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Bugnet M, Löffler S, Ederer M, Kepaptsoglou DM, Ramasse QM. Current opinion on the prospect of mapping electronic orbitals in the transmission electron microscope: State of the art, challenges and perspectives. J Microsc 2024; 295:217-235. [PMID: 38818951 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The concept of electronic orbitals has enabled the understanding of a wide range of physical and chemical properties of solids through the definition of, for example, chemical bonding between atoms. In the transmission electron microscope, which is one of the most used and powerful analytical tools for high-spatial-resolution analysis of solids, the accessible quantity is the local distribution of electronic states. However, the interpretation of electronic state maps at atomic resolution in terms of electronic orbitals is far from obvious, not always possible, and often remains a major hurdle preventing a better understanding of the properties of the system of interest. In this review, the current state of the art of the experimental aspects for electronic state mapping and its interpretation as electronic orbitals is presented, considering approaches that rely on elastic and inelastic scattering, in real and reciprocal spaces. This work goes beyond resolving spectral variations between adjacent atomic columns, as it aims at providing deeper information about, for example, the spatial or momentum distributions of the states involved. The advantages and disadvantages of existing experimental approaches are discussed, while the challenges to overcome and future perspectives are explored in an effort to establish the current state of knowledge in this field. The aims of this review are also to foster the interest of the scientific community and to trigger a global effort to further enhance the current analytical capabilities of transmission electron microscopy for chemical bonding and electronic structure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bugnet
- CNRS, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MATEIS, UMR 5510, Villeurbanne, France
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury, UK
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - S Löffler
- University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, TU Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - M Ederer
- University Service Centre for Transmission Electron Microscopy, TU Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - D M Kepaptsoglou
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury, UK
- School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Q M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury, UK
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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2
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Kim YJ, Mendes JL, Michelsen JM, Shin HJ, Lee N, Choi YJ, Cushing SK. Coherent charge hopping suppresses photoexcited small polarons in ErFeO 3 by antiadiabatic formation mechanism. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk4282. [PMID: 38507483 PMCID: PMC10954221 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk4282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Polarons are prevalent in condensed matter systems with strong electron-phonon coupling. The adiabaticity of the polaron relates to its transport properties and spatial extent. To date, only adiabatic small polaron formation has been measured following photoexcitation. The lattice reorganization energy is large enough that the first electron-optical phonon scattering event creates a small polaron without requiring substantial carrier thermalization. We measure that frustrating the iron-centered octahedra in the rare-earth orthoferrite ErFeO3 leads to antiadiabatic polaron formation. Coherent charge hopping between neighboring Fe3+─Fe2+ sites is measured with transient extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy and lasts several picoseconds before the polaron forms. The resulting small polaron formation time is an order of magnitude longer than previous measurements and indicates a shallow potential well, even in the excited state. The results emphasize the importance of considering dynamic electron-electron correlations, not just electron-phonon-induced lattice changes, for small polarons for transport, catalysis, and photoexcited applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Jin Kim
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jocelyn L. Mendes
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Michelsen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Hyun Jun Shin
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Lee
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jai Choi
- Department of Physics, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott K. Cushing
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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3
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Yan Q, Kar S, Chowdhury S, Bansil A. The Case for a Defect Genome Initiative. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2303098. [PMID: 38195961 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The Materials Genome Initiative (MGI) has streamlined the materials discovery effort by leveraging generic traits of materials, with focus largely on perfect solids. Defects such as impurities and perturbations, however, drive many attractive functional properties of materials. The rich tapestry of charge, spin, and bonding states hosted by defects are not accessible to elements and perfect crystals, and defects can thus be viewed as another class of "elements" that lie beyond the periodic table. Accordingly, a Defect Genome Initiative (DGI) to accelerate functional defect discovery for energy, quantum information, and other applications is proposed. First, major advances made under the MGI are highlighted, followed by a delineation of pathways for accelerating the discovery and design of functional defects under the DGI. Near-term goals for the DGI are suggested. The construction of open defect platforms and design of data-driven functional defects, along with approaches for fabrication and characterization of defects, are discussed. The associated challenges and opportunities are considered and recent advances towards controlled introduction of functional defects at the atomic scale are reviewed. It is hoped this perspective will spur a community-wide interest in undertaking a DGI effort in recognition of the importance of defects in enabling unique functionalities in materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimin Yan
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Swastik Kar
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sugata Chowdhury
- Department of Physics and Astrophysics, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Arun Bansil
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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4
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Patel U, Guruswamy T, Krzysko AJ, Charalambous H, Gades L, Wiaderek K, Quaranta O, Ren Y, Yakovenko A, Ruett U, Miceli A. High-resolution Compton spectroscopy using x-ray microcalorimeters. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:113105. [PMID: 36461526 DOI: 10.1063/5.0092693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
X-ray Compton spectroscopy is one of the few direct probes of the electron momentum distribution of bulk materials in ambient and operando environments. We report high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering experiments with high momentum and energy transfer performed at a storage-ring-based high-energy x-ray light source facility using an x-ray transition-edge sensor (TES) microcalorimeter detector. The performance was compared with a silicon drift detector (SDD), an energy-resolving semiconductor detector, and Compton profiles were measured for lithium and cobalt oxide powders relevant to lithium-ion battery research. Spectroscopic analysis of the measured Compton profiles demonstrates the high-sensitivity to the low-Z elements and oxidation states. The line shape analysis of the measured Compton profiles in comparison with computed Hartree-Fock profiles is usually limited by the resolution of the semiconductor detector. We have characterized an x-ray TES microcalorimeter detector for high-resolution Compton scattering experiments using a bending magnet source at the Advanced Photon Source with a double crystal monochromator, providing monochromatic photon energies near 27.5 keV. The momentum resolution below 0.16 atomic units (a.u.) was measured, yielding an improvement of more than a factor of 7 over a state-of-the-art SDD for the same scattering geometry. Furthermore, the lineshapes of narrow valence and broad core electron profiles of sealed lithium metal were clearly resolved using an x-ray TES compared to smeared and broadened lineshapes observed when using the SDD. High-resolution Compton scattering using the energy-resolving area detector shown here presents new opportunities for spatial imaging of electron momentum distributions for a wide class of materials with applications ranging from electrochemistry to condensed matter physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Patel
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - T Guruswamy
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - A J Krzysko
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - H Charalambous
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - L Gades
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - K Wiaderek
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - O Quaranta
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Y Ren
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - A Yakovenko
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - U Ruett
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - A Miceli
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
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5
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Non-Destructive Analysis of a High-Power Capacitor Using High-Energy X-ray Compton Scattering. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the internal state of a high-power capacitor during progressive charge–discharge cycling were measured non-destructively using high-energy synchrotron X-ray Compton scattering. The stacked structure of a laminated capacitor was clearly indicated by a Compton scattered X-ray intensity analysis and a line shape (S-parameter) analysis of a Compton scattered X-ray energy spectrum. Moreover, apparent differences in the progress of charge and discharge cycles were observed in the correlation between Compton scattered X-ray intensities and S-parameters obtained from the center and edge positions within the in-plane of the electrode. This difference in the correlation was obtained from the shifting of the stacked structure at the edge position, induced by the drift of the electrolyte material within the capacitor cells.
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Cherkashinin G, Eilhardt R, Nappini S, Cococcioni M, Píš I, Dal Zilio S, Bondino F, Marzari N, Magnano E, Alff L. Energy Level Alignment at the Cobalt Phosphate/Electrolyte Interface: Intrinsic Stability vs Interfacial Chemical Reactions in 5 V Lithium Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:543-556. [PMID: 34932299 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic stability of the 5 V LiCoPO4-LiCo2P3O10 thin-film (carbon-free) cathode material coated with MoO3 thin layer is studied using a comprehensive synchrotron electron spectroscopy in situ approach combined with first-principle calculations. The atomic-molecular level study demonstrates fully reversible electronic properties of the cathode after the first electrochemical cycle. The polyanionic oxide is not involved in chemical reactions with the fluoroethylene-containing liquid electrolyte even when charged to 5.1 V vs Li+/Li. The high stability of the cathode is explained on the basis of the developed energy level model. In contrast, the chemical composition of the cathode-electrolyte interface evolves continuously by involving MoO3 in the decomposition reaction with consequent leaching of oxide from the surface. The proposed mechanisms of chemical reactions are attributed to external electrolyte oxidation via charge transfer from the relevant electron level to the MoO3 valence band state and internal electrolyte oxidation via proton transfer to the solvents. This study provides a deeper insight into the development of both a doping strategy to enhance the electronic conductivity of high-voltage cathode materials and an efficient surface coating against unfavorable interfacial chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Cherkashinin
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 2, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Robert Eilhardt
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 2, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Silvia Nappini
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, Strada Statale 14, km 163,5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Cococcioni
- Physics Department, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Igor Píš
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, Strada Statale 14, km 163,5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- Elettra─Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Simone Dal Zilio
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, Strada Statale 14, km 163,5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Federica Bondino
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, Strada Statale 14, km 163,5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicola Marzari
- Theory and Simulation of Materials (THEOS), and National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena Magnano
- IOM CNR Laboratorio TASC, Strada Statale 14, km 163,5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lambert Alff
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 2, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Abstract
The redox process in a lithium-ion battery occurs when a conduction electron from the lithium anode is transferred to the redox orbital of the cathode. Understanding the nature of orbitals involved in anionic as well as cationic redox reactions is important for improving the capacity and energy density of Li-ion batteries. In this connection, we have obtained magnetic Compton profiles (MCPs) from the Li-rich cation-disordered rock-salt compound LixTi0.4Mn0.4O2 (LTMO). The MCPs, which involved the scattering of circularly polarized hard X-rays, are given by the momentum density of all the unpaired spins in the material. The net magnetic moment in the ground state can be extracted from the area under the MCP, along with a SQUID measurement. Our analysis gives insight into the role of Mn 3d magnetic electrons and O 2p holes in the magnetic redox properties of LTMO.
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8
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Study of Rechargeable Batteries Using Advanced Spectroscopic and Computational Techniques. CONDENSED MATTER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/condmat6030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Improving the efficiency and longevity of energy storage systems based on Li- and Na-ion rechargeable batteries presents a major challenge. The main problems are essentially capacity loss and limited cyclability. These effects are due to a hierarchy of factors spanning various length and time scales, interconnected in a complex manner. As a consequence, and in spite of several decades of research, a proper understanding of the ageing process has remained somewhat elusive. In recent years, however, combinations of advanced spectroscopy techniques and first-principles simulations have been applied with success to tackle this problem. In this Special Issue, we are pleased to present a selection of articles that, by precisely applying these methods, unravel key aspects of the reduction–oxidation reaction and intercalation processes. Furthermore, the approaches presented provide improvements to standard diagnostic and characterisation techniques, enabling the detection of possible Li-ion flow bottlenecks causing the degradation of capacity and cyclability.
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9
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Electrochemical Potential of the Metal Organic Framework MIL-101(Fe) as Cathode Material in Li-Ion Batteries. CONDENSED MATTER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/condmat6020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We discuss the characteristic factors that determine the electrochemical potentials in a metal-organic framework used as cathode for Li-ion batteries via density functional theory-based simulations. Our focus is on MIL-101(Fe) cathode material. Our study gives insight into the role of local atomic environment and structural deformations in generating electrochemical potential.
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10
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Tomographic reconstruction of oxygen orbitals in lithium-rich battery materials. Nature 2021; 594:213-216. [PMID: 34108698 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03509-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The electrification of heavy-duty transport and aviation will require new strategies to increase the energy density of electrode materials1,2. The use of anionic redox represents one possible approach to meeting this ambitious target. However, questions remain regarding the validity of the O2-/O- oxygen redox paradigm, and alternative explanations for the origin of the anionic capacity have been proposed3, because the electronic orbitals associated with redox reactions cannot be measured by standard experiments. Here, using high-energy X-ray Compton measurements together with first-principles modelling, we show how the electronic orbital that lies at the heart of the reversible and stable anionic redox activity can be imaged and visualized, and its character and symmetry determined. We find that differential changes in the Compton profile with lithium-ion concentration are sensitive to the phase of the electronic wave function, and carry signatures of electrostatic and covalent bonding effects4. Our study not only provides a picture of the workings of a lithium-rich battery at the atomic scale, but also suggests pathways to improving existing battery materials and designing new ones.
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Identifying the Degradation Mechanism in Commercial Lithium Rechargeable Batteries via High-Energy X-ray Compton Scattering Imaging. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10175855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron-based high-energy X-ray Compton scattering imaging is a promising technique for non-destructively and quantitatively investigating commercialized lithium rechargeable batteries. We apply the Compton scattering imaging technique to commercial coin-type lithium rechargeable cells (VL2020) to non-destructively identify the degradation mechanism of the cell. The correlations between the Compton scattering intensity and line-shape of the Compton scattering X-ray energy spectrum (S-parameter) obtained from this technique produce unique distributions that characterize the aged cell. These distributions in the aged cell indicate that the stable phase of the anode formed through the overvoltage charge–discharge cycle. This stable phase prevents lithium reactions, producing microbubbles with the decomposition of the electrolyte.
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12
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First-Principles Study of the Impact of Grain Boundary Formation in the Cathode Material LiFePO4. CONDENSED MATTER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/condmat4030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by the need to understand the role of internal interfaces in Li migration occurring in lithium-ion batteries, a first-principles study of a coincident site lattice grain boundary in LiFePO4 cathode material and in its delithiated counterpart FPO4 is performed. The structure of the investigated grain boundary is obtained, and the corresponding interface energy is calculated. Other properties, such as ionic charges, magnetic moments, excess free volume, and the lifetime of positrons trapped at the interfaces are determined and discussed. The results show that while the grain boundary in LiFePO4 has desired structural and bonding characteristics, the analogous boundary in FePO4 needs to be yet optimized to allow for an efficient Li diffusion study.
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13
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High-Energy X-Ray Compton Scattering Imaging of 18650-Type Lithium-Ion Battery Cell. CONDENSED MATTER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/condmat4030066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-energy synchrotron X-ray Compton scattering imaging was applied to a commercial 18650-type cell, which is a cylindrical lithium-ion battery in wide current use. By measuring the Compton scattering X-ray energy spectrum non-destructively, the lithiation state in both fresh and aged cells was obtained from two different regions of the cell, one near the outer casing and the other near the center of the cell. Our technique has the advantage that it can reveal the lithiation state with a micron-scale spatial resolution even in large cells. The present method enables us to monitor the operation of large-scale cells and can thus accelerate the development of advanced lithium-ion batteries.
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Liu FQ, Wang WP, Yin YX, Zhang SF, Shi JL, Wang L, Zhang XD, Zheng Y, Zhou JJ, Li L, Guo YG. Upgrading traditional liquid electrolyte via in situ gelation for future lithium metal batteries. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat5383. [PMID: 30310867 PMCID: PMC6173527 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat5383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
High-energy lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are expected to play important roles in the next-generation energy storage systems. However, the uncontrolled Li dendrite growth in liquid electrolytes still impedes LMBs from authentic commercialization. Upgrading the traditional electrolyte system from liquid to solid and quasi-solid has therefore become a key issue for prospective LMBs. From this premise, it is particularly urgent to exploit facile strategies to accomplish this goal. We report that commercialized liquid electrolyte can be easily converted into a novel quasi-solid gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) via a simple and efficient in situ gelation strategy, which, in essence, is to use LiPF6 to induce the cationic polymerization of the ether-based 1,3-dioxolane and 1,2-dimethoxyethane liquid electrolyte under ambient temperature. The newly developed GPE exhibits elevated protective effects on Li anodes and has universality for diversified cathodes including but not restricted to sulfur, olivine-type LiFePO4, and layered LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2, revealing tremendous potential in promoting the large-scale application of future LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Quan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wen-Peng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ya-Xia Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai-Feng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ji-Lei Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jian-Jun Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lin Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Corresponding author. (Y.-G.G.); (L.L.)
| | - Yu-Guo Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding author. (Y.-G.G.); (L.L.)
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15
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Dependency of the Charge–Discharge Rate on Lithium Reaction Distributions for a Commercial Lithium Coin Cell Visualized by Compton Scattering Imaging. CONDENSED MATTER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/condmat3030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, lithium reaction distributions, dependent on the charge–discharge rate, were non-destructively visualized for a commercial lithium-ion battery, using the Compton scattering imaging technique. By comparing lithium reaction distributions obtained at two different charge–discharge speeds, residual lithium ions were detected at the center of the negative electrode in a fully discharged state, at a relatively high-speed discharge rate. Moreover, we confirmed that inhomogeneous reactions were facilitated at a relatively high-speed charge–discharge rate, in both the negative and positive electrodes. A feature of our technique is that it can be applied to commercially used lithium-ion batteries, because it uses high-energy X-rays with high penetration power. Our technique thus opens a novel analyzing pathway for developing advanced batteries.
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16
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Bai M, Xie K, Yuan K, Zhang K, Li N, Shen C, Lai Y, Vajtai R, Ajayan P, Wei B. A Scalable Approach to Dendrite-Free Lithium Anodes via Spontaneous Reduction of Spray-Coated Graphene Oxide Layers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801213. [PMID: 29806166 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Li-metal batteries (LiMBs) are experiencing a renaissance; however, achieving scalable production of dendrite-free Li anodes for practical application is still a formidable challenge. Herein, a facile and universal method is developed to directly reduce graphene oxide (GO) using alkali metals (e.g., Li, Na, and K) in moderate conditions. Based on this innovation, a spontaneously reduced graphene coating can be designed and modulated on a Li surface (SR-G-Li). The symmetrical SR-G-Li|SR-G-Li cell can run up to 1000 cycles at a high practical current density of 5 mA cm-2 without a short circuit, demonstrating one of the longest lifespans reported with LiPF6 -based carbonate electrolytes. More significantly, a practically scalable paradigm is established to fabricate dendrite-free Li anodes by spraying a GO layer on the Li anode surface for large-scale production of LiFePO4 /Li pouch cells, reflected by the continuous manufacturing of the SR-G-Li anodes based on the roll-to-roll technology. The strategy provides new commercial opportunities to both LiMBs and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maohui Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Keyu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Chao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yanqing Lai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Robert Vajtai
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Pulickel Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Bingqing Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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