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von der Gathen P, Kivi R, Wohltmann I, Salawitch RJ, Rex M. Climate change favours large seasonal loss of Arctic ozone. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3886. [PMID: 34162857 PMCID: PMC8222337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical loss of Arctic ozone due to anthropogenic halogens is driven by temperature, with more loss occurring during cold winters favourable for formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). We show that a positive, statistically significant rise in the local maxima of PSC formation potential (PFPLM) for cold winters is apparent in meteorological data collected over the past half century. Output from numerous General Circulation Models (GCMs) also exhibits positive trends in PFPLM over 1950 to 2100, with highest values occurring at end of century, for simulations driven by a large rise in the radiative forcing of climate from greenhouse gases (GHGs). We combine projections of stratospheric halogen loading and humidity with GCM-based forecasts of temperature to suggest that conditions favourable for large, seasonal loss of Arctic column O3 could persist or even worsen until the end of this century, if future abundances of GHGs continue to steeply rise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter von der Gathen
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Rigel Kivi
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Space and Earth Observation Centre, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - Ingo Wohltmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ross J Salawitch
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Markus Rex
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany
- Universität Potsdam, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Potsdam, Germany
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2
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Tritscher I, Grooß JU, Spang R, Pitts MC, Poole LR, Müller R, Riese M. Lagrangian simulation of ice particles and resulting dehydration in the polar winter stratosphere. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019; 19:543-563. [PMID: 33414817 PMCID: PMC7787165 DOI: 10.5194/acp-19-543-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and cold stratospheric aerosols drive heterogeneous chemistry and play a major role in polar ozone depletion. The Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) simulates the nucleation, growth, sedimentation, and evaporation of PSC particles along individual trajectories. Particles consisting of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), which contain a substantial fraction of the stratospheric nitric acid (HNO3), were the focus of previous modeling work and are known for their potential to denitrify the polar stratosphere. Here, we carried this idea forward and introduced the formation of ice PSCs and related dehydration into the sedimentation module of CLaMS. Both processes change the simulated chemical composition of the lower stratosphere. Due to the Lagrangian transport scheme, NAT and ice particles move freely in three-dimensional space. Heterogeneous NAT and ice nucleation on foreign nuclei as well as homogeneous ice nucleation and NAT nucleation on preexisting ice particles are now implemented into CLaMS and cover major PSC formation pathways. We show results from the Arctic winter 2009/2010 and from the Antarctic winter 2011 to demonstrate the performance of the model over two entire PSC seasons. For both hemispheres, we present CLaMS results in comparison to measurements from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP), the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), and the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). Observations and simulations are presented on season-long and vortex-wide scales as well as for single PSC events. The simulations reproduce well both the timing and the extent of PSC occurrence inside the entire vortex. Divided into specific PSC classes, CLaMS results show predominantly good agreement with CALIOP and MIPAS observations, even for specific days and single satellite orbits. CLaMS and CALIOP agree that NAT mixtures are the first type of PSC to be present in both winters. NAT PSC areal coverages over the entire season agree satisfactorily. However, cloud-free areas, next to or surrounded by PSCs in the CALIOP data, are often populated with NAT particles in the CLaMS simulations. Looking at the temporal and vortex-averaged evolution of HNO3, CLaMS shows an uptake of HNO3 from the gas into the particle phase which is too large and happens too early in the simulation of the Arctic winter. In turn, the permanent redistribution of HNO3 is smaller in the simulations than in the observations. The Antarctic model run shows too little denitrification at lower altitudes towards the end of the winter compared to the observations. The occurrence of synoptic-scale ice PSCs agrees satisfactorily between observations and simulations for both hemispheres and the simulated vertical redistribution of water vapor (H2O) is in very good agreement with MLS observations. In summary, a conclusive agreement between CLaMS simulations and a variety of independent measurements is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Tritscher
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Stratosphere (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Grooß
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Stratosphere (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Reinhold Spang
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Stratosphere (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Lamont R. Poole
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, Virginia 23666, USA
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Stratosphere (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Riese
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Stratosphere (IEK-7), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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3
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Gao RS, Gierczak T, Thornberry TD, Rollins AW, Burkholder JB, Telg H, Voigt C, Peter T, Fahey DW. Persistent Water-Nitric Acid Condensate with Saturation Water Vapor Pressure Greater than That of Hexagonal Ice. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:1431-40. [PMID: 26447682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b06357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A laboratory chilled mirror hygrometer (CMH), exposed to an airstream containing water vapor (H2O) and nitric acid (HNO3), has been used to demonstrate the existence of a persistent water-nitric acid condensate that has a saturation H2O vapor pressure greater than that of hexagonal ice (Ih). The condensate was routinely formed on the mirror by removing HNO3 from the airstream following the formation of an initial condensate on the mirror that resembled nitric acid trihydrate (NAT). Typical conditions for the formation of the persistent condensate were a H2O mixing ratio greater than 18 ppm, pressure of 128 hPa, and mirror temperature between 202 and 216 K. In steady-state operation, a CMH maintains a condensate of constant optical diffusivity on a mirror through control of only the mirror temperature. Maintaining the persistent condensate on the mirror required that the mirror temperature be below the H2O saturation temperature with respect to Ih by as much as 3 K, corresponding to up to 63% H2O supersaturation with respect to Ih. The condensate was observed to persist in steady state for up to 16 h. Compositional analysis of the condensate confirmed the co-condensation of H2O and HNO3 and thereby strongly supports the conclusion that the Ih supersaturation is due to residual HNO3 in the condensate. Although the exact structure or stoichiometry of the condensate could not be determined, other known stable phases of HNO3 and H2O are excluded as possible condensates. This persistent condensate, if it also forms in the upper tropical troposphere, might explain some of the high Ih supersaturations in cirrus and contrails that have been reported in the tropical tropopause region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Shan Gao
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305-3337, United States
| | - Tomasz Gierczak
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Troy D Thornberry
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305-3337, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Andrew W Rollins
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305-3337, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - James B Burkholder
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305-3337, United States
| | - Hagen Telg
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305-3337, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Christiane Voigt
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre , Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Thomas Peter
- Laboratorium für Atmosphärenphysik, ETH-Zurich , CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David W Fahey
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305-3337, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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4
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Verdes M, Paniagua M. Relative stabilities of HCl•H2SO4•HNO3 aggregates in polar stratospheric clouds. J Mol Model 2015; 21:78. [PMID: 25758341 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2611-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Strong acids such as HCl (C), HNO3 (N) and H2SO4 (S) acquire relevance in Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) and aerosols in which nucleation processes occur. Ab initio quantum chemical studies of aggregates were performed for these strong acids. Structures were calculated using DFT methods with the B3LYP hybrid functional and aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. As an initial constraint, an H2SO4 moiety was placed in all candidate structures. A total of 11 optimized structures was found: a global minimum (CSN-a) plus ten local minima on the Potential Energy Surface (PES). The global minimum aggregate gave four hydrogen bonds, yielding a hexagonal ring in its structure. HNO3 acts as proton donor in all clusters; nevertheless, using trans-H2SO4 as the proton donor yielded the most stable structures, whereas HCl acts mainly as a proton donor/acceptor. Real harmonic frequencies, IR spectra, and inter-monomeric parameters were obtained. CSN-a symmetric stretching modes were shifted to 2805.56 cm(-1) and 3520.00 cm(-1) for H-Cl modes, while O-H modes shifted to 3256.87 cm(-1) and 3362.47 cm(-1). On the other hand, relative stabilities improved for 5 of the 11 aggregates when the temperature decreased from 298 K to 210 K, 195 K and 188 K. The aggregate CSN-f remained unstable only at 210 K. Moreover, the relative Gibbs free energy, ΔG(0-298K) was -9.26 kcalmol(-1) with respect to CSN-a; relative reaction Gibbs free energy [Δ(ΔG)] values ranged from 0.0 at 298 K, to -6.9 kcalmol(-1) at 188 K. It seems that CSN aggregates remain slightly more stable than CNS aggregates with a HNO3 moiety when the temperature decreases from 298 to 188 K. Five structures remained relatively stable under both study conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Verdes
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, C-14, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain,
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5
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Romanias MN, Papadimitriou VC, Papagiannakopoulos P. The interaction of propionic and butyric acids with ice and HNO₃-doped ice surfaces at 195-212 K. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:11380-7. [PMID: 25384192 DOI: 10.1021/jp507965m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of propionic and butyric acids on ice and HNO3-doped ice were studied between 195 and 212 K and low concentrations, using a Knudsen flow reactor coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The initial uptake coefficients (γ0) of propionic and butyric acids on ice as a function of temperature are given by the expressions: γ0(T) = (7.30 ± 1.0) × 10(-10) exp[(3216 ± 478)/T] and γ0(T) = (6.36 ± 0.76) × 10(-11) exp[(3810 ± 434)/T], respectively; the quoted error limits are at 95% level of confidence. Similarly, γ0 of propionic acid on 1.96 wt % (A) and 7.69 wt % (B) HNO3-doped ice with temperature are given as γ(0,A)(T) = (2.89 ± 0.26) × 10(-8) exp[(2517 ± 266)/T] and γ(0,B)(T) = (2.77 ± 0.29) × 10(-7) exp[(2126 ± 206)/T], respectively. The results show that γ0 of C1 to C4 n-carboxylic acids on ice increase with the alkyl-group length, due to lateral interactions between alkyl-groups that favor a more perpendicular orientation and well packing of H-bonded monomers on ice. The high uptakes (>10(15) molecules cm(-2)) and long recovery signals indicate efficient growth of random multilayers above the first monolayer driven by significant van der Waals interactions. The heterogeneous loss of both acids on ice and HNO3-doped ice particles in dense cirrus clouds is estimated to take a few minutes, signifying rapid local heterogeneous removal by dense cirrus clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis N Romanias
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Kinetics, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete , 71003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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6
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Marchand P, Marcotte G, Ayotte P. Spectroscopic Study of HNO3 Dissociation on Ice. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:12112-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp309533f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Marchand
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard université, Sherbrooke,
Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Guillaume Marcotte
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard université, Sherbrooke,
Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Patrick Ayotte
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard université, Sherbrooke,
Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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Terao Y, Sugita T, Sasano Y. Ozone loss rates in the Arctic winter stratosphere during 1994-2000 derived from POAM II/III and ILAS observations: Implications for relationships among ozone loss, PSC occurrence, and temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Romanias MN, Zogka AG, Papadimitriou VC, Papagiannakopoulos P. Uptake Measurements of Acetic Acid on Ice and Nitric Acid-Doped Thin Ice Films over Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere Temperatures. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:2198-208. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205196t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manolis N. Romanias
- Laboratory
of Photochemistry and Kinetics, Department
of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Antonia G. Zogka
- Laboratory
of Photochemistry and Kinetics, Department
of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Vassileios C. Papadimitriou
- Laboratory
of Photochemistry and Kinetics, Department
of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Panos Papagiannakopoulos
- Laboratory
of Photochemistry and Kinetics, Department
of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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9
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Achtert P, Khosrawi F, Blum U, Fricke KH. Investigation of polar stratospheric clouds in January 2008 by means of ground-based and spaceborne lidar measurements and microphysical box model simulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Romanias MN, Zogka AG, Stefanopoulos VG, Papadimitriou VC, Papagiannakopoulos P. Uptake of Formic Acid on Thin Ice Films and on Ice Doped with Nitric Acid between 195 and 211 K. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:4042-52. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manolis N. Romanias
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Kinetics, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete (Greece), Fax: (+30) 2810‐545‐001
| | - Antonia G. Zogka
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Kinetics, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete (Greece), Fax: (+30) 2810‐545‐001
| | - Vassileios G. Stefanopoulos
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Kinetics, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete (Greece), Fax: (+30) 2810‐545‐001
| | - Vassileios C. Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Kinetics, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete (Greece), Fax: (+30) 2810‐545‐001
| | - Panos Papagiannakopoulos
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Kinetics, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete (Greece), Fax: (+30) 2810‐545‐001
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Allan DR, Marshall WG, Francis DJ, Oswald IDH, Pulham CR, Spanswick C. The crystal structures of the low-temperature and high-pressure polymorphs of nitric acid. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:3736-43. [PMID: 20354626 DOI: 10.1039/b923975h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new high-pressure phase of pure nitric acid (HNO(3)) has been characterised at 1.6 GPa at room temperature by high-pressure neutron powder and X-ray single-crystal diffraction techniques. This is the first crystalline phase obtained upon compression of liquid nitric acid at room temperature and appears to be the stable phase up to pressures of at least 4 GPa. The crystal structure of this new phase shows some similarities to that of the low-temperature phase of nitric acid at ambient pressure, which has been redetermined as part of this study. Both structures share a herringbone packing of hydrogen-bonded molecular catemers, although the presence of disorder within the hydrogen bonds within one of the catemers of the low-temperature phase makes its structure comparatively more complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Allan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Oxfordshire, Didcot, UK OX11 0CE.
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12
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Adhikari L, Wang Z, Liu D. Microphysical properties of Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds and their dependence on tropospheric cloud systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Gómez PC, Gálvez O, Mosteo RG, Puzzarini C, Escribano R. Clusters of atmospheric relevance: H2O/HCl/HNO3. Prediction of IR & MW spectra. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:4617-24. [DOI: 10.1039/b924890k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Jumelet J, Bekki S, David C, Keckhut P, Baumgarten G. Size distribution time series of a polar stratospheric cloud observed above Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research (ALOMAR) (69°N) and analyzed from multiwavelength lidar measurements during winter 2005. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Kinnison DE, Gille J, Barnett J, Randall C, Harvey VL, Lambert A, Khosravi R, Alexander MJ, Bernath PF, Boone CD, Cavanaugh C, Coffey M, Craig C, Dean VC, Eden T, Ellis D, Fahey DW, Francis G, Halvorson C, Hannigan J, Hartsough C, Hepplewhite C, Krinsky C, Lee H, Mankin B, Marcy TP, Massie S, Nardi B, Packman D, Popp PJ, Santee ML, Yudin V, Walker KA. Global observations of HNO3from the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS): First results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Søvde OA, Gauss M, Smyshlyaev SP, Isaksen ISA. Evaluation of the chemical transport model Oslo CTM2 with focus on arctic winter ozone depletion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Noel V, Hertzog A, Chepfer H, Winker DM. Polar stratospheric clouds over Antarctica from the CALIPSO spaceborne lidar. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Grothe H, Tizek H, Ortega IK. Metastable nitric acidhydrates—possible constituents of polar stratospheric clouds? Faraday Discuss 2008; 137:223-34; discussion 297-318. [DOI: 10.1039/b702343j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Hatch CD, Gough RV, Toon OB, Tolbert MA. Heterogeneous Nucleation of Nitric Acid Trihydrate on Clay Minerals: Relevance to Type Ia Polar Stratospheric Clouds. J Phys Chem B 2007; 112:612-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jp075828n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D. Hatch
- CIRES and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, and LASP and PAOS, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Raina V. Gough
- CIRES and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, and LASP and PAOS, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Owen B. Toon
- CIRES and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, and LASP and PAOS, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
| | - Margaret A. Tolbert
- CIRES and the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, and LASP and PAOS, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309
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Knopf DA. Reply to “Comment on ‘Do NAD and NAT Form in Liquid Stratospheric Aerosols by Pseudoheterogeneous Nucleation?'”. J Phys Chem A 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/jp066423q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Knopf
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, IAC, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Schoeberl MR, Kawa SR, Douglass AR, McGee TJ, Browell EV, Waters J, Livesey N, Read W, Froidevaux L, Santee ML, Pumphrey HC, Lait LR, Twigg L. Chemical observations of a polar vortex intrusion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Crounse JD, McKinney KA, Kwan AJ, Wennberg PO. Measurement of Gas-Phase Hydroperoxides by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2006; 78:6726-32. [PMID: 17007490 DOI: 10.1021/ac0604235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the detection of gas-phase hydroperoxides is described. The clustering chemistry of CF3O- is exploited to produce speciated measurements of several hydroperoxides with high sensitivity and fast time response. Correspondence of airborne observations made with this technique and the established HPLC method is illustrated. CF3O- appears to be a highly versatile reagent ion for measurements of both weak and strong acids in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Crounse
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, MC 150-21, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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Natsheh AA, Nadykto AB, Mikkelsen KV, Yu F, Ruuskanen J. Coexistence of metastable nitric acid dihydrates: A molecular level contribution to understanding the formation of polar stratospheric clouds crystals. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Knopf DA. Do NAD and NAT Form in Liquid Stratospheric Aerosols by Pseudoheterogeneous Nucleation? J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:5745-50. [PMID: 16640368 DOI: 10.1021/jp055376j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory data of the freezing of nitric acid hydrates (NAD, NAT) from HNO(3)/H(2)O and HNO(3)/H(2)SO(4)/H(2)O solution droplets have been evaluated with respect to a "pseudoheterogeneous" (surface-induced) nucleation mechanism of NAD and NAT, which has been argued to possibly lead to the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). In addition, a parametrization of pseudoheterogeneous nucleation of NAD and NAT suggested recently (Tabazadeh et al. J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 10238-10246) has been analyzed, showing that this parametrization should not be used in stratospheric modeling studies. The analysis of several laboratory data sets yields an upper limit of the pseudoheterogeneous nucleation rate coefficient of NAD of 2.2 x 10(-5) cm(-2) s(-1). In contrast, the upper limit of the pseudoheterogeneous nucleation rate coefficient of NAT could not be constrained satisfactorily, since formation of NAT has not been observed at stratospheric conditions in laboratory experiments applying small droplets. Maximum NAD production rates of 9.6 x 10(-9) cm(-3) (air) h(-1) in the stratosphere have been estimated assuming a pseudoheterogeneous nucleation mechanism that is constrained by the experimental observations. If maximum NAD supersaturation persisted for 4 weeks in the polar stratosphere the corresponding NAD particle number densities are estimated to be about 6 x 10(-6) cm(-3). These particle number densities are 3 orders of magnitude lower than particle number densities recently observed in the stratosphere. In conclusion, on the basis of laboratory data it is found that a pseudoheterogeneous nucleation mechanism is not sufficient to explain recent observations of large nitric acid containing particles in the polar stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, IAC, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Massoli P, Maturilli M, Neuber R. Climatology of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds as measured by lidar in Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen (79°N, 12°E). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Grothe H, Tizek H, Waller D, Stokes DJ. The crystallization kinetics and morphology of nitric acid trihydrate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:2232-9. [PMID: 16688305 DOI: 10.1039/b601514j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crystallization kinetics of stable and metastable nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) were investigated by time dependent X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) measurements. Kinetic conversion curves were evaluated adopting the Avrami model. The growth and morphology of the respective crystallites were monitored in situ on the cryo-stage of an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) under a partial pressure of nitrogen gas (0.3 Torr, 40 Pa). The results show a close relationship between the presence of ice in the sample and the crystallization mechanism of NAT, which results in different shapes and sizes of NAT crystal particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinrich Grothe
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Materials Chemistry, Austria.
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27
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Grothe H, Lund Myhre CE, Nielsen CJ. Low-Frequency Raman Spectra of Nitric Acid Hydrates. J Phys Chem A 2005; 110:171-6. [PMID: 16392852 DOI: 10.1021/jp055521t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectra of solid nitric acid hydrates (NAM, alpha- and beta-NAD, alpha- and beta-NAT, and NAP) are obtained in the low-frequency region 20-175 cm(-1) where phonon bands show characteristic patterns. This fingerprint information, intimately related to the structure and symmetry of the unit cell, is well suited for observation of phase changes in solid nitric acid hydrates and allows the distinction of mixtures of different hydrate phases. The low-frequency spectra are correlated with the spectra of the respective symmetric NO stretching vibration (1000-1080 cm(-1)), with literature data, and with X-ray diffraction patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinrich Grothe
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Veterinärplatz 1/GA, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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Delval C, Rossi MJ. Influence of Monolayer Amounts of HNO3 on the Evaporation Rate of H2O over Ice in the Range 179 to 208 K: A Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:7151-65. [PMID: 16834079 DOI: 10.1021/jp0505072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The evaporation flux J(ev) of H2O from thin H2O ice films containing between 0.5 and 7 monolayers of HNO3 has been measured in the range 179 to 208 K under both molecular and stirred flow conditions in isothermal experiments. FTIR absorption of the HNO3/H2O condensate revealed the formation of metastable alpha-NAT (HNO(3).3H2O) converting to stable beta-NAT at 205 K. After deposition of HNO3 for 16-80 s on a 1 mum thick pure ice film at a deposition rate in the range (6-60) x 10(12) molecules s(-1) the initial evaporative flux J(ev)(H2O) was always that of pure ice. J(ev)(H2O) gradually decreased with the evaporation of H2O and the concomitant increase of the average mole fraction of HNO3, chi(HNO3), indicating the presence of an amorphous mixture of H2O/HNO3 that is called complexed or (c)-ice whose vapor pressure is that of pure ice. The final value of J(ev) was smaller by factors varying from 2.7 to 65 relative to pure ice. Depending on the doping conditions and temperature of the ice film the pure ice thickness d(D) of the ice film for which J(ev) < 0.85J(ev)(pure ice) varied between 130 and 700 nm compared to the 1000 nm thick original ice film at 208 and 191 K, respectively, in what seems to be an inverse temperature dependence. There exist three different types of H2O molecules under the present experimental conditions, namely (a) free H2O corresponding to pure ice, (b) complexed H2O or c-ice, and (c) H2O molecules originating from the breakup of NAT or amorphous H2O/HNO3 mixtures. The significant decrease of J(ev)(H2O) with increasing chi(HNO3) leads to an increase of the evaporative lifetime of atmospheric ice particles in the presence of HNO3 and may help explain the occurrence of persistent and/or large contaminated ice particles at certain atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Delval
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Mann GW. Large nitric acid trihydrate particles and denitrification caused by mountain waves in the Arctic stratosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Miyazaki Y. Contribution of particulate nitrate to airborne measurements of total reactive nitrogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Stimpfle RM, Wilmouth DM, Salawitch RJ, Anderson JG. First measurements of ClOOCl in the stratosphere: The coupling of ClOOCl and ClO in the Arctic polar vortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Stimpfle
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. M. Wilmouth
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - R. J. Salawitch
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory; California Institute of Technology; Pasadena California USA
| | - J. G. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
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33
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Beyer KD, Hansen AR, Raddatz N. Experimental Determination of the H2SO4/HNO3/H2O Phase Diagram in Regions of Stratospheric Importance. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035572v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith D. Beyer
- Department of Chemistry, Wisconsin Lutheran College, 8800 West Bluemound Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Anne R. Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Wisconsin Lutheran College, 8800 West Bluemound Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Nick Raddatz
- Department of Chemistry, Wisconsin Lutheran College, 8800 West Bluemound Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
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34
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Hallar AG. Measurements of ice water content in tropopause region Arctic cirrus during the SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Maté B, Ortega IK, Moreno MA, Escribano R, Herrero VJ. Investigation of orientation effects in films of nitric acid trihydrate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b402533d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Considine DB. Sensitivity of Global Modeling Initiative model predictions of Antarctic ozone recovery to input meteorological fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Brooks SD. Polar stratospheric clouds during SOLVE/THESEO: Comparison of lidar observations with in situ measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Adriani A. Climatology of polar stratospheric clouds based on lidar observations from 1993 to 2001 over McMurdo Station, Antarctica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Cohen RC, Murphy JG. Photochemistry of NO2 in Earth's Stratosphere: Constraints from Observations. Chem Rev 2003; 103:4985-98. [PMID: 14664640 DOI: 10.1021/cr020647x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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40
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Stroock AD, Whitesides GM. Controlling flows in microchannels with patterned surface charge and topography. Acc Chem Res 2003; 36:597-604. [PMID: 12924956 DOI: 10.1021/ar0202870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This Account reviews two procedures for controlling the flow of fluids in microchannels. The first procedure involves patterning the density of charge on the inner surfaces of a channel. These patterns generate recirculating electroosmotic flows in the presence of a steady electric field. The second procedure involves patterning topography on an inner surface of a channel. These patterns generate recirculation in the cross-section of steady, pressure-driven flows. This Account summarizes applications of these flow to mixing and to controlling dispersion (band broadening).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham D Stroock
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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41
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Steil B, Brühl C, Manzini E, Crutzen PJ, Lelieveld J, Rasch PJ, Roeckner E, Krüger K. A new interactive chemistry-climate model: 1. Present-day climatology and interannual variability of the middle atmosphere using the model and 9 years of HALOE/UARS data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Steil
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - C. Brühl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - E. Manzini
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology; Hamburg Germany
| | | | - J. Lelieveld
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; Mainz Germany
| | - P. J. Rasch
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - E. Roeckner
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology; Hamburg Germany
| | - K. Krüger
- Free University of Berlin; Berlin Germany
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42
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Ballenthin JO, Thorn WF, Miller TM, Viggiano AA, Hunton DE, Koike M, Kondo Y, Takegawa N, Irie H, Ikeda H. In situ HNO
3
to NO
y
instrument comparison during SOLVE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. O. Ballenthin
- Air Force Research Laboratory/Space Vehicles Directorate Hanscom Air Force Base Massachusetts USA
| | - W. F. Thorn
- Air Force Research Laboratory/Space Vehicles Directorate Hanscom Air Force Base Massachusetts USA
| | - T. M. Miller
- Air Force Research Laboratory/Space Vehicles Directorate Hanscom Air Force Base Massachusetts USA
| | - A. A. Viggiano
- Air Force Research Laboratory/Space Vehicles Directorate Hanscom Air Force Base Massachusetts USA
| | - D. E. Hunton
- Air Force Research Laboratory/Space Vehicles Directorate Hanscom Air Force Base Massachusetts USA
| | - M. Koike
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Y. Kondo
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - N. Takegawa
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - H. Irie
- National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - H. Ikeda
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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Rivière ED. A Lagrangian method to study stratospheric nitric acid variations in the polar regions as measured by the Improved Limb Atmospheric Spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Luo BP. Extreme NAT supersaturations in mountain wave ice PSCs: A clue to NAT formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Tuck AF. Law of mass action in the Arctic lower stratospheric polar vortex January–March 2000: ClO scaling and the calculation of ozone loss rates in a turbulent fractal medium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Fromm M. A unified, long-term, high-latitude stratospheric aerosol and cloud database using SAM II, SAGE II, and POAM II/III data: Algorithm description, database definition, and climatology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Effects of volcanic eruptions on stratospheric ozone recovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/139gm14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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48
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Manney GL. Lower stratospheric temperature differences between meteorological analyses in two cold Arctic winters and their impact on polar processing studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Voigt C. In situ mountain-wave polar stratospheric cloud measurements: Implications for nitric acid trihydrate formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Davies S, Chipperfield MP, Carslaw KS, Sinnhuber BM, Anderson JG, Stimpfle RM, Wilmouth DM, Fahey DW, Popp PJ, Richard EC, von der Gathen P, Jost H, Webster CR. Modeling the effect of denitrification on Arctic ozone depletion during winter 1999/2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Davies
- School of the Environment; University of Leeds; Leeds England UK
| | | | - K. S. Carslaw
- School of the Environment; University of Leeds; Leeds England UK
| | - B.-M. Sinnhuber
- School of the Environment; University of Leeds; Leeds England UK
| | - J. G. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - R. M. Stimpfle
- Department of Chemistry; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. M. Wilmouth
- Department of Chemistry; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - D. W. Fahey
- Aeronomy Laboratory, NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - P. J. Popp
- Aeronomy Laboratory, NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | | | - H. Jost
- NASA Ames Research Center; Moffett Field California USA
| | - C. R. Webster
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Pasadena California USA
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