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Lee C, Kwak SH, Han J, Shin JH, Yoo B, Lee YS, Park JS, Lim BJ, Lee JG, Kim YS, Kim SY, Bae SH. Repositioning of ezetimibe for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2024; 63:2300580. [PMID: 38359963 PMCID: PMC11096666 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00580-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously identified ezetimibe, an inhibitor of Niemann-Pick C1-like intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 and European Medicines Agency-approved lipid-lowering agent, as a potent autophagy activator. However, its efficacy against pulmonary fibrosis has not yet been evaluated. This study aimed to determine whether ezetimibe has therapeutic potential against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Primary lung fibroblasts isolated from both humans and mice were employed for mechanistic in vitro experiments. mRNA sequencing of human lung fibroblasts and gene set enrichment analysis were performed to explore the therapeutic mechanism of ezetimibe. A bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model was used to examine in vivo efficacy of the drug. Tandem fluorescent-tagged microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 transgenic mice were used to measure autophagic flux. Finally, the medical records of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis from three different hospitals were reviewed retrospectively, and analyses on survival and lung function were conducted to determine the benefits of ezetimibe. RESULTS Ezetimibe inhibited myofibroblast differentiation by restoring the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1-autophagy axis with fine control of intracellular cholesterol distribution. Serum response factor, a potential autophagic substrate, was identified as a primary downstream effector in this process. Similarly, ezetimibe ameliorated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice by inhibiting mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 activity and increasing autophagic flux, as observed in mouse lung samples. Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who regularly used ezetimibe showed decreased rates of all-cause mortality and lung function decline. CONCLUSION Our study presents ezetimibe as a potential novel therapeutic for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanho Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Se Hyun Kwak
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jisu Han
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hye Shin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byunghun Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Seol Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Su Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Jin Lim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gu Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sam Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yee Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Soo Han Bae
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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2
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Ferrari A, Whang E, Xiao X, Kennelly JP, Romartinez-Alonso B, Mack JJ, Weston T, Chen K, Kim Y, Tol MJ, Bideyan L, Nguyen A, Gao Y, Cui L, Bedard AH, Sandhu J, Lee SD, Fairall L, Williams KJ, Song W, Munguia P, Russell RA, Martin MG, Jung ME, Jiang H, Schwabe JW, Young SG, Tontonoz P. Aster-dependent nonvesicular transport facilitates dietary cholesterol uptake. Science 2023; 382:eadf0966. [PMID: 37943936 PMCID: PMC11073449 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal absorption is an important contributor to systemic cholesterol homeostasis. Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) assists in the initial step of dietary cholesterol uptake, but how cholesterol moves downstream of NPC1L1 is unknown. We show that Aster-B and Aster-C are critical for nonvesicular cholesterol movement in enterocytes. Loss of NPC1L1 diminishes accessible plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol and abolishes Aster recruitment to the intestinal brush border. Enterocytes lacking Asters accumulate PM cholesterol and show endoplasmic reticulum cholesterol depletion. Aster-deficient mice have impaired cholesterol absorption and are protected against diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Finally, the Aster pathway can be targeted with a small-molecule inhibitor to manipulate cholesterol uptake. These findings identify the Aster pathway as a physiologically important and pharmacologically tractable node in dietary lipid absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ferrari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Emily Whang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xu Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - John P. Kennelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Julia J. Mack
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas Weston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - Youngjae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marcus J. Tol
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lara Bideyan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexander Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yajing Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Liujuan Cui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alexander H. Bedard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jaspreet Sandhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephen D. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Louise Fairall
- Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Kevin J. Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Lipidomics Core, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wenxin Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Priscilla Munguia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Robert A. Russell
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Australia
| | - Martin G. Martin
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael E. Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - John W.R. Schwabe
- Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Stephen G. Young
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles; Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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3
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Ahmed RO, Ali A, Leeds T, Salem M. RNA-Seq analysis of the pyloric caecum, liver, and muscle reveals molecular mechanisms regulating fillet color in rainbow trout. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:579. [PMID: 37770878 PMCID: PMC10537910 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characteristic pink-reddish color in the salmonids fillet is an important, appealing quality trait for consumers and producers. The color results from diet supplementation with carotenoids, which accounts for up to 20-30% of the feed cost. Pigment retention in the muscle is a highly variable phenotype. In this study, we aimed to understand the molecular basis for the variation in fillet color when rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fish families were fed an Astaxanthin-supplemented diet. We used RNA-Seq to study the transcriptome profile in the pyloric caecum, liver, and muscle from fish families with pink-reddish fillet coloration (red) versus those with lighter pale coloration (white). RESULTS More DEGs were identified in the muscle (5,148) and liver (3,180) than in the pyloric caecum (272). Genes involved in lipid/carotenoid metabolism and transport, ribosomal activities, mitochondrial functions, and stress homeostasis were uniquely enriched in the muscle and liver. For instance, the two beta carotene genes (BCO1 and BCO2) were significantly under-represented in the muscle of the red fillet group favoring more carotenoid retention. Enriched genes in the pyloric caecum were involved in intestinal absorption and transport of carotenoids and lipids. In addition, the analysis revealed the modulation of several genes with immune functions in the pyloric caecum, liver, and muscle. CONCLUSION The results from this study deepen our understanding of carotenoid dynamics in rainbow trout and can guide us on strategies to improve Astaxanthin retention in the rainbow trout fillet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridwan O Ahmed
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Ali Ali
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Tim Leeds
- Department of Agriculture Kearneysville, National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, United States, Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, 25430, USA
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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4
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Li W, Pang Y, Jin K, Wang Y, Wu Y, Luo J, Xu W, Zhang X, Xu R, Wang T, Jiao L. Membrane contact sites orchestrate cholesterol homeostasis that is central to vascular aging. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1612. [PMID: 37156598 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronological age causes structural and functional vascular deterioration and is a well-established risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, leading to more than 40% of all deaths in the elderly. The etiology of vascular aging is complex; a significant impact arises from impaired cholesterol homeostasis. Cholesterol level is balanced through synthesis, uptake, transport, and esterification, the processes executed by multiple organelles. Moreover, organelles responsible for cholesterol homeostasis are spatially and functionally coordinated instead of isolated by forming the membrane contact sites. Membrane contact, mediated by specific protein-protein interaction, pulls opposing organelles together and creates the hybrid place for cholesterol transfer and further signaling. The membrane contact-dependent cholesterol transfer, together with the vesicular transport, maintains cholesterol homeostasis and has intimate implications in a growing list of diseases, including vascular aging-related diseases. Here, we summarized the latest advances regarding cholesterol homeostasis by highlighting the membrane contact-based regulatory mechanism. We also describe the downstream signaling under cholesterol homeostasis perturbations, prominently in cholesterol-rich conditions, stimulating age-dependent organelle dysfunction and vascular aging. Finally, we discuss potential cholesterol-targeting strategies for therapists regarding vascular aging-related diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyun Pang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kehan Jin
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuru Wang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yujie Wu
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jichang Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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5
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Jia A, Jiang H, Liu W, Chen P, Xu Q, Zhang R, Sun J. Novel application potential of cinaciguat in the treatment of mixed hyperlipidemia through targeting PTL/NPC1L1 and alleviating intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic disorders. Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106854. [PMID: 37460003 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Mixed hyperlipidemia, characterized by high levels of triglycerides and cholesterol, is a key risk factor leading to atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. Existing clinical drugs usually only work on a single indicator, decreasing either triglyceride or cholesterol levels. Developing dual-acting agents that reduce both triglycerides and cholesterol remains a great challenge. Pancreatic triglyceride lipase (PTL) and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) have been identified as crucial proteins in the transport of triglycerides and cholesterol. Here, cinaciguat, a known agent used in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure, was identified as a potent dual inhibitor targeting PTL and NPC1L1. We presented in vitro evidence from surface plasmon resonance analysis that cinaciguat interacted with PTL and NPC1L1. Furthermore, cinaciguat exhibited potent PTL-inhibition activity. Fluorescence-labeled cholesterol uptake analysis and confocal imaging showed that cinaciguat effectively inhibited cholesterol uptake. In vivo evaluation showed that cinaciguat significantly reduced the plasma levels of triglycerides and cholesterol, and effectively alleviated high-fat diet-induced intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic disorders. These results collectively suggest that cinaciguat has the potential to be further developed for the therapy of mixed hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Jia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Hongfei Jiang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Pengwei Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Qi Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology for Environment and Health, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Renshuai Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jufeng Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China.
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6
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Ferrari A, Whang E, Xiao X, Kennelly JP, Romartinez-Alonso B, Mack JJ, Weston T, Chen K, Kim Y, Tol MJ, Bideyan L, Nguyen A, Gao Y, Cui L, Bedard AH, Sandhu J, Lee SD, Fairall L, Williams KJ, Song W, Munguia P, Russell RA, Martin MG, Jung ME, Jiang H, Schwabe JWR, Young SG, Tontonoz P. Aster-dependent non-vesicular transport facilitates dietary cholesterol uptake. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.07.548168. [PMID: 37503112 PMCID: PMC10369906 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.07.548168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal cholesterol absorption is an important contributor to systemic cholesterol homeostasis. Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1), the target of the drug ezetimibe (EZ), assists in the initial step of dietary cholesterol uptake. However, how cholesterol moves downstream of NPC1L1 is unknown. Here we show that Aster-B and Aster-C are critical for non-vesicular cholesterol movement in enterocytes, bridging NPC1L1 at the plasma membrane (PM) and ACAT2 in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Loss of NPC1L1 diminishes accessible PM cholesterol in enterocytes and abolishes Aster recruitment to the intestinal brush border. Enterocytes lacking Asters accumulate cholesterol at the PM and display evidence of ER cholesterol depletion, including decreased cholesterol ester stores and activation of the SREBP-2 transcriptional pathway. Aster-deficient mice have impaired cholesterol absorption and are protected against diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Finally, we show that the Aster pathway can be targeted with a small molecule inhibitor to manipulate dietary cholesterol uptake. These findings identify the Aster pathway as a physiologically important and pharmacologically tractable node in dietary lipid absorption. One-Sentence Summary Identification of a targetable pathway for regulation of dietary cholesterol absorption.
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7
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Biou V. Lipid-membrane protein interaction visualised by cryo-EM: A review. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184068. [PMID: 36216098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Membrane proteins reside at interfaces between aqueous and lipid media and solving their molecular structure relies most of the time on removing them from the membrane using detergent. Luckily, this solubilization process does not strip them from all the associated lipids and single-particle cryo-transmission electron microscopy (SP-TEM) has proved a very good tool to visualise both protein high-resolution structure and, often, many of its associated lipids. In this review, we observe membrane protein structures from the Protein DataBank and their associated maps in the Electron Microscopy DataBase and determine how the SP-TEM maps allow lipid visualization, the type of binding sites, the influence of symmetry, resolution and other factors. We illustrate lipid visualization around and inside the protein core, show that some lipid bilayers in the core can be shifted with respect to the membrane and how some proteins can actively bend the lipid bilayer that binds to them. We conclude that resolution improvement in SP-TEM will likely enable many more discoveries regarding the role of lipids bound to proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Biou
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie Physico-Chimique des Protéines Membranaires, UMR 7099, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, F-75005 Paris, France.
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8
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Liang K, Dai JY. Progress of potential drugs targeted in lipid metabolism research. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1067652. [PMID: 36588702 PMCID: PMC9800514 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1067652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are a class of complex hydrophobic molecules derived from fatty acids that not only form the structural basis of biological membranes but also regulate metabolism and maintain energy balance. The role of lipids in obesity and other metabolic diseases has recently received much attention, making lipid metabolism one of the attractive research areas. Several metabolic diseases are linked to lipid metabolism, including diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis. Additionally, lipid metabolism contributes to the rapid growth of cancer cells as abnormal lipid synthesis or uptake enhances the growth of cancer cells. This review introduces the potential drug targets in lipid metabolism and summarizes the important potential drug targets with recent research progress on the corresponding small molecule inhibitor drugs. The significance of this review is to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of metabolic diseases related to lipid metabolism and the treatment of tumors, hoping to deepen the understanding of lipid metabolism and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liang
- School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Kai Liang, ; Jian-Ye Dai,
| | - Jian-Ye Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China,Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Kai Liang, ; Jian-Ye Dai,
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9
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Yamanashi Y, Takada T, Tanaka Y, Ogata Y, Toyoda Y, Ito SM, Kitani M, Oshida N, Okada K, Shoda J, Suzuki H. Hepatic Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 exacerbates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by re-absorbing specific biliary oxysterols. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113877. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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10
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Yeagle PL. Unraveling a mystery: Why human cells require cholesterol. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade5927. [PMID: 36103540 PMCID: PMC9473577 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how cholesterol binds to mammalian cells offers critical insights into the waxy substance's role in protein modulation and cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Yeagle
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268, USA.
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11
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Zhang R, Zeng J, Liu W, Meng J, Wang C, Shi L, Yang S, Chang J, Xing D. The role of NPC1L1 in cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:956619. [PMID: 36034854 PMCID: PMC9399402 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.956619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism appears to play significant roles in the development of cancer. Numerous studies have shown that the evolution of malignancies, including breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers, involves cholesterol in a profound manner. A crucial part in the intestinal absorption of cholesterol is played by Niemann–Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), a cholesterol transporter protein that is widely expressed in the small intestine and liver. The importance of NPC1L1 in tumor prognosis has been demonstrated in investigations in the interim. NPC1L1 also has the potential to develop into a new therapeutic target and a cancer marker. There is, however, no comprehensive review that summarizes NPC1L1’s function in cancer. To this end, we outlined NPC1L1’s functions in carcinogenesis and treatment, along with resources that can be used to further comprehend the connection between NPC1L1 and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renshuai Zhang
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Zeng
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingsen Meng
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingyu Shi
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shanbo Yang
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongming Xing
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongming Xing,
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12
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Duan Y, Gong K, Xu S, Zhang F, Meng X, Han J. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:265. [PMID: 35918332 PMCID: PMC9344793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed cholesterol homeostasis plays critical roles in the development of multiple diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, particularly the CVD in which the accumulation of lipids (mainly the cholesteryl esters) within macrophage/foam cells underneath the endothelial layer drives the formation of atherosclerotic lesions eventually. More and more studies have shown that lowering cholesterol level, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, protects cardiovascular system and prevents cardiovascular events effectively. Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis is determined by cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, efflux, transport, storage, utilization, and/or excretion. All the processes should be precisely controlled by the multiple regulatory pathways. Based on the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, many interventions have been developed to lower cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake or enhancing cholesterol utilization and excretion. Herein, we summarize the historical review and research events, the current understandings of the molecular pathways playing key roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, and the cholesterol-lowering interventions in clinics or in preclinical studies as well as new cholesterol-lowering targets and their clinical advances. More importantly, we review and discuss the benefits of those interventions for the treatment of multiple diseases including atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xianshe Meng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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13
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Chen H, Qi X, Faulkner RA, Schumacher MM, Donnelly LM, DeBose-Boyd RA, Li X. Regulated degradation of HMG CoA reductase requires conformational changes in sterol-sensing domain. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4273. [PMID: 35879350 PMCID: PMC9314443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis and target of cholesterol-lowering statin drugs. Accumulation of sterols in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes accelerates degradation of HMGCR, slowing the synthesis of cholesterol. Degradation of HMGCR is inhibited by its binding to UBIAD1 (UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1). This inhibition contributes to statin-induced accumulation of HMGCR, which limits their cholesterol-lowering effects. Here, we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of the HMGCR-UBIAD1 complex, which is maintained by interactions between transmembrane helix (TM) 7 of HMGCR and TMs 2-4 of UBIAD1. Disrupting this interface by mutagenesis prevents complex formation, enhancing HMGCR degradation. TMs 2-6 of HMGCR contain a 170-amino acid sterol sensing domain (SSD), which exists in two conformations-one of which is essential for degradation. Thus, our data supports a model that rearrangement of the TMs in the SSD permits recruitment of proteins that initate HMGCR degradation, a key reaction in the regulatory system that governs cholesterol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwen Chen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Qi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rebecca A Faulkner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Marc M Schumacher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Linda M Donnelly
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Russell A DeBose-Boyd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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14
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Guo YX, Wang BY, Gao H, Hua RX, Gao L, He CW, Wang Y, Xu JD. Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-α: A Pivotal Regulator of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:864039. [PMID: 35558563 PMCID: PMC9086433 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.864039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)-α is a ligand-activated transcription factor distributed in various tissues and cells. It regulates lipid metabolism and plays vital roles in the pathology of the cardiovascular system. However, its roles in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are relatively less known. In this review, after summarizing the expression profile of PPAR-α in the GIT, we analyzed its functions in the GIT, including physiological control of the lipid metabolism and pathologic mediation in the progress of inflammation. The mechanism of this regulation could be achieved via interactions with gut microbes and further impact the maintenance of body circadian rhythms and the secretion of nitric oxide. These are also targets of PPAR-α and are well-described in this review. In addition, we also highlighted the potential use of PPAR-α in treating GIT diseases and the inadequacy of clinical trials in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Xin Guo
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Ya Wang
- Eight Program of Clinical Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Xuan Hua
- Clinical Medicine of “5+3” Program, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Wei He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jing-Dong Xu,
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15
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Zhang R, Liu W, Zeng J, Meng J, Jiang H, Wang J, Xing D. Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 inhibitors for reducing cholesterol absorption. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Wu X, Yan R, Cao P, Qian H, Yan N. Structural advances in sterol-sensing domain-containing proteins. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:289-300. [PMID: 35012873 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The sterol-sensing domain (SSD) is present in several membrane proteins that function in cholesterol metabolism, transport, and signaling. Recent progress in structural studies of SSD-containing proteins, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-cleavage activating protein (Scap), Patched, Niemann-Pick disease type C1 (NPC1), and related proteins, reveals a conserved core that is essential for their sterol-dependent functions. This domain, by its name, 'senses' the presence of sterol substrates through interactions and may modulate protein behaviors with changing sterol levels. We summarize recent advances in structural and mechanistic investigations of these proteins and propose to divide them to two classes: M for 'moderator' proteins that regulate sterol metabolism in response to membrane sterol levels, and T for 'transporter' proteins that harbor inner tunnels for cargo trafficking across cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Renhong Yan
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Pingping Cao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Hongwu Qian
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Nieng Yan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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17
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Sun Y, Li X. Cholesterol efflux mechanism revealed by structural analysis of human ABCA1 conformational states. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2022; 1:238-245. [PMID: 37181814 PMCID: PMC10181854 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00022-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) utilizes energy derived from ATP hydrolysis to export cholesterol and phospholipids from macrophages. ABCA1 plays a central role in the biosynthesis of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which mediates reverse cholesterol transport and prevents detrimental lipid deposition. Mutations in ABCA1 cause Tangier disease characterized by a remarkable reduction in the amount of HDL in blood. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of human ABCA1 in ATP-bound and nucleotide-free states. Structural comparison reveals that ATP molecules pull the nucleotide-binding domains together, inducing movements of transmembrane helices 1, 2, 7 and 8 through a series of salt-bridge interactions. Subsequently, extracellular domains (ECDs) undergo a rotation and introduce conformational changes in the ECD-transmembrane interface. In addition, while we observe a sterol-like molecule in ECDs, no such density was observed in the structure of an HDL-deficiency mutant ABCA1Y482C, demonstrating the physiological importance of ECDs and a putative interaction mode between ABCA1 and its lipid acceptors. Thus, these structures, along with cholesterol efflux assays, advance the understanding ABCA1-mediated reverse cholesterol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyuan Sun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Xiaochun Li.
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