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Trancoso R, Syktus J, Allan RP, Croke J, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Chadwick R. Significantly wetter or drier future conditions for one to two thirds of the world's population. Nat Commun 2024; 15:483. [PMID: 38212324 PMCID: PMC10784476 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Future projections of precipitation are uncertain, hampering effective climate adaptation strategies globally. Our understanding of changes across multiple climate model simulations under a warmer climate is limited by this lack of coherence across models. Here, we address this challenge introducing an approach that detects agreement in drier and wetter conditions by evaluating continuous 120-year time-series with trends, across 146 Global Climate Model (GCM) runs and two elevated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenarios. We show the hotspots of future drier and wetter conditions, including regions already experiencing water scarcity or excess. These patterns are projected to impact a significant portion of the global population, with approximately 3 billion people (38% of the world's current population) affected under an intermediate emissions scenario and 5 billion people (66% of the world population) under a high emissions scenario by the century's end (or 35-61% using projections of future population). We undertake a country- and state-level analysis quantifying the population exposed to significant changes in precipitation regimes, offering a robust framework for assessing multiple climate projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Trancoso
- School of The Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Climate Projections and Services, Department of Environment and Science, Queensland Government, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Jozef Syktus
- School of The Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard P Allan
- Department of Meteorology and National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Jacky Croke
- Centre for Climate, Environment and Sustainability, School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
- School of The Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Robin Chadwick
- Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
- Global Systems Institute, Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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3
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Moon S, Utsumi N, Jeong JH, Yoon JH, Wang SYS, Shiogama H, Kim H. Anthropogenic warming induced intensification of summer monsoon frontal precipitation over East Asia. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh4195. [PMID: 38000029 PMCID: PMC10672148 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh4195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Summer monsoon frontal rainfall in East Asia (EA) is crucial for water resources and flood hazards in densely populated areas. Recent studies have documented the increasing intensity of summer frontal rainfall over recent decades. However, the extent of ongoing climate change on the intensification of the EA frontal precipitation system remains uncertain. Using an objective method for detecting frontal systems, we found a 17 ± 3% increase in observed frontal rainfall intensity during 1958 to 2015. Climate model simulations with and without greenhouse gases suggest that anthropogenic warming plays a key role in the intensification of EA summer frontal precipitation by 5.8% from 1991 to 2015. The analysis highlights that enhanced water vapor convergence and reinforced western North Pacific subtropical High collectively increased moisture transport to the region, resulting in intensified EA frontal precipitation. The results lend support to the anthropogenic warming-induced enhancement of the EA frontal precipitation and its persistence in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyeon Moon
- Moon Soul Graduate School of Future Strategy, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Utsumi
- School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Nagamori Institute of Actuators, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jee-Hoon Jeong
- Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Yoon
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - S.-Y. Simon Wang
- Department of Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Hideo Shiogama
- Earth System Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Moon Soul Graduate School of Future Strategy, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Graduate School of Green Growth and Sustainability, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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4
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Beck HE, McVicar TR, Vergopolan N, Berg A, Lutsko NJ, Dufour A, Zeng Z, Jiang X, van Dijk AIJM, Miralles DG. High-resolution (1 km) Köppen-Geiger maps for 1901-2099 based on constrained CMIP6 projections. Sci Data 2023; 10:724. [PMID: 37872197 PMCID: PMC10593765 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce Version 2 of our widely used 1-km Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps for historical and future climate conditions. The historical maps (encompassing 1901-1930, 1931-1960, 1961-1990, and 1991-2020) are based on high-resolution, observation-based climatologies, while the future maps (encompassing 2041-2070 and 2071-2099) are based on downscaled and bias-corrected climate projections for seven shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs). We evaluated 67 climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) and kept a subset of 42 with the most plausible CO2-induced warming rates. We estimate that from 1901-1930 to 1991-2020, approximately 5% of the global land surface (excluding Antarctica) transitioned to a different major Köppen-Geiger class. Furthermore, we project that from 1991-2020 to 2071-2099, 5% of the land surface will transition to a different major class under the low-emissions SSP1-2.6 scenario, 8% under the middle-of-the-road SSP2-4.5 scenario, and 13% under the high-emissions SSP5-8.5 scenario. The Köppen-Geiger maps, along with associated confidence estimates, underlying monthly air temperature and precipitation data, and sensitivity metrics for the CMIP6 models, can be accessed at www.gloh2o.org/koppen .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hylke E Beck
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tim R McVicar
- CSIRO Environment, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Noemi Vergopolan
- Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences Program, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alexis Berg
- University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Lutsko
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ambroise Dufour
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhenzhong Zeng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Albert I J M van Dijk
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Diego G Miralles
- Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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5
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Mohamed H, Hkiri K, Botha N, Cloete K, Azizi S, Ahmed AAQ, Morad R, Motlamane T, Krief A, Gibaud A, Henini M, Chaker M, Ahmad I, Maaza M. Room temperature bio-engineered multifunctional carbonates for CO 2 sequestration and valorization. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16783. [PMID: 37798317 PMCID: PMC10556044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42905-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This contribution reports, for the first time, on an entirely green bio-engineering approach for the biosynthesis of single phase crystalline 1-D nano-scaled calcite CaCO3. This was validated using H2O as the universal solvent and natural extract of Hyphaene thebaica fruit as an effective chelating agent. In this room temperature green process, CaCl2 and CO2 are used as the unique source of Ca and CO3 respectively in view of forming nano-scaled CaCO3 with a significant shape anisotropy and an elevated surface to volume ratio. In terms of novelty, and relatively to the reported scientific and patented literature in relation to the fabrication of CaCO3 by green nano-chemistry, the current cost effective room temperature green process can be singled out as per the following specificities: only water as universal solvent is used, No additional base or acid chemicals for pH control, No additional catalyst, No critical or supercritical CO2 usage conditions, Only natural extract of thebaica as a green effective chelating agent through its phytochemicals and proper enzematic compounds, room Temperature processing, atmospheric pressure processing, Nanoscaled size particles, and Nanoparticles with a significant shape anisotropy (1-D like nanoparticles). Beyond and in addition to the validation of the 1-D synthesis aspect, the bio-engineered CaCO3 exhibited a wide-ranging functionalities in terms of highly reflecting pigment, an effective nanofertilizer as well as a potential binder in cement industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mohamed
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, PO Box 722, Cape Town, 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
- College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, PRETORIA, South Africa
| | - K Hkiri
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, PO Box 722, Cape Town, 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - N Botha
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, PO Box 722, Cape Town, 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - K Cloete
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, PO Box 722, Cape Town, 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Sh Azizi
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, PO Box 722, Cape Town, 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - A A Q Ahmed
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, PO Box 722, Cape Town, 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - R Morad
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, PO Box 722, Cape Town, 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Th Motlamane
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, PO Box 722, Cape Town, 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - A Krief
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, PO Box 722, Cape Town, 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
- Chemistry Department (CMI Laboratory), University of Namur, 2 Rue Joseph Grafé, 5000, Namur, Belgium
| | - A Gibaud
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, PO Box 722, Cape Town, 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
- IMMM, UMR 6283 CNRS, University of Le Maine, Bd O. Messiaen, 72085, Le Mans Cedex 09, France
| | - M Henini
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, PO Box 722, Cape Town, 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Nottingham University, Nottingham, NG7 2RD7, UK
| | - M Chaker
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, PO Box 722, Cape Town, 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
- INRS-Energie et Matériaux, 1650 Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - I Ahmad
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, PO Box 722, Cape Town, 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
- Experimental Physics Directorate (EPD), National Center for Physics, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - M Maaza
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), Materials Research Department, iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation of South Africa, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, PO Box 722, Cape Town, 7129, Western Cape, South Africa.
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6
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He K, Chen X, Liu J, Zhao D. A multiple-step scheme for the improvement of satellite precipitation products over the Tibetan Plateau from multisource information. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162378. [PMID: 36828063 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Precipitation data with high accuracy and spatial resolution characteristics play significant roles in the regional hydrological and eco-environmental system applications. Thus, satellite-based precipitation products (SPPs) with high spatial resolution and high accuracy must be developed. This study proposed a multiple-step scheme to improve the global precipitation measurement (GPM) at daily and monthly timescales over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) from 2014 to 2017. First, combined with the geographically weighted regression (GWR) method using geographic and topographic factors, the gamma-distribution mapping and local intensity scaling (GDM-LOCI) method is applied to effectively merge the observed data attributes and the spatial representation of SPPs at the daily scale by correcting precipitation volumes and frequencies. Second, the areal merged precipitation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and reanalyzed atmospheric data are used to improve the spatial resolution of monthly GPM with a random forest (RF) model that uses the 17 land cover types to establish the local downscaling model windows. The results show that daily merged precipitation can better reflect the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation than can satellite estimates, and the correlation coefficient (R), and critical success index (CSI) increased by 0.12 and 0.26, respectively. In the merged downscaling model, the merged precipitation factor can weaken the negative effect of the other auxiliary predictors due to its spatial autocorrelation in precipitation estimation. Most importantly, by using the land cover types to establish local model windows for the downscaling model, not only the spatial resolution of the GPM product is downscaled to 1 km, but also the spatial structure of the downscaled products is enhanced, with less deviation and a higher spatial correlation. The R, the root mean square error (RMSE) and the relative bias (BIAS) were 0.89, 50.19 mm and 0.57, respectively. This study presents a promising scheme for generating high-quality precipitation data for regional hydrometeorological research in data-scarce regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong He
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Jiao Liu
- School of Environment and Resources, Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621010, China; National Remote Sensing Center of China, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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10
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Allan RP, Barlow M, Byrne MP, Cherchi A, Douville H, Fowler HJ, Gan TY, Pendergrass AG, Rosenfeld D, Swann ALS, Wilcox LJ, Zolina O. Advances in understanding large-scale responses of the water cycle to climate change. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1472:49-75. [PMID: 32246848 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Globally, thermodynamics explains an increase in atmospheric water vapor with warming of around 7%/°C near to the surface. In contrast, global precipitation and evaporation are constrained by the Earth's energy balance to increase at ∼2-3%/°C. However, this rate of increase is suppressed by rapid atmospheric adjustments in response to greenhouse gases and absorbing aerosols that directly alter the atmospheric energy budget. Rapid adjustments to forcings, cooling effects from scattering aerosol, and observational uncertainty can explain why observed global precipitation responses are currently difficult to detect but are expected to emerge and accelerate as warming increases and aerosol forcing diminishes. Precipitation increases with warming are expected to be smaller over land than ocean due to limitations on moisture convergence, exacerbated by feedbacks and affected by rapid adjustments. Thermodynamic increases in atmospheric moisture fluxes amplify wet and dry events, driving an intensification of precipitation extremes. The rate of intensification can deviate from a simple thermodynamic response due to in-storm and larger-scale feedback processes, while changes in large-scale dynamics and catchment characteristics further modulate the frequency of flooding in response to precipitation increases. Changes in atmospheric circulation in response to radiative forcing and evolving surface temperature patterns are capable of dominating water cycle changes in some regions. Moreover, the direct impact of human activities on the water cycle through water abstraction, irrigation, and land use change is already a significant component of regional water cycle change and is expected to further increase in importance as water demand grows with global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Allan
- Department of Meteorology and National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Barlow
- Department of Environmental Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Michael P Byrne
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom.,Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Cherchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sezione di Bologna, INGV, Bologna, Italy
| | - Hervé Douville
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Météo-France/CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Hayley J Fowler
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Thian Y Gan
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Daniel Rosenfeld
- Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Laura J Wilcox
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Zolina
- L'Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, L'Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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