1
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Li M. Harnessing atomic force microscopy-based single-cell analysis to advance physical oncology. Microsc Res Tech 2024; 87:631-659. [PMID: 38053519 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis is an emerging and promising frontier in the field of life sciences, which is expected to facilitate the exploration of fundamental laws of physiological and pathological processes. Single-cell analysis allows experimental access to cell-to-cell heterogeneity to reveal the distinctive behaviors of individual cells, offering novel opportunities to dissect the complexity of severe human diseases such as cancers. Among the single-cell analysis tools, atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a powerful and versatile one which is able to nondestructively image the fine topographies and quantitatively measure multiple mechanical properties of single living cancer cells in their native states under aqueous conditions with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. Over the past few decades, AFM has been widely utilized to detect the structural and mechanical behaviors of individual cancer cells during the process of tumor formation, invasion, and metastasis, yielding numerous unique insights into tumor pathogenesis from the biomechanical perspective and contributing much to the field of cancer mechanobiology. Here, the achievements of AFM-based analysis of single cancer cells to advance physical oncology are comprehensively summarized, and challenges and future perspectives are also discussed. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Achievements of AFM in characterizing the structural and mechanical behaviors of single cancer cells are summarized, and future directions are discussed. AFM is not only capable of visualizing cellular fine structures, but can also measure multiple cellular mechanical properties as well as cell-generated mechanical forces. There is still plenty of room for harnessing AFM-based single-cell analysis to advance physical oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Zhou HT, Zhang SC, Zhu T, Tian YZ, Wang YF, Wang YS. Hybrid Metasurfaces for Perfect Transmission and Customized Manipulation of Sound Across Water-Air Interface. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2207181. [PMID: 37078801 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Extreme impedance mismatch causes sound insulation at water-air interfaces, limiting numerous cross-media applications such as ocean-air wireless acoustic communication. Although quarter-wave impedance transformers can improve transmission, they are not readily available for acoustics and are restricted by the fixed phase shift at full transmission. Here, this limitation is broken through impedance-matched hybrid metasurfaces assisted by topology optimization. Sound transmission enhancement and phase modulation across the water-air interface are achieved independently. Compared to the bare water-air interface, it is experimentally observed that the average transmitted amplitude through an impedance-matched metasurface at the peak frequency is enhanced by ≈25.9 dB, close to the limit of the perfect transmission 30 dB. And nearly 42 dB amplitude enhancement is measured by the hybrid metasurfaces with axial focusing function. Various customized vortex beams are experimentally realized to promote applications in ocean-air communication. The physical mechanisms of sound transmission enhancement for broadband and wide-angle incidences are revealed. The proposed concept has potential applications in efficient transmission and free communication across dissimilar media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Zhou
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Shao-Cong Zhang
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yu-Ze Tian
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yan-Feng Wang
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yue-Sheng Wang
- Department of Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Institute of Engineering Mechanics, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
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3
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Odarchenko Y, Kaźmierczak-Bałata A, Bodzenta J, Ferrari E, Soloviev M. AC/DC Thermal Nano-Analyzer Compatible with Bulk Liquid Measurements. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3799. [PMID: 36364575 PMCID: PMC9655476 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanocalorimetry, or thermal nano-analysis, is a powerful tool for fast thermal processing and thermodynamic analysis of materials at the nanoscale. Despite multiple reports of successful applications in the material sciences to study phase transitions in metals and polymers, thermodynamic analysis of biological systems in their natural microenvironment has not been achieved yet. Simply scaling down traditional calorimetric techniques, although beneficial for material sciences, is not always appropriate for biological objects, which cannot be removed out of their native biological environment or be miniaturized to suit instrument limitations. Thermal analysis at micro- or nano-scale immersed in bulk liquid media has not yet been possible. Here, we report an AC/DC modulated thermal nano-analyzer capable of detecting nanogram quantities of material in bulk liquids. The detection principle used in our custom-build instrument utilizes localized heat waves, which under certain conditions confine the measurement area to the surface layer of the sample in the close vicinity of the sensing element. To illustrate the sensitivity and quantitative capabilities of the instrument we used model materials with detectable phase transitions. Here, we report ca. 106 improvement in the thermal analysis sensitivity over a traditional DSC instrument. Interestingly, fundamental thermal properties of the material can be determined independently from heat flow in DC (direct current) mode, by using the AC (alternating current) component of the modulated heat in AC/DC mode. The thermal high-frequency AC modulation mode might be especially useful for investigating thermal transitions on the surface of material, because of the ability to control the depth of penetration of AC-modulated heat and hence the depth of thermal sensing. The high-frequency AC mode might potentially expand the range of applications to the surface analysis of bulk materials or liquid-solid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Odarchenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Anna Kaźmierczak-Bałata
- Institute of Physics, Center for Science and Education, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jerzy Bodzenta
- Institute of Physics, Center for Science and Education, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Enrico Ferrari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Mikhail Soloviev
- Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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4
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Wang W, Zhang W, Chen Y. Linearizing the frequency‐stiffness relation in contact resonance atomic force microscopy for facilitated mechanical characterization. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2123-2130. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
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5
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Pan J, Kmieciak T, Liu YT, Wildenradt M, Chen YS, Zhao Y. Quantifying molecular- to cellular-level forces in living cells. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 2021; 54:483001. [PMID: 34866655 PMCID: PMC8635116 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/ac2170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical cues have been suggested to play an important role in cell functions and cell fate determination, however, such physical quantities are challenging to directly measure in living cells with single molecule sensitivity and resolution. In this review, we focus on two main technologies that are promising in probing forces at the single molecule level. We review their theoretical fundamentals, recent technical advancements, and future directions, tailored specifically for interrogating mechanosensitive molecules in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Tommy Kmieciak
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Yen-Ting Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Matthew Wildenradt
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Yun-Sheng Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
- Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 208 N. Wright Street, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
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Wang W, Zhang K, Zhang W, Hou Y, Chen Y. Multifunctional cantilevers for simultaneous enhancement of contact resonance and harmonic atomic force microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:295505. [PMID: 33784663 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abf37a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To enhance contact resonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM) and harmonic AFM imaging simultaneously, we design a multifunctional cantilever. Precise tailoring of the cantilever's dynamic properties is realized by either mass-removing or mass-adding. As prototypes, focused ion beam drilling or depositing is used to fabricate the optimized structures. CR-AFM subsurface imaging on circular cavities covered by a piece of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite validates the improved CR frequency to contact stiffness sensitivity. The detectable subsurface depth and cavity radius increase accordingly by using the multifunctional cantilever. At the same time, the free resonance frequency of the second mode is tuned to an integer multiple of the fundamental one. Harmonic AFM imaging on polystyrene and low-density polystyrene mixture shows the improved harmonic amplitude contrast and signal strength on the two material phases. The multifunctional cantilever can be extended to enhance other similar AFM operation modes and it has potential applications in relevant fields such as mechanical characterization and subsurface imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaidi Zhang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoping Hou
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
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Qi C, He J, Fu LH, He T, Blum NT, Yao X, Lin J, Huang P. Tumor-Specific Activatable Nanocarriers with Gas-Generation and Signal Amplification Capabilities for Tumor Theranostics. ACS NANO 2021; 15:1627-1639. [PMID: 33356128 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanotheranostics are typically designed by integrating multiple functional components. This approach not only complicates the preparation process but also hinders any bioapplication due to the potential toxic effects when each component is metabolized. Here, we report a safe, biodegradable, and tumor-specific nanocarrier that, once activated by the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME), has diagnostic and therapeutic functions suitable for tumor theranostics. Our nanocarrier is composed of biomineralized manganese carbonate (BMC) nanoparticles (NPs) that readily decompose to release Mn2+ ions and CO2 gas in the acidic TME due to its intrinsic pH-dependent solubility. Mn2+ and CO2 release permits magnetic resonance and ultrasound imaging of tumors, respectively. These NPs can be loaded with the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX): BMC-DOX has high tumor inhibition effects both in vitro and in vivo due to combined Mn2+-mediated chemodynamic therapy and DOX-induced chemotherapy. This tumor-specific actuating nanocarrier might be a promising candidate for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qi
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jin He
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lian-Hua Fu
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ting He
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Nicholas Thomas Blum
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xikuang Yao
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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8
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Liang W, Shi H, Yang X, Wang J, Yang W, Zhang H, Liu L. Recent advances in AFM-based biological characterization and applications at multiple levels. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8962-8984. [PMID: 32996549 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01106a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has found a wide range of bio-applications in the past few decades due to its ability to measure biological samples in natural environments at a high spatial resolution. AFM has become a key platform in biomedical, bioengineering and drug research fields, enabling mechanical and morphological characterization of live biological systems. Hence, we provide a comprehensive review on recent advances in the use of AFM for characterizing the biomechanical properties of multi-scale biological samples, ranging from molecule, cell to tissue levels. First, we present the fundamental principles of AFM and two AFM-based models for the characterization of biomechanical properties of biological samples, covering key AFM devices and AFM bioimaging as well as theoretical models for characterizing the elasticity and viscosity of biomaterials. Then, we elaborate on a series of new experimental findings through analysis of biomechanics. Finally, we discuss the future directions and challenges. It is envisioned that the AFM technique will enable many remarkable discoveries, and will have far-reaching impacts on bio-related studies and applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Liang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang, 110168, China.
| | - Haohao Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang, 110168, China.
| | - Xieliu Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang, 110168, China.
| | - Junhai Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang, 110168, China.
| | - Wenguang Yang
- School of Electromechanical and Automotive Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Hemin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
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9
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Investigating effects of silicon nanowire and nanohole arrays on fibroblasts via AFAM. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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TAKAHASHI Y. Bioimaging by a Scanning Probe Microscope Using Microelectrodes and Nanopipettes. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2019. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.68.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Liu Y, Li L, Chen X, Wang Y, Liu MN, Yan J, Cao L, Wang L, Wang ZB. Atomic force acoustic microscopy reveals the influence of substrate stiffness and topography on cell behavior. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 10:2329-2337. [PMID: 31886109 PMCID: PMC6902897 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The stiffness and the topography of the substrate at the cell-substrate interface are two key properties influencing cell behavior. In this paper, atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) is used to investigate the influence of substrate stiffness and substrate topography on the responses of L929 fibroblasts. This combined nondestructive technique is able to characterize materials at high lateral resolution. To produce substrates of tunable stiffness and topography, we imprint nanostripe patterns on undeveloped and developed SU-8 photoresist films using electron-beam lithography (EBL). Elastic deformations of the substrate surfaces and the cells are revealed by AFAM. Our results show that AFAM is capable of imaging surface elastic deformations. By immunofluorescence experiments, we find that the L929 cells significantly elongate on the patterned stiffness substrate, whereas the elasticity of the pattern has only little effect on the spreading of the L929 cells. The influence of the topography pattern on the cell alignment and morphology is even more pronounced leading to an arrangement of the cells along the nanostripe pattern. Our method is useful for the quantitative characterization of cell-substrate interactions and provides guidance for the tissue regeneration therapy in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- Computer Department, Changchun Medical College, Changchun 130031, China
| | - Li Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Meng-Nan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Liang Cao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zuo-Bin Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cross-Scale Micro and Nano Manufacturing, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- International Research Centre for Nano Handling and Manufacturing of China, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
- JR3CN & IRAC, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK
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Liu X, Hersam MC. Interface Characterization and Control of 2D Materials and Heterostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801586. [PMID: 30039558 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
2D materials and heterostructures have attracted significant attention for a variety of nanoelectronic and optoelectronic applications. At the atomically thin limit, the material characteristics and functionalities are dominated by surface chemistry and interface coupling. Therefore, methods for comprehensively characterizing and precisely controlling surfaces and interfaces are required to realize the full technological potential of 2D materials. Here, the surface and interface properties that govern the performance of 2D materials are introduced. Then the experimental approaches that resolve surface and interface phenomena down to the atomic scale, as well as strategies that allow tuning and optimization of interfacial interactions in van der Waals heterostructures, are systematically reviewed. Finally, a future outlook that delineates the remaining challenges and opportunities for 2D material interface characterization and control is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Liu
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3108, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3108, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Medicine, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL, 60208-3108, USA
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