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Xu C, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wan J, Xiang Z, Nie Z, Xu J, Lin X, Zhao P, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhang J, Liu C, Xue N, Zhao W, Han M. Three-dimensional micro strain gauges as flexible, modular tactile sensors for versatile integration with micro- and macroelectronics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp6094. [PMID: 39167641 PMCID: PMC11338218 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp6094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Flexible tactile sensors play important roles in many areas, like human-machine interface, robotic manipulation, and biomedicine. However, their flexible form factor poses challenges in their integration with wafer-based devices, commercial chips, or circuit boards. Here, we introduce manufacturing approaches, device designs, integration strategies, and biomedical applications of a set of flexible, modular tactile sensors, which overcome the above challenges and achieve cooperation with commercial electronics. The sensors exploit lithographically defined thin wires of metal or alloy as the sensing elements. Arranging these elements across three-dimensional space enables accurate, hysteresis-free, and decoupled measurements of temperature, normal force, and shear force. Assembly of such sensors on flexible printed circuit boards together with commercial electronics forms various flexible electronic systems with capabilities in wireless measurements at the skin interface, continuous monitoring of biomechanical signals, and spatial mapping of tactile information. The flexible, modular tactile sensors expand the portfolio of functional components in both microelectronics and macroelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ji Wan
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zehua Xiang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhongyi Nie
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jie Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaozheng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaotong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Microelectronics, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Chunxiu Liu
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ning Xue
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengdi Han
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Liu X, Wang Q, Zhou S, Feng S, Wei Y, Bu F, Wang K, Wang J, Zhang B, Guan C. Stiffness and Interface Engineered Soft Electronics with Large-Scale Robust Deformability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2407886. [PMID: 39180261 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202407886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Skin-like stretchable electronics emerge as promising human-machine interfaces but are challenged by the paradox between superior electronic property and reliable mechanical deformability. Here, a general strategy is reported for establishing robust large-scale deformable electronics by effectively isolating strains and strengthening interfaces. A copolymer substrate is designed to consist of mosaic stiff and elastic areas with nearly four orders of magnitudes modulus contrast and cross-linked interfaces. Electronic functional devices and stretchable liquid metal (LM) interconnects are conformally attached at the stiff and elastic areas, respectively, through hydrogen bonds. As a result, functional devices are completely isolated from strains, and resistances of LM conductors change by less than one time when the substrate is deformed by up to 550%. By this strategy, solar cells, wireless charging antenna, supercapacitors, and light-emitting diodes are integrated into a self-powered electronic skin that can laminate on the human body and exhibit stable performances during repeated multimode deformations, demonstrating an efficient path for realizing highly deformable energy autonomous soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangye Liu
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, China
| | - Qiangzheng Wang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, China
| | - Sufeng Zhou
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, China
| | - Shiwei Feng
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yulin Wei
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Fan Bu
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, China
| | - John Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Biao Zhang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Cao Guan
- Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 218 Qingyi Road, Ningbo, 315103, China
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3
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Huang Z, Yu S, Xu Y, Cao Z, Zhang J, Guo Z, Wu T, Liao Q, Zheng Y, Chen Z, Liao X. In-Sensor Tactile Fusion and Logic for Accurate Intention Recognition. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2407329. [PMID: 38966893 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202407329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Touch control intention recognition is an important direction for the future development of human-machine interactions (HMIs). However, the implementation of parallel-sensing functional modules generally requires a combination of different logical blocks and control circuits, which results in regional redundancy, redundant data, and low efficiency. Here, a location-and-pressure intelligent tactile sensor (LPI tactile sensor) unprecedentedly combined with sensing, computing, and logic is proposed, enabling efficient and ultrahigh-resolution action-intention interaction. The LPI tactile sensor eliminates the need for data transfer among the functional units through the core integration design of the layered structure. It actuates in-sensor perception through feature transmission, fusion, and differentiation, thereby revolutionizing the traditional von Neumann architecture. While greatly simplifying the data dimensionality, the LPI tactile sensor achieves outstanding resolution sensing in both location (<400 µm) and pressure (75 Pa). Synchronous feature fusion and decoding support the high-fidelity recognition of action and combinatorial logic intentions. Benefiting from location and pressure synergy, the LPI tactile sensor demonstrates robust privacy as an encrypted password device and interaction intelligence through pressure enhancement. It can recognize continuous touch actions in real time, map real intentions to target events, and promote accurate and efficient intention-driven HMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Huang
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shifan Yu
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yijing Xu
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhicheng Cao
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ziquan Guo
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Tingzhu Wu
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qingliang Liao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Devices for Post-Moore Chips Ministry of Education, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xinqin Liao
- Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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4
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He Y, Cheng Y, Yang C, Guo CF. Creep-free polyelectrolyte elastomer for drift-free iontronic sensing. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:1107-1114. [PMID: 38514845 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Artificial pressure sensors often use soft materials to achieve skin-like softness, but the viscoelastic creep of soft materials and the ion leakage, specifically for ionic conductors, cause signal drift and inaccurate measurement. Here we report drift-free iontronic sensing by designing and copolymerizing a leakage-free and creep-free polyelectrolyte elastomer containing two types of segments: charged segments having fixed cations to prevent ion leakage and neutral slippery segments with a high crosslink density for low creep. We show that an iontronic sensor using the polyelectrolyte elastomer barely drifts under an ultrahigh static pressure of 500 kPa (close to its Young's modulus), exhibits a drift rate two to three orders of magnitude lower than that of the sensors adopting conventional ionic conductors and enables steady and accurate control for robotic manipulation. Such drift-free iontronic sensing represents a step towards highly accurate sensing in robotics and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics and Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Canhui Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics and Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, P. R. China.
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, P. R. China.
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5
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Zhou W, Yu Y, Xiao P, Deng F, Zhang Y, Chen T. A Suspended, 3D Morphing Sensory System for Robots to Feel and Protect. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403447. [PMID: 38728424 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Artificial sensory systems with synergistic touch and pain perception hold substantial promise for environment interaction and human-robot communication. However, the realization of biological skin-like functional integration of sensors with sensitive touch and pain perception still remains a challenge. Here, a concept is proposed of suspended electronic skins enabling 3D deformation-mechanical contact interactions for achieving synergetic ultrasensitive touch and adjustable pain perception. The suspended sensory system can sensitively capture tiny touch stimuli as low as 0.02 Pa and actively perceive pain response with reliable 5200 cycles via 3D deformation and mechanical contact mechanism, respectively. Based on the touch-pain effect, a visualized feedback demo with miniaturized sensor arrays on artificial fingers is rationally designed to give a pain perception mapping on sharp surfaces. Furthermore, the capability is shown of the suspended electronic skin serving as a safe human-robot communication interface from active and passive view through a feedback control system, demonstrating potential in bionic electronics and intelligent robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
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6
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Li W, Zou K, Guo J, Zhang C, Feng J, You J, Cheng G, Zhou Q, Kong M, Li G, Guo CF, Yang J. Integrated Fibrous Iontronic Pressure Sensors with High Sensitivity and Reliability for Human Plantar Pressure and Gait Analysis. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14672-14684. [PMID: 38760182 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Flexible sensing systems (FSSs) designed to measure plantar pressure can deliver instantaneous feedback on human movement and posture. This feedback is crucial not only for preventing and controlling diseases associated with abnormal plantar pressures but also for optimizing athletes' postures to minimize injuries. The development of an optimal plantar pressure sensor hinges on key metrics such as a wide sensing range, high sensitivity, and long-term stability. However, the effectiveness of current flexible sensors is impeded by numerous challenges, including limitations in structural deformability, mechanical incompatibility between multifunctional layers, and instability under complex stress conditions. Addressing these limitations, we have engineered an integrated pressure sensing system with high sensitivity and reliability for human plantar pressure and gait analysis. It features a high-modulus, porous laminated ionic fiber structure with robust self-bonded interfaces, utilizing a unified polyimide material system. This system showcases a high sensitivity (156.6 kPa-1), an extensive sensing range (up to 4000 kPa), and augmented interfacial toughness and durability (over 150,000 cycles). Additionally, our FSS is capable of real-time monitoring of plantar pressure distribution across various sports activities. Leveraging deep learning, the flexible sensing system achieves a high-precision, intelligent recognition of different plantar types with a 99.8% accuracy rate. This approach provides a strategic advancement in the field of flexible pressure sensors, ensuring prolonged stability and accuracy even amidst complex pressure dynamics and providing a feasible solution for long-term gait monitoring and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Li
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Robotic Satellite Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangkang Zou
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Robotic Satellite Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Guo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Cancan Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiabao Feng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia You
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Space Robotic Systems Technology and Applications, Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Robotic Satellite Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Miqiu Kong
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Robotic Satellite Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China
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7
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Ding Z, Li W, Wang W, Zhao Z, Zhu Y, Hou B, Zhu L, Chen M, Che L. Highly Sensitive Iontronic Pressure Sensor with Side-by-Side Package Based on Alveoli and Arch Structure. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2309407. [PMID: 38491739 PMCID: PMC11199976 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors play a significant role in wearable devices and electronic skin. Iontronic pressure sensors with high sensitivity, wide measurement range, and high resolution can meet requirements. Based on the significant deformation characteristics of alveoli to improve compressibility, and the ability of the arch to disperse vertical pressure into horizontal thrust to increase contact area, a graded hollow ball arch (GHBA) microstructure is proposed, greatly improving sensitivity. The fabrication of GHBA ingeniously employs a double-sided structure. One side uses mold casting to create convex structures, while the other utilizes the evaporation of moisture during the curing process to form concave structures. At the same time, a novel side-by-side package structure is proposed, ensuring pressure on flexible substrate is maximally transferred to the GHBA microstructure. Within the range of 0.2 Pa-300 kPa, the iontronic pressure sensor achieves a maximum sensitivity of 10 420.8 kPa-1, pressure resolution of 0.1% under the pressure of 100 kPa, and rapid response/recovery time of 40/35 ms. In wearable devices, it is capable of monitoring dumbbell curl exercises and wirelessly correcting sitting positions. In electronic skin, it can non-contactly detect the location of the wind source and achieve object classification prediction when combined with the CNN model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ding
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- Center for MicroelectronicsShaoxing InstituteZhejiang UniversityShaoxing312035China
| | - Weijian Li
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Weidong Wang
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Zhengqian Zhao
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Ye Zhu
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Baoyin Hou
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Lijie Zhu
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Ming Chen
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Lufeng Che
- College of Information Science and Electronic EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- Center for MicroelectronicsShaoxing InstituteZhejiang UniversityShaoxing312035China
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8
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Gong S, Li W, Wu J, Feng B, Yi Z, Guo X, Zhang W, Shao L. A Soft Collaborative Robot for Contact-based Intuitive Human Drag Teaching. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308835. [PMID: 38647364 PMCID: PMC11200028 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Soft material-based robots, known for their safety and compliance, are expected to play an irreplaceable role in human-robot collaboration. However, this expectation is far from real industrial applications due to their complex programmability and poor motion precision, brought by the super elasticity and large hysteresis of soft materials. Here, a soft collaborative robot (Soft Co-bot) with intuitive and easy programming by contact-based drag teaching, and also with exceptional motion repeatability (< 0.30% of body length) and ultra-low hysteresis (< 2.0%) is reported. Such an unprecedented capability is achieved by a biomimetic antagonistic design within a pneumatic soft robot, in which cables are threaded to servo motors through tension sensors to form a self-sensing system, thus providing both precise actuation and dragging-aware collaboration. Hence, the Soft Co-bots can be first taught by human drag and then precisely repeat various tasks on their own, such as electronics assembling, machine tool installation, etc. The proposed Soft Co-bots exhibit a high potential for safe and intuitive human-robot collaboration in unstructured environments, promoting the immediate practical application of soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoulu Gong
- University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Wenbo Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and VibrationShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied MechanicsTongji UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Jiahao Wu
- University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Bohan Feng
- University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Zhiran Yi
- School of Mechanical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and VibrationShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- School of Mechanical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and VibrationShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and VibrationShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Lei Shao
- University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint InstituteShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
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9
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Li Z, Li K, Wang W, Zhang T, Yang X. Ultrawide linear range, high sensitivity, and large-area pressure sensor arrays enabled by pneumatic spraying broccoli-like microstructures. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:2271-2280. [PMID: 38439709 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh02232c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Large-area pressure sensor arrays with a wide linear response range and high sensitivity are beneficial to map the inhomogeneous interface pressure, which is significant in practical applications. Here, we demonstrate a pneumatic spraying method to prepare large-area microstructure films (PSMF) for high performance pressure sensor arrays. The sprayed surface morphology is designable by controlling the spraying parameters. It is worth noting that the constructed "broccoli" like morphology with a swollen top and shrunken bottom inspired a new mechanism to enlarge the linear response range by decreasing the series resistance with pressure increasing. At the same time, the pneumatic sprayed "broccoli" has a rough surface due to droplet stacking, which reduces the initial current effectively. Hence, the sensor achieves a 10 000 kPa ultrawide linear response range with a high sensitivity (98.71 kPa-1), and low detection (5 Pa). The prepared sensor has a small static response error (4.4%) and 5000 cycle full-range dynamic response durability. Finally, the constructed sensor arrays can distinguish the pressure distribution in different ranges clearly, which indicates a great potential in health care, motion detection, and the tire industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Huangpu Institute of Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaoniu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of High-Performance Synthetic Rubber and its Composite Materials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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10
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Wang S, Yao Y, Deng W, Chu X, Yang T, Tian G, Ao Y, Sun Y, Lan B, Ren X, Li X, Xu T, Huang L, Liu Y, Lu J, Yang W. Mass-Produced Skin-Inspired Piezoresistive Sensing Array with Interlocking Interface for Object Recognition. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11183-11192. [PMID: 38630641 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
E-skins, capable of responding to mechanical stimuli, hold significant potential in the field of robot haptics. However, it is a challenge to obtain e-skins with both high sensitivity and mechanical stability. Here, we present a bioinspired piezoresistive sensor with hierarchical structures based on polyaniline/polystyrene core-shell nanoparticles polymerized on air-laid paper. The combination of laser-etched reusable templates and sensitive materials that can be rapidly synthesized enables large-scale production. Benefiting from the substantially enlarged deformation of the hierarchical structure, the developed piezoresistive electronics exhibit a decent sensitivity of 21.67 kPa-1 and a subtle detection limit of 3.4 Pa. Moreover, an isolation layer is introduced to enhance the interface stability of the e-skin, with a fracture limit of 66.34 N/m. Furthermore, the e-skin can be seamlessly integrated onto gloves without any detachment issues. With the assistance of deep learning, it achieves a 98% accuracy rate in object recognition. We anticipate that this strategy will render e-skin with more robust interfaces and heightened sensing capabilities, offering a favorable pathway for large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yelan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Weili Deng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Chu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Ao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Boling Lan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiarong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelan Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianpei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Longchao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Chemistry, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
- Research Institute of Frontier Science, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, People's Republic of China
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11
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Shao B, Zhang S, Hu Y, Zheng Z, Zhu H, Wang L, Zhao L, Xu F, Wang L, Li M, Shi J. Color-Shifting Iontronic Skin for On-Site, Nonpixelated Pressure Mapping Visualization. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38602471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Mimicking the function of human skin is highly desired for electronic skins (e-skins) to perceive the tactile stimuli by both their intensity and spatial location. The common strategy using pixelated pressure sensor arrays and display panels greatly increases the device complexity and compromises the portability of e-skins. Herein, we tackled this challenge by developing a user-interactive iontronic skin that simultaneously achieves electrical pressure sensing and on-site, nonpixelated pressure mapping visualization. By merging the electrochromic and iontronic pressure sensing units into an integrated multilayer device, the interlayer charge transfer is regulated by applied pressure, which induces both color shifting and a capacitance change. The iontronic skin could visualize the trajectory of dynamic forces and reveal both the intensity and spatial information on various human activities. The integration of dual-mode pressure responsivity, together with the scalable fabrication and explicit signal output, makes the iontronic skin highly promising in biosignal monitoring and human-machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyuan Shao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultraintense Laser and Advanced Material Technology, Center for Intense Laser Application Technology, College of Engineering Physics, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun Zhang
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Hu
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118 People's Republic of China
| | - Zetao Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultraintense Laser and Advanced Material Technology, Center for Intense Laser Application Technology, College of Engineering Physics, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultraintense Laser and Advanced Material Technology, Center for Intense Laser Application Technology, College of Engineering Physics, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyu Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultraintense Laser and Advanced Material Technology, Center for Intense Laser Application Technology, College of Engineering Physics, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyang Wang
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118 People's Republic of China
| | - Mu Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultraintense Laser and Advanced Material Technology, Center for Intense Laser Application Technology, College of Engineering Physics, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, People's Republic of China
| | - Jidong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultraintense Laser and Advanced Material Technology, Center for Intense Laser Application Technology, College of Engineering Physics, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, People's Republic of China
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12
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Zhang Y, Zhou X, Zhang N, Zhu J, Bai N, Hou X, Sun T, Li G, Zhao L, Chen Y, Wang L, Guo CF. Ultrafast piezocapacitive soft pressure sensors with over 10 kHz bandwidth via bonded microstructured interfaces. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3048. [PMID: 38589497 PMCID: PMC11001880 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors can convert mechanical stimuli to electrical signals to interact with the surroundings, mimicking the functionality of the human skins. Piezocapacitive pressure sensors, a class of most widely used devices for artificial skins, however, often suffer from slow response-relaxation speed (tens of milliseconds) and thus fail to detect dynamic stimuli or high-frequency vibrations. Here, we show that the contact-separation behavior of the electrode-dielectric interface is an energy dissipation process that substantially determines the response-relaxation time of the sensors. We thus reduce the response and relaxation time to ~0.04 ms using a bonded microstructured interface that effectively diminishes interfacial friction and energy dissipation. The high response-relaxation speed allows the sensor to detect vibrations over 10 kHz, which enables not only dynamic force detection, but also acoustic applications. This sensor also shows negligible hysteresis to precisely track dynamic stimuli. Our work opens a path that can substantially promote the response-relaxation speed of piezocapacitive pressure sensors into submillisecond range and extend their applications in acoustic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Nian Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ningning Bai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xingyu Hou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lingyu Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yingchun Chen
- Science and Technology Committee, Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China Ltd., Shanghai, 200126, China.
| | - Liu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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13
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Niu H, Li H, Zhang Q, Kim ES, Kim NY, Li Y. Intuition-and-Tactile Bimodal Sensing Based on Artificial-Intelligence-Motivated All-Fabric Bionic Electronic Skin for Intelligent Material Perception. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308127. [PMID: 38009787 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Developing electronic skins (e-skins) with extraordinary perception through bionic strategies has far-reaching significance for the intellectualization of robot skins. Here, an artificial intelligence (AI)-motivated all-fabric bionic (AFB) e-skin is proposed, where the overall structure is inspired by the interlocked bionics of the epidermis-dermis interface inside the skin, while the structural design inspiration of the dielectric layer derives from the branch-needle structure of conifers. More importantly, AFB e-skin achieves intuition sensing in proximity mode and tactile sensing in pressure mode based on the fringing and iontronic effects, respectively, and is simulated and verified through COMSOL finite element analysis. The proposed AFB e-skin in pressure mode exhibits maximum sensitivity of 15.06 kPa-1 (<50 kPa), linear sensitivity of 6.06 kPa-1 (50-200 kPa), and fast response/recovery time of 5.6 ms (40 kPa). By integrating AFB e-skin with AI algorithm, and with the support of material inference mechanisms based on dielectric constant and softness/hardness, an intelligent material perception system capable of recognizing nine materials with indistinguishable surfaces within one proximity-pressure cycle is established, demonstrating abilities that surpass human perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsen Niu
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250101, China
- RFIC Centre, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Hao Li
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Qichong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Eun-Seong Kim
- RFIC Centre, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Nam-Young Kim
- RFIC Centre, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea
| | - Yang Li
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250101, China
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14
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Li F, Lin X, Xue H, Wang J, Li J, Fei T, Liu S, Zhou T, Zhao H, Zhang T. Ultrasensitive Flexible Temperature Sensors Based on Thermal-Mediated Ions Migration Dynamics in Asymmetrical Polymer Bilayers. ACS NANO 2024; 18:7521-7531. [PMID: 38420965 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Accurately acquiring crucial data on the ambient surroundings and physiological processes delivered via subtle temperature fluctuation is vital for advancing artificial intelligence and personal healthcare techniques but is still challenging. Here, we introduce an electrically induced cation injection mechanism based on thermal-mediated ion migration dynamics in an asymmetrical polymer bilayer (APB) composed of nonionic polymer and polyelectrolyte layers, enabling the development of ultrasensitive flexible temperature sensors. The resulting optimized sensor achieves ultrahigh sensitivity, with a thermal index surpassing 10,000 K-1, which allows identifying temperature differences as small as 10 mK with a sensitivity that exceeds 1.5 mK. The mechanism also enables APB sensors to possess good insensitivity to various mechanical deformations─features essential for practical applications. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the potential impact of APB sensors in various conceptual applications, such as mental tension evaluation, biomimetic thermal tactile, and thermal radiation detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Xiuzhu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hua Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, P. R. China
| | - Teng Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Sen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hongran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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15
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Guan X, Zheng S, Zhang B, Sun X, Meng K, Elafify MS, Zhu Y, El-Gowily AH, An M, Li D, Han Q. Masking Strategy Constructed Metal Coordination Hydrogels with Improved Mechanical Properties for Flexible Electronic Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5168-5182. [PMID: 38234121 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Metal coordination hydrogels (MC-HGs) that introduce dynamically coordinate bonds together with metal ionic conduction have attracted considerable attention in flexible electronics. However, the traditional soaking method alleged to have technical scalability faces the challenge of forming MC-HGs with a "core-shell" structure, which undoubtedly reduces the whole mechanical properties and ionic stimulation responsiveness required for flexible electronics materials. Herein, a novel strategy referred to as "masking" has been proposed based on the theory of the valence bond and coordination chemistry. By regulating the masking agents and their concentrations as well as pairing mode with the metal ions, the whole mechanical properties of the resulting composites (MC-HGsMasking) show nearly double the values of their traditional soaking samples (MC-HGsSoaking). For example, the fracture stress and toughness of Fe-HGsMasking(SA, 5.0 g/L) are 1.55 MPa and 2.14 MJ/m3, almost twice those of Fe-HGsSoaking (0.83 MPa and 0.93 MJ/m3, respectively). Microstructure characterization combined with finite element analysis, molecular dynamics, and first-principles simulations demonstrates that the masking strategy first facilitating interfacial permeation of metal complexes and then effective coordination with functional ligands (carboxylates) of the hydrogels is the mechanism to strengthen the mechanical properties of composites MC-HGsMasking, which has the potential to break through the limitations of current MC-HGs in flexible electronic sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Guan
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Sai Zheng
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Bingyuan Zhang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Xuhui Sun
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Kai Meng
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Mohamed S Elafify
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Gamal Abdel El-Nasr Street, Shebin El-Kom, Menoufia 32511, Egypt
| | - Yanxia Zhu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Afnan H El-Gowily
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Meng An
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Dongping Li
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Qingxin Han
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
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16
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Gong S, Lu Y, Yin J, Levin A, Cheng W. Materials-Driven Soft Wearable Bioelectronics for Connected Healthcare. Chem Rev 2024; 124:455-553. [PMID: 38174868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In the era of Internet-of-things, many things can stay connected; however, biological systems, including those necessary for human health, remain unable to stay connected to the global Internet due to the lack of soft conformal biosensors. The fundamental challenge lies in the fact that electronics and biology are distinct and incompatible, as they are based on different materials via different functioning principles. In particular, the human body is soft and curvilinear, yet electronics are typically rigid and planar. Recent advances in materials and materials design have generated tremendous opportunities to design soft wearable bioelectronics, which may bridge the gap, enabling the ultimate dream of connected healthcare for anyone, anytime, and anywhere. We begin with a review of the historical development of healthcare, indicating the significant trend of connected healthcare. This is followed by the focal point of discussion about new materials and materials design, particularly low-dimensional nanomaterials. We summarize material types and their attributes for designing soft bioelectronic sensors; we also cover their synthesis and fabrication methods, including top-down, bottom-up, and their combined approaches. Next, we discuss the wearable energy challenges and progress made to date. In addition to front-end wearable devices, we also describe back-end machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence, telecommunication, and software. Afterward, we describe the integration of soft wearable bioelectronic systems which have been applied in various testbeds in real-world settings, including laboratories that are preclinical and clinical environments. Finally, we narrate the remaining challenges and opportunities in conjunction with our perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jialiang Yin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Arie Levin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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17
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Yu K, Qiu Z, Gu B, Li J, Meng Z, Li D, He J. Coaxial Electrohydrodynamic Printing of Microscale Core-Shell Conductive Features for Integrated Fabrication of Flexible Transparent Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:1114-1128. [PMID: 38133830 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Reliable insulation of microscale conductive features is required to fabricate functional multilayer circuits or flexible electronics for providing specific physical/chemical/electrical protection. However, the existing strategies commonly rely on manual assembling processes or multiple microfabrication processes, which is time-consuming and a great challenge for the fabrication of flexible transparent electronics with microscale features and ultrathin thickness. Here, we present a novel coaxial electrohydrodynamic (CEHD) printing strategy for the one-step fabrication of microscale flexible electronics with conductive materials at the core and insulating material at the outer layer. A finite element analysis (FEA) method is established to simulate the CEHD printing process. The extrusion sequence of the conductive and insulating materials during the CEHD printing process shows little effect on the morphology of the core-shell filaments, which can be achieved on different flexible substrates with a minimum conductive line width of 32 ± 3.2 μm, a total thickness of 53.6 ± 4.8 μm, and a conductivity of 0.23 × 107 S/m. The thin insulating layer can provide the inner conductive filament enough protection in 3D, which endows the resultant microscale core-shell electronics with good electrical stability when working in different chemical solvent solutions or under large deformation conditions. Moreover, the presented CEHD printing strategy offers a unique capability to sequentially fabricate an insulating layer, core-shell conductive pattern, and exposed electrodes by simply controlling the material extrusion sequence. The resultant large-area transparent electronics with two-layer core-shell patterns exhibit a high transmittance of 98% and excellent electrothermal performance. The CEHD-printed flexible microelectrode array is successfully used to record the electrical signals of beating mouse hearts. It can also be used to fabricate large-area flexible capacitive sensors to accurately measure the periodical pressure force. We envision that the present CEHD printing strategy can provide a promising tool to fabricate complex three-dimensional electronics with microscale resolution, high flexibility, and multiple functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zhennan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Bingsong Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zijie Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Dichen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jiankang He
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing Medical Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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18
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Ma T, Zhang M. Data-Driven Contact-Based Thermosensation for Enhanced Tactile Recognition. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:369. [PMID: 38257462 PMCID: PMC10819413 DOI: 10.3390/s24020369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Thermal feedback plays an important role in tactile perception, greatly influencing fields such as autonomous robot systems and virtual reality. The further development of intelligent systems demands enhanced thermosensation, such as the measurement of thermal properties of objects to aid in more accurate system perception. However, this continues to present certain challenges in contact-based scenarios. For this reason, this study innovates by using the concept of semi-infinite equivalence to design a thermosensation system. A discrete transient heat transfer model was established. Subsequently, a data-driven method was introduced, integrating the developed model with a back propagation (BP) neural network containing dual hidden layers, to facilitate accurate calculation for contact materials. The network was trained using the thermophysical data of 67 types of materials generated by the heat transfer model. An experimental setup, employing flexible thin-film devices, was constructed to measure three solid materials under various heating conditions. Results indicated that measurement errors stayed within 10% for thermal conductivity and 20% for thermal diffusion. This approach not only enables quick, quantitative calculation and identification of contact materials but also simplifies the measurement process by eliminating the need for initial temperature adjustments, and minimizing errors due to model complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min Zhang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
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19
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Yuan YM, Liu B, Adibeig MR, Xue Q, Qin C, Sun QY, Jin Y, Wang M, Yang C. Microstructured Polyelectrolyte Elastomer-Based Ionotronic Sensors with High Sensitivities and Excellent Stability for Artificial Skins. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2310429. [PMID: 38095237 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
High-performance flexible pressure sensors are highly demanded for artificial tactile sensing. Using ionic conductors as the dielectric layer has enabled ionotronic pressure sensors with high sensitivities owing to giant capacitance of the electric double layer (EDL) formed at the ionic conductor/electronic conductor interface. However, conventional ionotronic sensors suffer from leakage, which greatly hinders long-term stability and practical applications. Herein, a leakage-free polyelectrolyte elastomer as the dielectric layer for ionotronic sensors is synthesized. The mechanical and electrical properties of the polyelectrolyte elastomer are optimized, a micropyramid array is constructed, and it is used as the dielectric layer for an ionotronic pressure sensor with marked performances. The obtained sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 69.6 kPa-1 , a high upper detecting limit on the order of 1 MPa, a fast response/recovery speed of ≈6 ms, and excellent stability under both static and dynamic loads. Notably, the sensor retains a high sensitivity of 4.96 kPa-1 at 500 kPa, and its broad sensing range within high-pressure realm enables a brand-new coding strategy. The applications of the sensor as a wearable keyboard and a quasicontinuous controller for a robotic arm are demonstrated. Durable and highly sensitive ionotronic sensors potentialize high-performance artificial skins for soft robots, human-machine interfaces, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Yuan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Binhong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Mohammad Reza Adibeig
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qiqi Xue
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chu Qin
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Yin Sun
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ying Jin
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Canhui Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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20
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Abstract
Efforts to design devices emulating complex cognitive abilities and response processes of biological systems have long been a coveted goal. Recent advancements in flexible electronics, mirroring human tissue's mechanical properties, hold significant promise. Artificial neuron devices, hinging on flexible artificial synapses, bioinspired sensors, and actuators, are meticulously engineered to mimic the biological systems. However, this field is in its infancy, requiring substantial groundwork to achieve autonomous systems with intelligent feedback, adaptability, and tangible problem-solving capabilities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in artificial neuron devices. It starts with fundamental principles of artificial synaptic devices and explores artificial sensory systems, integrating artificial synapses and bioinspired sensors to replicate all five human senses. A systematic presentation of artificial nervous systems follows, designed to emulate fundamental human nervous system functions. The review also discusses potential applications and outlines existing challenges, offering insights into future prospects. We aim for this review to illuminate the burgeoning field of artificial neuron devices, inspiring further innovation in this captivating area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Cong Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yongli He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiangtao Su
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
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21
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Li X, Lin Y, Cui L, Li C, Yang Z, Zhao S, Hao T, Wang G, Heo JY, Yu JC, Chang YW, Zhu J. Stretchable and Lithography-Compatible Interconnects Enabled by Self-Assembled Nanofilms with Interlocking Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:56233-56241. [PMID: 37988740 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable interconnects with miniature widths are vital for the high-density integration of deformable electronic components on a single substrate for targeted data logic or storage functions. However, it is still challenging to attain high-resolution patternability of stretchable conductors with robust circuit fabrication capability. Here, we report a self-assembled silver nanofilm firmly interlocked by an elastomeric nanodielectric that can be photolithographically patterned into microscale features while preserving high stretchability and conductivity. Both silver and dielectric nanofilms are fabricated by layer-by-layer assembly, ensuring wafer-scale uniformity and meticulous control of thicknesses. Without any thermal annealing, the as-fabricated nanofilms from silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibit conductivity of 1.54 × 106 S m-1 and stretchability of ∼200%, which is due to the impeded crack propagation by the underlying PU nanodielectrics. Furthermore, it is revealed that AgNP microstrips defined by photolithography show higher stretchability when their widths are downscaled to 100 μm owing to confined cracks. However, further scaling restricts the stretchability, following the early development of cracks cutting across the strip. In addition, the resistance change of these silver interconnects can be decreased using serpentine architectures. As a demonstration, these self-assembled interconnects are used as stretchable circuit boards to power LEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Lei Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Chenning Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Sanchuan Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Tailang Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Guoqi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jae-Young Heo
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Yu
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Korea
- R&D Center, Hepce Chem Co., Ltd., Siheung, Gyeonggi 15588, Korea
| | - Young-Wook Chang
- Department of Materials and Chemical Engineering, BK21 FOUR ERICA-ACE Center, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi 15588, Korea
| | - Jian Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, and Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
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22
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Qu X, Xie R, Zhou Z, Zhang T, Guan M, Chen S, Wang H. Highly Sensitive Capacitive Fiber Pressure Sensors Enabled by Electrode and Dielectric Layer Regulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:54966-54976. [PMID: 37967359 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive pressure sensors play an important role in the field of flexible electronics. Despite significant advances in two-dimensional (2D) soft pressure sensors, one-dimensional (1D) fiber electronics are still struggling. Due to differences in structure, the theoretical research of 2D sensors has difficulty guiding the design of 1D sensors. The multiple response factors of 1D sensors and the capacitive response mechanism have not been explored. Fiber sensors urgently need a tailor-made theoretical research and development path. In this regard, we established a fiber pressure-sensing platform using a coaxial wet spinning process. Aiming at the two problems of the soft electrode modulus and dielectric layer thickness, the conclusions are drawn from three aspects: model analysis, experimental verification, and formula derivation. It makes up some theoretical blanks of capacitive fiber pressure sensors. Through the self-regulation of these two factors without a complex structural design, the sensitivity can be significantly improved. This provides a great reference for the design and development of fiber pressure sensors. Besides, taking advantage of the scalability and easy integration of 1D electronics, multipoint sensors prepared by fibers have verified their application potential in health monitoring, human-machine interface, and motion behavior analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Qu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Ruimin Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Mengyao Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Huaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
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23
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Chen Y, Zhou Y, Hu Z, Lu W, Li Z, Gao N, Liu N, Li Y, He J, Gao Q, Xie Z, Li J, He Y. Gelatin-Based Metamaterial Hydrogel Films with High Conformality for Ultra-Soft Tissue Monitoring. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:34. [PMID: 38019305 PMCID: PMC10686972 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Implantable hydrogel-based bioelectronics (IHB) can precisely monitor human health and diagnose diseases. However, achieving biodegradability, biocompatibility, and high conformality with soft tissues poses significant challenges for IHB. Gelatin is the most suitable candidate for IHB since it is a collagen hydrolysate and a substantial part of the extracellular matrix found naturally in most tissues. This study used 3D printing ultrafine fiber networks with metamaterial design to embed into ultra-low elastic modulus hydrogel to create a novel gelatin-based conductive film (GCF) with mechanical programmability. The regulation of GCF nearly covers soft tissue mechanics, an elastic modulus from 20 to 420 kPa, and a Poisson's ratio from - 0.25 to 0.52. The negative Poisson's ratio promotes conformality with soft tissues to improve the efficiency of biological interfaces. The GCF can monitor heartbeat signals and respiratory rate by determining cardiac deformation due to its high conformability. Notably, the gelatin characteristics of the biodegradable GCF enable the sensor to monitor and support tissue restoration. The GCF metamaterial design offers a unique idea for bioelectronics to develop implantable sensors that integrate monitoring and tissue repair and a customized method for endowing implanted sensors to be highly conformal with soft tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihe Hu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiying Lu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Gao
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Nian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Xie
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiachun Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Tian Y, He R, Xu WC, Li J, Wu J, Zhong W, Zhang K. Contact Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Electro-Polymerized Polypyrrole and a Regulated Conductive Pathway. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49583-49594. [PMID: 37823823 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The performance of contact resistive pressure sensors heavily relies on the intrinsic characteristics of the active layers, including the mechanical surface structure, conductivity, and elastic properties. However, efficiently and simply regulating the conductivity, morphology, and modulus of the active layers has remained a challenge. In this study, we introduced electro-polymerized polypyrrole (ePPy) to design flexible contact piezoresistive sensors with tailored intrinsic properties. The customizable intrinsic property of ePPy was comprehensively illustrated on the chemical and electronic structure scale, and the impact of ePPy's intrinsic properties on the sensing performance of the device was investigated by determining the correlation between resistivity, roughness, and device sensitivity. Due to the synergistic effects of roughness, conductivity, and elastic properties of the active layers, the flexible ePPy-based pressure sensor exhibited high sensitivity (3.19 kPa-1, 1-10 kPa, R2 = 0.97), fast response time, good durability, and low power consumption. These advantages allowed the sensor to offer an immediate response to human motion such as finger-bending and grasping movements, demonstrating the promising potential of tailorable ePPy-based contact piezoresistive sensors for wearable electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Tian
- Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
| | - Ren He
- Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen-Cong Xu
- Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
| | - Juying Wu
- Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
| | - Weizhou Zhong
- Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
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25
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Bo R, Xu S, Yang Y, Zhang Y. Mechanically-Guided 3D Assembly for Architected Flexible Electronics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11137-11189. [PMID: 37676059 PMCID: PMC10540141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Architected flexible electronic devices with rationally designed 3D geometries have found essential applications in biology, medicine, therapeutics, sensing/imaging, energy, robotics, and daily healthcare. Mechanically-guided 3D assembly methods, exploiting mechanics principles of materials and structures to transform planar electronic devices fabricated using mature semiconductor techniques into 3D architected ones, are promising routes to such architected flexible electronic devices. Here, we comprehensively review mechanically-guided 3D assembly methods for architected flexible electronics. Mainstream methods of mechanically-guided 3D assembly are classified and discussed on the basis of their fundamental deformation modes (i.e., rolling, folding, curving, and buckling). Diverse 3D interconnects and device forms are then summarized, which correspond to the two key components of an architected flexible electronic device. Afterward, structure-induced functionalities are highlighted to provide guidelines for function-driven structural designs of flexible electronics, followed by a collective summary of their resulting applications. Finally, conclusions and outlooks are given, covering routes to achieve extreme deformations and dimensions, inverse design methods, and encapsulation strategies of architected 3D flexible electronics, as well as perspectives on future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renheng Bo
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Youzhou Yang
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied
Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory
of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua
University, 100084 Beijing, People’s Republic
of China
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26
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Wang H, Wang W, Kim JJ, Wang C, Wang Y, Wang B, Lee S, Yokota T, Someya T. An optical-based multipoint 3-axis pressure sensor with a flexible thin-film form. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi2445. [PMID: 37683001 PMCID: PMC10491291 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Multipoint 3-axis tactile pressure sensing by a high-resolution and sensitive optical system provides rich information on surface pressure distribution and plays an important role in a variety of human interaction-related and robotics applications. However, the optical system usually has a bulky profile, which brings difficulties to sensor mounting and system integration. Here, we show a construction of thin-film and flexible multipoint 3-axis pressure sensor by optical methods. The sensor can detect the distribution of 3-axis pressure on an area of 3 centimeter by 4 centimeter, with a high-accuracy normal and tangential pressure sensing up to 360 and 100 kilopascal, respectively. A porous rubber is used as a 3-axis pressure-sensitive optical modulator to omit the thick and rigid focusing system without sacrificing the sensitivity. In addition, by integrating thin and flexible backlight and imager, the sensor has a total thickness of 1.5 milimeter, making it function properly even when bent to a radius of 18 milimeter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
| | - Jae Joon Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
| | - Chunya Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion–Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Binghao Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
| | - Sunghoon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8656, Japan
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