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Mairinger S, Jackwerth M, Chalampalakis Z, Rausch I, Weber M, Wölfl-Duchek M, Pracher L, Nics L, Pahnke J, Langsteger W, Hacker M, Zeitlinger M, Langer O. First-in-human evaluation of 6-bromo-7-[ 11C]methylpurine, a PET tracer for assessing the function of multidrug resistance-associated proteins in different tissues. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024:10.1007/s00259-024-06851-2. [PMID: 39060376 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-024-06851-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) is a transport protein with a widespread tissue distribution, which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's and chronic respiratory disease. PET with 6-bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine ([11C]BMP) has been used to measure MRP1 function in rodents. In this study, [11C]BMP was for the first time characterised in humans to assess the function of MRP1 and other MRP subtypes in different tissues. METHODS Thirteen healthy volunteers (7 men, 6 women) underwent dynamic whole-body PET scans on a long axial field-of-view (LAFOV) PET/CT system after intravenous injection of [11C]BMP. Three subjects of each sex were scanned a second time to assess reproducibility. Volumes of interest were outlined for MRP-expressing tissues (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, choroid plexus, retina, lungs, myocardium, kidneys, and liver). From the time-activity curves, the elimination rate constant (kE, h- 1) was derived as a parameter for tissue MRP function and its test-retest variability (TRTV, %) was calculated. Radiation dosimetry was calculated using the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) methodology. RESULTS Mean kE and corresponding TRTV values were: cerebral cortex: 0.055 ± 0.010 h- 1 (- 4 ± 24%), cerebellum: 0.033 ± 0.009 h- 1 (1 ± 39%), choroid plexus: 0.292 ± 0.059 h- 1 (0.1 ± 16%), retina: 0.234 ± 0.045 h- 1 (30 ± 38%), lungs: 0.875 ± 0.095 h- 1 (- 3 ± 11%), myocardium: 0.641 ± 0.105 h- 1 (11 ± 25%), kidneys: 1.378 ± 0.266 h- 1 (14 ± 16%), and liver: 0.685 ± 0.072 h- 1 (7 ± 9%). Significant sex differences were found for kE in the cerebellum, lungs and kidneys. Effective dose was 4.67 ± 0.18 µSv/MBq for men and 4.55 ± 0.18 µSv/MBq for women. CONCLUSION LAFOV PET/CT with [11C]BMP potentially allows for simultaneous assessment of MRP function in multiple human tissues. Mean TRTV of kE in different tissues was in an acceptable range, except for the retina. The radiation dosimetry of [11C]BMP was in the typical range of 11C-tracers. LAFOV PET/CT holds great potential to assess at a whole-body, multi-tissue level molecular targets relevant for drug disposition in humans. TRIAL REGISTRATION EudraCT 2021-006348-29. Registered 15 December 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Mairinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Jackwerth
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zacharias Chalampalakis
- QIMP Team, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivo Rausch
- QIMP Team, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Weber
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wölfl-Duchek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Pracher
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Nics
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology, Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine (INUM) and Lübeck Institute of Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Georg S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Werner Langsteger
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Mairinger S, Jackwerth M, Soukup O, Blaickner M, Decristoforo C, Nics L, Pahnke J, Hacker M, Zeitlinger M, Langer O. Advancing 6-bromo-7-[ 11C]methylpurine to clinical use: improved regioselective radiosynthesis, non-clinical toxicity data and human dosimetry estimates. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:34. [PMID: 38683266 PMCID: PMC11058743 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 6-Bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine ([11C]BMP) is a radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET) to measure multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) transport activity in different tissues. Previously reported radiosyntheses of [11C]BMP afforded a mixture of 7- and 9-[11C]methyl regioisomers. To prepare for clinical use, we here report an improved regioselective radiosynthesis of [11C]BMP, the results of a non-clinical toxicity study as well as human dosimetry estimates based on mouse PET data. RESULTS [11C]BMP was synthesised by regioselective N7-methylation of 6-bromo-7H-purine (prepared under good manufacturing practice) with [11C]methyl triflate in presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine magnesium chloride in a TRACERlab™ FX2 C synthesis module. [11C]BMP was obtained within a total synthesis time of approximately 43 min in a decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 20.5 ± 5.2%, based on starting [11C]methyl iodide, with a radiochemical purity > 99% and a molar activity at end of synthesis of 197 ± 130 GBq/μmol (n = 28). An extended single-dose toxicity study conducted in male and female Wistar rats under good laboratory practice after single intravenous (i.v.) administration of unlabelled BMP (2 mg/kg body weight) revealed no test item related adverse effects. Human dosimetry estimates, based on dynamic whole-body PET data in female C57BL/6J mice, suggested that an i.v. injected activity amount of 400 MBq of [11C]BMP will deliver an effective dose in the typical range of 11C-labelled radiotracers. CONCLUSIONS [11C]BMP can be produced in sufficient amounts and acceptable quality for clinical use. Data from the non-clinical safety evaluation showed no adverse effects and suggested that the administration of [11C]BMP will be safe and well tolerated in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Mairinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matthias Jackwerth
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ondřej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Blaickner
- Department Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Nics
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology, Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine (INUM) and Lübeck Institute of Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Georg S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Villa M, Wu J, Hansen S, Pahnke J. Emerging Role of ABC Transporters in Glia Cells in Health and Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Cells 2024; 13:740. [PMID: 38727275 PMCID: PMC11083179 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters play a crucial role for the efflux of a wide range of substrates across different cellular membranes. In the central nervous system (CNS), ABC transporters have recently gathered significant attention due to their pivotal involvement in brain physiology and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Glial cells are fundamental for normal CNS function and engage with several ABC transporters in different ways. Here, we specifically highlight ABC transporters involved in the maintenance of brain homeostasis and their implications in its metabolic regulation. We also show new aspects related to ABC transporter function found in less recognized diseases, such as Huntington's disease (HD) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Understanding both their impact on the physiological regulation of the CNS and their roles in brain diseases holds promise for uncovering new therapeutic options. Further investigations and preclinical studies are warranted to elucidate the complex interplay between glial ABC transporters and physiological brain functions, potentially leading to effective therapeutic interventions also for rare CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Villa
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jingyun Wu
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefanie Hansen
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Translational Neurodegeneration Research and Neuropathology Lab, Department of Clinical Medicine (KlinMed), Medical Faculty, University of Oslo (UiO) and Section of Neuropathology Research, Department of Pathology (PAT), Clinics for Laboratory Medicine (KLM), Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Sognsvannsveien 20, NO-0372 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine (INUM)/Lübeck Institute of Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck (UzL) and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia (LU), Jelgavas iela 3, LV-1004 Rīga, Latvia
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Georg S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University (TAU), Tel Aviv IL-6997801, Israel
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Okamura T, Kikuchi T, Ogawa M, Zhang MR. Improved synthesis of 6-bromo-7-[ 11C]methylpurine for clinical use. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:10. [PMID: 38334858 PMCID: PMC10857989 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1), an energy-dependent efflux pump, is expressed widely in various tissues and contributes to many physiological and pathophysiological processes. 6-Bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine ([11C]7m6BP) is expected to be useful for the assessment of MRP1 activity in the human brain and lungs. However, the radiochemical yield (RCY) in the synthesis of [11C]7m6BP was low, limiting its clinical application, because the methylation of the precursor with [11C]CH3I provided primarily the undesired isomer, 6-bromo-9-[11C]methylpurine ([11C]9m6BP). To increase the RCY of [11C]7m6BP, we investigated conditions for improving the [11C]7m6BP/[11C]9m6BP selectivity of the methylation reaction. RESULTS [11C]7m6BP was manually synthesized via the methylation of 6-bromopurine with [11C]CH3I in various solvents and at different temperatures in the presence of potassium carbonate for 5 min. Several less polar solvents, including tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), and ethyl acetate (AcOEt) improved the [11C]7m6BP/[11C]9m6BP selectivity from 1:1 to 2:1, compared with the conventionally used solvents for the alkylation of 6-halopurines, acetone, acetonitrile, and N,N-dimethylformamide. However, a higher temperature (140 °C or 180 °C) was needed to progress the 11C-methylation in the less polar solvents, and the manual conditions could not be directly translated to an automated synthesis. [11C]Methyl triflate ([11C]CH3OTf) was thus used as a methylating agent to increase the conversion at a lower temperature. The 11C-methylation using [11C]CH3OTf at 100 °C proceeded efficiently in THF, 2-MeTHF, and AcOEt with maintenance of the improved selectivity. Starting from 28 to 34 GBq [11C]CO2, [11C]7m6BP was produced with 2.3-2.6 GBq for THF, 2.7-3.3 GBq for AcOEt, and 2.8-3.9 GBq for 2-MeTHF at approximately 30 min after the end of bombardment (n = 3 per solvent). The isolated RCYs (decay corrected) for THF, 2-MeTHF, and AcOEt were 24-28%, 29-35%, and 22-31% (n = 3), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The use of THF, 2-MeTHF, and AcOEt improved the [11C]7m6BP/[11C]9m6BP selectivity in the methylation reaction, and the improved method provided [11C]7m6BP with sufficient radioactivity for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Okamura
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Kikuchi
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masanao Ogawa
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
- SHI Accelerator Service, Ltd., 7-1-1 Nishigotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0031, Japan
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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Wölfl-Duchek M, Mairinger S, Hernández-Lozano I, Filip T, Zoufal V, Löbsch M, Stanek J, Kuntner C, Wanek T, Bauer M, Pahnke J, Langer O. Use of PET Imaging to Assess the Efficacy of Thiethylperazine to Stimulate Cerebral MRP1 Transport Activity in Wild-Type and APP/PS1-21 Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6514. [PMID: 35742960 PMCID: PMC9224167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1, encoded by the ABCC1 gene) may contribute to the clearance of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides from the brain into the blood and stimulation of MRP1 transport activity may be a therapeutic approach to enhance brain Aβ clearance. In this study, we assessed the effect of thiethylperazine, an antiemetic drug which was shown to stimulate MRP1 activity in vitro and to decrease Aβ load in a rapid β-amyloidosis mouse model (APP/PS1-21), on MRP1 transport activity by means of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with the MRP1 tracer 6-bromo-7-[11C]methylpurine. Groups of wild-type, APP/PS1-21 and Abcc1(-/-) mice underwent PET scans before and after a 5-day oral treatment period with thiethylperazine (15 mg/kg, once daily). The elimination rate constant of radioactivity (kelim) was calculated from time-activity curves in the brain and the lungs as a measure of tissue MRP1 activity. Treatment with thiethylperazine had no significant effect on MRP1 activity in the brain and the lungs of wild-type and APP/PS1-21 mice. This may either be related to a lack of an MRP1-stimulating effect of thiethylperazine in vivo or to other factors, such as substrate-dependent MRP1 stimulation, insufficient target tissue exposure to thiethylperazine or limited sensitivity of the PET tracer to measure MRP1 stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wölfl-Duchek
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.W.-D.); (S.M.); (I.H.-L.); (M.B.)
| | - Severin Mairinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.W.-D.); (S.M.); (I.H.-L.); (M.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (C.K.); (T.W.)
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (T.F.); (V.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Irene Hernández-Lozano
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.W.-D.); (S.M.); (I.H.-L.); (M.B.)
| | - Thomas Filip
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (T.F.); (V.Z.); (M.L.)
- Core Facility Laboratory Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Viktoria Zoufal
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (T.F.); (V.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Mathilde Löbsch
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (T.F.); (V.Z.); (M.L.)
- Core Facility Laboratory Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Stanek
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (C.K.); (T.W.)
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (T.F.); (V.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Claudia Kuntner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (C.K.); (T.W.)
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (T.F.); (V.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Thomas Wanek
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (C.K.); (T.W.)
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (T.F.); (V.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Martin Bauer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.W.-D.); (S.M.); (I.H.-L.); (M.B.)
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Department of Neuro-/Pathology, Oslo University Hospital (OUS), University of Oslo (UiO), 0424 Oslo, Norway;
- LIED, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, 1586 Rīga, Latvia
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.W.-D.); (S.M.); (I.H.-L.); (M.B.)
- Department of Biomedical Imaging und Image-Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (C.K.); (T.W.)
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (T.F.); (V.Z.); (M.L.)
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Gomez-Zepeda D, Taghi M, Scherrmann JM, Decleves X, Menet MC. ABC Transporters at the Blood-Brain Interfaces, Their Study Models, and Drug Delivery Implications in Gliomas. Pharmaceutics 2019; 12:pharmaceutics12010020. [PMID: 31878061 PMCID: PMC7022905 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery into the brain is regulated by the blood-brain interfaces. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), and the blood-arachnoid barrier (BAB) regulate the exchange of substances between the blood and brain parenchyma. These selective barriers present a high impermeability to most substances, with the selective transport of nutrients and transporters preventing the entry and accumulation of possibly toxic molecules, comprising many therapeutic drugs. Transporters of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily have an important role in drug delivery, because they extrude a broad molecular diversity of xenobiotics, including several anticancer drugs, preventing their entry into the brain. Gliomas are the most common primary tumors diagnosed in adults, which are often characterized by a poor prognosis, notably in the case of high-grade gliomas. Therapeutic treatments frequently fail due to the difficulty of delivering drugs through the brain barriers, adding to diverse mechanisms developed by the cancer, including the overexpression or expression de novo of ABC transporters in tumoral cells and/or in the endothelial cells forming the blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB). Many models have been developed to study the phenotype, molecular characteristics, and function of the blood-brain interfaces as well as to evaluate drug permeability into the brain. These include in vitro, in vivo, and in silico models, which together can help us to better understand their implication in drug resistance and to develop new therapeutics or delivery strategies to improve the treatment of pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we present the principal characteristics of the blood-brain interfaces; then, we focus on the ABC transporters present on them and their implication in drug delivery; next, we present some of the most important models used for the study of drug transport; finally, we summarize the implication of ABC transporters in glioma and the BBTB in drug resistance and the strategies to improve the delivery of CNS anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gomez-Zepeda
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (D.G.-Z.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Méryam Taghi
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Decleves
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- UF Biologie du médicament et toxicologie, Hôpital Cochin, AP HP, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Menet
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- UF Hormonologie adulte, Hôpital Cochin, AP HP, 75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (D.G.-Z.); (M.-C.M.)
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