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Lunter D, Klang V, Eichner A, Savic SM, Savic S, Lian G, Erdő F. Progress in Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Research-Focus on Nanoformulations. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:817. [PMID: 38931938 PMCID: PMC11207871 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ and a multifunctional interface between the body and its environment. It acts as a barrier against cold, heat, injuries, infections, chemicals, radiations or other exogeneous factors, and it is also known as the mirror of the soul. The skin is involved in body temperature regulation by the storage of fat and water. It is an interesting tissue in regard to the local and transdermal application of active ingredients for prevention or treatment of pathological conditions. Topical and transdermal delivery is an emerging route of drug and cosmetic administration. It is beneficial for avoiding side effects and rapid metabolism. Many pharmaceutical, technological and cosmetic innovations have been described and patented recently in the field. In this review, the main features of skin morphology and physiology are presented and are being followed by the description of classical and novel nanoparticulate dermal and transdermal drug formulations. The biophysical aspects of the penetration of drugs and cosmetics into or across the dermal barrier and their investigation in diffusion chambers, skin-on-a-chip devices, high-throughput measuring systems or with advanced analytical techniques are also shown. The current knowledge about mathematical modeling of skin penetration and the future perspectives are briefly discussed in the end, all also involving nanoparticulated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Victoria Klang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Adina Eichner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany;
- Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (IADP) e.V., 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Sanela M. Savic
- Faculty of Technology in Leskovac, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia;
- R&D Sector, DCP Hemigal, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia
| | - Snezana Savic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Guoping Lian
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
- Unilever R&D Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Butcher TA, Phillips NW, Chiu CC, Wei CC, Ho SZ, Chen YC, Fröjdh E, Baruffaldi F, Carulla M, Zhang J, Bergamaschi A, Vaz CAF, Kleibert A, Finizio S, Yang JC, Huang SW, Raabe J. Ptychographic Nanoscale Imaging of the Magnetoelectric Coupling in Freestanding BiFeO 3. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2311157. [PMID: 38402421 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the magnetic and ferroelectric ordering of magnetoelectric multiferroic materials at the nanoscale necessitates a versatile imaging method with high spatial resolution. Here, soft X-ray ptychography is employed to simultaneously image the ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic domains in an 80 nm thin freestanding film of the room-temperature multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO). The antiferromagnetic spin cycloid of period 64 nm is resolved by reconstructing the corresponding resonant elastic X-ray scattering in real space and visualized together with mosaic-like ferroelectric domains in a linear dichroic contrast image at the Fe L3 edge. The measurements reveal a near perfect coupling between the antiferromagnetic and ferroelectric ordering by which the propagation direction of the spin cycloid is locked orthogonally to the ferroelectric polarization. In addition, the study evinces both a preference for in-plane propagation of the spin cycloid and changes of the ferroelectric polarization by 71° between multiferroic domains in the epitaxial strain-free, freestanding BFO film. The results provide a direct visualization of the strong magnetoelectric coupling in BFO and of its fine multiferroic domain structure, emphasizing the potential of ptychographic imaging for the study of multiferroics and non-collinear magnetic materials with soft X-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim A Butcher
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | | | - Chun-Chien Chiu
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Wei
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Zhu Ho
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Erik Fröjdh
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria Carulla
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jiaguo Zhang
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Jan-Chi Yang
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research & Technology (QFort), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | | | - Jörg Raabe
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
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3
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Eschen W, Liu C, Steinert M, Penagos Molina DS, Siefke T, Zeitner UD, Kasper J, Pertsch T, Limpert J, Rothhardt J. Structured illumination ptychography and at-wavelength characterization with an EUV diffuser at 13.5 nm wavelength. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:3480-3491. [PMID: 38297568 DOI: 10.1364/oe.507715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Structured illumination is essential for high-performance ptychography. Especially in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) range, where reflective optics are prevalent, the generation of structured beams is challenging and, so far, mostly amplitude-only masks have been used. In this study, we generate a highly structured beam using a phase-shifting diffuser optimized for 13.5 nm wavelength and apply this beam to EUV ptychography. This tailored illumination significantly enhances the quality and resolution of the ptychography reconstructions. In particular, when utilizing the full dynamics range of the detector, the resolution has been improved from 125 nm, when using an unstructured beam, to 34 nm. Further, ptychography enables the quantitative measurement of both the amplitude and phase of the EUV diffuser at 13.5 nm wavelength. This capability allows us to evaluate the influence of imperfections and contaminations on its "at wavelength" performance, paving the way for advanced EUV metrology applications and highlighting its importance for future developments in nanolithography and related fields.
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4
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Arsana KGY, Saladino GM, Brodin B, Toprak MS, Hertz HM. Laboratory Liquid-Jet X-ray Microscopy and X-ray Fluorescence Imaging for Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:920. [PMID: 38255992 PMCID: PMC10815599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Diffraction-limited resolution and low penetration depth are fundamental constraints in optical microscopy and in vivo imaging. Recently, liquid-jet X-ray technology has enabled the generation of X-rays with high-power intensities in laboratory settings. By allowing the observation of cellular processes in their natural state, liquid-jet soft X-ray microscopy (SXM) can provide morphological information on living cells without staining. Furthermore, X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI) permits the tracking of contrast agents in vivo with high elemental specificity, going beyond attenuation contrast. In this study, we established a methodology to investigate nanoparticle (NP) interactions in vitro and in vivo, solely based on X-ray imaging. We employed soft (0.5 keV) and hard (24 keV) X-rays for cellular studies and preclinical evaluations, respectively. Our results demonstrated the possibility of localizing NPs in the intracellular environment via SXM and evaluating their biodistribution with in vivo multiplexed XFI. We envisage that laboratory liquid-jet X-ray technology will significantly contribute to advancing our understanding of biological systems in the field of nanomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hans M. Hertz
- Department of Applied Physics, Biomedical and X-ray Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden (G.M.S.)
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5
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Alexiev U, Rühl E. Visualization of Nanocarriers and Drugs in Cells and Tissue. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 284:153-189. [PMID: 37566121 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, the visualization of nanocarriers and drugs in cells and tissue is reviewed. This topic is tightly connected to modern drug delivery, which relies on nanoscopic drug formulation approaches and the ability to probe nanoparticulate systems selectively in cells and tissue using advanced spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. We first give an overview of the breadth of this research field. Then, we mainly focus on topical drug delivery to the skin and discuss selected visualization techniques from spectromicroscopy, such as scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging. These techniques rely on the sensitive and quantitative detection of the topically applied drug delivery systems and active substances, either by exploiting their molecular properties or by introducing environmentally sensitive probes that facilitate their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Alexiev
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Chu M, Jiang Z, Wojcik M, Sun T, Sprung M, Wang J. Probing three-dimensional mesoscopic interfacial structures in a single view using multibeam X-ray coherent surface scattering and holography imaging. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5795. [PMID: 37723143 PMCID: PMC10507109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Visualizing surface-supported and buried planar mesoscale structures, such as nanoelectronics, ultrathin-film quantum dots, photovoltaics, and heterogeneous catalysts, often requires high-resolution X-ray imaging and scattering. Here, we discovered that multibeam scattering in grazing-incident reflection geometry is sensitive to three-dimensional (3D) structures in a single view, which is difficult in conventional scattering or imaging approaches. We developed a 3D finite-element-based multibeam-scattering analysis to decode the heterogeneous electric-field distribution and to faithfully reproduce the complex scattering and surface features. This approach further leads to the demonstration of hard-X-ray Lloyd's mirror interference of scattering waves, resembling dark-field, high-contrast surface holography under the grazing-angle scattering conditions. A first-principles calculation of the single-view holographic images resolves the surface patterns' 3D morphology with nanometer resolutions, which is critical for ultrafine nanocircuit metrology. The holographic method and simulations pave the way for single-shot structural characterization for visualizing irreversible and morphology-transforming physical and chemical processes in situ or operando.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqi Chu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
| | - Zhang Jiang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Michael Wojcik
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Michael Sprung
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jin Wang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
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7
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Zand F, Hangx SJT, Spiers CJ, van den Brink PJ, Burns J, Boebinger MG, Poplawsky JD, Monai M, Weckhuysen BM. Elucidating the Structure and Composition of Individual Bimetallic Nanoparticles in Supported Catalysts by Atom Probe Tomography. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17299-17308. [PMID: 37490556 PMCID: PMC10416302 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the structure and composition of nanoparticles in supported metal catalysts are crucial to improve chemical processes. For this, atom probe tomography (APT) is a unique tool, as it allows for spatially resolved three-dimensional chemical imaging of materials with sub-nanometer resolution. However, thus far APT has not been applied for mesoporous oxide-supported metal catalyst materials, due to the size and number of pores resulting in sample fracture during experiments. To overcome these issues, we developed a high-pressure resin impregnation strategy and showcased the applicability to high-porous supported Pd-Ni-based catalyst materials, which are active in CO2 hydrogenation. Within the reconstructed volume of 3 × 105 nm3, we identified over 400 Pd-Ni clusters, with compositions ranging from 0 to 16 atom % Pd and a size distribution of 2.6 ± 1.6 nm. These results illustrate that APT is capable of quantitatively assessing the size, composition, and metal distribution for a large number of nanoparticles at the sub-nm scale in industrial catalysts. Furthermore, we showcase that metal segregation occurred predominately between nanoparticles, shedding light on the mechanism of metal segregation. We envision that the presented methodology expands the capabilities of APT to investigate porous functional nanomaterials, including but not limited to solid catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Zand
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular
Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne J. T. Hangx
- High
Pressure and Temperature Laboratory, Utrecht
University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher J. Spiers
- High
Pressure and Temperature Laboratory, Utrecht
University, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - James Burns
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Matthew G. Boebinger
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Poplawsky
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Matteo Monai
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular
Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic
Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Institute for Sustainable and Circular
Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Lu H, Odstrčil M, Pooley C, Biller J, Mebonia M, He G, Praeger M, Juschkin L, Frey J, Brocklesby W. Characterisation of engineered defects in extreme ultraviolet mirror substrates using lab-scale extreme ultraviolet reflection ptychography. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 249:113720. [PMID: 37004492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Ptychography is a lensless imaging technique that is aberration-free and capable of imaging both the amplitude and the phase of radiation reflected or transmitted from an object using iterative algorithms. Working with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light, ptychography can provide better resolution than conventional optical microscopy and deeper penetration than scanning electron microscope. As a compact lab-scale EUV light sources, high harmonic generation meets the high coherence requirement of ptychography and gives more flexibilities in both budget and experimental time compared to synchrotrons. The ability to measure phase makes reflection-mode ptychography a good choice for characterising both the surface topography and the internal structural changes in EUV multilayer mirrors. This paper describes the use of reflection-mode ptychography with a lab-scale high harmonic generation based EUV light source to perform quantitative measurement of the amplitude and phase reflection from EUV multilayer mirrors with engineered substrate defects. Using EUV light at 29.6nm from a tabletop high harmonic generation light source, a lateral resolution down to ∼88nm and a phase resolution of 0.08rad (equivalent to topographic height variation of 0.27nm) are achieved. The effect of surface distortion and roughness on EUV reflectivity is compared to topographic properties of the mirror defects measured using both atomic force microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Modelling of reflection properties from multilayer mirrors is used to predict the potential of a combination of on-resonance, actinic ptychographic imaging at 13.5nm and atomic force microscopy for characterising the changes in multilayered structures.
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9
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Rana A, Liao CT, Iacocca E, Zou J, Pham M, Lu X, Subramanian EEC, Lo YH, Ryan SA, Bevis CS, Karl RM, Glaid AJ, Rable J, Mahale P, Hirst J, Ostler T, Liu W, O'Leary CM, Yu YS, Bustillo K, Ohldag H, Shapiro DA, Yazdi S, Mallouk TE, Osher SJ, Kapteyn HC, Crespi VH, Badding JV, Tserkovnyak Y, Murnane MM, Miao J. Three-dimensional topological magnetic monopoles and their interactions in a ferromagnetic meta-lattice. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 18:227-232. [PMID: 36690739 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Topological magnetic monopoles (TMMs), also known as hedgehogs or Bloch points, are three-dimensional (3D) non-local spin textures that are robust to thermal and quantum fluctuations due to the topology protection1-4. Although TMMs have been observed in skyrmion lattices1,5, spinor Bose-Einstein condensates6,7, chiral magnets8, vortex rings2,9 and vortex cores10, it has been difficult to directly measure the 3D magnetization vector field of TMMs and probe their interactions at the nanoscale. Here we report the creation of 138 stable TMMs at the specific sites of a ferromagnetic meta-lattice at room temperature. We further develop soft X-ray vector ptycho-tomography to determine the magnetization vector and emergent magnetic field of the TMMs with a 3D spatial resolution of 10 nm. This spatial resolution is comparable to the magnetic exchange length of transition metals11, enabling us to probe monopole-monopole interactions. We find that the TMM and anti-TMM pairs are separated by 18.3 ± 1.6 nm, while the TMM and TMM, and anti-TMM and anti-TMM pairs are stabilized at comparatively longer distances of 36.1 ± 2.4 nm and 43.1 ± 2.0 nm, respectively. We also observe virtual TMMs created by magnetic voids in the meta-lattice. This work demonstrates that ferromagnetic meta-lattices could be used as a platform to create and investigate the interactions and dynamics of TMMs. Furthermore, we expect that soft X-ray vector ptycho-tomography can be broadly applied to quantitatively image 3D vector fields in magnetic and anisotropic materials at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Rana
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chen-Ting Liao
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ezio Iacocca
- Department of Mathematics, Physics, and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Nanostructures, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Ji Zou
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Minh Pham
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xingyuan Lu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Emma-Elizabeth Cating Subramanian
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yuan Hung Lo
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sinéad A Ryan
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Charles S Bevis
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Robert M Karl
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew J Glaid
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rable
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Pratibha Mahale
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel Hirst
- Materials and Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Thomas Ostler
- Materials and Engineering Research Institute, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - William Liu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Colum M O'Leary
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Young-Sang Yu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Karen Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hendrik Ohldag
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David A Shapiro
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sadegh Yazdi
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stanley J Osher
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Vincent H Crespi
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - John V Badding
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tserkovnyak
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics & Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- STROBE Science and Technology Center, University of Colorado and NIST, Boulder, CO, USA.
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10
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Black AP, Sorrentino A, Fauth F, Yousef I, Simonelli L, Frontera C, Ponrouch A, Tonti D, Palacín MR. Synchrotron radiation based operando characterization of battery materials. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1641-1665. [PMID: 36819848 PMCID: PMC9931056 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04397a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchrotron radiation based techniques are powerful tools for battery research and allow probing a wide range of length scales, with different depth sensitivities and spatial/temporal resolutions. Operando experiments enable characterization during functioning of the cell and are thus a precious tool to elucidate the reaction mechanisms taking place. In this perspective, the current state of the art for the most relevant techniques (scattering, spectroscopy, and imaging) is discussed together with the bottlenecks to address, either specific for application in the battery field or more generic. The former includes the improvement of cell designs, multi-modal characterization and development of protocols for automated or at least semi-automated data analysis to quickly process the huge amount of data resulting from operando experiments. Given the recent evolution in these areas, accelerated progress is expected in the years to come, which should in turn foster battery performance improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Black
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - François Fauth
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Ibraheem Yousef
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Laura Simonelli
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia Spain
| | - Carlos Frontera
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - Alexandre Ponrouch
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - Dino Tonti
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
| | - M Rosa Palacín
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
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11
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Holler M, Aidukas T, Heller L, Appel C, Phillips NW, Müller-Gubler E, Guizar-Sicairos M, Raabe J, Ihli J. Environmental control for X-ray nanotomography. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2022; 29:1223-1231. [PMID: 36073881 PMCID: PMC9455200 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522006968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition speed and spatial resolution of X-ray nanotomography have continuously improved over the last decades. Coherent diffraction-based techniques breach the 10 nm resolution barrier frequently and thus pose stringent demands on sample positioning accuracy and stability. At the same time there is an increasing desire to accommodate in situ or operando measurements. Here, an environmental control system for X-ray nanotomography is introduced to regulate the temperature of a sample from room temperature up to 850°C in a controlled atmospheric composition. The system allows for a 360° sample rotation, permitting tomographic studies in situ or operando free of missing wedge constraints. The system is implemented and available at the flOMNI microscope at the Swiss Light Source. In addition to the environmental control system itself, the related modifications of flOMNI are described. Tomographic measurements of a nanoporous gold sample at 50°C and 600°C at a resolution of sub-20 nm demonstrate the performance of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Aargau 5232, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Aidukas
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Aargau 5232, Switzerland
| | - Lars Heller
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Aargau 5232, Switzerland
| | - Christian Appel
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Aargau 5232, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas W. Phillips
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Aargau 5232, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jörg Raabe
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Aargau 5232, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Ihli
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI, Aargau 5232, Switzerland
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12
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Ishiguro N, Takahashi Y. Method for restoration of X-ray absorption fine structure in sparse spectroscopic ptychography. J Appl Crystallogr 2022. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722006380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectroscopic ptychography method, a technique combining X-ray ptychography imaging and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, is one of the most promising and powerful tools for studying the chemical states and morphological structures of bulk materials at high resolutions. However, this technique still requires long measurement periods because of insufficient coherent X-ray intensity. Although the improvements in hardware represent a critical solution, breakthroughs in software for experiments and analyses are also required. This paper proposes a novel method for restoring the spectrum structures from spectroscopic ptychography measurements with reduced energy points, by utilizing the Kramers–Kronig relationship. First, a numerical simulation is performed of the spectrum restoration for the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) oscillation from the thinned theoretical absorption and phase spectra. Then, this algorithm is extended by binning the noise removal to handle actual experimental spectral data. Spectrum restoration for the experimental EXAFS data obtained from spectroscopic ptychography measurements is also successfully demonstrated. The proposed restoration will help shorten the time required for spectroscopic ptychography single measurements and increase the throughput of the entire experiment under limited time resources.
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13
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Zhang C, Shahcheraghi L, Ismail F, Eraky H, Yuan H, Hitchcock AP, Higgins D. Chemical Structure and Distribution in Nickel–Nitrogen–Carbon Catalysts for CO 2 Electroreduction Identified by Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy. ACS Catal 2022; 12:8746-8760. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Zhang
- Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
- Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Ladan Shahcheraghi
- Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Fatma Ismail
- Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Haytham Eraky
- Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Hao Yuan
- Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Adam P. Hitchcock
- Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Drew Higgins
- Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
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14
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Zhao J, Xu W, Yi J, Wang B, Zhang F. Extended coherent modulation imaging for single-shot object retrieval free from illumination artifacts. Ultramicroscopy 2022; 240:113591. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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15
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Wu X, Guo Z, Zhu S, Zhang B, Guo S, Dong X, Mei L, Liu R, Su C, Gu Z. Ultrathin, Transparent, and High Density Perovskite Scintillator Film for High Resolution X-Ray Microscopic Imaging. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200831. [PMID: 35478488 PMCID: PMC9189653 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic perovskite quantum dots CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, and I) has recently received extensive attention as a new promising class of X-ray scintillators. However, relatively low light yield (LY) of CsPbX3 and strong optical scattering of the thick opaque scintillator film restrict their practical applications for high-resolution X-ray microscopic imaging. Here, the Ce3+ ion doped CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (NCs) with enhanced LY and stability are obtained and then the ultrathin (30 µm) and transparent scintillator films with high density are prepared by a suction filtration method. The small amount Ce3+ dopant greatly enhances the LY of CsPbBr3 NCs (about 33 000 photons per MeV), which is much higher than that of bare CsPbBr3 NCs. Moreover, the scintillator films made by these NCs with high density realize a high spatial resolution of 862 nm thanks to its thin and transparent feature, which is so far a record resolution for perovskite scintillator-based X-ray microscopic imaging. This strategy not only provides a simple way to increase the resolution down to nanoscale but also extends the application of as-prepared CsPbBr3 scintillator for high resolution X-ray microscopic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- College of Mechanical and Electronic EngineeringShandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266590China
| | - Zhao Guo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Research in Cancer and Neurodegenerative DiseasesInstitute for Translational MedicineThe School of Basic Medical SciencesFujian Medical UniversityFuzhou350122China
| | - Shuang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringCollege of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation FacilityInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Sumin Guo
- College of Mechanical and Electronic EngineeringShandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266590China
| | - Xinghua Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Linqiang Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringCollege of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Ruixue Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Chunjian Su
- College of Mechanical and Electronic EngineeringShandong University of Science and TechnologyQingdao266590China
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceInstitute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringCollege of Materials Science and Optoelectronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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16
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Eschen W, Loetgering L, Schuster V, Klas R, Kirsche A, Berthold L, Steinert M, Pertsch T, Gross H, Krause M, Limpert J, Rothhardt J. Material-specific high-resolution table-top extreme ultraviolet microscopy. LIGHT: SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:117. [PMID: 35487910 PMCID: PMC9054792 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMicroscopy with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation holds promise for high-resolution imaging with excellent material contrast, due to the short wavelength and numerous element-specific absorption edges available in this spectral range. At the same time, EUV radiation has significantly larger penetration depths than electrons. It thus enables a nano-scale view into complex three-dimensional structures that are important for material science, semiconductor metrology, and next-generation nano-devices. Here, we present high-resolution and material-specific microscopy at 13.5 nm wavelength. We combine a highly stable, high photon-flux, table-top EUV source with an interferometrically stabilized ptychography setup. By utilizing structured EUV illumination, we overcome the limitations of conventional EUV focusing optics and demonstrate high-resolution microscopy at a half-pitch lateral resolution of 16 nm. Moreover, we propose mixed-state orthogonal probe relaxation ptychography, enabling robust phase-contrast imaging over wide fields of view and long acquisition times. In this way, the complex transmission of an integrated circuit is precisely reconstructed, allowing for the classification of the material composition of mesoscopic semiconductor systems.
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17
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Abstract
X-ray spectroptychography is an emerging method for the chemical microanalysis of advanced nanomaterials such as catalysts and batteries. This method builds upon established synchrotron X-ray microscopy and spectromicroscopy techniques with added spatial resolution from ptychography, an algorithmic imaging technique. This minireview will introduce the technique of X-ray spectroptychography, where ptychography is performed with variable photon energy, and discuss recent results and prospects for this method.
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18
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Suzuki-Sakamaki M, Amemiya K. Three-dimensional chemical-state imaging with reflection-mode soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:123702. [PMID: 34972431 DOI: 10.1063/5.0069096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a method for reflection-mode soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy was developed to realize three-dimensional chemical-state imaging. Soft x rays from a pinhole were reflected by the sample, and the magnified image was observed with a two-dimensional detector. This technique was applied to a Co film with an Au-island-covered surface to obtain the surface chemical state images with a spatial resolution of several tens of micrometers. Furthermore, the soft x-ray reflection spectra within and outside the Au layer were extracted from the images by changing the photon energy. Distinct differences were observed at the Co absorption edge. By considering anomalous x-ray scattering around the Co L-edges in the simulation, the reflection spectrum near the absorption edge in the nm depth resolution was reproduced. In the region without the Au layer, the results were well reproduced, assuming that 4 nm CoO was formed at the surface. These results demonstrate the feasibility of three-dimensional imaging of the chemical states in multilayer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suzuki-Sakamaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - K Amemiya
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
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19
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Abe M, Kaneko F, Ishiguro N, Kudo T, Matsumoto T, Hatsui T, Tamenori Y, Kishimoto H, Takahashi Y. Development and application of a tender X-ray ptychographic coherent diffraction imaging system on BL27SU at SPring-8. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1610-1615. [PMID: 34475307 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521006263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ptychographic coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) allows the visualization of both the structure and chemical state of materials on the nanoscale, and has been developed for use in the soft and hard X-ray regions. In this study, a ptychographic CDI system with pinhole or Fresnel zone-plate optics for use in the tender X-ray region (2-5 keV) was developed on beamline BL27SU at SPring-8, in which high-precision pinholes optimized for the tender energy range were used to obtain diffraction intensity patterns with a low background, and a temperature stabilization system was developed to reduce the drift of the sample position. A ptychography measurement of a 200 nm thick tantalum test chart was performed at an incident X-ray energy of 2.500 keV, and the phase image of the test chart was successfully reconstructed with approximately 50 nm resolution. As an application to practical materials, a sulfur polymer material was measured in the range of 2.465 to 2.500 keV including the sulfur K absorption edge, and the phase and absorption images were successfully reconstructed and the nanoscale absorption/phase spectra were derived from images at multiple energies. In 3 GeV synchrotron radiation facilities with a low-emittance storage ring, the use of the present system will allow the visualization on the nanoscale of the chemical states of various light elements that play important roles in materials science, biology and environmental science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Abe
- Department of Metallurgy, Materials Science and Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 02, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Fusae Kaneko
- Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd., 2-1-1 Tsutsui, Chuo, Kobe, Hyogo 651-0071, Japan
| | - Nozomu Ishiguro
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Togo Kudo
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsumoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Takaki Hatsui
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tamenori
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Kouto 1-1-1, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishimoto
- Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd., 2-1-1 Tsutsui, Chuo, Kobe, Hyogo 651-0071, Japan
| | - Yukio Takahashi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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20
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Uematsu H, Ishiguro N, Abe M, Takazawa S, Kang J, Hosono E, Nguyen ND, Dam HC, Okubo M, Takahashi Y. Visualization of Structural Heterogeneities in Particles of Lithium Nickel Manganese Oxide Cathode Materials by Ptychographic X-ray Absorption Fine Structure. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5781-5788. [PMID: 34137620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A heterogeneous phase/structure distribution in the bulk of spinel lithium nickel manganese oxides (LNMOs) is the key to maximizing the performance and stability of the cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries. Herein, we report the use of two-dimensional ptychographic X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) to visualize the density and valence maps of manganese and nickel in as-prepared LNMO particles and unsupervised learning to classify the three-phase group in terms of different elemental compositions and chemical states. The described approach may increase the supply of information for nanoscale characterization and promote the design of suitable structural domains to maximize the performance and stability of batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideshi Uematsu
- Department of Metallurgy, Materials Science and Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-2 Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart (SRIS), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Nozomu Ishiguro
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart (SRIS), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masaki Abe
- Department of Metallurgy, Materials Science and Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-2 Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart (SRIS), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Takazawa
- Department of Metallurgy, Materials Science and Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-2 Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart (SRIS), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Jungmin Kang
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart (SRIS), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Eiji Hosono
- The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Nguyen Duong Nguyen
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Hieu Chi Dam
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Masashi Okubo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yukio Takahashi
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart (SRIS), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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21
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De Andrade V, Nikitin V, Wojcik M, Deriy A, Bean S, Shu D, Mooney T, Peterson K, Kc P, Li K, Ali S, Fezzaa K, Gürsoy D, Arico C, Ouendi S, Troadec D, Simon P, De Carlo F, Lethien C. Fast X-ray Nanotomography with Sub-10 nm Resolution as a Powerful Imaging Tool for Nanotechnology and Energy Storage Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008653. [PMID: 33871108 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, transmission X-ray microscopes (TXMs) have come into operation in most of the synchrotrons worldwide. They have proven to be outstanding tools for non-invasive ex and in situ 3D characterization of materials at the nanoscale across varying range of scientific applications. However, their spatial resolution has not improved in many years, while newly developed functional materials and microdevices with enhanced performances exhibit nanostructures always finer. Here, optomechanical breakthroughs leading to fast 3D tomographic acquisitions (85 min) with sub-10 nm spatial resolution, narrowing the gap between X-ray and electron microscopy, are reported. These new achievements are first validated with 3D characterizations of nanolithography objects corresponding to ultrahigh-aspect-ratio hard X-ray zone plates. Then, this powerful technique is used to investigate the morphology and conformality of nanometer-thick film electrodes synthesized by atomic layer deposition and magnetron sputtering deposition methods on 3D silicon scaffolds for electrochemical energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent De Andrade
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Viktor Nikitin
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Michael Wojcik
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Alex Deriy
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Sunil Bean
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Deming Shu
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Tim Mooney
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Kevin Peterson
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Prabhat Kc
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Kenan Li
- Applied Physics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Sajid Ali
- Applied Physics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kamel Fezzaa
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Doga Gürsoy
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Cassandra Arico
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, Université de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille Institut, YNCREA-ISEN, Université Polytechnique des Hauts de France UPHF, CNRS UMR 8520-IEMN, Lille, F-59000, France
- Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche et d'Ingénierie des Matériaux (CIRIMAT), CNRS UMR 5085 - Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, 31062, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459, Amiens Cedex, 80039, France
| | - Saliha Ouendi
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, Université de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille Institut, YNCREA-ISEN, Université Polytechnique des Hauts de France UPHF, CNRS UMR 8520-IEMN, Lille, F-59000, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459, Amiens Cedex, 80039, France
| | - David Troadec
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, Université de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille Institut, YNCREA-ISEN, Université Polytechnique des Hauts de France UPHF, CNRS UMR 8520-IEMN, Lille, F-59000, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459, Amiens Cedex, 80039, France
| | - Patrice Simon
- Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche et d'Ingénierie des Matériaux (CIRIMAT), CNRS UMR 5085 - Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, 31062, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459, Amiens Cedex, 80039, France
| | - Francesco De Carlo
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Christophe Lethien
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, Université de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille Institut, YNCREA-ISEN, Université Polytechnique des Hauts de France UPHF, CNRS UMR 8520-IEMN, Lille, F-59000, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR 3459, Amiens Cedex, 80039, France
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22
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Hubbard WA, Lodico JJ, Ling XY, Zutter BT, Yu YS, Shapiro DA, Regan BC. Differential electron yield imaging with STXM. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 222:113198. [PMID: 33482467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Total electron yield (TEY) imaging is an established scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) technique that gives varying contrast based on a sample's geometry, elemental composition, and electrical conductivity. However, the TEY-STXM signal is determined solely by the electrons that the beam ejects from the sample. A related technique, X-ray beam-induced current (XBIC) imaging, is sensitive to electrons and holes independently, but requires electric fields in the sample. Here we report that multi-electrode devices can be wired to produce differential electron yield (DEY) contrast, which is also independently sensitive to electrons and holes, but does not require an electric field. Depending on whether the region illuminated by the focused STXM beam is better connected to one electrode or another, the DEY-STXM contrast changes sign. DEY-STXM images thus provide a vivid map of a device's connectivity landscape, which can be key to understanding device function and failure. To demonstrate an application in the area of failure analysis, we image a 100 nm, lithographically-defined aluminum nanowire that has failed after being stressed with a large current density.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Hubbard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jared J Lodico
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xin Yi Ling
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brian T Zutter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Young-Sang Yu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David A Shapiro
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - B C Regan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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