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Jia J, Jiao W, Wang G, Wu J, Huang Z, Zhang Y. Drugs/agents for the treatment of ischemic stroke: Advances and perspectives. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:975-1012. [PMID: 38126568 DOI: 10.1002/med.22009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) poses a significant threat to global human health and life. In recent decades, we have witnessed unprecedented progresses against IS, including thrombolysis, thrombectomy, and a few medicines that can assist in reopening the blocked brain vessels or serve as standalone treatments for patients who are not eligible for thrombolysis/thrombectomy therapies. However, the narrow time windows of thrombolysis/thrombectomy, coupled with the risk of hemorrhagic transformation, as well as the lack of highly effective and safe medications, continue to present big challenges in the acute treatment and long-term recovery of IS. In the past 3 years, several excellent articles have reviewed pathophysiology of IS and therapeutic medicines for the treatment of IS based on the pathophysiology. Regretfully, there is no comprehensive overview to summarize all categories of anti-IS drugs/agents designed and synthesized based on molecular mechanisms of IS pathophysiology. From medicinal chemistry view of point, this article reviews a multitude of anti-IS drugs/agents, including small molecule compounds, natural products, peptides, and others, which have been developed based on the molecular mechanism of IS pathophysiology, such as excitotoxicity, oxidative/nitrosative stresses, cell death pathways, and neuroinflammation, and so forth. In addition, several emerging medicines and strategies, including nanomedicines, stem cell therapy and noncoding RNAs, which recently appeared for the treatment of IS, are shortly introduced. Finally, the perspectives on the associated challenges and future directions of anti-IS drugs/agents are briefly provided to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijie Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Novel Technology Center of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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2
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Cepparulo P, Cuomo O, Campani V, Vinciguerra A, Sisalli MJ, Nele V, Anzilotti S, Valsecchi V, Casamassa A, Brancaccio P, Scorziello A, De Rosa G, Annunziato L, Pignataro G. Anti-miRNA103/107 encapsulated in transferrin-conjugated lipid nanoparticles crosses blood-brain barrier and reduces brain ischemic damage. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102131. [PMID: 38379726 PMCID: PMC10877170 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA), by post-transcriptionally regulating the expression of genes involved in stroke response, represents important effectors in stroke pathophysiology. Recently, the 103/107 miRNA family emerged as a possible therapeutic target in stroke, as it controls the expression of sodium calcium exchanger 1, a plasma membrane transporter that plays a fundamental role in stroke pathophysiology. Although the neuroprotective properties of this and other miRNAs are promising, several pharmacokinetic drawbacks remain to be faced for the development of a translatable therapy based on small RNAs in CNS diseases. In the present study, to overcome these limitations, the anti-miRNA103/107 was encapsulated in specific preparations of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), and their effectiveness was evaluated both in an in vitro model of hypoxia represented by primary neuronal cortical cultures exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation, and in an in vivo model of stroke obtained in rats exposed to transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The results of the present study demonstrated that the encapsulation of anti-miRNA103/107 in transferrin-conjugated PEG-stabilized LNPs allowed the blood-brain barrier crossing and significantly reduced brain ischemic damage. The present achievements pave the way for the exploitation of a systemic intravenous miRNA delivery strategy in stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Cepparulo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Virginia Campani
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples, Via Domenico Montesano, 49 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Vinciguerra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, School of Medicine, University "Politecnica delle Marche", 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Josè Sisalli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Nele
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Serenella Anzilotti
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Valeria Valsecchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paola Brancaccio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Scorziello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples, Via Domenico Montesano, 49 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5 - 80131 Naples, Italy
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Tedeschi V, Sisalli MJ, Pannaccione A, Piccialli I, Molinaro P, Annunziato L, Secondo A. Na +/Ca 2+ exchanger isoform 1 (NCX1) and canonical transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6) are recruited by STIM1 to mediate Store-Operated Calcium Entry in primary cortical neurons. Cell Calcium 2022; 101:102525. [PMID: 34995919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Excessive calcium (Ca2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) represents an important hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. ER is recharged from Ca2+ through the so-called Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) thus providing Ca2+ signals to regulate critical cell functions. Single transmembrane-spanning domain protein stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1), mainly residing in the ER, and plasmalemmal channel Orai1 represent the SOCE key components at neuronal level. However, many other proteins participate to ER Ca2+ refilling including the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger isoform 1 (NCX1), whose regulation by ER remains unknown. In this study, we tested the possibility that neuronal NCX1 may take part to SOCE through the interaction with STIM1. In rat primary cortical neurons and in nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 cells NCX1 knocking down by siRNA strategy significantly prevented SOCE as well as SOCE pharmacological inhibition by SKF-96365 and 2-APB. A significant reduction of SOCE was recorded also in synaptosomes from ncx1-/- mice brain compared with ncx1+/+ mice. Double labeling confocal experiments showed a large co-localization between NCX1 and STIM1 in rat primary cortical neurons. Accordingly, NCX1 and STIM1 co-immunoprecipitated and functionally interacted each other during ischemic preconditioning, a phenomenon inducing ischemic tolerance. However, STIM1 knocking down reduced NCX1 activity recorded by either patch-clamp electrophysiology or Fura-2 single-cell microfluorimetry. Furthermore, canonical transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6) was identified as the mechanism mediating local increase of sodium (Na+) useful to drive NCX1 reverse mode and, therefore, NCX1-mediated Ca2+ refilling. In fact, TRPC6 not only interacted with STIM1, as shown by the co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation with the ER Ca2+ sensor, but it also mediated 1,3-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 4,4'-[1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane-7,13-diylbis(5-methoxy-6,12-benzofurandiyl)]bis-, tetrakis[(acetyloxy)methyl] ester (SBFI)-monitored Na+ increase elicited by thapsigargin in primary cortical neurons. Accordingly, efficient TRPC6 knockdown prevented thapsigargin-induced intracellular Na+ elevation and SOCE. Collectively, we identify NCX1 as a new partner of STIM1 in mediating SOCE, whose activation in the reverse mode may be facilitated by the local increase of Na+ concentration due to the interaction between STIM1 and TRPC6 in primary cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Tedeschi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Josè Sisalli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Pannaccione
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Piccialli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Molinaro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Agnese Secondo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Identification and characterization of the promoter and transcription factors regulating the expression of cerebral sodium/calcium exchanger 2 (NCX2) gene. Cell Calcium 2022; 102:102542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Magli E, Fattorusso C, Persico M, Corvino A, Esposito G, Fiorino F, Luciano P, Perissutti E, Santagada V, Severino B, Tedeschi V, Pannaccione A, Pignataro G, Caliendo G, Annunziato L, Secondo A, Frecentese F. New Insights into the Structure-Activity Relationship and Neuroprotective Profile of Benzodiazepinone Derivatives of Neurounina-1 as Modulators of the Na +/Ca 2+ Exchanger Isoforms. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17901-17919. [PMID: 34845907 PMCID: PMC8713167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to the neuroprotective role of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) isoforms NCX1 and NCX3, we synthesized novel benzodiazepinone derivatives of the unique NCX activator Neurounina-1, named compounds 1-19. The derivatives are characterized by a benzodiazepinonic nucleus linked to five- or six-membered cyclic amines via a methylene, ethylene, or acetyl spacer. The compounds have been screened on NCX1/NCX3 isoform activities by a high-throughput screening approach, and the most promising were characterized by patch-clamp electrophysiology and Fura-2AM video imaging. We identified two novel modulators of NCX: compound 4, inhibiting NCX1 reverse mode, and compound 14, enhancing NCX1 and NCX3 activity. Compound 1 displayed neuroprotection in two preclinical models of brain ischemia. The analysis of the conformational and steric features led to the identification of the molecular volume required for selective NCX1 activation for mixed NCX1/NCX3 activation or for NCX1 inhibition, providing the first prototypal model for the design of optimized isoform modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Magli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Fattorusso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Persico
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Corvino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Fiorino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Luciano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Perissutti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Santagada
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Severino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Tedeschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology, University of Naples "Federico II", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Pannaccione
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology, University of Naples "Federico II", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology, University of Naples "Federico II", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caliendo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Agnese Secondo
- Department of Neuroscience, Division of Pharmacology, University of Naples "Federico II", via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Frecentese
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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6
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Cepparulo P, Cuomo O, Vinciguerra A, Torelli M, Annunziato L, Pignataro G. Hemorrhagic Stroke Induces a Time-Dependent Upregulation of miR-150-5p and miR-181b-5p in the Bloodstream. Front Neurol 2021; 12:736474. [PMID: 34777204 PMCID: PMC8580415 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.736474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the only effective pharmacological treatment for ischemic stroke is limited to the clinical use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA), although endovascular therapy has also emerged as an effective treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Unfortunately, the benefit of this treatment is limited to a 4.5-h time window. Most importantly, the use of rtPA is contraindicated in the case of hemorrhagic stroke. Therefore, the identification of a reliable biomarker to distinguish hemorrhagic from ischemic stroke could provide several advantages, including an earlier diagnosis, a better treatment, and a faster decision on ruling out hemorrhage so that tPA may be administered earlier. microRNAs (miRNAs) are stable non-coding RNAs crucially involved in the downregulation of gene expression via mRNA cleavage or translational repression. In the present paper, taking advantage of three preclinical animal models of stroke, we compared the miRNA blood levels of animals subjected to permanent or transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or to collagenase-induced hemorrhagic stroke. Preliminarily, we examined the rat miRNome in the brain tissue of ischemic and sham-operated rats; then, we selected those miRNAs whose expression was significantly modulated after stroke to create a list of miRNAs potentially involved in stroke damage. These selected miRNAs were then evaluated at different time intervals in the blood of rats subjected to permanent or transient focal ischemia or to hemorrhagic stroke. We found that four miRNAs-miR-16-5p, miR-101a-3p, miR-218-5p, and miR-27b-3p-were significantly upregulated in the plasma of rats 3 h after permanent MCAO, whereas four other different miRNAs-miR-150-5p, let-7b-5p, let-7c-5p, and miR-181b-5p-were selectively upregulated by collagenase-induced hemorrhagic stroke. Collectively, our study identified some selective miRNAs expressed in the plasma of hemorrhagic rats and pointed out the importance of a precise time point measurement to render more reliable the use of miRNAs as stroke biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Cepparulo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Torelli
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Annunziato
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico SDN Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Anzilotti S, Valsecchi V, Brancaccio P, Guida N, Laudati G, Tedeschi V, Petrozziello T, Frecentese F, Magli E, Hassler B, Cuomo O, Formisano L, Secondo A, Annunziato L, Pignataro G. Prolonged NCX activation prevents SOD1 accumulation, reduces neuroinflammation, ameliorates motor behavior and prolongs survival in a ALS mouse model. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 159:105480. [PMID: 34411705 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Imbalance in cellular ionic homeostasis is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) is a membrane antiporter that, operating in a bidirectional way, couples the exchange of Ca2+ and Na + ions in neurons and glial cells, thus controlling the intracellular homeostasis of these ions. Among the three NCX genes, NCX1 and NCX2 are widely expressed within the CNS, while NCX3 is present only in skeletal muscles and at lower levels of expression in selected brain regions. ALS mice showed a reduction in the expression and activity of NCX1 and NCX2 consistent with disease progression, therefore we aimed to investigate their role in ALS pathophysiology. Notably, we demonstrated that the pharmacological activation of NCX1 and NCX2 by the prolonged treatment of SOD1G93A mice with the newly synthesized compound neurounina: (1) prevented the reduction in NCX activity observed in spinal cord; (2) preserved motor neurons survival in the ventral spinal horn of SOD1G93A mice; (3) prevented the spinal cord accumulation of misfolded SOD1; (4) reduced astroglia and microglia activation and spared the resident microglia cells in the spinal cord; (5) improved the lifespan and mitigated motor symptoms of ALS mice. The present study highlights the significant role of NCX1 and NCX2 in the pathophysiology of this neurodegenerative disorder and paves the way for the design of a new pharmacological approach for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Valsecchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Brancaccio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giusy Laudati
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Tedeschi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Tiziana Petrozziello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Frecentese
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Magli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Brenda Hassler
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
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8
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Valsecchi V, Laudati G, Cuomo O, Sirabella R, Del Prete A, Annunziato L, Pignataro G. The hypoxia sensitive metal transcription factor MTF-1 activates NCX1 brain promoter and participates in remote postconditioning neuroprotection in stroke. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:423. [PMID: 33931586 PMCID: PMC8087832 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Remote limb ischemic postconditioning (RLIP) is an experimental strategy in which short femoral artery ischemia reduces brain damage induced by a previous harmful ischemic insult. Ionic homeostasis maintenance in the CNS seems to play a relevant role in mediating RLIP neuroprotection and among the effectors, the sodium-calcium exchanger 1 (NCX1) may give an important contribution, being expressed in all CNS cells involved in brain ischemic pathophysiology. The aim of this work was to investigate whether the metal responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF-1), an important hypoxia sensitive transcription factor, may (i) interact and regulate NCX1, and (ii) play a role in the neuroprotective effect mediated by RLIP through NCX1 activation. Here we demonstrated that in brain ischemia induced by transient middle cerebral occlusion (tMCAO), MTF-1 is triggered by a subsequent temporary femoral artery occlusion (FAO) and represents a mediator of endogenous neuroprotection. More importantly, we showed that MTF-1 translocates to the nucleus where it binds the metal responsive element (MRE) located at -23/-17 bp of Ncx1 brain promoter thus activating its transcription and inducing an upregulation of NCX1 that has been demonstrated to be neuroprotective. Furthermore, RLIP restored MTF-1 and NCX1 protein levels in the ischemic rat brain cortex and the silencing of MTF-1 prevented the increase of NCX1 observed in RLIP protected rats, thus demonstrating a direct regulation of NCX1 by MTF-1 in the ischemic cortex of rat exposed to tMCAO followed by FAO. Moreover, silencing of MTF-1 significantly reduced the neuroprotective effect elicited by RLIP as demonstrated by the enlargement of brain infarct volume observed in rats subjected to RLIP and treated with MTF-1 silencing. Overall, MTF-dependent activation of NCX1 and their upregulation elicited by RLIP, besides unraveling a new molecular pathway of neuroprotection during brain ischemia, might represent an additional mechanism to intervene in stroke pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Valsecchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giusy Laudati
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossana Sirabella
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Del Prete
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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9
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Chiarantin GMD, Delgado-Garcia LM, Zamproni LN, Lima MA, Nader HB, Tersariol ILS, Porcionatto M. Neuroprotective effect of heparin Trisulfated disaccharide on ischemic stroke. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:35-43. [PMID: 33411076 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-020-09966-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells undergoing hypoxia experience intense cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) overload. High concentrations of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) can trigger cell death in the neural tissue, a hallmark of stroke. Neural Ca2+ homeostasis involves regulation by the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX). Previous data published by our group showed that a product of the enzymatic depolymerization of heparin by heparinase, the unsaturated trisulfated disaccharide (TD; ΔU, 2S-GlcNS, 6S), can accelerate Na+/Ca2+ exchange via NCX, in hepatocytes and aorta vascular smooth muscle cells. Thus, the objective of this work was to verify whether TD could act as a neuroprotective agent able to prevent neuronal cell death by reducing [Ca2+]i. Pretreatment of N2a cells with TD reduced [Ca2+]i rise induced by thapsigargin and increased cell viability under [Ca2+]I overload conditions and in hypoxia. Using a murine model of stroke, we observed that pretreatment with TD decreased cerebral infarct volume and cell death. However, when mice received KB-R7943, an NCX blocker, the neuroprotective effect of TD was abolished, strongly suggesting that this neuroprotection requires a functional NCX to happen. Thus, we propose TD-NCX as a new therapeutic axis for the prevention of neuronal death induced by [Ca2+]i overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielly M D Chiarantin
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lina M Delgado-Garcia
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura N Zamproni
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Lima
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Molecular & Structural Biosciences, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Newcastle-Under-Lyme, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Helena B Nader
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivarne L S Tersariol
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marimélia Porcionatto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Namekata I, Odaka R, Hamazaki S, Nisaka H, Hamaguchi S, Tanaka H. Fluorescence Discrimination of Pharmacological Effects on the Na +-Ca 2+ Exchanger and Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+-ATPase in Mouse Ventricular Cardiomyocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:154-157. [PMID: 33132367 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We developed a method to evaluate the activity of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) and sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) with fluorescence microscopy in mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes. In non-beating ventricular cardiomyocytes, α-adrenoceptor stimulation by phenylephrine caused a decrease in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, which was inhibited by SEA0400, an NCX inhibitor, but not cyclopiazonic acid, a SERCA inhibitor. β-Adrenoceptor stimulation by isoprenaline caused a decrease in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, which was inhibited by cyclopiazonic acid but not SEA0400. Ellagic acid, a phenolic phytochemical, also decreased the basal Ca2+ concentration, which was inhibited by cyclopiazonic acid, but not SEA0400. Thus, this method using fluorescent microscopy and specific inhibitors would be useful for the evaluation of pharmacological agents acting on NCX and SERCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyuki Namekata
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Ryosuke Odaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Shunsuke Hamazaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Hina Nisaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Shogo Hamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Hikaru Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
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11
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Drug development in targeting ion channels for brain edema. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1272-1288. [PMID: 32855530 PMCID: PMC7609292 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-00503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral edema is a pathological hallmark of various central nervous system (CNS) insults, including traumatic brain injury (TBI) and excitotoxic injury such as stroke. Due to the rigidity of the skull, edema-induced increase of intracranial fluid significantly complicates severe CNS injuries by raising intracranial pressure and compromising perfusion. Mortality due to cerebral edema is high. With mortality rates up to 80% in severe cases of stroke, it is the leading cause of death within the first week. Similarly, cerebral edema is devastating for patients of TBI, accounting for up to 50% mortality. Currently, the available treatments for cerebral edema include hypothermia, osmotherapy, and surgery. However, these treatments only address the symptoms and often elicit adverse side effects, potentially in part due to non-specificity. There is an urgent need to identify effective pharmacological treatments for cerebral edema. Currently, ion channels represent the third-largest target class for drug development, but their roles in cerebral edema remain ill-defined. The present review aims to provide an overview of the proposed roles of ion channels and transporters (including aquaporins, SUR1-TRPM4, chloride channels, glucose transporters, and proton-sensitive channels) in mediating cerebral edema in acute ischemic stroke and TBI. We also focus on the pharmacological inhibitors for each target and potential therapeutic strategies that may be further pursued for the treatment of cerebral edema.
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12
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Molinaro P, Natale S, Serani A, Calabrese L, Secondo A, Tedeschi V, Valsecchi V, Pannaccione A, Scorziello A, Annunziato L. Genetically modified mice to unravel physiological and pathophysiological roles played by NCX isoforms. Cell Calcium 2020; 87:102189. [PMID: 32199207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the three isoforms of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, NCX1, NCX2 and NCX3 in 1990s, many studies have been devoted to identifying their specific roles in different tissues under several physiological or pathophysiological conditions. In particular, several seminal experimental works laid the foundation for better understanding gene and protein structures, tissue distribution, and regulatory functions of each antiporter isoform. On the other hand, despite the efforts in the development of specific compounds selectively targeting NCX1, NCX2 or NCX3 to test their physiological or pathophysiological roles, several drawbacks hampered the achievement of these goals. In fact, at present no isoform-specific compounds have been yet identified. Moreover, these compounds, despite their potency, possess some nonspecific actions against other ion antiporters, ion channels, and channel receptors. As a result, it is difficult to discriminate direct effects of inhibition/activation of NCX isoforms from the inhibitory or stimulatory effects exerted on other antiporters, channels, receptors, or enzymes. To overcome these difficulties, some research groups used transgenic, knock-out and knock-in mice for NCX isoforms as the most straightforward and fruitful strategy to characterize the biological role exerted by each antiporter isoform. The present review will survey the techniques used to study the roles of NCXs and the current knowledge obtained from these genetic modified mice focusing on the advantages obtained with these strategies in understanding the contribution exerted by each isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Molinaro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Silvia Natale
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Serani
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Calabrese
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Tedeschi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Valsecchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Pannaccione
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Scorziello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
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13
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Pignataro G, Brancaccio P, Laudati G, Valsecchi V, Anzilotti S, Casamassa A, Cuomo O, Vinciguerra A. Sodium/calcium exchanger as main effector of endogenous neuroprotection elicited by ischemic tolerance. Cell Calcium 2020; 87:102183. [PMID: 32120196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ischemic tolerance (IT) paradigm represents a fundamental cell response to certain types or injury able to render an organ more "tolerant" to a subsequent, stronger, insult. During the 16th century, the toxicologist Paracelsus described for the first time the possibility that a noxious event might determine a state of tolerance. This finding was summarized in one of his most important mentions: "The dose makes the poison". In more recent years, ischemic tolerance in the brain was first described in 1991, when it was demonstrated by Kirino and collaborators that two minutes of subthreshold brain ischemia in gerbils produced tolerance against global brain ischemia. Based on the time in which the conditioning stimulus is applied, it is possible to define preconditioning, perconditioning and postconditioning, when the subthreshold insult is applied before, during or after the ischemic event, respectively. Furthermore, depending on the temporal delay from the ischemic event, two different modalities are distinguished: rapid or delayed preconditioning and postconditioning. Finally, the circumstance in which the conditioning stimulus is applied on an organ distant from the brain is referred as remote conditioning. Over the years the "conditioning" paradigm has been applied to several brain disorders and a number of molecular mechanisms taking part to these protective processes have been described. The mechanisms are usually classified in three distinct categories identified as triggers, mediators and effectors. As concerns the putative effectors, it has been hypothesized that brain cells appear to have the ability to adapt to hypoxia by reducing their energy demand through modulation of ion channels and transporters, which delays anoxic depolarization. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the role played by plasmamembrane proteins able to control ionic homeostasis in mediating protection elicited by brain conditioning, particular attention will be deserved to the role played by Na+/Ca2+ exchanger.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - P Brancaccio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - G Laudati
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - V Valsecchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - A Casamassa
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - O Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - A Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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14
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Natale S, Anzilotti S, Petrozziello T, Ciccone R, Serani A, Calabrese L, Severino B, Frecentese F, Secondo A, Pannaccione A, Fiorino F, Cuomo O, Vinciguerra A, D'Esposito L, Sadile AG, Cabib S, Di Renzo G, Annunziato L, Molinaro P. Genetic Up-Regulation or Pharmacological Activation of the Na +/Ca 2+ Exchanger 1 (NCX1) Enhances Hippocampal-Dependent Contextual and Spatial Learning and Memory. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2358-2376. [PMID: 32048166 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1 (NCX1) participates in the maintenance of neuronal Na+ and Ca2+ homeostasis, and it is highly expressed at synapse level of some brain areas involved in learning and memory processes, including the hippocampus, cortex, and amygdala. Furthermore, NCX1 increases Akt1 phosphorylation and enhances glutamate-mediated Ca2+ influx during depolarization in hippocampal and cortical neurons, two processes involved in learning and memory mechanisms. We investigated whether the modulation of NCX1 expression/activity might influence learning and memory processes. To this aim, we used a knock-in mouse overexpressing NCX1 in hippocampal, cortical, and amygdala neurons (ncx1.4over) and a newly synthesized selective NCX1 stimulating compound, named CN-PYB2. Both ncx1.4over and CN-PYB2-treated mice showed an amelioration in spatial learning performance in Barnes maze task, and in context-dependent memory consolidation after trace fear conditioning. On the other hand, these mice showed no improvement in novel object recognition task which is mainly dependent on non-spatial memory and displayed an increase in the active phosphorylated CaMKIIα levels in the hippocampus. Interestingly, both of these mice showed an increased level of context-dependent anxiety.Altogether, these results demonstrate that neuronal NCX1 participates in spatial-dependent hippocampal learning and memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Natale
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Tiziana Petrozziello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Roselia Ciccone
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Serani
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Calabrese
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Severino
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Frecentese
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Pannaccione
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Fiorino
- Department of Pharmacy, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia D'Esposito
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Simona Cabib
- Department of Psychology and Centro "Daniel Bovet", Sapienza University, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Di Renzo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Molinaro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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15
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Annunziato L, Secondo A, Pignataro G, Scorziello A, Molinaro P. New perspectives for selective NCX activators in neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Calcium 2020; 87:102170. [PMID: 32106022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger plays a relevant role in several neurological disorders, thus the pharmacological modulation of its isoforms might represent a promising strategy to ameliorate the course of some neurological pathologies including stroke, neonatal hypoxia, multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer Disease (AD), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). This review will summarize heterocyclic, peptidergic, genetic and epigenetic compounds activating or inhibiting the expression/activity of each NCX isoform. In addition, we will focus our attention on the development of new strategies aimed to ameliorate the pathophysiological conditions in which NCX isoform changes are found.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonella Scorziello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Molinaro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatologic Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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16
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Cuomo O, Cepparulo P, Anzilotti S, Serani A, Sirabella R, Brancaccio P, Guida N, Valsecchi V, Vinciguerra A, Molinaro P, Formisano L, Annunziato L, Pignataro G. Anti-miR-223-5p Ameliorates Ischemic Damage and Improves Neurological Function by Preventing NCKX2 Downregulation after Ischemia in Rats. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:1063-1071. [PMID: 31791013 PMCID: PMC6906731 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, NCKX2, is a new promising stroke neuroprotective target. However, because no pharmacological activator of NCKX2 is still available, microRNA (miRNA) may represent an alternative method to modulate NCKX2 expression. In particular, by bioinformatics analysis, miR-223-5p emerged as a possible modulator of NCKX2 expression. In the light of these premises, the aims of the present study were: (1) to evaluate miR-223-5p and NCKX2 expression in the temporoparietal cortex and striatum of rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion; (2) to evaluate whether miR-223-5p targets the 3′ UTR of the NCKX2 transcript; and (3) to evaluate the effect of miR-223-5p modulation on brain ischemic volume and neurological deficits. Our results showed that miR-223-5p expression increased in a time-dependent manner in the striatum of ischemic rats in parallel with NCKX2 downregulation, and that the transfection of cortical neurons with miR-223-5p induced a reduction of NCKX2 expression. Moreover, a luciferase assay showed that miR-223-5p specifically interacts with the NCKX2 3′ UTR subregion (+7037 to +8697), thus repressing NCKX2 translation. More interestingly, intracerebroventricular infusion of anti-miR-223-5p prevented NCKX2 downregulation after ischemia, thus promoting neuroprotection. The present findings support the idea that blocking miR-223-5p by antimiRNA is a reasonable strategy to reduce the neurodetrimental effect induced by NCKX2 downregulation during brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Cepparulo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Serani
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rossana Sirabella
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Brancaccio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Valsecchi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Molinaro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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17
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Severino B, Corvino A, Fiorino F, Frecentese F, Perissutti E, Caliendo G, Santagada V, Magli E, Molinaro P, Pignataro G, Annunziato L, Antunes NJ, Rojas-Moscoso J, de Freitas NL, Mendes GD, De Nucci G. Development, Validation of LC-MS/MS Method and Determination of Pharmacokinetic Parameters of the Stroke Neuroprotectant Neurounina-1 in Beagle Dog Plasma After Intravenous Administration. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:432. [PMID: 31073288 PMCID: PMC6497007 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurounina-1 [chemical name: 7-nitro-5-phenyl-1-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)-1H-benzo[e][1,4]diazepin-2(3H)-one] is a new compound provided with relevant neuroprotective effect during stroke and in neonatal hypoxia by increasing the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) isoforms NCX1 and NCX2 activity. This study shows for the first time, the development and validation of a sensitive and selective method for analysis of neurounina-1 in beagle dog plasma by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The sample preparation consisted of extraction of the analyte and the internal standard (IS) (ropivacaine) from plasma (50 μL) by liquid-liquid extraction using acetonitrile (100 μL). The selected reaction monitoring mode of the positive ion was performed and the precursor to the product ion transitions of m/z 365 > 83 and m/z 275 > 126 were used to measure the derivative of neurounina-1 and ropivacaine. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a Phenomenex C18 Luna (150 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 μm) analytical column with an isocratic mobile phase composed of methanol/acetonitrile/water (50/40/10, v/v/v) + 0.1% formic acid + 1 M ammonium formate. The method was linear over a concentration range of 1-500 ng/mL. The method was applied to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of neurounina-1 after a single intravenous administration of three different doses (0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, and 1 mg/kg) to beagle dogs (n = 5). The mean AUC0-tlast values were 26.10, 115.81, and 257.28 ng∗h/mL following intravenous administration of 0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg, respectively. Linear pharmacokinetics was observed up to 1.0 mg/kg. The neurounina-1 was rapidly eliminated, with mean CL values of 46.24, 47.57, and 69.15 L/h, Vd of 130.31, 154.15, and 210.79 L and t1/2 of 2.14, 2.54, and 2.04 h after intravenous administration of 0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg, respectively. This new analytical method allows the rapid determination of the neurounina-1, a new developed compound, able to exert a remarkable neuroprotective effect in the low nanomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Severino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Corvino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Fiorino
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Frecentese
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Perissutti
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caliendo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Santagada
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Magli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Molinaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Natalícia J Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Julio Rojas-Moscoso
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Noedi L de Freitas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gustavo D Mendes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, Brazil.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | - Gilberto De Nucci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Shi M, Cao L, Cao X, Zhu M, Zhang X, Wu Z, Xiong S, Xie Z, Yang Y, Chen J, Wong PTH, Bian JS. DR-region of Na +/K + ATPase is a target to treat excitotoxicity and stroke. Cell Death Dis 2018; 10:6. [PMID: 30584244 PMCID: PMC6315034 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Na+/K+ ATPase (NKA) is important in maintaining cellular functions. We found that loss of NKA activities in NKAα1+/− mice is associated with increased susceptibility to ischemic injuries following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). This is corroborated by the neuroprotective effects of an antibody raised against an extracellular DR region (897DVEDSYGQQWTYEQR911, sequence number as in rat) of NKAα subunit (DR-Ab) in both preventive and therapeutic settings. DR-Ab protects cortical neurons against glutamate-induced toxicity by stimulating activities of NKA and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), which resulted in accelerated Ca2+ extrusion. DR-Ab also enhanced the association between NKA and GluR2 and therefore reduced the internalization of both proteins from membrane induced by glutamate toxicity. The mechanism appears to involve suppression of GluR2 phosphorylation through PKCα/PICK pathway. Our data indicate that DR-region of NKA may be a novel therapeutic target for drug development for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Mengyuan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Xingzhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Siping Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Lung Transplant Group, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214021, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Peter T H Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Jin-Song Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore. .,National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Catalpol Inhibits Ischemia-Induced Premyelinating Oligodendrocyte Damage through Regulation of Intercellular Calcium Homeostasis via Na⁺/Ca 2+ Exchanger 3. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071925. [PMID: 29966349 PMCID: PMC6073132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The heightened vulnerability of premyelinating oligodendrocytes (PreOLs) in response to hypoxia⁻ischemia may contribute to perinatal white matter injury and subsequent neurobehavioral dysfunction. Intracellular Ca2+ overload is considered a crucial mechanism predisposing PreOLs to ischemic injury. We previously reported that catalpol, an iridoid glycoside extracted from Rehmannia root, inhibits intracellular Ca2+ overload of PreOLs in an in vitro ischemia model. However, the exact underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of catalpol on PreOLs and to explore the underlying mechanisms involved in the modulation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Postnatal day 2 (P2) Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats subjected to bilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by exposure to 8% oxygen for 10 min were used as a rat model of neonatal hypoxia⁻ischemia. We found that catalpol significantly improved behavioral functions and prevented PreOL loss and myelination deficit after hypoxia⁻ischemia. Our in vitro studies also confirmed the direct effects of catalpol on oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell death and arrested maturation of PreOLs. Moreover, we demonstrated that catalpol significantly inhibited intracellular Ca2+ overload and promoted the expression of Na⁺/Ca2+ exchanger 3 (NCX3). Finally, we found that catalpol significantly reduced mitochondrial damage and subsequent extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activation. Treatment with NCX3-preferring inhibitor 2-[2-[4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl]ethyl]isothiourea (KB-R7943) significantly reversed the protective effects of catalpol on PreOLs under OGD. Overall, our data suggest that catalpol protects PreOLs from ischemic injury through regulation of intercellular Ca2+ homeostasis via upregulation of NCX3 activity.
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Cerullo P, Brancaccio P, Anzilotti S, Vinciguerra A, Cuomo O, Fiorino F, Severino B, Di Vaio P, Di Renzo G, Annunziato L, Pignataro G. Acute and long-term NCX activation reduces brain injury and restores behavioral functions in mice subjected to neonatal brain ischemia. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:180-191. [PMID: 29551690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HI) accounts for the majority of developmental, motor and cognitive deficits in children, leading to life-long neurological impairments. Since the plasmamembrane sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX) plays a fundamental role in maintaining ionic homeostasis during adult brain ischemia, in the present work we aimed to demonstrate (1)the involvement of NCX in the pathophysiology of neonatal HI and (2)a possible NCX-based pharmacological intervention. HI was induced in neonatal mice at postnatal day 7(P7) by unilateral cut of the right common carotid artery, followed by 60 min exposure to 8%O2. Expression profiles of NCX isoforms from embryos stage to adulthood was evaluated in the hippocampus of hypoxic-ischemic and control mice. To assess the effect of NCX pharmacological stimulation, brain infarct volume was evaluated in brain sections, obtained at several time intervals after systemic administration of the newly synthesized NCX activator neurounina. Moreover, the long term effect of NCX activation was evaluated in adult mice (P60) subjected to neonatal HI and daily treated with neurounina for three weeks. Hypoxic-ischemic insult induced a reduction of NCX1 and NCX3 expression starting from day 7 until day 60. Notably, 8 weeks after HI induction in P7 mice, NCX pharmacological stimulation not only reduced infarct volume but improved also motor behaviour, spatial and visual memory. The present study highlights the significant role of NCX in the evolution of neonatal brain injury and in the learning and memory processes that are impaired in mice injured in the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Cerullo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Brancaccio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Fiorino
- Department Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Montesano, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Severino
- Department Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Montesano, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Di Vaio
- Department Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Montesano, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Di Renzo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Preconditioning, induced by sub-toxic dose of the neurotoxin L-BMAA, delays ALS progression in mice and prevents Na +/Ca 2+ exchanger 3 downregulation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:206. [PMID: 29434186 PMCID: PMC5833681 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning (PC) is a phenomenon wherein a mild insult induces resistance to a later, severe injury. Although PC has been extensively studied in several neurological disorders, no studies have been performed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here we hypothesize that a sub-toxic acute exposure to the cycad neurotoxin beta-methylamino-L-alanine (L-BMAA) is able to delay ALS progression in SOD1 G93A mice and that NCX3, a membrane transporter able to handle the deregulation of ionic homeostasis occurring during ALS, takes part to this neuroprotective effect. Preconditioning effect was examined on disease onset and duration, motor functions, and motor neurons in terms of functional declines and severity of histological damage in male and female mice. Our findings demonstrate that a sub-toxic dose of L-BMAA works as preconditioning stimulus and is able to delay ALS onset and to prolong ALS mice survival. Interestingly, preconditioning prevented NCX3 downregulation in SOD1 G93A mice spinal cord, leading to an increased number of motor neurons associated to a reduced astrogliosis, and reduced the denervation of neuromuscular junctions observed in SOD1 G93A mice. These protective effects were mitigated in ncx3+/− mice. This study established for the first time an animal model of preconditioning in ALS and candidates NCX3 as a new therapeutic target.
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22
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Na +/Ca 2+ exchanger 1 on nuclear envelope controls PTEN/Akt pathway via nucleoplasmic Ca 2+ regulation during neuronal differentiation. Cell Death Discov 2018. [PMID: 29531809 PMCID: PMC5841316 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-017-0018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear envelope (NE) is a Ca2+-storing organelle controlling neuronal differentiation through nuclear Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]n). However, how [Ca2+]n regulates this important function remains unknown. Here, we investigated the role of the nuclear form of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1(nuNCX1) during the different stages of neuronal differentiation and the involvement of PTEN/PI3'K/Akt pathway. In neuronal cells, nuNCX1 was detected on the inner membrane of the NE where protein expression and activity of the exchanger increased during NGF-induced differentiation. nuNCX1 activation by Na+-free perfusion induced a time-dependent activation of nuclear-resident PI3K/Akt pathway in isolated nuclei. To discriminate the contribution of nuNCX1 from those of plasma membrane NCX, we generated a chimeric protein composed of the fluorophore EYFP, the exchanger inhibitory peptide, and the nuclear localization signal, named XIP-NLS. Fura-2 measurements on single nuclei and patch-clamp experiments in whole-cell configuration showed that XIP-NLS selectively inhibited nuNCX1. Once it reached the nuclear compartment, XIP-NLS increased the nucleoplasmic Ca2+ peak elicited by ATP and reduced Akt phosphorylation, GAP-43 and MAP-2 expression through nuclear-resident PTEN induction. Furthermore, in accordance with the prevention of the neuronal phenotype, XIP-NLS significantly reduced TTX-sensitive Na+ currents and membrane potential during neuronal differentiation. The selective inhibition of nuNCX1 by XIP-NLS increased the percentage of β III tubulin-positive immature neurons in mature cultures of MAP-2-positive cortical neurons, thus unraveling a new function for nuNCX1 in regulating neuronal differentiation through [Ca2+]n-dependent PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway.
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23
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Hu HJ, Song M. Disrupted Ionic Homeostasis in Ischemic Stroke and New Therapeutic Targets. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:2706-2719. [PMID: 29054733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability. All neuroprotectants targeting excitotoxicity have failed to become stroke medications. In order to explore and identify new therapeutic targets for stroke, we here reviewed present studies of ionic transporters and channels that are involved in ischemic brain damage. METHOD We surveyed recent literature from animal experiments and clinical reports in the databases of PubMed and Elsevier ScienceDirect to analyze ionic mechanisms underlying ischemic cell damage and suggest promising ideas for stroke therapy. RESULTS Dysfunction of ionic transporters and disrupted ionic homeostasis are most early changes that underlie ischemic brain injury, thus receiving sustained attention in translational stroke research. The Na+/K+-ATPase, Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger, ionotropic glutamate receptor, acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), sulfonylurea receptor isoform 1 (SUR1)-regulated NCCa-ATP channels, and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are critically involved in ischemia-induced cellular degenerating processes such as cytotoxic edema, excitotoxicity, necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. Some ionic transporters/channels also act as signalosomes to regulate cell death signaling. For acute stroke treatment, glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity must be interfered within 2 hours after stroke. The SUR1-regulated NCCa-ATP channels, Na+/K+-ATPase, ASICs, and TRP channels have a much longer therapeutic window, providing new therapeutic targets for developing feasible pharmacological treatments toward acute ischemic stroke. CONCLUSION The next generation of stroke therapy can apply a polypharmacology strategy for which drugs are designed to target multiple ion transporters/channels or their interaction with neurotoxic signaling pathways. But a successful translation of neuroprotectants relies on in-depth analyses of cell death mechanisms and suitable animal models resembling human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingke Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Khoshnam SE, Winlow W, Farbood Y, Moghaddam HF, Farzaneh M. Emerging Roles of microRNAs in Ischemic Stroke: As Possible Therapeutic Agents. J Stroke 2017; 19:166-187. [PMID: 28480877 PMCID: PMC5466283 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2016.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and physical disability worldwide. The consequences of stroke injuries are profound and persistent, causing in considerable burden to both the individual patient and society. Current treatments for ischemic stroke injuries have proved inadequate, partly owing to an incomplete understanding of the cellular and molecular changes that occur following ischemic stroke. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenously expressed RNA molecules that function to inhibit mRNA translation and have key roles in the pathophysiological processes contributing to ischemic stroke injuries. Potential therapeutic areas to compensate these pathogenic processes include promoting angiogenesis, neurogenesis and neuroprotection. Several miRNAs, and their target genes, are recognized to be involved in these recoveries and repair mechanisms. The capacity of miRNAs to simultaneously regulate several target genes underlies their unique importance in ischemic stroke therapeutics. In this Review, we focus on the role of miRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as promising therapeutic agents in cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - William Winlow
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, Italia.,Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hadi Fathi Moghaddam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of death and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Brain injury following stroke results from a complex series of pathophysiological events including excitotoxicity, oxidative and nitrative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, there is a mechanistic link between brain ischemia, innate and adaptive immune cells, intracranial atherosclerosis, and also the gut microbiota in modifying the cerebral responses to ischemic insult. There are very few treatments for stroke injuries, partly owing to an incomplete understanding of the diverse cellular and molecular changes that occur following ischemic stroke and that are responsible for neuronal death. Experimental discoveries have begun to define the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in stroke injury, leading to the development of numerous agents that target various injury pathways. In the present article, we review the underlying pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and reveal the intertwined pathways that are promising therapeutic targets.
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26
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Molinaro P, Sirabella R, Pignataro G, Petrozziello T, Secondo A, Boscia F, Vinciguerra A, Cuomo O, Philipson KD, De Felice M, Di Lauro R, Di Renzo G, Annunziato L. Neuronal NCX1 overexpression induces stroke resistance while knockout induces vulnerability via Akt. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:1790-1803. [PMID: 26661211 PMCID: PMC5076784 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15611913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Three different Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) isoforms, NCX1, NCX2, and NCX3, are expressed in brain where they play a relevant role in maintaining Na+ and Ca2+ homeostasis. Although the neuroprotective roles of NCX2 and NCX3 in stroke have been elucidated, the relevance of NCX1 is still unknown because of embryonic lethality of its knocking-out, heart dysfunctions when it is overexpressed, and the lack of selectivity in currently available drugs. To overcome these limitations we generated two conditional genetically modified mice that upon tamoxifen administration showed a selective decrease or increase of NCX1 in cortical and hippocampal neurons. Interestingly, in cortex and hippocampus NCX1 overexpression increased, where NCX1 knock-out reduced, both exchanger activity and Akt1 phosphorylation, a neuronal survival signaling. More important, mice overexpressing NCX1 showed a reduced ischemic volume and an amelioration of focal and general deficits when subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Conversely, NCX1-knock-out mice displayed a worsening of brain damage, focal and neurological deficits with a decrease in Akt phosphorylation. These results support the idea that NCX1 overexpression/activation may represent a feasible therapeutic opportunity in stroke intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Molinaro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossana Sirabella
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Tiziana Petrozziello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Boscia
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Kenneth D Philipson
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mario De Felice
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy IRGS, Biogem S.C.A.R.L., Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Roberto Di Lauro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy IRGS, Biogem S.C.A.R.L., Ariano Irpino (AV), Italy
| | - Gianfranco Di Renzo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Annunziato
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico SDN, Naples, Italy
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27
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Cuomo O, Pignataro G, Sirabella R, Molinaro P, Anzilotti S, Scorziello A, Sisalli MJ, Di Renzo G, Annunziato L. Sumoylation of LYS590 of NCX3 f-Loop by SUMO1 Participates in Brain Neuroprotection Induced by Ischemic Preconditioning. Stroke 2016; 47:1085-93. [PMID: 26979866 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.012514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO), a ubiquitin-like protein involved in posttranslational protein modifications, is activated by several conditions, such as heat stress, hypoxia, and hibernation and confers neuroprotection. Sumoylation enzymes and substrates are expressed also at the plasma membrane level. Among the numerous plasma membrane proteins controlling ionic homeostasis during cerebral ischemia, 1 of the 3 brain sodium/calcium exchangers (NCX3), exerts a protective role during ischemic preconditioning. In this study, we evaluated whether NCX3 is a target for sumoylation and whether this posttranslational modification participates in ischemic preconditioning-induced neuroprotection. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed (1) SUMO1 conjugation pattern after ischemic preconditioning; (2) the effect of SUMO1 knockdown on the ischemic damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and ischemic preconditioning, (3) the possible interaction between SUMO1 and NCX3 and (4) the molecular determinants of NCX3 sequence responsible for sumoylation. METHODS Focal brain ischemia and ischemic preconditioning were induced in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion. SUMOylation was evaluated by western blot and immunohistochemistry. SUMO1 and NCX3 interaction was analyzed by site-directed mutagenesis and immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS We found that (1) SUMO1 knockdown worsened ischemic damage and reduced the protective effect of preconditioning; (2) SUMO1 bound to NCX3 at lysine residue 590, and its silencing increased NCX3 degradation; and (3) NCX3 sumoylation participates in SUMO1 protective role during ischemic preconditioning. Thus, our results demonstrate that NCX3 sumoylation confers additional neuroprotection in ischemic preconditioning. CONCLUSIONS Finally, this study suggests that NCX3 sumoylation might be a new target to enhance ischemic preconditioning-induced neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Cuomo
- From the Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy (O.C., G.P., P.M., A.S., M.J.S., G.D.R., L.A.); and SDN IRCCS, Naples, Italy (R.S., S.A.)
| | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- From the Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy (O.C., G.P., P.M., A.S., M.J.S., G.D.R., L.A.); and SDN IRCCS, Naples, Italy (R.S., S.A.)
| | - Rossana Sirabella
- From the Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy (O.C., G.P., P.M., A.S., M.J.S., G.D.R., L.A.); and SDN IRCCS, Naples, Italy (R.S., S.A.)
| | - Pasquale Molinaro
- From the Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy (O.C., G.P., P.M., A.S., M.J.S., G.D.R., L.A.); and SDN IRCCS, Naples, Italy (R.S., S.A.)
| | - Serenella Anzilotti
- From the Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy (O.C., G.P., P.M., A.S., M.J.S., G.D.R., L.A.); and SDN IRCCS, Naples, Italy (R.S., S.A.)
| | - Antonella Scorziello
- From the Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy (O.C., G.P., P.M., A.S., M.J.S., G.D.R., L.A.); and SDN IRCCS, Naples, Italy (R.S., S.A.)
| | - Maria Josè Sisalli
- From the Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy (O.C., G.P., P.M., A.S., M.J.S., G.D.R., L.A.); and SDN IRCCS, Naples, Italy (R.S., S.A.)
| | - Gianfranco Di Renzo
- From the Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy (O.C., G.P., P.M., A.S., M.J.S., G.D.R., L.A.); and SDN IRCCS, Naples, Italy (R.S., S.A.)
| | - Lucio Annunziato
- From the Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy (O.C., G.P., P.M., A.S., M.J.S., G.D.R., L.A.); and SDN IRCCS, Naples, Italy (R.S., S.A.).
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Rassner MP, Moser A, Follo M, Joseph K, van Velthoven-Wurster V, Feuerstein TJ. Neocortical GABA release at high intracellular sodium and low extracellular calcium: an anti-seizure mechanism. J Neurochem 2016; 137:177-89. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Rassner
- Section of Clinical Neuropharmacology of the Department of Neurosurgery; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Andreas Moser
- Neurochemical Research Group; Department of Neurology; University of Lübeck; Lübeck Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS); University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I; Medical Center - University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Kevin Joseph
- Section of Clinical Neuropharmacology of the Department of Neurosurgery; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Section of Neuroelectronic Systems of the Department of Neurosurgery; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | | | - Thomas J. Feuerstein
- Section of Clinical Neuropharmacology of the Department of Neurosurgery; University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS); University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
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29
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Secondo A, Pignataro G, Ambrosino P, Pannaccione A, Molinaro P, Boscia F, Cantile M, Cuomo O, Esposito A, Sisalli MJ, Scorziello A, Guida N, Anzilotti S, Fiorino F, Severino B, Santagada V, Caliendo G, Di Renzo G, Annunziato L. Pharmacological characterization of the newly synthesized 5-amino-N-butyl-2-(4-ethoxyphenoxy)-benzamide hydrochloride (BED) as a potent NCX3 inhibitor that worsens anoxic injury in cortical neurons, organotypic hippocampal cultures, and ischemic brain. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1361-70. [PMID: 25942323 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX), a 10-transmembrane domain protein mainly involved in the regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis, plays a crucial role in cerebral ischemia. In the present paper, we characterized the effect of the newly synthesized compound 5-amino-N-butyl-2-(4-ethoxyphenoxy)-benzamide hydrochloride (BED) on the activity of the three NCX isoforms and on the evolution of cerebral ischemia. BED inhibited NCX isoform 3 (NCX3) activity (IC50 = 1.9 nM) recorded with the help of single-cell microflorimetry, (45)Ca(2+) radiotracer fluxes, and patch-clamp in whole-cell configuration. Furthermore, this drug displayed negligible effect on NCX2, the other isoform expressed within the CNS, and it failed to modulate the ubiquitously expressed NCX1 isoform. Concerning the molecular site of action, the use of chimera strategy and deletion mutagenesis showed that α1 and α2 repeats of NCX3 represented relevant molecular determinants for BED inhibitory action, whereas the intracellular regulatory f-loop was not involved. At 10 nM, BED worsened the damage induced by oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by reoxygenation in cortical neurons through a dysregulation of [Ca(2+)]i. Furthermore, at the same concentration, BED significantly enhanced cell death in CA3 subregion of hippocampal organotypic slices exposed to OGD and aggravated infarct injury after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. These results showed that the newly synthesized 5-amino-N-butyl-2-(4-ethoxyphenoxy)-benzamide hydrochloride is one of the most potent inhibitor of NCX3 so far identified, representing an useful tool to dissect the role played by NCX3 in the control of Ca(2+) homeostasis under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Secondo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Ambrosino
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Pannaccione
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Molinaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Boscia
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Cantile
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alba Esposito
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Josè Sisalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Scorziello
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gianfranco Di Renzo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Annunziato
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, School of Medicine, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Cuomo O, Vinciguerra A, Cerullo P, Anzilotti S, Brancaccio P, Bilo L, Scorziello A, Molinaro P, Di Renzo G, Pignataro G. Ionic homeostasis in brain conditioning. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:277. [PMID: 26321902 PMCID: PMC4530315 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the current focus on developing neuroprotective therapies is aimed at preventing neuronal death. However, these approaches have not been successful despite many years of clinical trials mainly because the numerous side effects observed in humans and absent in animals used at preclinical level. Recently, the research in this field aims to overcome this problem by developing strategies which induce, mimic, or boost endogenous protective responses and thus do not interfere with physiological neurotransmission. Preconditioning is a protective strategy in which a subliminal stimulus is applied before a subsequent harmful stimulus, thus inducing a state of tolerance in which the injury inflicted by the challenge is mitigated. Tolerance may be observed in ischemia, seizure, and infection. Since it requires protein synthesis, it confers delayed and temporary neuroprotection, taking hours to develop, with a pick at 1–3 days. A new promising approach for neuroprotection derives from post-conditioning, in which neuroprotection is achieved by a modified reperfusion subsequent to a prolonged ischemic episode. Many pathways have been proposed as plausible mechanisms to explain the neuroprotection offered by preconditioning and post-conditioning. Although the mechanisms through which these two endogenous protective strategies exert their effects are not yet fully understood, recent evidence highlights that the maintenance of ionic homeostasis plays a key role in propagating these neuroprotective phenomena. The present article will review the role of protein transporters and ionic channels involved in the control of ionic homeostasis in the neuroprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning and post-conditioning in adult brain, with particular regards to the Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCX), the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA), the Na+/H+ exchange (NHE), the Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransport (NKCC) and the acid-sensing cation channels (ASIC). Ischemic stroke is the third leading cause of death and disability. Up until now, all clinical trials testing potential stroke neuroprotectants failed. For this reason attention of researchers has been focusing on the identification of brain endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms activated after cerebral ischemia. In this context, ischemic preconditioning and ischemic post-conditioning represent two neuroprotecive strategies to investigate in order to identify new molecular target to reduce the ischemic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Vinciguerra
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Cerullo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paola Brancaccio
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Leonilda Bilo
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Scorziello
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Molinaro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Di Renzo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, Federico II University of Naples Naples, Italy
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A new cell-penetrating peptide that blocks the autoinhibitory XIP domain of NCX1 and enhances antiporter activity. Mol Ther 2014; 23:465-76. [PMID: 25582710 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX) is a high-capacity ionic transporter that exchanges 3Na(+) ions for 1Ca(2+) ion. The first 20 amino acids of the f-loop, named exchanger inhibitory peptide (XIP(NCX1)), represent an autoinhibitory region involved in the Na(+)-dependent inactivation of the exchanger. Previous research has shown that an exogenous peptide having the same amino acid sequence as the XIP(NCX1) region exerts an inhibitory effect on NCX activity. In this study, we identified another regulatory peptide, named P1, which corresponds to the 562-688aa region of the exchanger. Patch-clamp analysis revealed that P1 increased the activity of the exchanger, whereas the XIP inhibited it. Furthermore, P1 colocalized with NCX1 thus suggesting a direct binding interaction. In addition, site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that the binding and the stimulatory effect of P1 requires a functional XIP(NCX1) domain on NCX1 thereby suggesting that P1 increases the exchanger activity by counteracting the action of this autoinhibitory sequence. Taken together, these results open a new strategy for developing peptidomimetic compounds that, by mimicking the functional pharmacophore of P1, might increase NCX1 activity and thus exert a therapeutic action in those diseases in which an increase in NCX1 activity might be helpful.
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MicroRNA-103-1 selectively downregulates brain NCX1 and its inhibition by anti-miRNA ameliorates stroke damage and neurological deficits. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1829-38. [PMID: 24954474 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Na(+)/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) is a plasma membrane transporter that, by regulating Ca2+ and Na(+) homeostasis, contributes to brain stroke damage. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether there might be miRNAs in the brain able to regulate NCX1 expression and, thereafter, to set up a valid therapeutic strategy able to reduce stroke-induced brain damage by regulating NCX1 expression. Thus, we tested whether miR-103-1, a microRNA belonging to the miR-103/107 family that on the basis of sequence analysis might be a potential NCX1 regulator, could control NCX1 expression. The role of miR-103-1 was assessed in a rat model of transient cerebral ischemia by evaluating the effect of the correspondent antimiRNA on both brain infarct volume and neurological deficits. NCX1 expression was dramatically reduced when cortical neurons were exposed to miR-103-1. This alleged tight regulation of NCX1 by miR-103-1 was further corroborated by luciferase assay. Notably, antimiR-103-1 prevented NCX1 protein downregulation induced by the increase in miR-103-1 after brain ischemia, thereby reducing brain damage and neurological deficits. Overall, the identification of a microRNA able to selectively regulate NCX1 in the brain clarifies a new important molecular mechanism of NCX1 regulation in the brain and offers the opportunity to develop a new therapeutic strategy for stroke.
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Does Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger, NCX, represent a new druggable target in stroke intervention? Transl Stroke Res 2013; 5:145-55. [PMID: 24323727 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke causes a rapid cell death in the core of the injured region and triggers mechanisms in surrounding penumbra area that leads to changes in concentrations of several ions like intracellular Ca²⁺, Na⁺, H⁺, K⁺, and radicals such as reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. When a dysregulation of homeostasis of these messengers occurs, it can trigger cell death. In particular, it is widely accepted that a critical factor in determining neuronal death during cerebral ischemia is progressive dysregulation of Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, and H⁺ homeostasis that activate several death pathways, including oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, protease activation, and apoptosis. In the last decade, several seminal experimental works are markedly changing the scenario of research of principal players of an ischemic event. Indeed, some plasma membrane channels and transporters, involved in the control of Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, and H⁺ ion influx or efflux and, therefore, responsible for maintaining the homeostasis of these four cations, might function as crucial players in initiation of brain ischemic process. Indeed, these proteins, by regulating ionic homeostasis, may provide the molecular basis underlying glutamate-independent Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ overload mechanisms in neuronal ischemic cell death and, most importantly, may represent more suitable molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. Recently, a great deal of interest has been devoted to clarify the role of the plasma membrane protein known as Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger, a transporter able to control Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ homeostasis. In this review, the pathophysiological role of NCX and its implication as a potential target in stroke intervention will be examined.
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Ionic transporter activity in astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes during brain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:969-82. [PMID: 23549380 PMCID: PMC3705429 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells constitute a large percentage of cells in the nervous system. During recent years, a large number of studies have critically attributed to glia a new role which no longer reflects the long-held view that glia constitute solely a silent and passive supportive scaffolding for brain cells. Indeed, it has been hypothesized that glia, partnering neurons, have a much more actively participating role in brain function. Alteration of intraglial ionic homeostasis in response to ischemic injury has a crucial role in inducing and maintaining glial responses in the ischemic brain. Therefore, glial transporters as potential candidates in stroke intervention are becoming promising targets to enhance an effective and additional therapy for brain ischemia. In this review, we will describe in detail the role played by ionic transporters in influencing astrocyte, microglia, and oligodendrocyte activity and the implications that these transporters have in the progression of ischemic lesion.
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