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Piraux L, Marchal N, Van Velthem P, da Câmara Santa Clara Gomes T, Ferain E, Issi JP, Antohe VA. Polycrystalline bismuth nanowire networks for flexible longitudinal and transverse thermoelectrics. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:13708-13717. [PMID: 37564030 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03332e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the preparation and the characterization of structural, electrical and thermoelectric properties of nanocomposite films formed from three-dimensional networks of polycrystalline bismuth (Bi) nanowires (NWs). The samples were fabricated by electrodeposition within polycarbonate (PC) templates with crossed cylindrical nanopores, yielding self-supported networks of Bi crossed nanowires (CNWs) with mean diameter values ranging from 23 nm to 230 nm. Temperature changes in electrical resistance and thermopower were studied by considering electric and thermal currents flowing in the plane of the films. While the values of the Seebeck coefficient are close to those of polycrystalline Bi for diameters greater than 100 nm, a progressive decrease in thermopower appears at smaller diameters, due to an increasing contribution of surface charge carriers as the diameter decreases. Transverse thermoelectricity based on the Nernst effect was also demonstrated on a network of Bi CNWs 230 nm in diameter. Such hierarchical architectures based on Bi CNWs are extremely robust, offering a reliable solution for the next generation of flexible thermoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Piraux
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Marchal
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Pascal Van Velthem
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | | | - Etienne Ferain
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
- it4ip s.a., Avenue Jean-Etienne Lenoir 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Issi
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Vlad-Andrei Antohe
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
- R&D Center for Materials and Electronic & Optoelectronic Devices (MDEO), Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Măgurele, Ilfov, Romania.
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2
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Ni Y, Chen K, Hu N, Deng G, Liu J, Chen M. The spin caloritronic transport properties of newly designed devices consisting of a sawtooth graphene nanoribbon and its derived five-member ring structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37309551 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00948c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Achieving high spin polarization transport and a pure spin current is particularly desired in spintronics. We use a sawtooth graphene nanoribbon (STGNR) and its derived five-member ring structure (5-STGNR) to design new spin caloritronic devices, since they have been successfully prepared experimentally and have an interface with no lattice distortion. By using first-principle calculations combined with the non-equilibrium Green's function approach, we have studied the spin caloritronic transport properties of several STGNR-based devices, including the structures with symmetrical and asymmetrical edges, and found some excellent spin caloritronic properties, such as spin polarization, magnetoresistance and the spin Seebeck effect. By introducing a temperature difference, giant magnetoresistance and spin Seebeck effects are achieved in a heterojunction with a symmetrical edge, whereas spin polarization is more effective in a heterojunction with an asymmetrical edge. Meanwhile, the metal-semiconductor-metal junction, which is composed of STGNRs with a symmetrical edge, exhibits approximately 100% spin polarization and produces a perfect thermally induced pure spin current at room temperature. Our results indicate that the devices consisting of a sawtooth graphene nanoribbon and its derived five-member ring structure are promising novel spin caloritronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ni
- College of Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China, 430068.
| | - Kun Chen
- College of Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China, 430068.
| | - Ni Hu
- College of Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China, 430068.
| | - Gang Deng
- College of Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China, 430068.
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China, 430068.
| | - Mingyan Chen
- Hongzhiwei Technology (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., 1599 Xinjinqiao Road, Pudong, Shanghai, China
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Marchal N, da Câmara Santa Clara Gomes T, Abreu Araujo F, Piraux L. Interplay between diffusion and magnon-drag thermopower in pure iron and dilute iron alloy nanowire networks. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9280. [PMID: 37286659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Results of measurements on the thermoelectric power of 45 nm diameter interconnected nanowire networks consisting of pure Fe, dilute FeCu and FeCr alloys and Fe/Cu multilayers are presented. The thermopower values of Fe nanowires are very close to those found in bulk materials, at all temperatures studied between 70 and 320 K. For pure Fe, the diffusion thermopower at room temperature, estimated to be around - 15 [Formula: see text]V/K from our data, is largely supplanted by the estimated positive magnon-drag contribution, close to 30 [Formula: see text]V/K. In dilute FeCu and FeCr alloys, the magnon-drag thermopower is found to decrease with increasing impurity concentration to about 10 [Formula: see text]V/K at 10[Formula: see text] impurity content. While the diffusion thermopower is almost unchanged in FeCu nanowire networks compared to pure Fe, it is strongly reduced in FeCr nanowires due to pronounced changes in the density of states of the majority spin electrons. Measurements performed on Fe(7 nm)/Cu(10 nm) multilayer nanowires indicate a dominant contribution of charge carrier diffusion to the thermopower, as previously found in other magnetic multilayers, and a cancellation of the magnon-drag effect. The magneto-resistance and magneto-Seebeck effects measured on Fe/Cu multilayer nanowires allow the estimation of the spin-dependent Seebeck coefficient in Fe, which is about - 7.6 [Formula: see text]V/K at ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Marchal
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 1, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Flavio Abreu Araujo
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 1, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Luc Piraux
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 1, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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da Câmara Santa Clara Gomes T, Marchal N, Abreu Araujo F, Piraux L. Flexible Active Peltier Coolers Based on Interconnected Magnetic Nanowire Networks. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13111735. [PMID: 37299636 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectric energy conversion based on flexible materials has great potential for applications in the fields of low-power heat harvesting and solid-state cooling. Here, we show that three-dimensional networks of interconnected ferromagnetic metal nanowires embedded in a polymer film are effective flexible materials as active Peltier coolers. Thermocouples based on Co-Fe nanowires exhibit much higher power factors and thermal conductivities near room temperature than other existing flexible thermoelectric systems, with a power factor for Co-Fe nanowire-based thermocouples of about 4.7 mW/K2m at room temperature. The effective thermal conductance of our device can be strongly and rapidly increased by active Peltier-induced heat flow, especially for small temperature differences. Our investigation represents a significant advance in the fabrication of lightweight flexible thermoelectric devices, and it offers great potential for the dynamic thermal management of hot spots on complex surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Marchal
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Flavio Abreu Araujo
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Luc Piraux
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Belim SV, Bychkov IV. Magnetic Properties of 2D Nanowire Arrays: Computer Simulations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16093425. [PMID: 37176309 PMCID: PMC10179856 DOI: 10.3390/ma16093425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The paper considers a nanowires 2D array located in the nodes of a square lattice. Computer simulations use the Heisenberg model and Metropolis algorithm. The array consists of small nanowires that are monodomain. The exchange interaction orders the spins within a single nanowire. Dipole-dipole forces act between neighboring nanowires. The shape of an individual nanowire affects its magnetic anisotropy. Computer simulations examine the phase transition temperature and magnetization behavior of the system. The type of magnetic moments ordering in the array of nanowires depends on the orientation of their long axis. We consider two types of systems. The nanowires' long axes are oriented perpendicular to the plane of their location in the first case. A dipole-dipole interaction results in first-type superantiferromagnetic ordering of the nanowires' magnetic moments for such orientation. The nanowires' long axes are oriented in the plane of the system in the second case. Dipole-dipole interaction results in second-type superantiferromagnetic ordering in such systems. The dependence of the phase transition temperature on the dipole-dipole interaction intensity is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Belim
- Department of Physics, Omsk State Technical University, 644050 Omsk, Russia
| | - Igor V Bychkov
- Department of Radiophysics and Electronics, Chelyabinsk State University, 454001 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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Chopin C, de Wergifosse S, Marchal N, Van Velthem P, Piraux L, Abreu Araujo F. Memristive and Tunneling Effects in 3D Interconnected Silver Nanowires. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6663-6668. [PMID: 36844586 PMCID: PMC9948158 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A network of silver nanowires (Ag-NWs) is grown by electrodeposition in a nanoporous membrane with interconnected nanopores. This bottom-up approach fabrication method gives a conducting network with a 3D architecture and a high density of Ag-NWs. The network is then functionalized during the etching process, which leads to a high initial resistance as well as memristive behavior. The latter is expected to arise from the creation and the destruction of conducting silver filaments in the functionalized Ag-NW network. Moreover, after several cycles of measurement, the resistance of the network switches from a high-resistance regime in the GΩ range with tunnel conduction to a low-resistance regime presenting negative differential resistance in the kΩ range.
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Magnetic NiFe thin films composing MoS 2 nanostructures for spintronic application. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9809. [PMID: 35697928 PMCID: PMC9192644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14060-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a nanostructure layer made of Ni80Fe20 (permalloy:Py) thin film conjugated MoS2 nano-flakes. Layers are made based on a single-step co-deposition of Py and MoS2 from a single solution where ionic Ni and Fe and MoS2 flakes co-exist. Synthesized thin films with MoS2 flakes show increasing coercivity and enhancement in magneto-optical Kerr effect. Ferromagnetic resonance linewidth as well as the damping parameter increaseed significantly compared to that of the Py layer due to the presence of MoS2. Raman spectroscopy and elemental mapping is used to show the quality of MoS2 within the Py thin film. Our synthesis method promises new opportunities for electrochemical production of functional spintronic-based devices.
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8
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Marchal N, da Câmara Santa Clara Gomes T, Abreu Araujo F, Piraux L. Giant Magnetoresistance and Magneto-Thermopower in 3D Interconnected Ni xFe 1-x/Cu Multilayered Nanowire Networks. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051133. [PMID: 33925733 PMCID: PMC8146549 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The versatility of the template-assisted electrodeposition technique to fabricate complex three-dimensional networks made of interconnected nanowires allows one to easily stack ferromagnetic and non-magnetic metallic layers along the nanowire axis. This leads to the fabrication of unique multilayered nanowire network films showing giant magnetoresistance effect in the current-perpendicular-to-plane configuration that can be reliably measured along the macroscopic in-plane direction of the films. Moreover, the system also enables reliable measurements of the analogous magneto-thermoelectric properties of the multilayered nanowire networks. Here, three-dimensional interconnected NixFe1−x/Cu multilayered nanowire networks (with 0.60≤x≤0.97) are fabricated and characterized, leading to large magnetoresistance and magneto-thermopower ratios up to 17% and −25% in Ni80Fe20/Cu, respectively. A strong contrast is observed between the amplitudes of magnetoresistance and magneto-thermoelectric effects depending on the Ni content of the NiFe alloys. In particular, for the highest Ni concentrations, a strong increase in the magneto-thermoelectric effect is observed, more than a factor of 7 larger than the magnetoresistive effect for Ni97Fe3/Cu multilayers. This sharp increase is mainly due to an increase in the spin-dependent Seebeck coefficient from −7 µV/K for the Ni60Fe40/Cu and Ni70Fe30/Cu nanowire arrays to −21 µV/K for the Ni97Fe3/Cu nanowire array. The enhancement of the magneto-thermoelectric effect for multilayered nanowire networks based on dilute Ni alloys is promising for obtaining a flexible magnetic switch for thermoelectric generation for potential applications in heat management or logic devices using thermal energy.
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Muscas G, Jönsson PE, Serrano IG, Vallin Ö, Kamalakar MV. Ultralow magnetostrictive flexible ferromagnetic nanowires. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:6043-6052. [PMID: 33885602 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08355k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The integration of magneto-electric and spintronic sensors to flexible electronics presents a huge potential for advancing flexible and wearable technologies. Magnetic nanowires are core components for building such devices. Therefore, realizing flexible magnetic nanowires with engineered magneto-elastic properties is key to flexible spintronic circuits, as well as creating unique pathways to explore complex flexible spintronic, magnonic, and magneto-plasmonic devices. Here, we demonstrate highly resilient flexible ferromagnetic nanowires on transparent flexible substrates for the first time. Through extensive magneto-optical Kerr experiments, exploring the Villari effect, we reveal an ultralow magnetostrictive constant in nanowires, a two-order reduced value compared to bulk values. In addition, the flexible magnetic nanowires exhibit remarkable resilience sustaining bending radii ∼5 mm, high endurance, and enhanced elastic limit compared to thin films of similar thickness and composition. The observed performance is corroborated by our micro-magnetic simulations and can be attributed to the reduced size and strong nanostructure-interfacial effects. Such stable magnetic nanowires with ultralow magnetostriction open up new opportunities for stable surface mountable and wearable spintronic sensors, advanced nanospintronic circuits, and for exploring novel strain-induced quantum effects in hybrid devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Muscas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
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10
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Ni Y, Li J, Tao W, Ding H, Li RX. The spin-dependent transport properties of defected zigzag graphene nanoribbons with graphene nanobubbles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2753-2761. [PMID: 33471019 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05640e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zigzag-edged graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs) have important applications in spintronics and spin caloritronics. While in the preparation of a ZGNR, defects like the graphene nanobubbles often appear, which may affect the physical properties of the ZGNR. In this paper, we studied the transport properties of a defected ZGNR with a graphene nanobubble by performing first-principles quantum transport calculations. The results show that when the nanobubble is intact and locates at the centre, the spin polarization and magnetoresistance tend to drop off in the low bias voltage cases, compared to the ideal ZGNR. While when the nanobubble is split and locates at the edge, all the transport properties are significantly affected and altered, such as the spin polarization, the giant magnetoresistance effect and the spin Seebeck effect. Meanwhile, some new results are obtained from the device, including the negative differential resistance effect and the pure thermal-induced spin-current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ni
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Energy Photoelectric Device and System, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Energy Photoelectric Device and System, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.
| | - Wei Tao
- Department of Basic Science, Wenhua College, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Department of Basic Science, Wenhua College, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Rui-Xue Li
- College of Science, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou, 451191, China
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11
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Magneto-Transport in Flexible 3D Networks Made of Interconnected Magnetic Nanowires and Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010221. [PMID: 33467036 PMCID: PMC7830720 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical deposition of interconnected nanowires and nanotubes made of ferromagnetic metals into track-etched polycarbonate templates with crossed nanochannels has been revealed suitable for the fabrication of mechanically stable three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures with large surface area. These 3D networks embedded into flexible polymer membranes are also planar and lightweight. This fabrication technique allows for the control of the geometric characteristics and material composition of interconnected magnetic nanowire or nanotube networks, which can be used to fine-tune their magnetic and magneto-transport properties. The magnetostatic contribution to the magnetic anisotropy of crossed nanowire networks can be easily controlled using the diameter, packing density, or angle distribution characteristics. Furthermore, the fabrication of Co and Co-rich NiCo alloy crossed nanowires with textured hcp phases leads to an additional significant magnetocrystalline contribution to the magnetic anisotropy that can either compete or add to the magnetostatic contribution. The fabrication of an interconnected nanotube network has also been demonstrated, where the hollow core and the control over the tube wall thickness add another degree of freedom to control the magnetic properties and magnetization reversal mechanisms. Finally, three-dimensional networks made of interconnected multilayered nanowire with a succession of ferromagnetic and non-magnetic layers have been successfully fabricated, leading to giant magnetoresistance responses measured in the current-perpendicular-to-plane configuration. These interconnected nanowire networks have high potential as integrated, reliable, and stable magnetic field sensors; magnetic devices for memory and logic operations; or neuromorphic computing.
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Burks EC, Gilbert DA, Murray PD, Flores C, Felter TE, Charnvanichborikarn S, Kucheyev SO, Colvin JD, Yin G, Liu K. 3D Nanomagnetism in Low Density Interconnected Nanowire Networks. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:716-722. [PMID: 33301687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Free-standing, interconnected metallic nanowire networks with densities as low as 40 mg/cm3 have been achieved over centimeter-scale areas, using electrodeposition into polycarbonate membranes that have been ion-tracked at multiple angles. Networks of interconnected magnetic nanowires further provide an exciting platform to explore 3-dimensional nanomagnetism, where their structure, topology, and frustration may be used as additional degrees of freedom to tailor the materials properties. New magnetization reversal mechanisms in cobalt networks are captured by the first-order reversal curve method, which demonstrate the evolution from strong demagnetizing dipolar interactions to intersection-mediated domain wall pinning and propagation, and eventually to shape-anisotropy dominated magnetization reversal. These findings open up new possibilities for 3-dimensional integrated magnetic devices for memory, complex computation, and neuromorphics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Burks
- Physics Department, University of California, Davis, California 95618, United States
| | - Dustin A Gilbert
- Physics Department, University of California, Davis, California 95618, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Peyton D Murray
- Physics Department, University of California, Davis, California 95618, United States
| | - Chad Flores
- Physics Department, University of California, Davis, California 95618, United States
| | - Thomas E Felter
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | | | - Sergei O Kucheyev
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Colvin
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Gen Yin
- Physics Department, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Kai Liu
- Physics Department, University of California, Davis, California 95618, United States
- Physics Department, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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13
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Spin Caloritronics in 3D Interconnected Nanowire Networks. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112092. [PMID: 33105666 PMCID: PMC7690391 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Recently, interconnected nanowire networks have been found suitable as flexible macroscopic spin caloritronic devices. The 3D nanowire networks are fabricated by direct electrodeposition in track-etched polymer templates with crossed nano-channels. This technique allows the fabrication of crossed nanowires consisting of both homogeneous ferromagnetic metals and multilayer stack with successive layers of ferromagnetic and non-magnetic metals, with controlled morphology and material composition. The networks exhibit extremely high, magnetically modulated thermoelectric power factors. Moreover, large spin-dependent Seebeck coefficients were directly extracted from experimental measurements on multilayer nanowire networks. This work provides a simple and cost-effective way to fabricate large-scale flexible and shapeable thermoelectric devices exploiting the spin degree of freedom.
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14
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Zhang J, Peng Y, Ma H, Zhang S, Hu Y, Zeng X, Deng X, Guan C, Chen R, Hu Y, Karim A, Tao K, Zhang M, Zhang X. Magnetotransport Mechanism of Individual Nanostructures via Direct Magnetoresistance Measurement in situ SEM. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:39798-39806. [PMID: 32805913 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c09773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The accurate magnetoresistance (MR) measurement of individual nanostructures is essential and important for either the enrichment of fundamental knowledge of the magnetotransport mechanism or the facilitation of desired design of magnetic nanostructures for various technological applications. Herein, we report a deep investigation on the magnetotransport mechanism of a single CoCu/Cu multilayered nanowire via direct MR measurement using our invented magnetotransport instrument in situ scanning electron microscope. Off-axis electron holography experiments united with micromagnetic simulation prove that the CoCu layers in CoCu/Cu multilayered nanowires form a single-domain structure, in which the alignment of magnetic moments is mainly determined by shape anisotropy. The MR of the single CoCu/Cu multilayered nanowire is measured to be only 1.14% when the varied external field is applied along the nanowire length axis, which matches with the theoretical prediction of the granular film model. Density functional theory calculations further disclose that spin-dependent scattering at the interface between magnetic and nonmagnetic layers is responsible for the intrinsic magnetotransport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Technology and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Technology and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Ma
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of New Light Alloys, Qinghai Provincial Engineering Research Center of High Performance Light Metal Alloys and Forming, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, PR China
| | - Senfu Zhang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Technology and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zeng
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Xia Deng
- School of Life Science and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chaoshuai Guan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Technology and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Technology and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Technology and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Abdul Karim
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Technology and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- Department Physics, Karakorum International University Gilgit-Baltistan 15100, Pakistan
| | - Kun Tao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Technology and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Key Lab of Mineral Resources in Western China (Gansu), School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xixiang Zhang
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Marchal N, da Câmara Santa Clara Gomes T, Abreu Araujo F, Piraux L. Large Spin-Dependent Thermoelectric Effects in NiFe-based Interconnected Nanowire Networks. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 15:137. [PMID: 32602034 PMCID: PMC7324447 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-020-03343-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
NiFe alloy and NiFe/Cu multilayered nanowire (NW) networks were grown using a template-assisted electrochemical synthesis method. The NiFe alloy NW networks exhibit large thermopower, which is largely preserved in the current perpendicular-to-plane geometry of the multilayered NW structure. Giant magneto-thermopower (MTP) effects have been demonstrated in multilayered NiFe/Cu NWs with a value of 25% at 300 K and reaching 60% around 100 K. A large spin-dependent Seebeck coefficient of -12.3 μV/K was obtained at room temperature. The large MTP effects demonstrate a magnetic approach to control thermoelectric properties of flexible devices based on NW networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Marchal
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 1, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | | | - Flavio Abreu Araujo
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 1, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Luc Piraux
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 1, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium.
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Velázquez-Galván Y, Encinas A. Analytical magnetostatic model for 2D arrays of interacting magnetic nanowires and nanotubes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13320-13328. [PMID: 32510074 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00808g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A fully analytical model to describe the magnetostatic properties of these 2D nanocylinder arrays (tubes and wires) is presented. The model allows calculating the components of the effective demagnetizing field as a function of the cylinder height, inner and outer diameters, and the center-to-center distance. From these components, it is possible to calculate the shape anisotropy of the cylinder, the dipolar interaction between them, and the total magnetostatic energy. The model allows performing calculations very simply, using a simple spreadsheet or open-access software such as Geogebra. This allows analyzing the effect of each geometrical parameter in the different contributions to the magnetostatic energy. Amongst the most interesting findings is that the model describes naturally the magnetization easy-axis reorientation transition induced by the dipolar interaction, for which a general phase diagram has been calculated for both tubes and wires. For the case of nanowires, our results show a very good agreement with previously published results. While for nanotubes, the model predicts that the magnetization easy-axis reorientation transition is frustrated as the tube wall thickness decreases and reaches a critical value even when the distance between tubes is reduced to its lowest possible value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenni Velázquez-Galván
- División de Materiales Avanzados, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Caminio a la Presa San José 2055, 78216 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
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Abstract
Magnetic nanowires are attractive materials because of their morphology-dependent remarkable properties suitable for various advanced technologies in sensing, data storage, spintronics, biomedicine and microwave devices, etc. The recent advances in synthetic strategies and approaches for the fabrication of complex structures, such as parallel arrays and 3D networks of one-dimensional nanostructures, including nanowires, nanotubes, and multilayers, are presented. The simple template-assisted electrodeposition method enables the fabrication of different nanowire-based architectures with excellent control over geometrical features, morphology and chemical composition, leading to tunable magnetic, magneto-transport and thermoelectric properties. This review article summarizing the work carried out at UCLouvain focuses on the magnetic and spin-dependent transport properties linked to the material and geometrical characteristics.
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