1
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Ghosh R, Arnheim A, van Zee M, Shang L, Soemardy C, Tang RC, Mellody M, Baghdasarian S, Sanchez Ochoa E, Ye S, Chen S, Williamson C, Karunaratne A, Di Carlo D. Lab on a Particle Technologies. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7817-7839. [PMID: 38650433 PMCID: PMC11112544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ghosh
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Alyssa Arnheim
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mark van Zee
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Lily Shang
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Citradewi Soemardy
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Rui-Chian Tang
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael Mellody
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sevana Baghdasarian
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Edwin Sanchez Ochoa
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Shun Ye
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Cayden Williamson
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Amrith Karunaratne
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California,
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Jonsson
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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2
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Sahin MA, Shehzad M, Destgeer G. Stopping Microfluidic Flow. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307956. [PMID: 38143295 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
A cross-comparison of three stop-flow configurations-such as low-pressure (LSF), high-pressure open-circuit (OC-HSF), and high-pressure short-circuit (SC-HSF) stop-flow-is presented to rapidly bring a high velocity flow O(m s-1) within a microchannel to a standstill O(µm s-1). The performance of three stop-flow configurations is assessed by measuring residual flow velocities within microchannels having three orders of magnitude different flow resistances. The LSF configuration outperforms the OC-HSF and SC-HSF configurations within a high flow resistance microchannel and results in a residual velocity of <10 µm s-1. The OC-HSF configuration results in a residual velocity of <150 µm s-1 within a low flow resistance microchannel. The SC-HSF configuration results in a residual velocity of <200 µm s-1 across the three orders-of-magnitude different flow resistance microchannels, and <100 µm s-1 for the low flow resistance channel. It is hypothesized that residual velocity results from compliance in fluidic circuits, which is further investigated by varying the elasticity of microchannel walls and connecting tubing. A numerical model is developed to estimate the expanded volumes of the compliant microchannel and connecting tubings under a pressure gradient and to calculate the distance traveled by the sample fluid. A comparison of the numerically and experimentally obtained traveling distances confirms the hypothesis that the residual velocities are an outcome of the compliance in the fluidic circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Akif Sahin
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Computation, Information and Technology (CIT), Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Muhammad Shehzad
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Computation, Information and Technology (CIT), Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Computation, Information and Technology (CIT), Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
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3
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Yang Y, Vagin SI, Rieger B, Destgeer G. Fabrication of Crescent Shaped Microparticles for Particle Templated Droplet Formation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2300721. [PMID: 38615246 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Crescent-shaped hydrogel microparticles are shown to template uniform volume aqueous droplets upon simple mixing with aqueous and oil media for various bioassays. This emerging "lab on a particle" technique requires hydrogel particles with tunable material properties and dimensions. The crescent shape of the particles is attained by aqueous two-phase separation of polymers followed by photopolymerization of the curable precursor. In this work, the phase separation of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, Mw 700) and dextran (Mw 40 000) for tunable manufacturing of crescent-shaped particles is investigated. The particles' morphology is precisely tuned by following a phase diagram, varying the UV intensity, and adjusting the flow rates of various streams. The fabricated particles with variable dimensions encapsulate uniform aqueous droplets upon mixing with an oil phase. The particles are fluorescently labeled with red and blue emitting dyes at variable concentrations to produce six color-coded particles. The blue fluorescent dye shows a moderate response to the pH change. The fluorescently labeled particles are able to tolerate an extremely acidic solution (pH 1) but disintegrate within an extremely basic solution (pH 14). The particle-templated droplets are able to effectively retain the disintegrating particle and the fluorescent signal at pH 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Yang
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, TranslaTUM - Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Sergei I Vagin
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, TranslaTUM - Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, 81675, Munich, Germany
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4
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Shah V, Yang X, Arnheim A, Udani S, Tseng D, Luo Y, Ouyang M, Destgeer G, Garner OB, Koydemir HC, Ozcan A, Di Carlo D. Amphiphilic Particle-Stabilized Nanoliter Droplet Reactors with a Multimodal Portable Reader for Distributive Biomarker Quantification. ACS NANO 2023; 17:19952-19960. [PMID: 37824510 PMCID: PMC10604076 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalization, leveraging microfluidics, enables highly sensitive assays, but the requirement for significant infrastructure for their design, build, and operation limits access. Multimaterial particle-based technologies thermodynamically stabilize monodisperse droplets as individual reaction compartments with simple liquid handling steps, precluding the need for expensive microfluidic equipment. Here, we further improve the accessibility of this lab on a particle technology to resource-limited settings by combining this assay system with a portable multimodal reader, thus enabling nanoliter droplet assays in an accessible platform. We show the utility of this platform in measuring N-terminal propeptide B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a heart failure biomarker, in complex medium and patient samples. We report a limit of detection of ∼0.05 ng/mL and a linear response between 0.2 and 2 ng/mL in spiked plasma samples. We also show that, owing to the plurality of measurements per sample, "swarm" sensing acquires better statistical quantitation with a portable reader. Monte Carlo simulations show the increasing capability of this platform to differentiate between negative and positive samples, i.e., below or above the clinical cutoff for acute heart failure (∼0.1 ng/mL), as a function of the number of particles measured. Our platform measurements correlate with gold standard ELISA measurement in cardiac patient samples, and achieve lower variation in measurement across samples compared to the standard well plate-based ELISA. Thus, we show the capabilities of a cost-effective droplet-reader system in accurately measuring biomarkers in nanoliter droplets for diseases that disproportionately affect underserved communities in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwesh Shah
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California
- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xilin Yang
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Alyssa Arnheim
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California
- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Shreya Udani
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California
- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Derek Tseng
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yi Luo
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mengxing Ouyang
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California
- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Technical University
of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Omai B. Garner
- Department
of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University
of California - Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hatice C. Koydemir
- Center
for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
Nanosystems Institute (CNSI), University
of California - Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California
- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
Nanosystems Institute (CNSI), University
of California - Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
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5
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Aubry G, Lee HJ, Lu H. Advances in Microfluidics: Technical Innovations and Applications in Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:444-467. [PMID: 36625114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Aubry
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hyun Jee Lee
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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6
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Sahin MA, Werner H, Udani S, Di Carlo D, Destgeer G. Flow lithography for structured microparticles: fundamentals, methods and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4007-4042. [PMID: 35920614 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00421f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Structured microparticles, with unique shapes, customizable sizes, multiple materials, and spatially-defined chemistries, are leading the way for emerging 'lab on a particle' technologies. These microparticles with engineered designs find applications in multiplexed diagnostics, drug delivery, single-cell secretion assays, single-molecule detection assays, high throughput cytometry, micro-robotics, self-assembly, and tissue engineering. In this article we review state-of-the-art particle manufacturing technologies based on flow-assisted photolithography performed inside microfluidic channels. Important physicochemical concepts are discussed to provide a basis for understanding the fabrication technologies. These photolithography technologies are compared based on the structural as well as compositional complexity of the fabricated particles. Particles are categorized, from 1D to 3D particles, based on the number of dimensions that can be independently controlled during the fabrication process. After discussing the advantages of the individual techniques, important applications of the fabricated particles are reviewed. Lastly, a future perspective is provided with potential directions to improve the throughput of particle fabrication, realize new particle shapes, measure particles in an automated manner, and adopt the 'lab on a particle' technologies to other areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Akif Sahin
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Helen Werner
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, Munich 81675, Germany.
| | - Shreya Udani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Control and Manipulation of Microscale Living Objects, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Einsteinstraße 25, Munich 81675, Germany.
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7
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Ultrahigh efficient emulsification with drag-reducing liquid gating interfacial behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206462119. [PMID: 35858305 PMCID: PMC9304007 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206462119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Emulsification is a crucial technique for mixing immiscible liquids into droplets in numerous areas ranging from food to medicine to chemical synthesis. Commercial emulsification methods are promising for high production, but suffer from high energy input. Here, we report a very simple and scalable emulsification method that employs the drag-reducing liquid gating structure to create a smooth liquid-liquid interface for the reduction of resistance and tunable generation of droplets with good uniformity. Theoretical modeling and experimental results demonstrate that our method exhibits ultrahigh efficiency, which can reach up to more than 4 orders of magnitude greater energy-saving compared to commercial methods. For temperature-sensitive biological components, such as enzymes, proteins, and bacteria, it can offer a comfortable environment to avoid exposure to high temperatures during emulsifying, and the interface also enables the suppression of fouling. This unique drag-reducing liquid gating interfacial emulsification mechanism promotes the efficiency of droplet generation and provides fresh insight into the innovation of emulsifications that can be applied in many fields, including the food industry, the daily chemical industry, biomedicine, material fabrication, the petrochemical industry, and beyond.
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8
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de Rutte J, Dimatteo R, Archang MM, van Zee M, Koo D, Lee S, Sharrow AC, Krohl PJ, Mellody M, Zhu S, Eichenbaum JV, Kizerwetter M, Udani S, Ha K, Willson RC, Bertozzi AL, Spangler J, Damoiseaux R, Di Carlo D. Suspendable Hydrogel Nanovials for Massively Parallel Single-Cell Functional Analysis and Sorting. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7242-7257. [PMID: 35324146 PMCID: PMC9869715 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Techniques to analyze and sort single cells based on functional outputs, such as secreted products, have the potential to transform our understanding of cellular biology as well as accelerate the development of next-generation cell and antibody therapies. However, secreted molecules rapidly diffuse away from cells, and analysis of these products requires specialized equipment and expertise to compartmentalize individual cells and capture their secretions. Herein, we describe methods to fabricate hydrogel-based chemically functionalized microcontainers, which we call nanovials, and demonstrate their use for sorting single viable cells based on their secreted products at high-throughput using only commonly accessible laboratory infrastructure. These nanovials act as solid supports that facilitate attachment of a variety of adherent and suspension cell types, partition uniform aqueous compartments, and capture secreted proteins. Solutions can be exchanged around nanovials to perform fluorescence immunoassays on secreted proteins. Using this platform and commercial flow sorters, we demonstrate high-throughput screening of stably and transiently transfected producer cells based on relative IgG production. Chinese hamster ovary cells sorted based on IgG production regrew and maintained a high secretion phenotype over at least a week, yielding >40% increase in bulk IgG production rates. We also sorted hybridomas and B lymphocytes based on antigen-specific antibody production. Hybridoma cells secreting an antihen egg lysozyme antibody were recovered from background cells, enriching a population of ∼4% prevalence to >90% following sorting. Leveraging the high-speed sorting capabilities of standard sorters, we sorted >1 million events in <1 h. IgG secreting mouse B cells were also sorted and enriched based on antigen-specific binding. Successful sorting of antibody-secreting B cells combined with the ability to perform single-cell RT-PCR to recover sequence information suggests the potential to perform antibody discovery workflows. The reported nanovials can be easily stored and distributed among researchers, democratizing access to high-throughput functional cell screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph de Rutte
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Partillion Bioscience Corporation, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert Dimatteo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maani M. Archang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark van Zee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Doyeon Koo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sohyung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Allison C. Sharrow
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Patrick J. Krohl
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Michael Mellody
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sheldon Zhu
- Partillion Bioscience Corporation, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - James V. Eichenbaum
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Monika Kizerwetter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Shreya Udani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kyung Ha
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard C. Willson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Andrea L. Bertozzi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jamie Spangler
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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9
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Hou J, Xu HN, Wang L, Zhang L. Droplet Dispersion States of Cyclodextrin-Based Emulsions from Nonlinear Rheological Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:4599-4605. [PMID: 35380852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are desirable to improve emulsion stability by stuffing them into the continuous phase. How to get information on the droplet dispersion states of the emulsions remains a challenge, as the emulsion characteristics are dictated by two intertwining components, the polymer matrix and the droplets. Herein, we use an amphiphilic polymer, gum arabic (GA), to mediate the droplet flocculation of cyclodextrin (CD)-based emulsions and compare them with our previous studies on the stabilization of CD-based emulsions by a nonamphiphilic polymer, methylcellulose (MC). We characterize the emulsions by using optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and laser particle analysis, explore their rheological behavior through large-amplitude oscillatory shear experiments, and analyze the nonlinear viscoelasticities through Fourier transform (FT)-rheology and Lissajous-Bowditch plots. There is a great difference between GA and MC in the viscosity effect and the arrangement around emulsion droplets. GA is not an effective flocculation inhibitor due to a bridging flocculation mechanism rather than a direct viscosity effect. Our analysis highlights the role of the intrinsic nonlinearity parameter (Q0) extracted by FT analysis in reflecting the droplet dispersion states of the emulsions by decoupling structural contributions from the polymers and the emulsion droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Neng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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10
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de Rutte J, Dimatteo R, Zhu S, Archang MM, Di Carlo D. Sorting single-cell microcarriers using commercial flow cytometers. SLAS Technol 2022; 27:150-159. [PMID: 35058209 PMCID: PMC9018595 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The scale of biological discovery is driven by the vessels in which we can perform assays and analyze results, from multi-well plates to microfluidic compartments. We report on the compatibility of sub-nanoliter single-cell containers or "nanovials" with commercial fluorescence activated cell sorters (FACS). This recent lab on a particle approach utilizes 3D structured microparticles to isolate cells and perform single-cell assays at scale with existing lab equipment. Use of flow cytometry led to detection of fluorescently labeled protein with dynamic ranges spanning 2-3 log and detection limits down to ∼10,000 molecules per nanovial, which was the lowest amount tested. Detection limits were improved compared to fluorescence microscopy measurements using a 20X objective and a cooled CMOS camera. Nanovials with diameters between 35-85 µm could also be sorted with purity from 99-93% on different commercial instruments at throughputs up to 800 events/second. Cell-loaded nanovials were found to have unique forward and side (or back) scatter signatures that enabled gating of cell-containing nanovials using scatter metrics alone. The compatibility of nanovials with widely-available commercial FACS instruments promises to democratize single-cell assays used in discovery of antibodies and cell therapies, by enabling analysis of single cells based on secreted products and leveraging the unmatched analytical capabilities of flow cytometers to sort important clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph de Rutte
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Partillion Bioscience Corporation, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Robert Dimatteo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Sheldon Zhu
- Partillion Bioscience Corporation, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maani M Archang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, United States; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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11
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Lee S, de Rutte J, Dimatteo R, Koo D, Di Carlo D. Scalable Fabrication and Use of 3D Structured Microparticles Spatially Functionalized with Biomolecules. ACS NANO 2022; 16:38-49. [PMID: 34846855 PMCID: PMC10874522 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microparticles with defined shapes and spatial chemical modification can interface with cells and tissues at the cellular scale. However, conventional methods to fabricate shaped microparticles have trade-offs between the throughput of manufacture and the precision of particle shape and chemical functionalization. Here, we achieved scalable production of hydrogel microparticles at rates of greater than 40 million/hour with localized surface chemistry using a parallelized step emulsification device and temperature-induced phase-separation. The approach harnesses a polymerizable polyethylene glycol (PEG) and gelatin aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) which conditionally phase separates within microfluidically generated droplets. Following droplet formation, phase separation is induced and phase separated droplets are subsequently cross-linked to form uniform crescent and hollow shell particles with gelatin functionalization on the boundary of the cavity. The gelatin localization enabled deterministic cell loading in subnanoliter-sized crescent-shaped particles, which we refer to as nanovials, with cavity dimensions tuned to the size of cells. Loading on nanovials also imparted improved cell viability during analysis and sorting using standard fluorescence activated cell sorters, presumably by protecting cells from shear stress. This localization effect was further exploited to selectively functionalize capture antibodies to nanovial cavities enabling single-cell secretion assays with reduced cross-talk in a simplified format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyung Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph de Rutte
- Partillion Bioscience, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Robert Dimatteo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Doyeon Koo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California- Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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12
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High-throughput selection of cells based on accumulated growth and division using PicoShell particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2109430119. [PMID: 35046027 PMCID: PMC8794849 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109430119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of high-energy lipids by microalgae may provide a sustainable energy source that can help tackle climate change. However, microalgae engineered to produce more lipids usually grow slowly, leading to reduced overall yields. Unfortunately, culture vessels used to select cells based on growth while maintaining high biomass production, such as well plates, water-in-oil droplet emulsions, and nanowell arrays, do not provide production-relevant environments that cells experience in scaled-up cultures (e.g., bioreactors or outdoor cultivation farms). As a result, strains that are developed in the laboratory may not exhibit the same beneficial phenotypic behavior when transferred to industrial production. Here, we introduce PicoShells, picoliter-scale porous hydrogel compartments, that enable >100,000 individual cells to be compartmentalized, cultured in production-relevant environments, and selected based on growth and bioproduct accumulation traits using standard flow cytometers. PicoShells consist of a hollow inner cavity where cells are encapsulated and a porous outer shell that allows for continuous solution exchange with the external environment. PicoShells allow for cell growth directly in culture environments, such as shaking flasks and bioreactors. We experimentally demonstrate that Chlorella sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Chinese hamster ovary cells, used for bioproduction, grow to significantly larger colony sizes in PicoShells than in water-in-oil droplet emulsions (P < 0.05). We also demonstrate that PicoShells containing faster dividing and growing Chlorella clonal colonies can be selected using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter and regrown. Using the PicoShell process, we select a Chlorella population that accumulates chlorophyll 8% faster than does an unselected population after a single selection cycle.
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13
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Miwa H, Dimatteo R, de Rutte J, Ghosh R, Di Carlo D. Single-cell sorting based on secreted products for functionally defined cell therapies. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:84. [PMID: 35874174 PMCID: PMC9303846 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapies have emerged as a promising new class of "living" therapeutics over the last decade and have been particularly successful for treating hematological malignancies. Increasingly, cellular therapeutics are being developed with the aim of treating almost any disease, from solid tumors and autoimmune disorders to fibrosis, neurodegenerative disorders and even aging itself. However, their therapeutic potential has remained limited due to the fundamental differences in how molecular and cellular therapies function. While the structure of a molecular therapeutic is directly linked to biological function, cells with the same genetic blueprint can have vastly different functional properties (e.g., secretion, proliferation, cell killing, migration). Although there exists a vast array of analytical and preparative separation approaches for molecules, the functional differences among cells are exacerbated by a lack of functional potency-based sorting approaches. In this context, we describe the need for next-generation single-cell profiling microtechnologies that allow the direct evaluation and sorting of single cells based on functional properties, with a focus on secreted molecules, which are critical for the in vivo efficacy of current cell therapies. We first define three critical processes for single-cell secretion-based profiling technology: (1) partitioning individual cells into uniform compartments; (2) accumulating secretions and labeling via reporter molecules; and (3) measuring the signal associated with the reporter and, if sorting, triggering a sorting event based on these reporter signals. We summarize recent academic and commercial technologies for functional single-cell analysis in addition to sorting and industrial applications of these technologies. These approaches fall into three categories: microchamber, microfluidic droplet, and lab-on-a-particle technologies. Finally, we outline a number of unmet needs in terms of the discovery, design and manufacturing of cellular therapeutics and how the next generation of single-cell functional screening technologies could allow the realization of robust cellular therapeutics for all patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Miwa
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Robert Dimatteo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Joseph de Rutte
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Partillion Bioscience, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Rajesh Ghosh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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14
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Amirifar L, Besanjideh M, Nasiri R, Shamloo A, Nasrollahi F, de Barros NR, Davoodi E, Erdem A, Mahmoodi M, Hosseini V, Montazerian H, Jahangiry J, Darabi MA, Haghniaz R, Dokmeci MR, Annabi N, Ahadian S, Khademhosseini A. Droplet-based microfluidics in biomedical applications. Biofabrication 2021; 14. [PMID: 34781274 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac39a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidic systems have been employed to manipulate discrete fluid volumes with immiscible phases. Creating the fluid droplets at microscale has led to a paradigm shift in mixing, sorting, encapsulation, sensing, and designing high throughput devices for biomedical applications. Droplet microfluidics has opened many opportunities in microparticle synthesis, molecular detection, diagnostics, drug delivery, and cell biology. In the present review, we first introduce standard methods for droplet generation (i.e., passive and active methods) and discuss the latest examples of emulsification and particle synthesis approaches enabled by microfluidic platforms. Then, the applications of droplet-based microfluidics in different biomedical applications are detailed. Finally, a general overview of the latest trends along with the perspectives and future potentials in the field are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Amirifar
- Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mohsen Besanjideh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Tehran, 11365-11155, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | | | - Natan Roberto de Barros
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
| | - Elham Davoodi
- Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, UNITED STATES
| | - Ahmet Erdem
- Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Vahid Hosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, UNITED STATES
| | - Jamileh Jahangiry
- University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90095, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Chemical Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, UNITED STATES
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI), Los Angeles, Los Angeles, 90024, UNITED STATES
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15
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Wang Y, Shah V, Lu A, Pachler E, Cheng B, Di Carlo D. Counting of enzymatically amplified affinity reactions in hydrogel particle-templated drops. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3438-3448. [PMID: 34378611 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00344e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Counting of numerous compartmentalized enzymatic reactions underlies quantitative and high sensitivity immunodiagnostic assays. However, digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) require specialized instruments which have slowed adoption in research and clinical labs. We present a lab-on-a-particle solution to digital counting of thousands of single enzymatic reactions. Hydrogel particles are used to bind enzymes and template the formation of droplets that compartmentalize reactions with simple pipetting steps. These hydrogel particles can be made at a high throughput, stored, and used during the assay to create ∼500 000 compartments within 2 minutes. These particles can also be dried and rehydrated with sample, amplifying the sensitivity of the assay by driving affinity interactions on the hydrogel surface. We demonstrate digital counting of β-galactosidase enzyme at a femtomolar detection limit with a dynamic range of 3 orders of magnitude using standard benchtop equipment and experiment techniques. This approach can faciliate the development of digital ELISAs with reduced need for specialized microfluidic devices, instruments, or imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilian Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Vishwesh Shah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Angela Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ella Pachler
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Brian Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Du RS, Liu L, Ng S, Sambandam S, Hernandez Adame B, Perez H, Ha K, Falcon C, de Rutte J, Di Carlo D, Bertozzi AL. Statistical energy minimization theory for systems of drop-carrier particles. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:015109. [PMID: 34412304 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.015109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Drop-carrier particles (DCPs) are solid microparticles designed to capture uniform microscale drops of a target solution without using costly microfluidic equipment and techniques. DCPs are useful for automated and high-throughput biological assays and reactions, as well as single-cell analyses. Surface energy minimization provides a theoretical prediction for the volume distribution in pairwise droplet splitting, showing good agreement with macroscale experiments. We develop a probabilistic pairwise interaction model for a system of such DCPs exchanging fluid volume to minimize surface energy. This leads to a theory for the number of pairwise interactions of DCPs needed to reach a uniform volume distribution. Heterogeneous mixtures of DCPs with different sized particles require fewer interactions to reach a minimum energy distribution for the system. We optimize the DCP geometry for minimal required target solution and uniformity in droplet volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Shijie Du
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lily Liu
- Department of Mathematics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Simon Ng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sneha Sambandam
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Hansell Perez
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Kyung Ha
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Claudia Falcon
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Joseph de Rutte
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrea L Bertozzi
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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17
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Liu Y, Xu H, Li T, Wang W. Microtechnology-enabled filtration-based liquid biopsy: challenges and practical considerations. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:994-1015. [PMID: 33710188 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01101k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy, an important enabling technology for early diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of cancer, has drawn extensive attention in the past decade. With the rapid developments of microtechnology, it has been possible to manipulate cells at the single-cell level, which dramatically improves the liquid biopsy capability. As the microtechnology-enabled liquid biopsy matures from proof-of-concept demonstrations towards practical applications, a main challenge it is facing now is to process clinical samples which are usually of a large volume while containing very rare targeted cells in complex backgrounds. Therefore, a high-throughput liquid biopsy which is capable of processing liquid samples with a large volume in a reasonable time along with a high recovery rate of rare targeted cells from complex clinical liquids is in high demand. Moreover, the purity, viability and release feasibility of recovered targeted cells are the other three key impact factors requiring careful considerations. To date, among the developed techniques, micropore-type filtration has been acknowledged as the most promising solution to address the aforementioned challenges in practical applications. However, the presently reported studies about micropore-type filtration are mostly based on trial and error for device designs aiming at different cancer types, which requires lots of efforts. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate and elaborate the fundamental theories of micropore-type filtration and key features that influence the working performances in the liquid biopsy of real clinical samples to promote the application efficacy in practical applications. In this review, the state of the art of microtechnology-enabled filtration is systematically and comprehensively summarized. Four key features of the filtration, including throughput, purity, viability and release feasibility of the captured targeted cells, are elaborated to provide the guidelines for filter designs. The recent progress in the filtration mode modulation and sample standardization to improve the filtration performance of real clinical samples is also discussed. Finally, this review concludes with prospective views for future developments of filtration-based liquid biopsy to promote its application efficacy in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoping Liu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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18
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Zhu Y, Li J, Lin X, Huang X, Hoffmann MR. Single-Cell Phenotypic Analysis and Digital Molecular Detection Linkable by a Hydrogel Bead-Based Platform. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2664-2674. [PMID: 33763633 PMCID: PMC7976597 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell heterogeneity, such as antibiotic heteroresistance and cancer cell heterogeneity, has been increasingly observed. To probe the underlying molecular mechanisms in the dynamically changing heterogeneous cells, a high throughput platform is urgently needed to establish single cell genotype-phenotype correlations. Herein, we report a platform combining single-cell viability phenotypic analysis with digital molecular detection for bacterial cells. The platform utilizes polyethylene glycol hydrogel that cross-links through a thiol-Michael addition, which is biocompatible, fast, and spontaneous. To generate uniform nanoliter-sized hydrogel beads (Gelbeads), we developed a convenient and disposable device made of needles and microcentrifuge tubes. Gelbead-based single cell viability and molecular detection assays were established. Enhanced thermal stability and uncompromised efficiency were achieved for digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) within the Gelbeads. Reagent exchange for in situ PCR following viability phenotypic analyses was demonstrated. The combined analyses may address the genotypic differences between cellular subpopulations exhibiting distinct phenotypes. The platform promises unique perspectives in mechanism elucidation of environment-evolution interaction that may be extended to other cell types for medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhe Zhu
- Linde+Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Linde+Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xingyu Lin
- Linde+Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xiao Huang
- Linde+Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Linde+Robinson Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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19
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Destgeer G, Ouyang M, Di Carlo D. Engineering Design of Concentric Amphiphilic Microparticles for Spontaneous Formation of Picoliter to Nanoliter Droplet Volumes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2317-2326. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Destgeer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mengxing Ouyang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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