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Magalhaes YT, Farias JO, Silva LE, Forti FL. GTPases, genome, actin: A hidden story in DNA damage response and repair mechanisms. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 100:103070. [PMID: 33618126 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The classical small Rho GTPase (Rho, Rac, and Cdc42) protein family is mainly responsible for regulating cell motility and polarity, membrane trafficking, cell cycle control, and gene transcription. Cumulative recent evidence supports important roles for these proteins in the maintenance of genomic stability. Indeed, DNA damage response (DDR) and repair mechanisms are some of the prime biological processes that underlie several disease phenotypes, including genetic disorders, cancer, senescence, and premature aging. Many reports guided by different experimental approaches and molecular hypotheses have demonstrated that, to some extent, direct modulation of Rho GTPase activity, their downstream effectors, or actin cytoskeleton regulation contribute to these cellular events. Although much attention has been paid to this family in the context of canonical actin cytoskeleton remodeling, here we provide a contextualized review of the interplay between Rho GTPase signaling pathways and the DDR and DNA repair signaling components. Interesting questions yet to be addressed relate to the spatiotemporal dynamics of this collective response and whether it correlates with different subcellular pools of Rho GTPases. We highlight the direct and indirect targets, some of which still lack experimental validation data, likely associated with Rho GTPase activation that provides compelling evidence for further investigation in DNA damage-associated events and with potential therapeutic applications in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli T Magalhaes
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jessica O Farias
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz E Silva
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio L Forti
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Rayego-Mateos S, Morgado-Pascual JL, Valdivielso JM, Sanz AB, Bosch-Panadero E, Rodrigues-Díez RR, Egido J, Ortiz A, González-Parra E, Ruiz-Ortega M. TRAF3 Modulation: Novel Mechanism for the Anti-inflammatory Effects of the Vitamin D Receptor Agonist Paricalcitol in Renal Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2026-2042. [PMID: 32631974 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019111206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CKD leads to vitamin D deficiency. Treatment with vitamin D receptor agonists (VDRAs) may have nephroprotective and anti-inflammatory actions, but their mechanisms of action are poorly understood. METHODS Modulation of the noncanonical NF-κB2 pathway and its component TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) by the VDRA paricalcitol was studied in PBMCs from patients with ESKD, cytokine-stimulated cells, and preclinical kidney injury models. RESULTS In PBMCs isolated from patients with ESKD, TRAF3 protein levels were lower than in healthy controls. This finding was associated with evidence of noncanonical NF-κB2 activation and a proinflammatory state. However, PBMCs from patients with ESKD treated with paricalcitol did not exhibit these features. Experiments in cultured cells confirmed the link between TRAF3 and NF-κB2/inflammation. Decreased TRAF3 ubiquitination in K48-linked chains and cIAP1-TRAF3 interaction mediated the mechanisms of paricalcitol action.TRAF3 overexpression by CRISPR/Cas9 technology mimicked VDRA's effects. In a preclinical model of kidney injury, paricalcitol inhibited renal NF-κB2 activation and decreased renal inflammation. In VDR knockout mice with renal injury, paricalcitol prevented TRAF3 downregulation and NF-κB2-dependent gene upregulation, suggesting a VDR-independent anti-inflammatory effect of paricalcitol. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest the anti-inflammatory actions of paricalcitol depend on TRAF3 modulation and subsequent inhibition of the noncanonical NF-κB2 pathway, identifying a novel mechanism for VDRA's effects. Circulating TRAF3 levels could be a biomarker of renal damage associated with the inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rayego-Mateos
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz,Universidad autonoma de madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group. Institut de Receca Biomedica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Morgado-Pascual
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz,Universidad autonoma de madrid, Madrid, Spain.,REDinREN (Red de Investigación Renal), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Valdivielso
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group. Institut de Receca Biomedica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Spain.,REDinREN (Red de Investigación Renal), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Sanz
- REDinREN (Red de Investigación Renal), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Nephrology and Hypertension, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Bosch-Panadero
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Hypertension, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl R Rodrigues-Díez
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz,Universidad autonoma de madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Egido
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz.Universidad Autónoma. 28040 Madrid, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM). 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- REDinREN (Red de Investigación Renal), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Nephrology and Hypertension, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio González-Parra
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Hypertension, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Molecular and Cellular Biology in Renal and Vascular Pathology, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz,Universidad autonoma de madrid, Madrid, Spain .,REDinREN (Red de Investigación Renal), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Seet LF, Toh LZ, Chu SWL, Wong TT. RelB regulates basal and proinflammatory induction of conjunctival CCL2. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2019; 29:29-42. [PMID: 31618101 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1662060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigated the involvement of NF-kB in regulating postoperative conjunctival inflammation.Methods: Experimental surgery was performed as described for the mouse model of conjunctival scarring. Expression of NF-κB in postoperative conjunctival tissues or conjunctival fibroblasts were assessed by real-time PCR, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analyses. Downregulation of RelB was achieved using small interfering RNA. Cellular cytokine secretion was determined using multiplex cytokine assay.Results: RelB was the most highly induced member of the NF-kB family on day 2 post-surgery. Elevated RelB may be found associated with vimentin-positive cells and fibroblasts in vivo and in vitro. In conjunctival fibroblasts, RelB may be induced by TNF-α but not TGF-β2 while its silencing caused selective induction of CCL2 secretion by both basal and TNF-α-stimulated fibroblasts.Conclusions: High RelB induction in the inflammatory phase and the selective modulation of CCL2 suggest a specific anti-inflammatory role for RelB in the postoperative conjunctiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fong Seet
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Li Zhen Toh
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Stephanie W L Chu
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Tina T Wong
- Ocular Therapeutics and Drug Delivery, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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4
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Cuarental L, Sucunza-Sáenz D, Valiño-Rivas L, Fernandez-Fernandez B, Sanz AB, Ortiz A, Vaquero JJ, Sanchez-Niño MD. MAP3K kinases and kidney injury. Nefrologia 2019; 39:568-580. [PMID: 31196660 DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases) are functionally connected kinases that regulate key cellular process involved in kidney disease such as all survival, death, differentiation and proliferation. The typical MAP kinase module is composed by a cascade of three kinases: a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) that phosphorylates and activates a MAP kinase kinase (MAP2K) which phosphorylates a MAP kinase (MAPK). While the role of MAPKs such as ERK, p38 and JNK has been well characterized in experimental kidney injury, much less is known about the apical kinases in the cascade, the MAP3Ks. There are 24 characterized MAP3K (MAP3K1 to MAP3K21 plus RAF1, BRAF and ARAF). We now review current knowledge on the involvement of MAP3K in non-malignant kidney disease and the therapeutic tools available. There is in vivo interventional evidence clearly supporting a role for MAP3K5 (ASK1) and MAP3K14 (NIK) in the pathogenesis of experimental kidney disease. Indeed, the ASK1 inhibitor Selonsertib has undergone clinical trials for diabetic kidney disease. Additionally, although MAP3K7 (MEKK7, TAK1) is required for kidney development, acutely targeting MAP3K7 protected from acute and chronic kidney injury; and targeting MAP3K8 (TPL2/Cot) protected from acute kidney injury. By contrast MAP3K15 (ASK3) may protect from hypertension and BRAF inhibitors in clinical use may induced acute kidney injury and nephrotic syndrome. Given their role as upstream regulators of intracellular signaling, MAP3K are potential therapeutic targets in kidney injury, as demonstrated for some of them. However, the role of most MAP3K in kidney disease remains unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Sucunza-Sáenz
- REDINREN, Spain; Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ana Belen Sanz
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain; REDINREN, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain; REDINREN, Spain
| | - Juan José Vaquero
- REDINREN, Spain; Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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5
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Physical exercise contributes to cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity protection with decreased CD4+ T cells activation. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:507-513. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Liu TH, Zheng F, Cai MY, Guo L, Lin HX, Chen JW, Liao YJ, Kung HF, Zeng YX, Xie D. The putative tumor activator ARHGEF3 promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell pathogenesis by inhibiting cellular apoptosis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:25836-48. [PMID: 27028992 PMCID: PMC5041948 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most prevalent forms of highly invasive malignancy in Southern China and Southeast Asia. The pathogenesis of NPC is a multistep process driven by the acquisition of numerous genetic abnormalities. We investigated the potential oncogenic role of the Rho-guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 gene, ARHGEF3, in NPC pathogenesis. Expression levels of ARHGEF3 were frequently up-regulated in NPC cell lines and tissues. In a large cohort of clinical NPC tissues high expression of ARHGEF3 was positively associated with an increased T status, distant metastasis, and a more advanced clinical stage (P < 0.05). Survival analysis revealed that ARHGEF3 expression was a significant and independent prognosis factor for NPC patients. In NPC cell lines, knockdown of ARHGEF3 was sufficient to inhibit cell growth, motility, and invasion in vitro, whereas ectopic overexpression of ARHGEF3 substantially enhanced NPC cells tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. Depletion of ARHGEF3 in NPC cells dramatically promoted caspase-3 induced apoptosis and an anti-apoptosis factor, BIRC8, was identified as a critical downstream target of the ARHGEF3. Our findings suggest that increased expression of ARHGEF3 plays a critical oncogenic role in NPC pathogenesis by preventing cell apoptosis through the up-regulation of BIRC8, and ARHGEF3 might be employed as a novel prognostic marker and effective therapeutic target for human NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Hao Liu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Yan Cai
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Cancer, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Xin Lin
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie-Wei Chen
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ji Liao
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hsiang-Fu Kung
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Xu Y, Jiang Y, Gai W, Yu B. Protective role of tenuigenin on sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in mice. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5051-5056. [PMID: 29201213 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe complication of sepsis, which largely contributes to the associated high mortality rate. Tenuigenin (TNG) is a natural product isolated from Polygala tenuifolia root, which possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. The present study investigated the effects of TNG on sepsis-associated AKI in mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). TNG was demonstrated to alleviate sepsis-induced AKI by reducing pathological changes and significantly decreasing the levels of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and kidney coefficient. The production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6, was markedly inhibited by TNG. Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed that the morphological changes of kidney tissues in CLP mice were reversed following TNG treatment. Furthermore, treatment with TNG inhibited the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. Finally, TNG inhibited the activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. The present study suggested that TNG alleviates sepsis-induced AKI by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, which provides a novel approach for treating sepsis-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Laiyang Central Hospital of Yantai, Yantai, Shandong 265200, P.R. China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Laiyang Central Hospital of Yantai, Yantai, Shandong 265200, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Gai
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Laiyang Central Hospital of Yantai, Yantai, Shandong 265200, P.R. China
| | - Botao Yu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Laiyang Central Hospital of Yantai, Yantai, Shandong 265200, P.R. China
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8
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Kim IH, Kwon MJ, Jung JH, Nam TJ. Protein extracted from Porphyra yezoensis prevents cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by downregulating the MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:511-520. [PMID: 29115386 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute renal failure is a serious complication of treatment with the anticancer drug cisplatin. Cisplatin exerts a cytotoxic effect on renal cells by inducing apoptosis through activating the tumor suppressor p53, nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) and mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK)/p38 pathways. Effects of protein extracts of the brown seaweed Porphyra yezoensis (P. yezoensis) on cytotoxicity, inflammation and cell proliferation have been reported; however, the effects of P. yezoensis protein (PYP) extract on cisplatin‑induced renal injury have remained elusive. The present study investigated the effects of PYP on cisplatin‑induced nephrotoxicity in the HK2 human proximal tubular epithelial cell line. PYP treatment reduced cisplatin‑induced apoptosis and death of HK2 cells by restoring the B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2)‑associated X protein (Bax)/Bcl‑2 imbalance, cytochrome c release and caspase‑3 activation. In addition, PYP activated the redox‑sensitive transcription factor NF‑κB via stimulating the nuclear translocation of p65 in HK2 cells. PYP also restored renal antioxidant levels and increased the total and nuclear accumulation of NF erythroid 2‑related factor 2 in HK2 cells. PYP markedly attenuated cisplatin‑induced p38, MAPK and c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase phosphorylation. Furthermore, treatment with PYP ameliorated cisplatin‑induced renal cell damage by upregulating antioxidant defense mechanisms and downregulating the MAPK and NF‑κB signaling pathways. In addition, mice were divided into three treatment groups (control, cisplatin and PYP + cisplatin) and the effects of PYP were evaluated in a mouse model of cisplatin‑induced acute kidney injury. The concentrations of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in the PYP + cisplatin group were lower than those in the cisplatin group. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors interleukin‑6 (IL‑6), IL‑1β, tumor necrosis factor‑α and monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1 in the kidney tissues of the PYP + cisplatin group were also lower than those in the cisplatin group. These results suggest that PYP treatment had a preventive effect on nephrotoxicity, specifically by downregulating the MAPK and NF‑κB signaling pathways and the mRNA levels of inflammatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Hye Kim
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hun Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea
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9
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Effects of sevoflurane on NF-кB and TNF-α expression in renal ischemia–reperfusion diabetic rats. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:901-910. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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10
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Ortiz A, Husi H, Gonzalez-Lafuente L, Valiño-Rivas L, Fresno M, Sanz AB, Mullen W, Albalat A, Mezzano S, Vlahou T, Mischak H, Sanchez-Niño MD. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 14 Promotes AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:823-836. [PMID: 27620989 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015080898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
An improved understanding of pathogenic pathways in AKI may identify novel therapeutic approaches. Previously, we conducted unbiased liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based protein expression profiling of the renal proteome in mice with acute folate nephropathy. Here, analysis of the dataset identified enrichment of pathways involving NFκB in the kidney cortex, and a targeted data mining approach identified components of the noncanonical NFκB pathway, including the upstream kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 14 (MAP3K14), the NFκB DNA binding heterodimer RelB/NFκB2, and proteins involved in NFκB2 p100 ubiquitination and proteasomal processing to p52, as upregulated. Immunohistochemistry localized MAP3K14 expression to tubular cells in acute folate nephropathy and human AKI. In vivo, kidney expression levels of NFκB2 p100 and p52 increased rapidly after folic acid injection, as did DNA binding of RelB and NFκB2, detected in nuclei isolated from the kidneys. Compared with wild-type mice, MAP3K14 activity-deficient aly/aly (MAP3K14aly/aly) mice had less kidney dysfunction, inflammation, and apoptosis in acute folate nephropathy and less kidney dysfunction and a lower mortality rate in cisplatin-induced AKI. The exchange of bone marrow between wild-type and MAP3K14aly/aly mice did not affect the survival rate of either group after folic acid injection. In cultured tubular cells, MAP3K14 small interfering RNA targeting decreased inflammation and cell death. Additionally, cell culture and in vivo studies identified the chemokines MCP-1, RANTES, and CXCL10 as MAP3K14 targets in tubular cells. In conclusion, MAP3K14 promotes kidney injury through promotion of inflammation and cell death and is a promising novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ortiz
- Instituto Investigacion Sanitaria-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and Fundacion Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo-Instituto Reina Sofia de Investigacion Nefrologica, Madrid, Spain; .,Red de Investigacion Rena, Madrid, Spain
| | - Holger Husi
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Lafuente
- Instituto Investigacion Sanitaria-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and Fundacion Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo-Instituto Reina Sofia de Investigacion Nefrologica, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigacion Rena, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Valiño-Rivas
- Instituto Investigacion Sanitaria-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and Fundacion Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo-Instituto Reina Sofia de Investigacion Nefrologica, Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigacion Rena, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas de la Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belen Sanz
- Instituto Investigacion Sanitaria-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and Fundacion Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo-Instituto Reina Sofia de Investigacion Nefrologica, Madrid, Spain.,Mosaiques diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - William Mullen
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amaya Albalat
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Mezzano
- Unidad de Nefrología, Instituto de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; and
| | - Tonia Vlahou
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Harald Mischak
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Mosaiques diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Instituto Investigacion Sanitaria-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and Fundacion Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo-Instituto Reina Sofia de Investigacion Nefrologica, Madrid, Spain; .,Red de Investigacion Rena, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Ma Q, Devarajan SR, Devarajan P. Amelioration of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by recombinant neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. Ren Fail 2016; 38:1476-1482. [PMID: 27605163 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2016.1227917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the protective effect and mechanism of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in a murine model of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Male Swiss-Webster mice were assigned to four groups (n = 10 in each group). Control mice received vehicle only. Mice in the experimental group were given a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (20 mg/kg) to induce nephrotoxicity, and were divided into three groups. The first group received 100 μL of saline only via tail vein at the time of cisplatin administration. The second group was given biologically active recombinant NGAL via tail vein (250 μg/100 μL solution). The third group was injected with a 250 μg/100μL solution of inactivated NGAL. After 4 days, we measured serum creatinine and urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), and performed histologic studies. Biologically active NGAL significantly blunted the rise in serum creatinine (NGAL plus cisplatin 1.33 ± 0.31 versus cisplatin alone 2.43 ± 0.31 mg/dL, p < .001) as well as the increase in urine NAG (NGAL plus cisplatin 60.7 ± 14.2 versus cisplatin alone 120.5 ± 22.5 units/gm creatinine, p < .005). In addition, NGAL conferred a marked reduction in tubule cell necrosis and apoptosis (NGAL plus cisplatin 6.9 ± 1.2 versus cisplatin alone 15.1 ± 3.4 TUNEL positive nuclei per 100 cells, p < .001). These beneficial effects were completely abolished when heat-inactivated NGAL was administered instead of the biologically active form. Since induction of NGAL in kidney tubules is a known physiologic response to cisplatin, the pharmacologic use of NGAL to prevent cisplatin nephrotoxicity is likely to be safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ma
- a Department of Nephrology and Hypertension , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Shiva R Devarajan
- a Department of Nephrology and Hypertension , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Prasad Devarajan
- a Department of Nephrology and Hypertension , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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Yu CC, Chien CT, Chang TC. M2 macrophage polarization modulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cisplatin-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2016; 6:5. [PMID: 26872813 PMCID: PMC4752551 DOI: 10.7603/s40681-016-0005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity leaded to apoptosis of tubular epithelial cells (ECs) and tubulointerstitial fibrosis through ROS stress and inflammatory cytokines. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis caused by cisplatin might be via activation of resident fibroblasts and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tubular ECs. Inflammatory niche was crucial for progression of fibroblast activation or EMT. It had been reported that M1/M2 macrophage polarization regulated pro-inflammation or pro-resolving phase in damage repairing. However, the role of macrophage polarization on cisplatin-induced EMT of tubular ECs had not been well elucidated. In this study, we used co-cultured cell model and condition medium to examine the interaction between tubular ECs, fibroblasts and M1/M2 macrophages. Our data showed that cisplatin alone induced incomplete EMT of tubular ECs, whereas fibroblasts co-cultured with cisplatin-treated ECs could lead to fibroblast activation by detection of α-SMA and collagen-1. Moreover, decrease of iNOS and increase of argenase-1 and CD206 expression indicated that macrophages co-cultured with cisplatin-treated ECs would turn to M2 phenotype. Finally, we found that condition medium of M2 macrophages could promote complete EMT of cisplatin-treated ECs. Taken together, cisplatin created an inflammatory niche via tubular ECs to activate fibroblasts and stimulated M2 macrophage polarization. M2 macrophages could turn back to promote EMT of cisplatin-treated ECs. These results revealed the cooperative roles of tubular ECs, fibroblast and M2 macrophages to facilitate the progression of renal fibroblasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Cherng Yu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, 100, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Taiwan University College of Medicine, 100, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Ting Chien
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 106, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ching Chang
- Metabolomic Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, 404, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, 404, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Ozkok A, Ravichandran K, Wang Q, Ljubanovic D, Edelstein CL. NF-κB transcriptional inhibition ameliorates cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Toxicol Lett 2016; 240:105-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Labouba I, Le Page C, Communal L, Kristessen T, You X, Péant B, Barrès V, Gannon PO, Mes-Masson AM, Saad F. Potential Cross-Talk between Alternative and Classical NF-κB Pathways in Prostate Cancer Tissues as Measured by a Multi-Staining Immunofluorescence Co-Localization Assay. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131024. [PMID: 26186215 PMCID: PMC4505937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While the classical NF-κB/p65 pathway is known to be involved in prostate cancer progression and is associated with poor patient outcome, the role of the NF-κB /RelB alternative protein is not well defined. Here we analyzed the activation of both NF-κB pathways in prostate cancer tissues and correlate this activation with clinical features of the disease. Methods A multiple immunofluorescence technique was employed to concomitantly and quantitatively visualize the nuclear localization of p65 and RelB in 200 paraffin embedded samples. Epithelia were defined using appropriate fluorochrome markers and the resulting immunofluorescent signals were quantified with an automated scoring system. Results The nuclear frequency of p65 was found to be significantly increased in tumor tissues as compared with normal adjacent tissue, whereas the frequency for RelB was decreased (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon test). As previously reported, p65 nuclear frequency was associated with a risk of biochemical recurrence. Although, RelB nuclear frequency alone did not predict recurrence, the presence of activated RelB reduced the risk of recurrence associated with the activation of p65. Conclusion For the first time p65/RelB co-distribution was assessed in prostate cancer tissues and suggested a negative crosstalk between the two NF-κB pathways in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Labouba
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cécile Le Page
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
| | - Laudine Communal
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Xiaotian You
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
| | - Benjamin Péant
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
| | - Véronique Barrès
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philippe O. Gannon
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fred Saad
- Institut du cancer de Montréal / Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St-Denis, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Urology, CHUM and Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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15
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Galenkamp KM, Carriba P, Urresti J, Planells-Ferrer L, Coccia E, Lopez-Soriano J, Barneda-Zahonero B, Moubarak RS, Segura MF, Comella JX. TNFα sensitizes neuroblastoma cells to FasL-, cisplatin- and etoposide-induced cell death by NF-κB-mediated expression of Fas. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:62. [PMID: 25890358 PMCID: PMC4407790 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with high-risk neuroblastoma (NBL) tumors have a high mortality rate. Consequently, there is an urgent need for the development of new treatments for this condition. Targeting death receptor signaling has been proposed as an alternative to standard chemo- and radio-therapies in various tumors. In NBL, this therapeutic strategy has been largely disregarded, possibly because ~50-70% of all human NBLs are characterized by caspase-8 silencing. However, the expression of caspase-8 is detected in a significant group of NBL patients, and they could therefore benefit from treatments that induce cell death through death receptor activation. Given that cytokines, such as TNFα, are able to upregulate Fas expression, we sought to address the therapeutic relevance of co-treatment with TNFα and FasL in NBL. METHODS For the purpose of the study we used a set of eight NBL cell lines. Here we explore the cell death induced by TNFα, FasL, cisplatin, and etoposide, or a combination thereof by Hoechst staining and calcein viability assay. Further assessment of the signaling pathways involved was performed by caspase activity assays and Western blot experiments. Characterization of Fas expression levels was achieved by qRT-PCR, cell surface biotinylation assays, and cytometry. RESULTS We have found that TNFα is able to increase FasL-induced cell death by a mechanism that involves the NF-κB-mediated induction of the Fas receptor. Moreover, TNFα sensitized NBL cells to DNA-damaging agents (i.e. cisplatin and etoposide) that induce the expression of FasL. Priming to FasL-, cisplatin-, and etoposide-induced cell death could only be achieved in NBLs that display TNFα-induced upregulation of Fas. Further analysis denotes that the high degree of heterogeneity between NBLs is also manifested in Fas expression and modulation thereof by TNFα. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our findings reveal that TNFα sensitizes NBL cells to FasL-induced cell death by NF-κB-mediated upregulation of Fas and unveil a new mechanism through which TNFα enhances the efficacy of currently used NBL treatments, cisplatin and etoposide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Mo Galenkamp
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Fundacio Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Edifici Collserola, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Paulina Carriba
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Fundacio Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Edifici Collserola, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jorge Urresti
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Fundacio Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Edifici Collserola, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laura Planells-Ferrer
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Fundacio Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Edifici Collserola, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elena Coccia
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Fundacio Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Edifici Collserola, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Lopez-Soriano
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Fundacio Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Edifici Collserola, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Bruna Barneda-Zahonero
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Fundacio Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Edifici Collserola, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rana S Moubarak
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Fundacio Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Edifici Collserola, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Miguel F Segura
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Pediatric Cancer, Fundacio Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Edifici Collserola, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joan X Comella
- Cell Signaling and Apoptosis Group, Fundacio Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, Edifici Collserola, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
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RhoGTPases - A novel link between cytoskeleton organization and cisplatin resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 19:22-32. [PMID: 25660168 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For more than three decades, platinum compounds have been the first line treatment for a wide spectrum of solid tumors. Yet, cisplatin resistance is a major impediment in cancer therapy, and deciphering the mechanisms underlying chemoresistance is crucial for the development of novel therapies with enhanced efficacy. The Rho subfamily of small GTPases plays a significant role in cancer progression, and a growing body of evidence points toward the involvement of these proteins in anticancer drug resistance, including cisplatin resistance. The cycling between active and inactive states, governed by the balance between their GEFs, GAPs and GDIs, RhoGTPases, acts as molecular switches with a pivotal role in actin cytoskeleton organization. The Rho subfamily of proteins is involved in many key cellular processes including adhesion, vesicular trafficking, proliferation, survival, cell morphology and cell-matrix interactions. Although RhoA, RhoB and RhoC are highly homologous and share some upstream regulators and downstream effectors, they each have different roles in cancer progression and chemoresistance. While RhoA and RhoC are upregulated in many tumors and can stimulate transformation, RhoB appears to exhibit tumor suppressor characteristics with proapoptotic effects. In the current review, we discuss the role of Rho subfamily of proteins in cancer, and focus on their involvement in intrinsic and acquired drug resistance.
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Poveda J, Tabara LC, Fernandez-Fernandez B, Martin-Cleary C, Sanz AB, Selgas R, Ortiz A, Sanchez-Niño MD. TWEAK/Fn14 and Non-Canonical NF-kappaB Signaling in Kidney Disease. Front Immunol 2013; 4:447. [PMID: 24339827 PMCID: PMC3857575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing. However, there is no effective therapy for AKI and current approaches only slow down, but do not prevent progression of CKD. TWEAK is a TNF superfamily cytokine. A solid base of preclinical data suggests a role of therapies targeting the TWEAK or its receptor Fn14 in AKI and CKD. In particular TWEAK/Fn14 targeting may preserve renal function and decrease cell death, inflammation, proteinuria, and fibrosis in mouse animal models. Furthermore there is clinical evidence for a role of TWEAK in human kidney injury including increased tissue and/or urinary levels of TWEAK and parenchymal renal cell expression of the receptor Fn14. In this regard, clinical trials of TWEAK targeting are ongoing in lupus nephritis. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation plays a key role in TWEAK-elicited inflammatory responses. Activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway is a critical difference between TWEAK and TNF. TWEAK activation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathways promotes inflammatory responses in tubular cells. However, there is an incomplete understanding of the role of non-canonical NF-κB activation in kidney disease and on its contribution to TWEAK actions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonay Poveda
- Department of Nephrology, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and IRSIN , Madrid , Spain
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Abstract
RelB is one of the more unusual members of the NF-κB family. This family, arguably the best known group of transcription regulators, regulates an astonishing array of cell types and biological processes. This includes regulation of cell growth, differentiation and death by apoptosis, and the development and function of the innate and adaptive-immune system. RelB is best known for its roles in lymphoid development, DC biology, and noncanonical signaling. Within the last few years, however, surprising functions of RelB have emerged. The N-terminal leucine zipper motif of RelB, a motif unique among the NF-κB family, may associate with more diverse DNA sequences than other NF-κB members. RelB is capable of direct binding to the AhR that supports the xenobiotic-detoxifying pathway. RelB can regulate the circadian rhythm by directly binding to the BMAL partner of CLOCK. Finally, RelB also couples with bioenergy NAD(+) sensor SIRT1 to integrate acute inflammation with changes in metabolism and mitochondrial bioenergetics. In this review, we will explore these unique aspects of RelB, specifically with regard to its role in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Millet
- 1.Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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