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Tu W, Chen X, Wu Q, Ying X, He R, Lou X, Yang G, Zhou K, Jiang S. Acupoint application inhibits nerve growth factor and attenuates allergic inflammation in allergic rhinitis model rats. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2020; 17:4. [PMID: 32063751 PMCID: PMC7011429 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-020-0236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Acupoint application therapy (AAT) has been widely used to treat allergic inflammation induced by allergic rhinitis (AR). The therapeutic effect of acupoint application is obvious. But the underlying therapeutic mechanism is still indistinct. Nerve growth factor (NGF) expression showed a dramatic rise in nasal mucosa tissue after AR, and allergic inflammation also increased significantly. To demonstrate how AAT can improve allergic inflammation by down-regulating the expression of NGF, AR rat models were established by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OVA) and nasal drops in SD rats. The number of nasal rubbing, sneezing and the degree of runny nose were observed and the symptoms were scored by behavioral symptom scoring method within 3 min. The expression levels of NGF and its downstream key proteins, such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE and IFN-γ were determined by q-PCR, Western blot analysis, ELISA and immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, H&E staining and toluidine blue staining were used to observe the pathological structure of nasal mucosa and mast cells in nasal mucosa, and the ultrastructure of nasal mucosa was observed by electron microscopy. Results Our data demonstrated that acupoint application significantly reduced the score of behavioral symptoms, and decreased the expression levels of NGF and its downstream key proteins, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgE, as well as promoting the expression level of IFN-γ in nasal mucosa tissue in AR rats. Thus, the activation of IgE and viability of mast cells was inhibited. Conclusion Our findings suggest that AAT can attenuate allergic inflammation by inhibiting the expression of NGF and its downstream pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhan Tu
- 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China.,2Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, 268 Xue Yuan Xi Road, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang 325027 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China.,2Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, 268 Xue Yuan Xi Road, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang 325027 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyun Wu
- 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China.,2Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, 268 Xue Yuan Xi Road, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang 325027 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwang Ying
- 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China.,2Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, 268 Xue Yuan Xi Road, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang 325027 People's Republic of China
| | - Rong He
- 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China.,2Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, 268 Xue Yuan Xi Road, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang 325027 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinfa Lou
- 2Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, 268 Xue Yuan Xi Road, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang 325027 People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China.,2Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, 268 Xue Yuan Xi Road, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang 325027 People's Republic of China
| | - Kecheng Zhou
- 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China.,2Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, 268 Xue Yuan Xi Road, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang 325027 People's Republic of China
| | - Songhe Jiang
- 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China.,2Integrative & Optimized Medicine Research Center, China-USA Institute for Acupuncture and Rehabilitation, Wenzhou Medical University, 268 Xue Yuan Xi Road, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang 325027 People's Republic of China
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Canu N, Amadoro G, Triaca V, Latina V, Sposato V, Corsetti V, Severini C, Ciotti MT, Calissano P. The Intersection of NGF/TrkA Signaling and Amyloid Precursor Protein Processing in Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology. Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28632177 PMCID: PMC5486140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its high-affinity Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) receptor has been suggested to contribute to the selective degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) associated with the progressive cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this review is to describe our progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the dynamic interplay between NGF/TrkA signaling and amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism within the context of AD neuropathology. This is mainly based on the finding that TrkA receptor binding to APP depends on a minimal stretch of ~20 amino acids located in the juxtamembrane/extracellular domain of APP that carries the α- and β-secretase cleavage sites. Here, we provide evidence that: (i) NGF could be one of the “routing” proteins responsible for modulating the metabolism of APP from amyloidogenic towards non-amyloidogenic processing via binding to the TrkA receptor; (ii) the loss of NGF/TrkA signaling could be linked to sporadic AD contributing to the classical hallmarks of the neuropathology, such as synaptic loss, β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) deposition and tau abnormalities. These findings will hopefully help to design therapeutic strategies for AD treatment aimed at preserving cholinergic function and anti-amyloidogenic activity of the physiological NGF/TrkA pathway in the septo-hippocampal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Canu
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00137 Rome, Italy.
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Council of Research Rome, Via del Fosso del Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Amadoro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council (CNR) Rome, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Viviana Triaca
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Council of Research Rome, Via del Fosso del Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Latina
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council (CNR) Rome, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Sposato
- European Brain Research Institute Rome, Via del Fosso del Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Veronica Corsetti
- European Brain Research Institute Rome, Via del Fosso del Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Severini
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Council of Research Rome, Via del Fosso del Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Ciotti
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology, National Council of Research Rome, Via del Fosso del Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy.
| | - Pietro Calissano
- European Brain Research Institute Rome, Via del Fosso del Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy.
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Jin P, Andiappan AK, Quek JM, Lee B, Au B, Sio YY, Irwanto A, Schurmann C, Grabe HJ, Suri BK, Matta SA, Westra HJ, Franke L, Esko T, Sun L, Zhang X, Liu H, Zhang F, Larbi A, Xu X, Poidinger M, Liu J, Chew FT, Rotzschke O, Shi L, Wang DY. A functional brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene variant increases the risk of moderate-to-severe allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1486-93.e8. [PMID: 25649076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a secretory protein that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR), atopic asthma, and eczema, but it is currently unknown whether BDNF polymorphisms influence susceptibility to moderate-to-severe AR. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify disease associations and the functional effect of BDNF genetic variants in patients with moderate-to-severe AR. METHODS Tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the BDNF gene were selected from the human HapMap Han Chinese from Beijing (CHB) data set, and associations with moderate-to-severe AR were assessed in 2 independent cohorts of Chinese patients (2216 from Shandong province and 1239 living in Singapore). The functional effects of the BDNF genetic variants were determined by using both in vitro and ex vivo assays. RESULTS The tagging SNP rs10767664 was significantly associated with the risk of moderate-to-severe AR in both Singapore Chinese (P = .0017; odds ratio, 1.324) and Shandong Chinese populations (P = .039; odds ratio, 1.180). The coding nonsynonymous SNP rs6265 was in perfect linkage with rs10767664 and conferred increased BDNF protein secretion by a human cell line in vitro. Subjects bearing the AA genotype of rs10767664 exhibited increased risk of moderate-to-severe AR and displayed increased BDNF protein and total IgE levels in plasma. Using a large-scale expression quantitative trait locus study, we demonstrated that BDNF SNPs are significantly associated with altered BDNF concentrations in peripheral blood. CONCLUSION A common genetic variant of the BDNF gene is associated with increased risk of moderate-to-severe AR, and the AA genotype is associated with increased BDNF mRNA levels in peripheral blood. Together, these data indicate that functional BDNF gene variants increase the risk of moderate-to-severe AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology of the Ministry of Health, Department of Otolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Anand Kumar Andiappan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Min Quek
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Bijin Au
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Yang Yie Sio
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Astrid Irwanto
- the Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, HELIOS Hospital Stralsund, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bani Kaur Suri
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sri Anusha Matta
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Harm-Jan Westra
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tonu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Ministry of National Science and Technology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Lab of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Complex and Severe Skin Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Ministry of National Science and Technology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Lab of Dermatology (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Complex and Severe Skin Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Lab for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, China
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Xin Xu
- Qingdao Caretaker Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- the Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Fook Tim Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olaf Rotzschke
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Li Shi
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology of the Ministry of Health, Department of Otolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore.
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Yinli C, Jie H, Li Z, Jun G, Peiling L, Weihong Y. Association between brain-derived neurothropic factor variants and asthma in Chinese Han children. Acta Paediatr 2013; 102:e247-50. [PMID: 23461616 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify the markers contributing to genetic susceptibility to asthma in Chinese Han children. METHODS This study examined the potential association between childhood asthma and seven single nucleotide polymorphisms of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) - SNPs, rs16917204, rs6265, rs7103873, rs16917237, rs56164415, rs13306221 and rs10767664 - using the MassARRAY system. The participants, recruited between May 2009 and July 2012, were 319 children with asthma (mean age 9.82 ± 1.57 years) recruited from a hospital paediatric department and 309 healthy controls (mean age 10.25 ± 1.36 years), recruited from the medical examination centre at the same hospital. RESULTS We observed a significant association for rs6265 (χ(2) = 9.851, p = 0.002, OR = 1.427, 95% CI = 1.143-1.783), located in exon 4 of the BDNF. Another potential association was observed for rs13306221 (χ(2) = 4.316, p = 0.038, OR = 1.604, 95% CI = 1.024-2.512) in the promoter region of the BDNF. Strong linkage disequilibrium was observed in block 1 (D' > 0.9). Significantly more G-G-G haplotypes in block 1 were found in children with asthma. CONCLUSIONS These findings point to a role for BDNF polymorphisms in Chinese Han children with asthma and may inform future genetic or biological studies on childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Yinli
- Department of Neonatology; the First Hospital Affiliated to the Xinxiang Medical College; Xinxiang Henan China
| | - Hao Jie
- Department of Paediatric Medicine; the First Hospital Affiliated to the Xinxiang Medical College; Xinxiang Henan China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Paediatric Medicine; the First Hospital Affiliated to the Xinxiang Medical College; Xinxiang Henan China
| | - Gao Jun
- Department of Neonatology; the First Hospital Affiliated to the Xinxiang Medical College; Xinxiang Henan China
| | - Li Peiling
- Department of Paediatric Medicine; the First Hospital Affiliated to the Xinxiang Medical College; Xinxiang Henan China
| | - Yang Weihong
- Department of Neonatology; the First Hospital Affiliated to the Xinxiang Medical College; Xinxiang Henan China
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5
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Andiappan AK, Parate PN, Anantharaman R, Suri BK, Wang DY, Chew FT. Genetic variation in BDNF is associated with allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis in an ethnic Chinese population in Singapore. Cytokine 2011; 56:218-23. [PMID: 21723144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases affect more than 25% of the world population and result from a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Recent evidence has shown that BDNF (Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor) could serve as an important marker of allergic disease. Increased levels of BDNF in blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and nasal lavage fluid positively correlate with disease activity and severity in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR), asthma and atopic eczema. However, reports on the association between genetic variation in BDNF and allergic disease have been controversial. This study therefore aims to clarify the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BDNF and a genetic predisposition to AR and asthma in an ethnic Chinese population of Singapore. Volunteers with a self-reported history of asthma (718 subjects) or a history of AR as determined by a researcher-administered questionnaire (795 subjects) were used in this study, alongside controls with no personal or family history of allergy (717 subjects). The association results identified a significant association for the tagSNP rs10767664 with a significant PDominant=0.0007 and OR=1.3 for AR and PDominant=0.0005 and OR=1.3 for asthma (using a dominant model of association). The haplotype based analysis also identified a significant association further confirming the single SNP association. The SNP rs10767664 is strongly linked (r2=0.95) to the functional polymorphism rs6265 (Val66Met), which has previously been reported to be associated to allergic phenotypes and also shown to affect BDNF expression. BDNF is a therefore a key molecular player in allergy. Further studies on polymorphisms within BDNF may shed light on its role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and potentially serve as biomarkers for allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Andiappan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Rössing K, Novak N, Mommert S, Pfab F, Gehring M, Wedi B, Kapp A, Raap U. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is increased in serum and skin levels of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:1392-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Neu1 sialidase and matrix metalloproteinase-9 cross-talk is essential for neurotrophin activation of Trk receptors and cellular signaling. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1193-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergic rhinitis is characterized by allergic airway inflammation and a hyperresponsiveness to nonspecific stimuli which is partly neuronally controlled. In this regard, neurotrophins are prime candidates as mediators of neuronal and immunological plasticity and they will be the focus of the current review. RECENT FINDINGS Neurotrophins including nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are expressed in the nasal mucosa. The majority of NGF expression has been found in eosinophil granulocytes, the glandular apparatus and peripheral nerves. As shown recently, nasal allergen provocation upregulates BDNF expression in nasal mucosa and NGF expression on peripheral nerves and nasal lavage in patients with allergic rhinitis. In this regard, increased BDNF expression positively correlates with the maximum increase in total nasal symptom score. The neurotrophin receptors including pan-neurotrophin receptor p75, tyrosine kinase A (trkA) and trkB are expressed in nasal tissue. TrkA is expressed on endothelial, p75 on peripheral nerves and trkB on nasal mucosa mast cells that decreases after allergen provocation. The expression of these neurotrophin receptors is increased on peripheral blood eosinophils in allergic rhinitis compared with nonatopic controls. Further, BDNF and NGF exert immunomodulatory functions on eosinophils of patients with allergic rhinitis. Finally, eosinophils of patients with allergic rhinitis are capable of BDNF and NGF production. SUMMARY Neurotrophins represent prime candidates in upper airway pathophysiology in allergic rhinitis. Research on neurotrophins in allergic rhinitis is thus becoming a progressively more exciting field and may reveal new and promising therapeutic options for the future.
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Raap U, Fokkens W, Bruder M, Hoogsteden H, Kapp A, Braunstahl GJ. Modulation of neurotrophin and neurotrophin receptor expression in nasal mucosa after nasal allergen provocation in allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2008; 63:468-75. [PMID: 18266897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) feature both allergic airway inflammation and a hyperresponsiveness to nonspecific stimuli which is partly neuronally controlled. Still, it is unclear whether or not neurotrophins are involved in airway pathophysiology of AR and in nasobronchial interaction. METHODS Nine AR patients with mono-allergy to grass pollen and nine healthy controls underwent nasal allergen provocation (NP). Serum samples, nasal and bronchial biopsies were taken before (T(0)) and 24 h after (T(24)) NP. Pan-neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR), tyrosine kinase A (trkA), trkB, nerve growth factor (NGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were assessed with immunohistochemistry, and NGF and BDNF levels with ELISA. RESULTS At T(24), BDNF and NGF were upregulated in nasal mucosa (P < 0.05) and increased in the peripheral blood of AR compared with T(0). The increase in nasal BDNF expression correlated positively with the maximum increase in total nasal symptom score in AR (P = 0.02). p75(NTR) was expressed on peripheral nerves and epithelial layer, trkA on endothelial cells, and trkB on mast cells. trkB + mast cells significantly decreased after NP in AR (P < 0.01). NP did not modulate p75(NTR) and trkA expression in nasal mucosa and had no effect on the expression of neurotrophins and receptors in bronchial mucosa. CONCLUSION This study shows that neurotrophins and their receptors are expressed in human airways. Allergic rhinitis was characterized by a modulation of BDNF, NGF, and trkB in nasal mucosa after NP and a correlation of nasal BDNF with the maximal increase of total nasal symptom score. Therefore, our data suggest that neurotrophins participate in upper-airway pathophysiology in AR, whereas their role in nasobronchial interaction remains unclear.
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Cui B, Wu C, Chen L, Ramirez A, Bearer EL, Li WP, Mobley WC, Chu S. One at a time, live tracking of NGF axonal transport using quantum dots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:13666-71. [PMID: 17698956 PMCID: PMC1959439 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706192104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrograde axonal transport of nerve growth factor (NGF) signals is critical for the survival, differentiation, and maintenance of peripheral sympathetic and sensory neurons and basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. However, the mechanisms by which the NGF signal is propagated from the axon terminal to the cell body are yet to be fully elucidated. To gain insight into the mechanisms, we used quantum dot-labeled NGF (QD-NGF) to track the movement of NGF in real time in compartmentalized culture of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Our studies showed that active transport of NGF within the axons was characterized by rapid, unidirectional movements interrupted by frequent pauses. Almost all movements were retrograde, but short-distance anterograde movements were occasionally observed. Surprisingly, quantitative analysis at the single molecule level demonstrated that the majority of NGF-containing endosomes contained only a single NGF dimer. Electron microscopic analysis of axonal vesicles carrying QD-NGF confirmed this finding. The majority of QD-NGF was found to localize in vesicles 50-150 nm in diameter with a single lumen and no visible intralumenal membranous components. Our findings point to the possibility that a single NGF dimer is sufficient to sustain signaling during retrograde axonal transport to the cell body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chengbiao Wu
- Neurology and Neurological Sciences
- Neuroscience Institute, and
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Neurology and Neurological Sciences
- Neuroscience Institute, and
| | - Elaine L. Bearer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02910
- Department of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Wei-Ping Li
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - William C. Mobley
- Neurology and Neurological Sciences
- Neuroscience Institute, and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
| | - Steven Chu
- Departments of Physics and
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
- Departments of Physics and
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: or
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Woronowicz A, Amith SR, De Vusser K, Laroy W, Contreras R, Basta S, Szewczuk MR. Dependence of neurotrophic factor activation of Trk tyrosine kinase receptors on cellular sialidase. Glycobiology 2006; 17:10-24. [PMID: 16971381 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A direct link between receptor glycosylation and activation following natural ligand interaction has not been observed. Here, we discover a membrane sialidase-controlling mechanism that depends on ligand binding to its receptor to induce enzyme activity which targets and desialylates the receptor and, consequently, causes the induction of receptor dimerization and activation. We also identify a specific sialyl alpha-2,3-linked beta-galactosyl sugar residue of TrkA tyrosine kinase receptor, which is rapidly targeted and hydrolyzed by the sialidase. Trk-expressing cells and primary cortical neurons following stimulation with specific neurotrophic growth factors express a vigorous membrane sialidase activity. Neuraminidase inhibitors, Tamiflu, BCX1812, and BCX1827, block sialidase activity induced by nerve growth factor (NGF) in TrkA-PC12 cells and by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in primary cortical neurons. In contrast, the neuraminidase inhibitor, 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid, specific for plasma membrane ganglioside Neu3 and Neu2 sialidases has no inhibitory effect on NGF-induced pTrkA. The GM1 ganglioside specific cholera toxin subunit B applied to TrkA-PC12 cells has no inhibitory effect on NGF-induced sialidase activity. Neurite outgrowths induced by NGF-treated TrkA-PC12 and BDNF-treated PC12(nnr5) stably transfected with TrkB receptors (TrkB-nnr5) cells are significantly inhibited by Tamiflu. Our results establish a novel mode of regulation of receptor activation by its natural ligand and define a new function for cellular sialidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Woronowicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Rajagopal R, Chen ZY, Lee FS, Chao MV. Transactivation of Trk neurotrophin receptors by G-protein-coupled receptor ligands occurs on intracellular membranes. J Neurosci 2005; 24:6650-8. [PMID: 15282267 PMCID: PMC6729703 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0010-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins, such as NGF and BDNF, activate Trk receptor tyrosine kinases through receptor dimerization at the cell surface followed by autophosphorylation and intracellular signaling. It has been shown that activation of Trk receptor tyrosine kinases can also occur via a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) mechanism, without involvement of neurotrophins. Two GPCR ligands, adenosine and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), can activate Trk receptor activity to increase the survival of neural cells through stimulation of Akt activity. To investigate the mechanism of Trk receptor transactivation, we have examined the localization of Trk receptors in PC12 cells and primary neurons after treatment with adenosine agonists and PACAP. In contrast to neurotrophin treatment, Trk receptors were sensitive to transcriptional and translational inhibitors, and they were found predominantly in intracellular locations particularly associated with Golgi membranes. Biotinylation and immunostaining experiments confirm that most of the transactivated Trk receptors are found in intracellular membranes. These results indicate that there are alternative modes of activating Trk receptor tyrosine kinases in the absence of neurotrophin binding at the cell surface and that receptor signaling may occur and persist inside of neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithwick Rajagopal
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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13
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Hirokawa N, Takemura R. Molecular motors in neuronal development, intracellular transport and diseases. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2004; 14:564-73. [PMID: 15464889 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2004.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motors such as kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs), dynein superfamily proteins and myosin superfamily proteins have diverse and fundamental roles in many cellular processes, including neuronal development and the pathogenesis of neuronal diseases. During neuronal development, KIFs take significant roles in the regulation of axon-collateral branch extension, which is essential for brain wiring. Cytoplasmic dynein together with LIS1 takes pivotal roles in neocortical layer formation. In axons, anterograde transport is mediated by KIFs, whereas retrograde transport is mediated mainly by cytoplasmic dynein, and dysfunction of motors results in neurodegenerative diseases. In dendrites, the transport of NMDA and AMPA receptors is mediated by KIFs, and the motor has been shown to play a significant part in establishing learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Hirokawa
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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14
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Coulpier M, Ibáñez CF. Retrograde propagation of GDNF-mediated signals in sympathetic neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 27:132-9. [PMID: 15485769 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Revised: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands are target-derived trophic factors for several neuronal subpopulations. They promote survival and neurite outgrowth through binding to specific members of the GDNF family receptor alpha (GFR alpha) and subsequent activation of the RET tyrosine kinase receptor. Using compartmentalized cultures of sympathetic neurons, we have studied the mechanism of GDNF retrograde signaling. Our results demonstrate the presence of GDNF receptors RET and GFR alpha 1 in the two cellular compartments, cell bodies and distal axons. Addition of GDNF to either compartment initiated local signaling, including activation of RET and its downstream effectors AKT and ERK1/2. Addition of GDNF to distal axons induced a retrograde signal leading to neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth. Retrograde signaling was associated with retrograde transport of radiolabeled GDNF and GFR alpha 1, as well as activation of RET and AKT, but not of ERK1/2, in cell bodies. No anterograde signal propagation or transport was observed. Our results suggest a general mechanism for retrograde signaling initiated at distal axons through tyrosine kinase receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Coulpier
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Levi A, Ferri GL, Watson E, Possenti R, Salton SRJ. Processing, distribution, and function of VGF, a neuronal and endocrine peptide precursor. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2004; 24:517-33. [PMID: 15233376 DOI: 10.1023/b:cemn.0000023627.79947.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
1. The vgf gene encodes a neuropeptide precursor with a restricted pattern of expression that is limited to a subset of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems and to specific populations of endocrine cells in the adenohypophysis, adrenal medulla, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. In responsive neurons, vgf transcription is upregulated by neurotrophins. the basis for the original identification of VGF as nerve growth factor- (NGF) inducible in PC12 cells (A. Levi, J. D. Eldridge, and B. M. Paterson, Science 229:393-395, 1985). 2. In this review, we shall summarize data concerning the transcriptional regulation of vgf in vitro, the structural organization of the vgf promoter as well as the transcription factors which regulate its activity. 3. On the basis of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies, the in vivo tissue-specific expression of VGF during differentiation and in the adult will be summarized. 4. Parallel biochemical data will be reviewed, addressing the proteolytical processing of the pro-VGF precursor within the secretory compartment of neuroendocrine cells. 5. Finally, analysis of the phenotype of VGF knockout mice will be discussed, implying a nonredundant role of VGF products in the regulation of energy storage and expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Levi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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16
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Caleo M, Cenni MC. Anterograde transport of neurotrophic factors: possible therapeutic implications. Mol Neurobiol 2004; 29:179-96. [PMID: 15126685 DOI: 10.1385/mn:29:2:179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Accepted: 10/06/2003] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The actions of neurotrophic factors are classically thought to be mediated by their retrograde transport from target tissues to the cell bodies. There is now evidence that specific trophic factors are trafficked anterogradely along peripheral and central axons and released to postsynaptic cells. This review focuses on recent experiments that demonstrate the involvement of the anterograde transfer of neurotrophic factors in various physiological processes, including the regulation of developmental neuronal death, the modulation of synaptic transmission, and the control of axonal and dendritic architecture. The authors also discuss whether anterograde transport of exogenous trophic factors can be exploited to protect damaged postsynaptic neurons and spare their function. This issue has clear implications for possible therapeutic applications of neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Caleo
- Istituto di Neuroscienze del CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, via G. Moruzzi, 1 - 56100 Pisa, Italy.
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17
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Wu K, Klein RL, Meyers CA, King MA, Hughes JA, Millard WJ, Meyer EM. Long-term neuronal effects and disposition of ectopic preproNGF gene transfer into the rat septum. Hum Gene Ther 2004; 14:1463-72. [PMID: 14577926 DOI: 10.1089/104303403769211673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although NGF gene therapy has been proposed to treat age- or disease-related brain cholinergic decline, little is known about the ectopic expression or function of this trophic factor after transduction in the brain especially over long intervals. The neuron-targeting, recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (rAAV2) vector was used to express mouse NGF with C-terminal myc-tag in septum using a full-length preproNGF sequence. While the predominant form of endogenous NGF immunoreactivity in septum was 31 kd of proNGF, almost all of the ectopic NGF-immunoreactivity attributable to the rAAV2-mediated transduction in this region was recovered as mature NGF. Transgene expression was found in both cholinergic and GABAergic neurons, with the number of transduced neurons dependent on vector dose. To determine the long-term effects of this NGF-expression on neuron function, fimbria-fornix (FF) lesions were conducted 6 months after NGF gene transfer. NGF gene transfer attenuated the lesion-induced loss of septal cholinergic but not GABAergic neurons, indicating that long-term expression did not eliminate this response, which has been noted over short intervals. The effects and dose dependency of NGF gene delivery on neuroprotection and neurotrophism were also examined. NGF transduction increased cholinergic cell size in the septum, but required a higher vector dose than neuroprotection. These results reveal potential long-term benefits as well as concerns for genetically modifying septal NGF gene expression to preserve neuronal viability and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence has indicated that neurotrophin receptor trafficking plays an important role in neurotrophin-mediated signaling in developing as well as mature neurons. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms and the components of neurotrophin receptor vesicular transport. This article will describe how neurotrophin receptors, Trk and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), are intimately involved in the axonal transport process. In particular, the molecules that may direct Trk receptor trafficking in the axon will be discussed. Finally, potential mechanisms by which receptor-containing vesicles link to molecular cytoskeletal motors will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Yano
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Departments of Cell Biology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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19
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Campenot RB, MacInnis BL. Retrograde transport of neurotrophins: fact and function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 58:217-29. [PMID: 14704954 DOI: 10.1002/neu.10322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retrograde signals generated by nerve growth factor (NGF) and other neurotrophins promote the survival of appropriately connected neurons during development, and failure to obtain sufficient retrograde signals may contribute to neuronal death occurring in many neurodegenerative diseases. The discovery over 25 years ago that NGF supplied to the axon terminals is retrogradely transported to the cell bodies suggested that NGF must reach the cell body to promote neuronal survival. Research during the intervening decades has produced a refinement of this hypothesis. The current hypothesis is that NGF bound to TrkA at the axon terminal is internalized into signaling endosomes, with NGF in their lumens bound to phosphorylated TrkA in their membranes, which are retrogradely transported to the cell bodies, where TrkA activates downstream signaling molecules that promote neuronal survival and regulate many aspects of neuronal gene expression. This model has been extrapolated to retrograde signaling by all neurotrophins. We consider the evidence for this model, focusing on results of experiments with neurons in compartmented cultures. Results to date indicate that while the transport of signaling endosomes containing NGF bound to TrkA may carry retrograde signals, retrograde survival signals can be carried by another mechanism that is activated by NGF at the axon terminal surface and travels to the cell body unaccompanied by the NGF that initiated it. It is hypothesized that multiple mechanisms of retrograde signaling exist and function under different circumstances. The newly discovered potential for redundancy in retrograde signaling mechanisms can complicate the interpretation of experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Campenot
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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20
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Abstract
Trk receptors are a family of three receptor tyrosine kinases, each of which can be activated by one or more of four neurotrophins-nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophins 3 and 4 (NT3 and NT4). Neurotrophin signaling through these receptors regulates cell survival, proliferation, the fate of neural precursors, axon and dendrite growth and patterning, and the expression and activity of functionally important proteins, such as ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors. In the adult nervous system, the Trk receptors regulate synaptic strength and plasticity. The cytoplasmic domains of Trk receptors contain several sites of tyrosine phosphorylation that recruit intermediates in intracellular signaling cascades. As a result, Trk receptor signaling activates several small G proteins, including Ras, Rap-1, and the Cdc-42-Rac-Rho family, as well as pathways regulated by MAP kinase, PI 3-kinase and phospholipase-C-gamma (PLC-gamma). Trk receptor activation has different consequences in different cells, and the specificity of downstream Trk receptor-mediated signaling is controlled through expression of intermediates in these signaling pathways and membrane trafficking that regulates localization of different signaling constituents. Perhaps the most fascinating aspect of Trk receptor-mediated signaling is its interplay with signaling promoted by the pan-neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. p75NTR activates a distinct set of signaling pathways within cells that are in some instances synergistic and in other instances antagonistic to those activated by Trk receptors. Several of these are proapoptotic but are suppressed by Trk receptor-initiated signaling. p75NTR also influences the conformations of Trk receptors; this modifies ligand-binding specificity and affinity with important developmental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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21
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Song MS, Posse de Chaves EI. Inhibition of rat sympathetic neuron apoptosis by ceramide. Role of p75NTR in ceramide generation. Neuropharmacology 2003; 45:1130-50. [PMID: 14614956 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(03)00284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
C6-ceramide protects sympathetic neurons from apoptosis caused by nerve growth factor (NGF) deprivation. Here, we report for the first time that ceramide generated "de novo" is also anti-apoptotic. Moreover, C6-ceramide is converted to long-chain ceramides in a process inhibited by fumonisin B1. The anti-apoptotic effect of C6-ceramide is due to the short analogue as to the long-chain ceramides. C6-ceramide shares mechanisms of action with NGF. C6-ceramide induces TrkA phosphorylation and selective activation of the phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/Akt pathway but not the MAPK/ERK pathway. Importantly, the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 abolishes the pro-survival effect of C6-ceramide. We identified a novel way to activate retrograde-mediated neuronal survival in the absence of NGF. Using compartmented cultures we show that addition of C6-ceramide exclusively to distal axons is sufficient to abort nuclear apoptosis. Our system offers a very unique alternative to understand the molecular bases of retrograde signaling in the absence of retrograde transport of neurotrophins. In search for a natural ligand that leads to ceramide generation we examined the activation of the sphingomyelin (SM) cycle downstream the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). We found that in sympathetic neurons, selective activation of p75NTR by brain-derived neurotrophin factor or NGF plus K252a induces elevation of ceramide that correlates with SM hydrolysis. However, p75NTR activation does not generate sufficient ceramide to block apoptosis probably due to the rapid decrease in p75NTR expression that occurs upon NGF withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Sook Song
- Signal Transduction Research Group and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, 928 Medical Science Building, Edmonton, Alta, Canada T6G 2S2
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22
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Holmes M, Maysinger D, Foerster A, Pertens E, Barlas C, Diamond J. Neotrofin, a novel purine that induces NGF-dependent nociceptive nerve sprouting but not hyperalgesia in adult rat skin. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003; 24:568-80. [PMID: 14664808 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-7431(03)00217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report peripheral actions in rats of Neotrofin, a purine derivative of therapeutic interest. Systemic injections mimicked NGF in eliciting sprouting of nociceptive nerves without affecting their regeneration. The sprouting was prevented by anti-NGF treatment, implicating endogenous NGF. We detected no Neotrofin-induced increases in cutaneous NGF levels or in retrograde NGF transport. In contrast, both NGF and phosphorylation of trkA increased significantly in DRGs, with a marginal appearance of phosphorylated trkA in axons. We conclude that the DRG effects of Neotrofin are responsible for its induction of sprouting. Neotrofin also induced a striking phosphorylation of axonal erk 1 and 2, which was, however, unaffected by anti-NGF treatment. We suggest that this NGF-independent MAP kinase activation is involved in nonsprouting functions of Neotrofin such as neuroprotection. Unlike injected NGF, Neotrofin did not induce hyperalgesia, supporting its candidacy as a treatment for peripheral neuropathies like those induced by diabetes and anticancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Holmes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5
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23
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Polston EK, Simerly RB. Sex-specific patterns of galanin, cholecystokinin, and substance P expression in neurons of the principal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are differentially reflected within three efferent preoptic pathways in the juvenile rat. J Comp Neurol 2003; 465:551-9. [PMID: 12975815 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the principal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTp) integrate hormonal and sensory information associated with reproduction and transmit this information to hypothalamic nuclei that regulate neuroendocrine and behavioral functions. The neuropeptides galanin (GAL), cholecystokinin (CCK), and substance P (SP) are highly expressed in BSTp neurons and are differentially regulated by sex steroids. The current experiments investigated whether developmental or peripubertal hormone-mediated changes in GAL, CCK, and SP expression are reflected within efferent pathways to the preoptic structures that regulate gonadotropin secretion and sexual behavior. Anterograde labeling of projections from the BSTp of male and female juvenile rats combined with immunohistochemical labeling of GAL-, CCK-, and SP-containing fibers in the anteroventral periventricular preoptic nucleus (AVPV) and the central and medial divisions of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPNc, MPNm, respectively) revealed unique sex differences in each region. In the AVPV, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin-labeled fibers were seen at a greater density in males than in females, and higher percentages of these fibers contained GAL in males than in females. In contrast, fibers projecting from the BSTp to the MPNc were more likely to contain SP in females than in males. Treatment of gonadectomized, peripubertal males and females with exogenous testosterone and estradiol did not alter the densities of GAL-, CCK-, or SP-containing fibers in any of the three brain areas examined. Collectively, these results suggest that patterns of neuropeptide expression in BSTp projections are established during development, resulting in a distinct, stable, and sex-specific chemoarchitectural profile for each projection pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva K Polston
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA
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24
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de Bernardo S, Canals S, Casarejos MJ, Rodriguez-Martin E, Mena MA. Glia-conditioned medium induces de novo synthesis of tyrosine hydroxylase and increases dopamine cell survival by differential signaling pathways. J Neurosci Res 2003; 73:818-30. [PMID: 12949908 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mesencephalic astroglia-conditioned medium (GCM) greatly increases dopamine (DA) phenotype expression, and it also protects from spontaneous and toxin-induced cell death in midbrain cultures. In this study, we have investigated the signaling pathways implicated in those effects. Genistein at 5 microM, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase receptors, and KT-5720, a protein kinase A inhibitor, blocked the GCM-induced effects on DA phenotype expression and DA cell survival but did not abolish the increased astrocytic (glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive; GFAP+) processes. We analyzed the role of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K) on TH induction and cell survival, with the PI-3K inhibitors LY-294002 and wortmannin, and the role of the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) with PD-98059, a p-ERK1/2 MAPK inhibitor. LY-294002 at 20-30 microM blocked the GCM-induced effects on TH expression and DA cell survival but did not abolish the increased astrocytic processes. PD-98059 at 20 and 40 microM blocked the GCM-induced effects on DA phenotype, cell survival, and GFAP expression. However, staurosporine at 10 nM, a protein kinase C inhibitor, only blocked the protective effects induced by GCM on midbrain cell apoptosis. The data presented herein show that tyrosine kinase receptors, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, PI-3K, and MAPK signaling pathways are implicated in de novo synthesis of TH+ cells induced by GCM as well as in DA cell apoptosis and that these effects are unrelated to increased GFAP expression. PKC inhibitors only abolished the GCM-induced effects on midbrain neuronal survival, suggesting that signaling pathways for DA phenotype expression and survival may be independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S de Bernardo
- Departamento de Investigación, Servicio de Neurobiología, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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25
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McCabe BD, Marqués G, Haghighi AP, Fetter RD, Crotty ML, Haerry TE, Goodman CS, O'Connor MB. The BMP homolog Gbb provides a retrograde signal that regulates synaptic growth at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Neuron 2003; 39:241-54. [PMID: 12873382 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We show that the BMP ortholog Gbb can signal by a retrograde mechanism to regulate synapse growth of the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ). gbb mutants have a reduced NMJ synapse size, decreased neurotransmitter release, and aberrant presynaptic ultrastructure. These defects are similar to those we observe in mutants of BMP receptors and Smad transcription factors. However, whereas these BMP receptors and signaling components are required in the presynaptic motoneuron, Gbb expression is required in large part in postsynaptic muscles; gbb expression in muscle rescues key aspects of the gbb mutant phenotype. Consistent with this notion, we find that blocking retrograde axonal transport by overexpression of dominant-negative p150/Glued in neurons inhibits BMP signaling in motoneurons. These experiments reveal that a muscle-derived BMP retrograde signal participates in coordinating neuromuscular synapse development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D McCabe
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Trafficking of trophic factors in axons can occur in a retrograde and anterograde direction. Recent findings bring further support for a vesicle-based process for retrograde transport but raise new questions that need to be pursued. Unraveling the exact mechanisms that account for retrograde transport of neurotrophins and their receptors will reveal the cellular requirements for propagating trophic signals over long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses V Chao
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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27
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Ye H, Kuruvilla R, Zweifel LS, Ginty DD. Evidence in support of signaling endosome-based retrograde survival of sympathetic neurons. Neuron 2003; 39:57-68. [PMID: 12848932 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which target-derived Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) signaling is propagated retrogradely, over extremely long distances, to cell bodies to support survival of neurons is unclear. Here we show that survival of sympathetic neurons supported by NGF on distal axons requires the kinase activity of the NGF receptor, TrkA, in both distal axons and cell bodies. In contrast, disruption of TrkA activity exclusively in proximal axonal segments affects neither retrograde NGF-TrkA signaling in cell bodies nor neuronal survival. Ligand-receptor internalization is necessary for survival of neurons supported by NGF on distal axons. Furthermore, antibody neutralization experiments indicate that retrogradely transported NGF, within cell bodies, is critical for neuronal survival but not for growth of distal axons. Taken together, our results indicate that retrogradely transported NGF-TrkA complexes promote sympathetic neuron survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Ye
- Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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28
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Delcroix JD, Valletta JS, Wu C, Hunt SJ, Kowal AS, Mobley WC. NGF signaling in sensory neurons: evidence that early endosomes carry NGF retrograde signals. Neuron 2003; 39:69-84. [PMID: 12848933 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Target-derived NGF promotes the phenotypic maintenance of mature dorsal root ganglion (DRG) nociceptive neurons. Here, we provide in vivo and in vitro evidence for the presence within DRG neurons of endosomes containing NGF, activated TrkA, and signaling proteins of the Rap1/Erk1/2, p38MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways. Signaling endosomes were shown to be retrogradely transported in the isolated sciatic nerve in vitro. NGF injection in the peripheral target of DRG neurons increased the retrograde transport of p-Erk1/2, p-p38, and pAkt in these membranes. Conversely, NGF antibody injections decreased the retrograde transport of p-Erk1/2 and p-p38. Our results are evidence that signaling endosomes, with the characteristics of early endosomes, convey NGF signals from the target of nociceptive neurons to their cell bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Dominique Delcroix
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford 94305, USA.
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29
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Qiao LY, Vizzard MA. Up-regulation of phosphorylated CREB but not c-Jun in bladder afferent neurons in dorsal root ganglia after cystitis. J Comp Neurol 2003; 469:262-74. [PMID: 14694538 DOI: 10.1002/cne.11009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the changes of two transcription factors, CREB and c-Jun, in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) after acute (8 or 48 hours) or chronic (10 days) cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis. Results showed an increase in the number of p-CREB-immunoreactive (-IR) cells in the L1 and L2 DRG (5-7-fold; P < or = 0.05) as well as L6 and S1 DRG (2-4-fold; P < or = 0.05) after acute and chronic cystitis. The number of p-CREB-IR cells in the L4-L5 DRG was not altered with cystitis. The number of c-Jun-IR cells increased in the L1-L2 DRG (L1: 10-fold; L2: 8-fold; P < or = 0.05) only with chronic cystitis, although it increased in the L6-S1 DRG with CYP-induced cystitis of acute (2-3-fold; P < or = 0.05) and chronic (6-10-fold; P < or = 0.05) duration. After CYP treatment, the percentage of bladder afferent cells expressing p-CREB immunoreactivity (3-7-fold; P < or = 0.05) increased in L1, L2, L6, and S1 DRG. The increase occurred 8 hours post-CYP injection and was maintained with chronic cystitis. There were few c-Jun-IR cells in the bladder afferent population. These results demonstrate that CYP induces p-CREB and c-Jun expression in DRG in a time-dependent manner. However, c-Jun expression is not associated with bladder afferent neurons. Resiniferatoxin reduced CYP-induced up-regulation of p-CREB in DRG, suggesting that cystitis can reveal an altered CREB phosphorylation that may be mediated by capsaicin-sensitive bladder afferents. Colocalization of p-CREB and Trk receptor(s) showed that a subpopulation of p-CREB-IR cells expressed p-Trk with cystitis. These results suggest that up-regulation of p-CREB may be mediated by a neurotrophin/Trk signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ya Qiao
- Department of Neurology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Abstract
The mechanism of signal transmission following ligand stimulation of receptor tyrosine kinases in living cells is poorly understood. Recent studies have visualized the spatio-temporal pattern of EGF signaling, indicating that receptor density is an important factor in the mechanism of lateral propagation of local EGF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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