aptamers that internalize into target cells can deliver siRNAs (<15 kDa, 19–21 nt/strand). We demonstrate a modular nanostructure for cellular delivery of large, functional RNA payloads (50–80 kDa, 175–250 nt) by aptamers that recognize multiple human B cell cancer lines and transferrin receptor-expressing cells. Fluorogenic RNA reporter payloads enable accelerated testing of platform designs and rapid evaluation of assembly and internalization. Modularity is demonstrated by swapping in different targeting and payload aptamers. Both modules internalize into leukemic B cell lines and remained colocalized within endosomes. Fluorescence from internalized RNA persists for ≥2 h, suggesting a sizable window for aptamer payloads to exert influence upon targeted cells. This demonstration of aptamer-mediated, cell-internalizing delivery of large RNAs with retention of functional structure raises the possibility of manipulating endosomes and cells by delivering large aptamers and regulatory RNAs. Large RNAs and ribonucleoprotein complexes have shown potential as novel therapeutic agents, but their targeted delivery to cells is still challenging. Here the authors present a modular aptamer nanostructure for intracellular delivery of RNAs up to 250 nucleotides to cancer cells.
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15
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Yunn NO, Kim J, Kim Y, Leibiger I, Berggren PO, Ryu SH. Mechanistic understanding of insulin receptor modulation: Implications for the development of anti-diabetic drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 185:86-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Oligonucleotide aptamers against tyrosine kinase receptors: Prospect for anticancer applications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:263-277. [PMID: 29574128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play crucial roles in cancer cell proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation. Area of intense research is searching for effective anticancer therapies targeting these receptors and, to date, several monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors have entered the clinic. However, some of these drugs show limited efficacy and give rise to acquired resistance. Emerging highly selective compounds for anticancer therapy are oligonucleotide aptamers that interact with their targets by recognizing a specific three-dimensional structure. Because of their nucleic acid nature, the rational design of advanced strategies to manipulate aptamers for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications is greatly simplified over antibodies. In this manuscript, we will provide a comprehensive overview of oligonucleotide aptamers as next generation strategies to efficiently target RTKs in human cancers.
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17
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Development of Cell-Specific Aptamers: Recent Advances and Insight into the Selection Procedures. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122070. [PMID: 29186905 PMCID: PMC6149766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) is an established procedure for developing short single-stranded nucleic acid ligands called aptamers against a target of choice. This approach has also been used for developing aptamers specific to whole cells named Cell-SELEX. Aptamers selected by Cell-SELEX have the potential to act as cell specific therapeutics, cell specific markers or cell specific drug delivery and imaging agents. However, aptamer development is a laborious and time-consuming process which is often challenging due to the requirement of frequent optimization of various steps involved in Cell-SELEX procedures. This review provides an insight into various procedures for selection, aptamer enrichment, regeneration and aptamer-binding analysis, in addition to a very recent update on all aptamers selected by Cell-SELEX procedures.
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18
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Abstract
Aptamers are nucleic acids referred to as chemical antibodies as they bind to their specific targets with high affinity and selectivity. They are selected via an iterative process known as ‘selective evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment’ (SELEX). Aptamers have been developed against numerous cancer targets and among them, many tumor cell-membrane protein biomarkers. The identification of aptamers targeting cell-surface proteins has mainly been performed by two different strategies: protein- and cell-based SELEX, when the targets used for selection were proteins and cells, respectively. This review aims to update the literature on aptamers targeting tumor cell surface protein biomarkers, highlighting potentials, pitfalls of protein- and cell-based selection processes and applications of such selected molecules. Aptamers as promising agents for diagnosis and therapeutic approaches in oncology are documented, as well as aptamers in clinical development.
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Chen M, Yu Y, Jiang F, Zhou J, Li Y, Liang C, Dang L, Lu A, Zhang G. Development of Cell-SELEX Technology and Its Application in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122079. [PMID: 27973403 PMCID: PMC5187879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) is a process involving the progressive isolation of high selective ssDNA/RNA from a combinatorial single-stranded oligonucleotide library through repeated rounds of binding, partitioning and amplification. SELEX-derived single-stranded DNA/RNA molecules, called aptamers, are selected against a wide range of targets, including purified proteins, live cells, tissues, microorganisms, small molecules and so on. With the development of SELEX technology over the last two decades, various modified SELEX processes have been arisen. A majority of aptamers are selected against purified proteins through traditional SELEX. Unfortunately, more and more evidence showed aptamers selected against purified membrane proteins failed to recognize their targets in live cells. Cell-SELEX could develop aptamers against a particular target cell line to discriminate this cell line from others. Therefore, cell-SELEX has been widely used to select aptamers for the application of both diagnosis and therapy of various diseases, especially for cancer. In this review, the advantages and limitations of cell-SELEX and SELEX against purified protein will be compared. Various modified cell-SELEX techniques will be summarized, and application of cell-SELEX in cancer diagnosis and therapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Chen
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU (Haimen) Institute of Science and Technology, Haimen 226100, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Shenzhen Lab of Comninatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU (Haimen) Institute of Science and Technology, Haimen 226100, China.
- The State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Junwei Zhou
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Yongshu Li
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Chao Liang
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Lei Dang
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU (Haimen) Institute of Science and Technology, Haimen 226100, China.
- Shenzhen Lab of Comninatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Innovative Drug Discovery, HKBU (Haimen) Institute of Science and Technology, Haimen 226100, China.
- Shenzhen Lab of Comninatorial Compounds and Targeted Drug Delivery, HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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20
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Aptamer Selection Technology and Recent Advances. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 4:e223. [PMID: 28110747 PMCID: PMC4345306 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, aptamers have begun to find their way from basic research to diverse commercial applications. The development of diagnostics is even more widespread than clinical applications because aptamers do not have to be extensively modified to enhance their in vivo stability and pharmacokinetics in diagnostic assays. The increasing attention has propelled the technical progress of the in vitro selection technology (SELEX) to enhance the efficiency of developing aptamers for commercially interesting targets. This review highlights recent progress in the technical steps of a SELEX experiment with a focus on high-throughput next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics. Achievements have been made in the optimization of aptamer libraries, separation schemes, amplification of the selected libraries and the identification of aptamer sequences from enriched libraries.
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21
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Parlea L, Puri A, Kasprzak W, Bindewald E, Zakrevsky P, Satterwhite E, Joseph K, Afonin KA, Shapiro BA. Cellular Delivery of RNA Nanoparticles. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2016; 18:527-47. [PMID: 27509068 PMCID: PMC6345529 DOI: 10.1021/acscombsci.6b00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
RNA nanostructures can be programmed to exhibit defined sizes, shapes and stoichiometries from naturally occurring or de novo designed RNA motifs. These constructs can be used as scaffolds to attach functional moieties, such as ligand binding motifs or gene expression regulators, for nanobiology applications. This review is focused on four areas of importance to RNA nanotechnology: the types of RNAs of particular interest for nanobiology, the assembly of RNA nanoconstructs, the challenges of cellular delivery of RNAs in vivo, and the delivery carriers that aid in the matter. The available strategies for the design of nucleic acid nanostructures, as well as for formulation of their carriers, make RNA nanotechnology an important tool in both basic research and applied biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Parlea
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Anu Puri
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Wojciech Kasprzak
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Eckart Bindewald
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Paul Zakrevsky
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Emily Satterwhite
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Kenya Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Kirill A. Afonin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
- Nanoscale Science Program, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte North Carolina 28223, United States
- The Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Bruce A. Shapiro
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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22
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Urak KT, Shore S, Rockey WM, Chen SJ, McCaffrey AP, Giangrande PH. In vitro RNA SELEX for the generation of chemically-optimized therapeutic RNA drugs. Methods 2016; 103:167-74. [PMID: 26972786 PMCID: PMC4921298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that can bind with exquisitely high affinity and specificity to target molecules and are thus often referred to as 'nucleic acid' antibodies. Oligonucleotide aptamers are derived through a process of directed chemical evolution called SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment). This chemical equivalent of Darwinian evolution was first described in 1990 by Tuerk & Gold and Ellington & Szostak and has since yielded aptamers for a wide-range of applications, including biosensor technologies, in vitro diagnostics, biomarker discovery, and therapeutics. Since the inception of the original SELEX method, numerous modifications to the protocol have been described to fit the choice of target, specific conditions or applications. Technologies such as high-throughput sequencing methods and microfluidics have also been adapted for SELEX. In this chapter, we outline key steps in the SELEX process for enabling the rapid identification of RNA aptamers for in vivo applications. Specifically, we provide a detailed protocol for the selection of chemically-optimized RNA aptamers using the original in vitro SELEX methodology. In addition, methods for performing next-generation sequencing of the RNAs from each round of selection, based on Illumina sequencing technology, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Urak
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Sabrina Shore
- TriLink BioTechnologies Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - William M Rockey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Shi-Jie Chen
- Department of Physics, Department of Biochemistry, and Informatics Institute, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | | | - Paloma H Giangrande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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23
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Trends in the Design and Development of Specific Aptamers Against Peptides and Proteins. Protein J 2016; 35:81-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-016-9653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Yunn NO, Koh A, Han S, Lim JH, Park S, Lee J, Kim E, Jang SK, Berggren PO, Ryu SH. Agonistic aptamer to the insulin receptor leads to biased signaling and functional selectivity through allosteric modulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:7688-701. [PMID: 26245346 PMCID: PMC4652772 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their high affinity and specificity, aptamers have been widely used as effective inhibitors in clinical applications. However, the ability to activate protein function through aptamer-protein interaction has not been well-elucidated. To investigate their potential as target-specific agonists, we used SELEX to generate aptamers to the insulin receptor (IR) and identified an agonistic aptamer named IR-A48 that specifically binds to IR, but not to IGF-1 receptor. Despite its capacity to stimulate IR autophosphorylation, similar to insulin, we found that IR-A48 not only binds to an allosteric site distinct from the insulin binding site, but also preferentially induces Y1150 phosphorylation in the IR kinase domain. Moreover, Y1150-biased phosphorylation induced by IR-A48 selectively activates specific signaling pathways downstream of IR. In contrast to insulin-mediated activation of IR, IR-A48 binding has little effect on the MAPK pathway and proliferation of cancer cells. Instead, AKT S473 phosphorylation is highly stimulated by IR-A48, resulting in increased glucose uptake both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we present IR-A48 as a biased agonist able to selectively induce the metabolic activity of IR through allosteric binding. Furthermore, our study also suggests that aptamers can be a promising tool for developing artificial biased agonists to targeted receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Oh Yunn
- The School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Ara Koh
- The Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Seungmin Han
- The Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jong Hun Lim
- The POSTECH Aptamer Initiative Program, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sehoon Park
- The Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- The Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Eui Kim
- The Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sung Key Jang
- The School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea The Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea The Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sung Ho Ryu
- The School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea The Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea The Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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25
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McConnell EM, Holahan MR, DeRosa MC. Aptamers as promising molecular recognition elements for diagnostics and therapeutics in the central nervous system. Nucleic Acid Ther 2015; 24:388-404. [PMID: 25296265 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2014.0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligonucleotide aptamers are short, synthetic, single-stranded DNA or RNA able to recognize and bind to a multitude of targets ranging from small molecules to cells. Aptamers have emerged as valuable tools for fundamental research, clinical diagnosis, and therapy. Due to their small size, strong target affinity, lack of immunogenicity, and ease of chemical modification, aptamers are an attractive alternative to other molecular recognition elements, such as antibodies. Although it is a challenging environment, the central nervous system and related molecular targets present an exciting potential area for aptamer research. Aptamers hold promise for targeted drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Here we review recent advances in aptamer research for neurotransmitter and neurotoxin targets, demyelinating disease and spinal cord injury, cerebrovascular disorders, pathologies related to protein aggregation (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and prions), brain cancer (glioblastomas and gliomas), and regulation of receptor function. Challenges and limitations posed by the blood brain barrier are described. Future perspectives for the application of aptamers to the central nervous system are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M McConnell
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Thiel WH, Thiel KW, Flenker KS, Bair T, Dupuy AJ, McNamara JO, Miller FJ, Giangrande PH. Cell-internalization SELEX: method for identifying cell-internalizing RNA aptamers for delivering siRNAs to target cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1218:187-99. [PMID: 25319652 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1538-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
After a decade of work to address cellular uptake, the principal obstacle to RNAi-based therapeutics, there is now well-deserved, renewed optimism about RNAi-based drugs. Phase I and II studies have shown safe, strong, and durable-gene knockdown (80-90%, lasting for a month after a single injection) and/or clinical benefit in treating several liver pathologies. Although promising, these studies have also highlighted the need for robust delivery techniques to develop RNAi therapeutics for treating other organ systems and diseases. Conjugation of siRNAs to cell-specific, synthetic RNA ligands (aptamers) is being proposed as a viable solution to this problem. While encouraging, the extended use of RNA aptamers as a delivery tool for siRNAs awaits the identification of RNA aptamer sequences capable of targeting and entering the cytoplasm of many different cell types. We describe a cell-based selection process for the rapid identification and characterization of RNA aptamers suited for delivering siRNA drugs into the cytoplasm of target cells. This process, termed "cell-internalization SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment)," entails the combination of multiple sophisticated technologies, including cell culture-based SELEX procedures, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and novel bioinformatics tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Thiel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, 5202 MERF, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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27
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Barman J. Targeting cancer cells using aptamers: cell-SELEX approach and recent advancements. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12407c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are short single stranded nucleic acid based therapeutic and diagnostic molecules which can be isolated from a random pool of oligonucleotides by Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment (SELEX).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jharna Barman
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit
- Biological Science Division
- Indian Statistical Institute
- Kolkata
- India
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28
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Kruspe S, Mittelberger F, Szameit K, Hahn U. Aptamers as drug delivery vehicles. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1998-2011. [PMID: 25130604 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of directed and selective therapy for systemic treatment are reasons for increased interest in exploiting aptamers for cell-specific drug delivery. Nucleic acid based pharmaceuticals represent an interesting and novel tool to counter human diseases. Combining inhibitory potential and cargo transfer upon internalization, nanocarriers as well as various therapeutics including siRNAs, chemotherapeutics, photosensitizers, or proteins can be imported via these synthetic nucleic acids. However, widespread clinical application is still hampered by obstacles that must be overcome. In this review, we give an overview of applications and recent advances in aptamer-mediated drug delivery. We also introduce prominent selection methods as well as useful approaches in choice of drug and conjugation method. We discuss the challenges that need to be considered and present strategies that have been applied to achieve intracellular delivery of effectors transported by readily internalized aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kruspe
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
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29
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Sarell CJ, Karamanos TK, White SJ, Bunka DHJ, Kalverda AP, Thompson GS, Barker AM, Stockley PG, Radford SE. Distinguishing closely related amyloid precursors using an RNA aptamer. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26859-26871. [PMID: 25100729 PMCID: PMC4175327 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.595066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although amyloid fibrils assembled in vitro commonly involve a single protein, fibrils formed in vivo can contain multiple protein sequences. The amyloidogenic protein human β2-microglobulin (hβ2m) can co-polymerize with its N-terminally truncated variant (ΔN6) in vitro to form hetero-polymeric fibrils that differ from their homo-polymeric counterparts. Discrimination between the different assembly precursors, for example by binding of a biomolecule to one species in a mixture of conformers, offers an opportunity to alter the course of co-assembly and the properties of the fibrils formed. Here, using hβ2m and its amyloidogenic counterpart, ΔΝ6, we describe selection of a 2'F-modified RNA aptamer able to distinguish between these very similar proteins. SELEX with a N30 RNA pool yielded an aptamer (B6) that binds hβ2m with an EC50 of ∼200 nM. NMR spectroscopy was used to assign the (1)H-(15)N HSQC spectrum of the B6-hβ2m complex, revealing that the aptamer binds to the face of hβ2m containing the A, B, E, and D β-strands. In contrast, binding of B6 to ΔN6 is weak and less specific. Kinetic analysis of the effect of B6 on co-polymerization of hβ2m and ΔN6 revealed that the aptamer alters the kinetics of co-polymerization of the two proteins. The results reveal the potential of RNA aptamers as tools for elucidating the mechanisms of co-assembly in amyloid formation and as reagents able to discriminate between very similar protein conformers with different amyloid propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Sarell
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Theodoros K Karamanos
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J White
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - David H J Bunka
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Arnout P Kalverda
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Gary S Thompson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Amy M Barker
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Stockley
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Sheena E Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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30
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Current progress on aptamer-targeted oligonucleotide therapeutics. Ther Deliv 2014; 4:1527-46. [PMID: 24304250 DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploiting the power of the RNAi pathway through the use of therapeutic siRNA drugs has remarkable potential for treating a vast array of human disease conditions. However, difficulties in delivery of these and similar nucleic acid-based pharmacological agents to appropriate organs or tissues, remains a major impediment to their broad clinical application. Synthetic nucleic acid ligands (aptamers) have emerged as effective delivery vehicles for therapeutic oligonucleotides, including siRNAs. In this review, we summarize recent attractive developments in creatively employing cell-internalizing aptamers to deliver therapeutic oligonucleotides (e.g., siRNAs, miRNAs, anti-miRs and antisense oligos) to target cells. We also discuss advancements in aptamer-siRNA chimera technology, as well as, aptamer-functionalized nanoparticles for siRNA delivery. In addition, the challenges and future prospects of aptamer-targeted oligonucleotide drugs for clinical translation are further highlighted.
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31
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Hu M, Zhang K. The application of aptamers in cancer research: an up-to-date review. Future Oncol 2013; 9:369-76. [PMID: 23469972 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are nucleic acid ligands that are generated by molecular evolution to bind with high affinities and specificities to a large variety of targets, which make them attractive tools to be applied in cancer research. In this review, we highlight the recent progress in aptamer-based applications in cancer molecular research such as cancer targeting, biomarker discovery and therapeutics. Aptamers generated from cell-systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment especially contribute to the discovery of novel membrane proteins as cancer biomarkers. Aptamer-nanoparticle conjugation could achieve higher affinity for cancer detection. Aptamer-conjugated nanocarriers deliver drugs to cancer cells with increased specificity and efficacy, as well as reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meidi Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
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32
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BDNF-based synaptic repair as a disease-modifying strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:401-16. [PMID: 23674053 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that synaptic dysfunction is a key pathophysiological hallmark in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in synaptic plasticity and synaptogenesis, the impact of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in Alzheimer's disease-relevant endophenotypes - including episodic memory and hippocampal volume - and the technological progress in measuring synaptic changes in humans all pave the way for a 'synaptic repair' therapy for neurodegenerative diseases that targets pathophysiology rather than pathogenesis. This article reviews the key issues in translating BDNF biology into synaptic repair therapies.
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33
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Hernandez LI, Flenker KS, Hernandez FJ, Klingelhutz AJ, II JOM, Giangrande PH. Methods for Evaluating Cell-Specific, Cell-Internalizing RNA Aptamers. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:295-319. [PMID: 23894227 PMCID: PMC3722562 DOI: 10.3390/ph6030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) highlight the need for robust delivery technologies that will facilitate the successful application of these therapeutics to humans. Arguably, cell targeting by conjugation to cell-specific ligands provides a viable solution to this problem. Synthetic RNA ligands (aptamers) represent an emerging class of pharmaceuticals with great potential for targeted therapeutic applications. For targeted delivery of siRNAs with aptamers, the aptamer-siRNA conjugate must be taken up by cells and reach the cytoplasm. To this end, we have developed cell-based selection approaches to isolate aptamers that internalize upon binding to their cognate receptor on the cell surface. Here we describe methods to monitor for cellular uptake of aptamers. These include: (1) antibody amplification microscopy, (2) microplate-based fluorescence assay, (3) a quantitative and ultrasensitive internalization method (“QUSIM”) and (4) a way to monitor for cytoplasmic delivery using the ribosome inactivating protein-based (RNA-RIP) assay. Collectively, these methods provide a toolset that can expedite the development of aptamer ligands to target and deliver therapeutic siRNAs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza I. Hernandez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mails: (L.I.H); (K.S.F); frank (F.J.H); (J.O.M)
| | - Katie S. Flenker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mails: (L.I.H); (K.S.F); frank (F.J.H); (J.O.M)
| | - Frank J. Hernandez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mails: (L.I.H); (K.S.F); frank (F.J.H); (J.O.M)
| | - Aloysius J. Klingelhutz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - James O. McNamara II
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mails: (L.I.H); (K.S.F); frank (F.J.H); (J.O.M)
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Paloma H. Giangrande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; E-Mails: (L.I.H); (K.S.F); frank (F.J.H); (J.O.M)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-319-384-3242; Fax: +1-319-353-5552
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34
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Lakhin A, Tarantul V, Gening L. Aptamers: problems, solutions and prospects. Acta Naturae 2013; 5:34-43. [PMID: 24455181 PMCID: PMC3890987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are short single-stranded oligonucleotides that are capable of binding various molecules with high affinity and specificity. When the technology of aptamer selection was developed almost a quarter of a century ago, a suggestion was immediately put forward that it might be a revolutionary start into solving many problems associated with diagnostics and the therapy of diseases. However, multiple attempts to use aptamers in practice, although sometimes successful, have been generally much less efficient than had been expected initially. This review is mostly devoted not to the successful use of aptamers but to the problems impeding the widespread application of aptamers in diagnostics and therapy, as well as to approaches that could considerably expand the range of aptamer application.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.V. Lakhin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow, Russia, 123182
| | - V.Z. Tarantul
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow, Russia, 123182
| | - L.V. Gening
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Kurchatov Sq., Moscow, Russia, 123182
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