1
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You Y, Xiao J, Chen J, Li Y, Li R, Zhang S, Jiang Q, Liu P. Integrated Information for Pathogenicity and Treatment of Spiroplasma. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:252. [PMID: 38953991 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Spiroplasma, belonging to the class Mollicutes, is a small, helical, motile bacterium lacking a cell wall. Its host range includes insects, plants, and aquatic crustaceans. Recently, a few human cases of Spiroplasma infection have been reported. The diseases caused by Spiroplasma have brought about serious economic losses and hindered the healthy development of agriculture. The pathogenesis of Spiroplasma involves the ability to adhere, such as through the terminal structure of Spiroplasma, colonization, and invasive enzymes. However, the exact pathogenic mechanism of Spiroplasma remains a mystery. Therefore, we systematically summarize all the information about Spiroplasma in this review article. This provides a reference for future studies on virulence factors and treatment strategies of Spiroplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue You
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Jianmin Xiao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Rong Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210017, China
| | - Qichen Jiang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 210017, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Basic Medical School, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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2
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Mizutani M, Omori S, Yamane N, Suzuki Y, Glass JI, Chuang RY, Fukatsu T, Kakizawa S. Cloning and sequencing analysis of whole Spiroplasma genome in yeast. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1411609. [PMID: 38881660 PMCID: PMC11176537 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1411609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cloning and transfer of long-stranded DNA in the size of a bacterial whole genome has become possible by recent advancements in synthetic biology. For the whole genome cloning and whole genome transplantation, bacteria with small genomes have been mainly used, such as mycoplasmas and related species. The key benefits of whole genome cloning include the effective maintenance and preservation of an organism's complete genome within a yeast host, the capability to modify these genome sequences through yeast-based genetic engineering systems, and the subsequent use of these cloned genomes for further experiments. This approach provides a versatile platform for in-depth genomic studies and applications in synthetic biology. Here, we cloned an entire genome of an insect-associated bacterium, Spiroplasma chrysopicola, in yeast. The 1.12 Mbp whole genome was successfully cloned in yeast, and sequences of several clones were confirmed by Illumina sequencing. The cloning efficiency was high, and the clones contained only a few mutations, averaging 1.2 nucleotides per clone with a mutation rate of 4 × 10-6. The cloned genomes could be distributed and used for further research. This study serves as an initial step in the synthetic biology approach to Spiroplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mizutani
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sawako Omori
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Noriko Yamane
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yo Suzuki
- Synthetic Biology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - John I Glass
- Synthetic Biology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ray-Yuan Chuang
- Synthetic Biology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Telesis Bio, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Takema Fukatsu
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kakizawa
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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3
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Gómez-Márquez J. The Lithbea Domain. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300679. [PMID: 38386280 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The tree of life is the evolutionary metaphor for the past and present connections of all cellular organisms. Today, to speak of biodiversity is not only to speak of archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes, but they should also consider the "new biodiversity" that includes viruses and synthetic organisms, which represent the new forms of life created in laboratories. There is even a third group of artificial entities that, although not living systems, pretend to imitate the living. To embrace and organize all this new biodiversity, I propose the creation of a new domain, with the name Lithbea (from life-on-the-border entites) The criteria for inclusion as members of Lithbea are: i) the acellular nature of the living system, ii) its origin in laboratory manipulation, iii) showing new biological traits, iv) the presence of exogenous genetic elements, v) artificial or inorganic nature. Within Lithbea there are two subdomains: Virworld (from virus world) which includes all viruses, regarded as lifeless living systems, and classified according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), and ii) Humade (from human-made) which includes all synthetic organisms and artificial entities. The relationships of Lithbea members to the three classical woesian domains and their implications are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Gómez-Márquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, 15782, Spain
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4
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Rothschild LJ, Averesch NJH, Strychalski EA, Moser F, Glass JI, Cruz Perez R, Yekinni IO, Rothschild-Mancinelli B, Roberts Kingman GA, Wu F, Waeterschoot J, Ioannou IA, Jewett MC, Liu AP, Noireaux V, Sorenson C, Adamala KP. Building Synthetic Cells─From the Technology Infrastructure to Cellular Entities. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:974-997. [PMID: 38530077 PMCID: PMC11037263 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The de novo construction of a living organism is a compelling vision. Despite the astonishing technologies developed to modify living cells, building a functioning cell "from scratch" has yet to be accomplished. The pursuit of this goal alone has─and will─yield scientific insights affecting fields as diverse as cell biology, biotechnology, medicine, and astrobiology. Multiple approaches have aimed to create biochemical systems manifesting common characteristics of life, such as compartmentalization, metabolism, and replication and the derived features, evolution, responsiveness to stimuli, and directed movement. Significant achievements in synthesizing each of these criteria have been made, individually and in limited combinations. Here, we review these efforts, distinguish different approaches, and highlight bottlenecks in the current research. We look ahead at what work remains to be accomplished and propose a "roadmap" with key milestones to achieve the vision of building cells from molecular parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn J. Rothschild
- Space Science
& Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research
Center, Moffett
Field, California 94035-1000, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Nils J. H. Averesch
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Felix Moser
- Synlife, One Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-1661, United States
| | - John I. Glass
- J.
Craig
Venter Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Rolando Cruz Perez
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Blue
Marble
Space Institute of Science at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, United
States
| | - Ibrahim O. Yekinni
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Brooke Rothschild-Mancinelli
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0150, United States
| | | | - Feilun Wu
- J. Craig
Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jorik Waeterschoot
- Mechatronics,
Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Ion A. Ioannou
- Department
of Chemistry, MSRH, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Mechanical
Engineering & Biomedical Engineering, Cellular and Molecular Biology,
Biophysics, Applied Physics, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Vincent Noireaux
- Physics
and Nanotechnology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carlise Sorenson
- Department
of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katarzyna P. Adamala
- Department
of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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5
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Ou J, Dong H, Luan X, Wang X, Liu Q, Chen H, Cao M, Xu Z, Liu Y, Zhao W. iTRAQ-based differential proteomic analysis of high- and low-virulence strains of Spiroplasma eriocheiris. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106365. [PMID: 37741306 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma eriocheiris is one of the major pathogenic bacteria in crustaceans, featuring high infectivity, rapid transmission, and an absence of effective control strategies, resulting in significant economic losses to the aquaculture industry. Research into virulence-related factors provides an important perspective to clarify how Spiroplasma eriocheiris is pathogenic to shrimps and crabs. Therefore, in this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology was utilized to undertake a differential proteomic analysis of high- and low-virulence Spiroplasma eriocheiris strains at different growth phases. A total of 868 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained, of which 31 novel proteins were identified by proteogenomic analysis. There were 62, 61, 175, and 235 DEPs between the log phase (YD) and non-log phase (YFD) of the high-virulence strain, between the log phase (CD) and non-log phase (CFD) of the low-virulence strain, between YD and CD, and between CFD and YFD, respectively. All the DEPs were compared with virulence protein databases (MvirDB and VFDB), and 68 virulence proteins of Spiroplasma eriocheiris were identified, of which 12 were involved in a total of 21 metabolic pathways, including motility, chemotaxis, growth, metabolism and virulence of the bacteria. The results of this study form the basis for further research into the molecular mechanism of virulence and physiological differences between high- and low-virulence strains of Spiroplasma eriocheiris, and provide a scientific basis for a detailed understanding of its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Ou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China.
| | - Huizi Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Luan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheqi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
| | - Weihong Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, School of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, Province Jiangsu, China
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6
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Ryan PM, Shaevitz JW, Wolgemuth CW. Bend or Twist? What Plectonemes Reveal about the Mysterious Motility of Spiroplasma. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:178401. [PMID: 37955476 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.178401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma is a unique, helical bacterium that lacks a cell wall and swims using propagating helix hand inversions. These deformations are likely driven by a set of cytoskeletal filaments, but how remains perplexing. Here, we probe the underlying mechanism using a model where either twist or bend drive spiroplasma's chirality inversions. We show that Spiroplasma should wrap into plectonemes at different values of the length and external viscosity, depending on the mechanism. Then, by experimentally measuring the bending modulus of Spiroplasma and if and when plectonemes form, we show that Spiroplasma's helix hand inversions are likely driven by bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Ryan
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Joshua W Shaevitz
- Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics and Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Charles W Wolgemuth
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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7
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Nakane D. Rheotaxis in Mycoplasma gliding. Microbiol Immunol 2023; 67:389-395. [PMID: 37430383 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the upstream-directed movement in the small parasitic bacterium Mycoplasma. Many Mycoplasma species exhibit gliding motility, a form of biological motion over surfaces without the aid of general surface appendages such as flagella. The gliding motility is characterized by a constant unidirectional movement without changes in direction or backward motion. Unlike flagellated bacteria, Mycoplasma lacks the general chemotactic signaling system to control their moving direction. Therefore, the physiological role of directionless travel in Mycoplasma gliding remains unclear. Recently, high-precision measurements under an optical microscope have revealed that three species of Mycoplasma exhibited rheotaxis, that is, the direction of gliding motility is lead upstream by the water flow. This intriguing response appears to be optimized for the flow patterns encountered at host surfaces. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the morphology, behavior, and habitat of Mycoplasma gliding, and discusses the possibility that the rheotaxis is ubiquitous among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nakane
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Minamino T, Nakane D, Nakamura S, Kiyama H, V. Morimoto Y, Miyata M. Frontiers of microbial movement research. Biophys Physicobiol 2023; 20:e200033. [PMID: 38124794 PMCID: PMC10728622 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v20.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Minamino
- Graduate school of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakane
- Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nakamura
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hana Kiyama
- Graduate school of Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Yusuke V. Morimoto
- Department of Physics and Information Technology, Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate school of Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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9
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Takahashi D, Miyata M, Fujiwara I. Assembly properties of Spiroplasma MreB involved in swimming motility. J Biol Chem 2023:104793. [PMID: 37150324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial actin MreB forms filaments formed of antiparallel double strand units. The wall-less helical bacterium Spiroplasma has five MreB homologs (MreB1-5), some of which are involved in an intra-cellular ribbon for driving the bacterium's swimming motility. Although the interaction between MreB units is important for understanding Spiroplasma swimming, the interaction modes of each ribbon component are unclear. Here, we examined the assembly properties of Spiroplasma eriocheiris MreB5 (SpeMreB5), one of the ribbon component proteins that forms sheets. Electron microscopy (EM) revealed that sheet formation was inhibited under acidic conditions and bundle structures were formed under acidic and neutral conditions with low ionic strength. We also used solution assays and identified four properties of SpeMreB5 bundles as follows: (I) bundle formation followed sheet formation; (II) electrostatic interactions were required for bundle formation; (III) the positively charged and unstructured C-terminal region contributed to promoting lateral interactions for bundle formation; and (IV) bundle formation required Mg2+ at neutral pH but was inhibited by divalent cations under acidic pH conditions. During these studies, we also characterized two aggregation modes of SpeMreB5 with distinct responses to ATP. These properties will shed light on SpeMreB5 assembly dynamics at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan; The OMU Advanced Research Center for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikuko Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan; The OMU Advanced Research Center for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan.
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10
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Swimming Motility Assays of Spiroplasma. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2646:373-381. [PMID: 36842131 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3060-0_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma swim in liquids without the use of the bacterial flagella. This small helical bacterium propels itself by generating kinks that travel down the cell body. The kink translation is unidirectional, from the leading pole to the lagging pole, during cell swimming in viscous environments. This protocol describes a swimming motility assay of Spiroplasma eriocheiris for visualizing kink translations of the absolute handedness of the body helix with optical microscopy.
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11
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Purification and ATPase Activity Measurement of Spiroplasma MreB. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2646:359-371. [PMID: 36842130 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3060-0_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma is a genus of wall-less helical bacteria with swimming motility unrelated to conventional types of bacterial motility machinery, such as flagella and pili. The swimming of Spiroplasma is suggested to be driven by five classes of MreB (MreB1-MreB5), which are members of the actin superfamily. In vitro studies of Spiroplasma MreBs have recently been conducted to evaluate their activities, such as ATPase, which is essential for the polymerization dynamics among classic actin superfamily proteins. In this chapter, we describe methods of purification and Pi release measurement of Spiroplasma MreBs using column chromatography and absorption spectroscopy with the molecular probe, 2-amino-6-mercapto-7-methylpurine riboside (MESG). Of note, the methods described here are applicable to other proteins that possess NTPase activity.
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12
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Takahashi D, Miyata M. Sequence analyses of a lipoprotein conserved with bacterial actins responsible for swimming motility of wall-less helical Spiroplasma. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000713. [PMID: 37033705 PMCID: PMC10074174 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Spiroplasma is a genus of pathogenic or commensal cell-wall-deficient helical bacterium. Spiroplasma -specific protein fibril and five classes of bacterial actins, MreB1-5, are involved in a helical ribbon structure responsible for helical-cell morphology and swimming motility. A gene for a hypothetical protein-SPE_1229, 7th protein-has been found in the locus coding mreB s. In this study, we characterized the 7th protein using in silico methods and found that it could be a lipoprotein whose gene is encoded downstream of mreB3 and conserved in a clade of Spiroplasma .
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- The OMU Advanced Research Center for Natural Science and Technology, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
- Correspondence to: Makoto Miyata (
)
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