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Rothschild LJ, Averesch NJH, Strychalski EA, Moser F, Glass JI, Cruz Perez R, Yekinni IO, Rothschild-Mancinelli B, Roberts Kingman GA, Wu F, Waeterschoot J, Ioannou IA, Jewett MC, Liu AP, Noireaux V, Sorenson C, Adamala KP. Building Synthetic Cells─From the Technology Infrastructure to Cellular Entities. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:974-997. [PMID: 38530077 PMCID: PMC11037263 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The de novo construction of a living organism is a compelling vision. Despite the astonishing technologies developed to modify living cells, building a functioning cell "from scratch" has yet to be accomplished. The pursuit of this goal alone has─and will─yield scientific insights affecting fields as diverse as cell biology, biotechnology, medicine, and astrobiology. Multiple approaches have aimed to create biochemical systems manifesting common characteristics of life, such as compartmentalization, metabolism, and replication and the derived features, evolution, responsiveness to stimuli, and directed movement. Significant achievements in synthesizing each of these criteria have been made, individually and in limited combinations. Here, we review these efforts, distinguish different approaches, and highlight bottlenecks in the current research. We look ahead at what work remains to be accomplished and propose a "roadmap" with key milestones to achieve the vision of building cells from molecular parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn J. Rothschild
- Space Science
& Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research
Center, Moffett
Field, California 94035-1000, United States
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Nils J. H. Averesch
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Felix Moser
- Synlife, One Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-1661, United States
| | - John I. Glass
- J.
Craig
Venter Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Rolando Cruz Perez
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Blue
Marble
Space Institute of Science at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035-1000, United
States
| | - Ibrahim O. Yekinni
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Brooke Rothschild-Mancinelli
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0150, United States
| | | | - Feilun Wu
- J. Craig
Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jorik Waeterschoot
- Mechatronics,
Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Ion A. Ioannou
- Department
of Chemistry, MSRH, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department
of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Mechanical
Engineering & Biomedical Engineering, Cellular and Molecular Biology,
Biophysics, Applied Physics, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Vincent Noireaux
- Physics
and Nanotechnology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carlise Sorenson
- Department
of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Katarzyna P. Adamala
- Department
of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Sampson K, Sorenson C, Adamala KP. Preparing for the future of precision medicine: synthetic cell drug regulation. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2024; 9:ysae004. [PMID: 38327596 PMCID: PMC10849770 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cells are a novel class of cell-like bioreactors, offering the potential for unique advancements in synthetic biology and biomedicine. To realize the potential of those technologies, synthetic cell-based drugs need to go through the drug approval pipeline. Here, we discussed several regulatory challenges, both unique to synthetic cells, as well as challenges typical for any new biomedical technology. Overcoming those difficulties could bring transformative therapies to the market and will create a path to the development and approval of cutting-edge synthetic biology therapies. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Sampson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Carlise Sorenson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Katarzyna P Adamala
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Frischmon C, Sorenson C, Winikoff M, Adamala KP. Build-a-Cell: Engineering a Synthetic Cell Community. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111176. [PMID: 34833052 PMCID: PMC8618533 DOI: 10.3390/life11111176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Build-a-Cell is a global network of researchers that aims to develop synthetic living cells within the next decade. These cells will revolutionize the biotechnology industry by providing scientists and engineers with a more complete understanding of biology. Researchers can already replicate many cellular functions individually, but combining them into a single cell remains a significant challenge. This integration step will require the type of large-scale collaboration made possible by Build-a-Cell's open, collective structure. Beyond the lab, Build-a-Cell addresses policy issues and biosecurity concerns associated with synthetic cells. The following review discusses Build-a-Cell's history, function, and goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Frischmon
- Science Communication Lab., BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA; (C.F.); (M.W.)
| | - Carlise Sorenson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Michael Winikoff
- Science Communication Lab., BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA; (C.F.); (M.W.)
| | - Katarzyna P. Adamala
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Fitzgerald NJM, Wargenau A, Sorenson C, Pedersen J, Tufenkji N, Novak PJ, Simcik MF. Partitioning and Accumulation of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Model Lipid Bilayers and Bacteria. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:10433-10440. [PMID: 30148610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous and persistent environmental contaminants, yet knowledge of their biological effects and mechanisms of action is limited. The highest aqueous PFAS concentrations are found in areas where bacteria are relied upon for functions such as nutrient cycling and contaminant degradation, including fire-training areas, wastewater treatment plants, and landfill leachates. This research sought to elucidate one of the mechanisms of action of PFAS by studying their uptake by bacteria and partitioning into model phospholipid bilayer membranes. PFAS partitioned into bacteria as well as model membranes (phospholipid liposomes and bilayers). The extent of incorporation into model membranes and bacteria was positively correlated to the number of fluorinated carbons. Furthermore, incorporation was greater for perfluorinated sulfonates than for perfluorinated carboxylates. Changes in zeta potential were observed in liposomes but not bacteria, consistent with PFAS being incorporated into the phospholipid bilayer membrane. Complementary to these results, PFAS were also found to alter the gel-to-fluid phase transition temperature of phospholipid bilayers, demonstrating that PFAS affected lateral phospholipid interactions. This investigation compliments other studies showing that sulfonated PFAS and PFAS with more than seven fluorinated carbons have a higher potential to accumulate within biota than carboxylated and shorter-chain PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J M Fitzgerald
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering , University of Minnesota , 500 Pillsbury Drive SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Andreas Wargenau
- Department of Chemical Engineering , McGill University , 3610 University Street , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0C5 , Canada
| | - Carlise Sorenson
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering , University of Minnesota , 1390 Eckles Avenue , Saint Paul , Minnesota 55108 , United States
| | - Joel Pedersen
- Departments of Soil Science, Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Chemistry , University of Wisconsin , 1525 Observatory Drive , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Nathalie Tufenkji
- Department of Chemical Engineering , McGill University , 3610 University Street , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0C5 , Canada
| | - Paige J Novak
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering , University of Minnesota , 500 Pillsbury Drive SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Matt F Simcik
- School of Public Health , University of Minnesota , 420 Delaware Street S.E. , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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Sorenson C, Tarricone R, Siebert M, Drummond M. Applying health economics for policy decision making: do devices differ from drugs? Europace 2011; 13 Suppl 2:ii54-8. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eur089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Gamblin B, Toon OB, Tolbert MA, Kondo Y, Takegawa N, Irie H, Koike M, Hudson PK, Ballenthin JO, Hunton DE, Miller TM, Viggiano AA, Anderson BE, Avery M, Sachse GW, Guenther K, Sorenson C, Mahoney MJ. Nitric acid condensation on ice: 2. Kinetic limitations, a possible “cloud clock” for determining cloud parcel lifetime. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gamblin B, Toon OB, Tolbert MA, Kondo Y, Takegawa N, Irie H, Koike M, Ballenthin JO, Hunton DE, Miller TM, Viggiano AA, Anderson BE, Avery M, Sachse GW, Podolske JR, Guenther K, Sorenson C, Mahoney MJ. Nitric acid condensation on ice: 1. Non-HNO3constituent of NOYcondensing cirrus particles on upper tropospheric. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Moosavi-Movahedi AA, Gharanfoli M, Nazari K, Shamsipur M, Chamani J, Hemmateenejad B, Alavi M, Shokrollahi A, Habibi-Rezaei M, Sorenson C, Sheibani N. A distinct intermediate of RNase A is induced by sodium dodecyl sulfate at its pKa. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2005; 43:150-7. [PMID: 15949923 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The chemical denaturation of RNase A was found to be mediated by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at various pH. The characterization of the unfolding pathway was investigated by spectrophotometry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and was analyzed by multivariate curve resolution (MCR) as a chemometric method. The spectrophotometric titration curve of RNase A upon interaction with SDS indicated a distinct complex intermediate in glycine buffer at pH 3.3. This was accompanied with the catalytic activation of the enzyme and was concurrent with maximum population of the intermediate, determined by MCR. This was confirmed by the DSC profile of RNase A in the presence of SDS, indicated by two transitions in thermal unfolding. The kinetic data on the unfolding process of RNase A upon addition of SDS showed a two-phase pathway under the same conditions. The intermediate appeared at low pH especially at the pK(a) of SDS (pH 3.3). These results provide strong evidence of the influence of low pH (around the pK(a) of SDS) on the existence of an intermediate upon interaction of RNase A with SDS.
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Hansma HG, Pietrasanta LI, Auerbach ID, Sorenson C, Golan R, Holden PA. Probing biopolymers with the atomic force microscope: a review. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2001; 11:675-83. [PMID: 11011766 DOI: 10.1163/156856200743940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This short review presents an overview of atomic force microscopy (AFM) of biopolymers and specific examples of some of the biopolymers that have been analyzed by AFM. These specific examples include extracellular polymeric substances on the surfaces of bacterial biofilms, condensed DNA, DNA constructs, and DNA-protein interactions. In addition, two examples are presented for AFM analyses of proteins: laminin flexing its arms in solution and neurofilaments entropically brushing away the space around themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Hansma
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA
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Abstract
Rat-mouse and mouse-mouse hybridoma cell lines were used for formation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in microcapsules of different sizes. Microcapsules were made of poly L-lysine-alginate hydrogel membranes. The effects of extracapsule liquid film, intracapsule and transmembrane transfer limitations of nutrients/products on system's performance were investigated. An agitation speed of 45 rpm (4 cm/s tip speed) was found to be optimal in spinner flasks to overcome liquid film resistances around capsules. Capsule sizes need to be reduced to smaller than 350 mu in order to eliminate intracapsule transfer limitations with a typical initial viable cell concentration of 0.5 x 10(5) viable cells/mL capsule. Double coating of capsules to improve strength of capsules resulted in higher transmembrane transfer resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Edmunds
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130
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Van Mondfrans AP, Sorenson C, Reed CL. Mediated approaches to learning. Live or taped? Nurs Outlook 1972; 20:652-3. [PMID: 4484292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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