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Ahmed MG, Tay YF, Chi X, Zhang M, Tan JMR, Chiam SY, Rusydi A, Wong LH. Efficient Ternary Mn-Based Spinel Oxide with Multiple Active Sites for Oxygen Evolution Reaction Discovered via High-Throughput Screening Methods. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2204520. [PMID: 36354178 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of more efficient and stable catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is vital in improving the efficiency of renewable energy generation devices. Given the large numbers of possible binary and ternary metal oxide OER catalysts, high-throughput methods are necessary to accelerate the rate of discovery. Herein, Mn-based spinel oxide, Fe10 Co40 Mn50 O, is identified for the first time using high-throughput methods demonstrating remarkable catalytic activity (overpotential of 310 mV on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate and 237 mV on Ni foam at 10 mA cm-2 ). Using a combination of soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements, the high catalytic activity is attributed to 1) the formation of multiple active sites in different geometric sites, tetrahedral and octahedral sites; and 2) the formation of active oxyhydroxide phase due to the strong interaction of Co2+ and Fe3+ . Structural and surface characterizations after OER show preservation of Fe10 Co40 Mn50 O surface structure highlighting its durability against irreversible redox damage on the catalytic surface. This work demonstrates the use of a high-throughput approach for the rapid identification of a new catalyst, provides a deeper understanding of catalyst design, and addresses the urgent need for a better and stable catalyst to target greener fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Gamal Ahmed
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ying Fan Tay
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Xiao Chi
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Joel Ming Rui Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Energy Research Institute @NTU IERI@N, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Nanomaterials for Energy and Energy-Water Nexus (NEW), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Sing Yang Chiam
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Andrivo Rusydi
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
| | - Lydia Helena Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Energy Research Institute @NTU IERI@N, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Nanomaterials for Energy and Energy-Water Nexus (NEW), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
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2
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Ong BL, Jayaraman K, Diao C, Whitcher TJ, Jain A, Hung H, Breese MBH, Tok ES, Rusydi A. Anomalous Ferromagnetism of quasiparticle doped holes in cuprate heterostructures revealed using resonant soft X-ray magnetic scattering. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4639. [PMID: 35941141 PMCID: PMC9360448 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31885-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report strong ferromagnetism of quasiparticle doped holes both within the ab-plane and along the c-axis of Cu-O planes in low-dimensional Au/d-La1.8Ba0.2CuO4/LaAlO3(001) heterostructures (d = 4, 8 and 12 unit-cells) using resonant soft X-ray and magnetic scattering together with X-ray magnetic circular dichroism. Interestingly, ferromagnetism is stronger at a hole doped peak and at an upper Hubbard band of O with spin-polarization degree as high as 40%, revealing strong ferromagnetism of Mottness. For in-ab-plane spin-polarizations, the spin of doped holes in O2p-Cu3d-O2p is a triplet state yielding strong ferromagnetism. For out-of-ab-plane spin-polarization, while the spins of doped holes in both O2p-O2p and Cu3d-Cu3d are triplet states, the spin of doped holes in Cu3d-O2p is a singlet state yielding ferrimagnetism. A ferromagnetic-(002) Bragg-peak of the doped holes is observed and enhanced as a function of d revealing strong ferromagnetism coupling between Cu-O layers along the c-axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Ong
- Advanced Research Initiative for Correlated-Electron Systems (ARiCES), Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore.,Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
| | - K Jayaraman
- Advanced Research Initiative for Correlated-Electron Systems (ARiCES), Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore.,Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
| | - C Diao
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
| | - T J Whitcher
- Advanced Research Initiative for Correlated-Electron Systems (ARiCES), Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore.,Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
| | - A Jain
- Advanced Research Initiative for Correlated-Electron Systems (ARiCES), Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore.,Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
| | - H Hung
- Advanced Research Initiative for Correlated-Electron Systems (ARiCES), Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore
| | - M B H Breese
- Advanced Research Initiative for Correlated-Electron Systems (ARiCES), Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore.,Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore, 117603, Singapore
| | - E S Tok
- Advanced Research Initiative for Correlated-Electron Systems (ARiCES), Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore
| | - A Rusydi
- Advanced Research Initiative for Correlated-Electron Systems (ARiCES), Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117551, Singapore. .,Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore, 117603, Singapore. .,Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117546, Singapore. .,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Collins
- Physics and Astronomy Washington State University Pullman Washington USA
| | - Eliot Gann
- Material Measurement Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg Maryland USA
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4
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Rogge PC, Shafer P, Fabbris G, Hu W, Arenholz E, Karapetrova E, Dean MPM, Green RJ, May SJ. Depth-Resolved Modulation of Metal-Oxygen Hybridization and Orbital Polarization across Correlated Oxide Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902364. [PMID: 31515864 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interface-induced modifications of the electronic, magnetic, and lattice degrees of freedom drive an array of novel physical properties in oxide heterostructures. Here, large changes in metal-oxygen band hybridization, as measured in the oxygen ligand hole density, are induced as a result of interfacing two isovalent correlated oxides. Using resonant X-ray reflectivity, a superlattice of SrFeO3 and CaFeO3 is shown to exhibit an electronic character that spatially evolves from strongly O-like in SrFeO3 to strongly Fe-like in CaFeO3 . This alternating degree of Fe electronic character is correlated with a modulation of an Fe 3d orbital polarization, giving rise to an orbital superstructure. At the SrFeO3 /CaFeO3 interfaces, the ligand hole density and orbital polarization reconstruct in a single unit cell of CaFeO3 , demonstrating how the mismatch in these electronic parameters is accommodated at the interface. These results provide new insight into how the orbital character of electrons is altered by correlated oxide interfaces and lays out a broadly applicable approach for depth-resolving band hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Rogge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Padraic Shafer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Gilberto Fabbris
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 98 Rochester St., Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Wen Hu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 98 Rochester St., Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Elke Arenholz
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source, Cornell University, 161 Wilson Laboratory, Synchrotron Drive, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Evguenia Karapetrova
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Mark P M Dean
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 98 Rochester St., Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Robert J Green
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, University of Saskatchewan, 116 Science Pl, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, 111-2355 E Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Steven J May
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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5
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Yu XJ, Diao CZ, Venkatesan T, Breese MBH, Rusydi A. A soft x-ray-ultraviolet (SUV) beamline and diffractometer for resonant elastic scattering and ultraviolet-vacuum ultraviolet reflectance at the Singapore synchrotron light source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:113113. [PMID: 30501296 DOI: 10.1063/1.5043341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A new beamline and a six-circle UHV diffractometer have been constructed at the Singapore Synchrotron Light Source with a broad energy coverage from 3.5 to 1500 eV. The beamline is optimized for ultraviolet-vacuum-ultraviolet optical reflectivity and resonant soft X-ray scattering with medium energy resolution over a broad energy range, achieved by using a self-focusing monochromator consisting of a plane mirror and three variable line spacing gratings. The unique character of the diffractometer comprises 4-circles in the vertical plane and 2-circles in the horizontal plane. Thirteen motions are available inside the UHV chamber with a base pressure of 1 × 10-9 mbar. Two sample holders working independently over a temperature range of 37 K-400 K are controlled by a closed-cycle cryostat, while the bottom holder inside a high field compact pulsed magnet is available for measurements requiring a magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Yu
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore 117603, Singapore
| | - C Z Diao
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore 117603, Singapore
| | - T Venkatesan
- NUSSNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - M B H Breese
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore 117603, Singapore
| | - A Rusydi
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 5 Research Link, Singapore 117603, Singapore
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6
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Doriese WB, Abbamonte P, Alpert BK, Bennett DA, Denison EV, Fang Y, Fischer DA, Fitzgerald CP, Fowler JW, Gard JD, Hays-Wehle JP, Hilton GC, Jaye C, McChesney JL, Miaja-Avila L, Morgan KM, Joe YI, O'Neil GC, Reintsema CD, Rodolakis F, Schmidt DR, Tatsuno H, Uhlig J, Vale LR, Ullom JN, Swetz DS. A practical superconducting-microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometer for beamline and laboratory science. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:053108. [PMID: 28571411 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe a series of microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometers designed for a broad suite of measurement applications. The chief advantage of this type of spectrometer is that it can be orders of magnitude more efficient at collecting X-rays than more traditional high-resolution spectrometers that rely on wavelength-dispersive techniques. This advantage is most useful in applications that are traditionally photon-starved and/or involve radiation-sensitive samples. Each energy-dispersive spectrometer is built around an array of several hundred transition-edge sensors (TESs). TESs are superconducting thin films that are biased into their superconducting-to-normal-metal transitions. The spectrometers share a common readout architecture and many design elements, such as a compact, 65 mK detector package, 8-column time-division-multiplexed superconducting quantum-interference device readout, and a liquid-cryogen-free cryogenic system that is a two-stage adiabatic-demagnetization refrigerator backed by a pulse-tube cryocooler. We have adapted this flexible architecture to mate to a variety of sample chambers and measurement systems that encompass a range of observing geometries. There are two different types of TES pixels employed. The first, designed for X-ray energies below 10 keV, has a best demonstrated energy resolution of 2.1 eV (full-width-at-half-maximum or FWHM) at 5.9 keV. The second, designed for X-ray energies below 2 keV, has a best demonstrated resolution of 1.0 eV (FWHM) at 500 eV. Our team has now deployed seven of these X-ray spectrometers to a variety of light sources, accelerator facilities, and laboratory-scale experiments; these seven spectrometers have already performed measurements related to their applications. Another five of these spectrometers will come online in the near future. We have applied our TES spectrometers to the following measurement applications: synchrotron-based absorption and emission spectroscopy and energy-resolved scattering; accelerator-based spectroscopy of hadronic atoms and particle-induced-emission spectroscopy; laboratory-based time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy with a tabletop, broadband source; and laboratory-based metrology of X-ray-emission lines. Here, we discuss the design, construction, and operation of our TES spectrometers and show first-light measurements from the various systems. Finally, because X-ray-TES technology continues to mature, we discuss improvements to array size, energy resolution, and counting speed that we anticipate in our next generation of TES-X-ray spectrometers and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Doriese
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - P Abbamonte
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - B K Alpert
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D A Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - E V Denison
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y Fang
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - D A Fischer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - C P Fitzgerald
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J W Fowler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J D Gard
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J P Hays-Wehle
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - G C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - C Jaye
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - J L McChesney
- Argonne National Laboratory, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - L Miaja-Avila
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K M Morgan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Y I Joe
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - G C O'Neil
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - C D Reintsema
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - F Rodolakis
- Argonne National Laboratory, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - D R Schmidt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - H Tatsuno
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - J Uhlig
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - L R Vale
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - J N Ullom
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - D S Swetz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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7
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Straumal BB, Protasova SG, Mazilkin AA, Goering E, Schütz G, Straumal PB, Baretzky B. Ferromagnetic behaviour of ZnO: the role of grain boundaries. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:1936-1947. [PMID: 28144542 PMCID: PMC5238656 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to attain ferromagnetic properties in transparent semiconductor oxides such as ZnO is very promising for future spintronic applications. We demonstrate in this review that ferromagnetism is not an intrinsic property of the ZnO crystalline lattice but is that of ZnO/ZnO grain boundaries. If a ZnO polycrystal contains enough grain boundaries, it can transform into the ferromagnetic state even without doping with "magnetic atoms" such as Mn, Co, Fe or Ni. However, such doping facilitates the appearance of ferromagnetism in ZnO. It increases the saturation magnetisation and decreases the critical amount of grain boundaries needed for FM. A drastic increase of the total solubility of dopants in ZnO with decreasing grain size has been also observed. It is explained by the multilayer grain boundary segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Borisovich Straumal
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Nanotechnologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Ossipyan str. 2, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- National University for Research and Technology “MISiS”, Leninsky prospect 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana G Protasova
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Ossipyan str. 2, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrei A Mazilkin
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Nanotechnologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ac. Ossipyan str. 2, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Eberhard Goering
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gisela Schütz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Petr B Straumal
- National University for Research and Technology “MISiS”, Leninsky prospect 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 49, 117991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Brigitte Baretzky
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Institut für Nanotechnologie, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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8
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Macke S, Hamann-Borrero JE, Green RJ, Keimer B, Sawatzky GA, Haverkort MW. Dynamical Effects in Resonant X-Ray Diffraction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:115501. [PMID: 27661698 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.115501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using resonant magnetic diffraction at the Ni L_{2,3} edge in a LaNiO_{3} superlattice, we show that dynamical effects beyond the standard kinematic approximation can drastically modify the resonant scattering cross section. In particular, the combination of extinction and refraction convert maxima to minima in the azimuthal-angle dependence of the diffracted intensity, which is commonly used to determine orbital and magnetic structures by resonant x-ray diffraction. We provide a comprehensive theoretical description of these effects by numerically solving Maxwell's equations in three dimensions. The understanding and description of dynamical diffraction enhances the capabilities of resonant x-ray scattering as a probe of electronic ordering phenomena in solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Macke
- Quantum Matter Institute, Physics and Astronomy Department, The Brimacombe Building, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - J E Hamann-Borrero
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstrae 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - R J Green
- Quantum Matter Institute, Physics and Astronomy Department, The Brimacombe Building, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - B Keimer
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - G A Sawatzky
- Quantum Matter Institute, Physics and Astronomy Department, The Brimacombe Building, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - M W Haverkort
- Quantum Matter Institute, Physics and Astronomy Department, The Brimacombe Building, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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9
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Macke S, Radi A, Hamann-Borrero JE, Verna A, Bluschke M, Brück S, Goering E, Sutarto R, He F, Cristiani G, Wu M, Benckiser E, Habermeier HU, Logvenov G, Gauquelin N, Botton GA, Kajdos AP, Stemmer S, Sawatzky GA, Haverkort MW, Keimer B, Hinkov V. Element specific monolayer depth profiling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:6554-6559. [PMID: 25103570 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201402028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The electronic phase behavior and functionality of interfaces and surfaces in complex materials are strongly correlated to chemical composition profiles, stoichiometry and intermixing. Here a novel analysis scheme for resonant X-ray reflectivity maps is introduced to determine such profiles, which is element specific and non-destructive, and which exhibits atomic-layer resolution and a probing depth of hundreds of nanometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Macke
- Quantum Matter Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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10
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Fink J, Schierle E, Weschke E, Geck J. Resonant elastic soft x-ray scattering. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:056502. [PMID: 23563216 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/5/056502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Resonant (elastic) soft x-ray scattering (RSXS) offers a unique element, site and valence specific probe to study spatial modulations of charge, spin and orbital degrees of freedom in solids on the nanoscopic length scale. It is not only used to investigate single-crystalline materials. This method also enables one to examine electronic ordering phenomena in thin films and to zoom into electronic properties emerging at buried interfaces in artificial heterostructures. During the last 20 years, this technique, which combines x-ray scattering with x-ray absorption spectroscopy, has developed into a powerful probe to study electronic ordering phenomena in complex materials and furthermore delivers important information on the electronic structure of condensed matter. This review provides an introduction to the technique, covers the progress in experimental equipment, and gives a survey on recent RSXS studies of ordering in correlated electron systems and at interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fink
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, PO Box 270116, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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11
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Benjamin D, Abanin D, Abbamonte P, Demler E. Microscopic theory of resonant soft-x-ray scattering in materials with charge order: the example of charge stripes in high-temperature cuprate superconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:137002. [PMID: 23581360 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.137002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a microscopic theory of resonant soft-x-ray scattering that accounts for the delocalized character of valence electrons. Unlike past approaches based on local form factors, our functional determinant method treats realistic band structures. This method builds upon earlier theoretical work in mesoscopic physics and accounts for excitonic effects as well as the orthogonality catastrophe arising from interaction between the core hole and the valence band electrons. We show that the two-peak structure observed near the O K edge of stripe-ordered La1.875Ba0.125CuO4 is due to dynamical nesting within the canonical cuprate band structure. Our results provide evidence for reasonably well-defined, high-energy quasiparticles in cuprates and establish resonant soft-x-ray scattering as a bulk-sensitive probe of the electron quasiparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Benjamin
- Physics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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12
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Hossain MA, Zegkinoglou I, Chuang YD, Geck J, Bohnenbuck B, Gonzalez AGC, Wu HH, Schüßler-Langeheine C, Hawthorn DG, Denlinger JD, Mathieu R, Tokura Y, Satow S, Takagi H, Yoshida Y, Hussain Z, Keimer B, Sawatzky GA, Damascelli A. Electronic superlattice revealed by resonant scattering from random impurities in Sr3Ru2O7. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2299. [PMID: 23903555 PMCID: PMC3730170 DOI: 10.1038/srep02299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resonant elastic x-ray scattering (REXS) is an exquisite element-sensitive tool for the study of subtle charge, orbital, and spin superlattice orders driven by the valence electrons, which therefore escape detection in conventional x-ray diffraction (XRD). Although the power of REXS has been demonstrated by numerous studies of complex oxides performed in the soft x-ray regime, the cross section and photon wavelength of the material-specific elemental absorption edges ultimately set the limit to the smallest superlattice amplitude and periodicity one can probe. Here we show--with simulations and REXS on Mn-substituted Sr3Ru2O7--that these limitations can be overcome by performing resonant scattering experiments at the absorption edge of a suitably-chosen, dilute impurity. This establishes that--in analogy with impurity-based methods used in electron-spin-resonance, nuclear-magnetic resonance, and Mössbauer spectroscopy--randomly distributed impurities can serve as a non-invasive, but now momentum-dependent probe, greatly extending the applicability of resonant x-ray scattering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Hossain
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - I. Zegkinoglou
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Y.-D. Chuang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J. Geck
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - B. Bohnenbuck
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A. G. Cruz Gonzalez
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - H.-H. Wu
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - C. Schüßler-Langeheine
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Straße 77, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - D. G. Hawthorn
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - J. D. Denlinger
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R. Mathieu
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Y. Tokura
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - S. Satow
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - H. Takagi
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Y. Yoshida
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Z. Hussain
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B. Keimer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - G. A. Sawatzky
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - A. Damascelli
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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13
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Rusydi A, Dhar S, Barman AR, Qi DC, Motapothula M, Yi JB, Santoso I, Feng YP, Yang K, Dai Y, Yakovlev NL, Ding J, Wee ATS, Neuber G, Breese MBH, Ruebhausen M, Hilgenkamp H, Venkatesan T. Cationic-vacancy-induced room-temperature ferromagnetism in transparent, conducting anatase Ti1-xTaxO2 (x~0.05) thin films. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2012; 370:4927-4943. [PMID: 22987036 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report room-temperature ferromagnetism (FM) in highly conducting, transparent anatase Ti(1-x)Ta(x)O(2) (x∼0.05) thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition on LaAlO(3) substrates. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), X-ray diffraction, proton-induced X-ray emission, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry indicated negligible magnetic contaminants in the films. The presence of FM with concomitant large carrier densities was determined by a combination of superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, electrical transport measurements, soft X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (SXMCD), XAS and optical magnetic circular dichroism, and was supported by first-principles calculations. SXMCD and XAS measurements revealed a 90 per cent contribution to FM from the Ti ions, and a 10 per cent contribution from the O ions. RBS/channelling measurements show complete Ta substitution in the Ti sites, though carrier activation was only 50 per cent at 5 per cent Ta concentration, implying compensation by cationic defects. The role of the Ti vacancy (V(Ti)) and Ti(3+) was studied via XAS and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, respectively. It was found that, in films with strong FM, the V(Ti) signal was strong while the Ti(3+) signal was absent. We propose (in the absence of any obvious exchange mechanisms) that the localized magnetic moments, V(Ti) sites, are ferromagnetically ordered by itinerant carriers. Cationic-defect-induced magnetism is an alternative route to FM in wide-band-gap semiconducting oxides without any magnetic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rusydi
- NUSNNI-NanoCore, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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14
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Wu HH, Buchholz M, Trabant C, Chang C, Komarek A, Heigl F, Zimmermann M, Cwik M, Nakamura F, Braden M, Schüßler-Langeheine C. Charge stripe order near the surface of 12-percent doped La2−xSrxCuO4. Nat Commun 2012; 3:1023. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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15
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Schlappa J, Chang CF, Hu Z, Schierle E, Ott H, Weschke E, Kaindl G, Huijben M, Rijnders G, Blank DHA, Tjeng LH, Schüssler-Langeheine C. Resonant soft x-ray scattering from stepped surfaces of SrTiO3. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2012; 24:035501. [PMID: 22179392 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/24/3/035501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We studied the resonant diffraction signal from stepped surfaces of SrTiO(3) at the Ti 2p → 3d (L(2,3)) resonance in comparison with x-ray absorption (XAS) and specular reflectivity data. The steps on the surface form an artificial superstructure suitable as a model system for resonant soft x-ray diffraction. A small step density on the surface is sufficient to produce a well defined diffraction peak. We determined the optical parameters of the sample across the resonance and found that the differences between the energy dependence of the x-ray absorption signal, the specular reflectivity and the step-related peak reflect the different quantities probed in these signals. When recorded at low incidence or detection angles, XAS and specular reflectivity spectra are strongly distorted by the changes of the angle of total reflection with energy. The resonant diffraction spectrum is less affected and can be used as a spectroscopic probe even in less favorable geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schlappa
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany.
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16
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Wadati H, Geck J, Hawthorn DG, Higuchi T, Hosoda M, Bell C, Hikita Y, Hwang HY, Schussler-Langeheine C, Schierle E, Weschke E, Sawatzky GA. Electronic structure of the SrTiO3/LaAlO3interface revealed by resonant soft x-ray scattering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/24/1/012012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Muniz RA, Martin I. Method for detecting superconducting stripes in high-temperature superconductors based on nonlinear resistivity measurements. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:127001. [PMID: 22026790 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.127001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically study the effect that stripelike superconducting inclusions would have on the nonlinear resistivity in single crystals. Even if the stripe orientation varies throughout the sample between two orthogonal directions due to twinning, we predict that there should be a universal dependence of the nonlinear resistivity on the angle between the applied current and the crystal axes. This prediction can be used to test the existence of superconducting stripes at and above the superconducting transition temperature in cuprate superconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Muniz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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18
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Doering D, Chuang YD, Andresen N, Chow K, Contarato D, Cummings C, Domning E, Joseph J, Pepper JS, Smith B, Zizka G, Ford C, Lee WS, Weaver M, Patthey L, Weizeorick J, Hussain Z, Denes P. Development of a compact fast CCD camera and resonant soft x-ray scattering endstation for time-resolved pump-probe experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:073303. [PMID: 21806178 DOI: 10.1063/1.3609862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The designs of a compact, fast CCD (cFCCD) camera, together with a resonant soft x-ray scattering endstation, are presented. The cFCCD camera consists of a highly parallel, custom, thick, high-resistivity CCD, readout by a custom 16-channel application specific integrated circuit to reach the maximum readout rate of 200 frames per second. The camera is mounted on a virtual-axis flip stage inside the RSXS chamber. When this flip stage is coupled to a differentially pumped rotary seal, the detector assembly can rotate about 100°/360° in the vertical/horizontal scattering planes. With a six-degrees-of-freedom cryogenic sample goniometer, this endstation has the capability to detect the superlattice reflections from the electronic orderings showing up in the lower hemisphere. The complete system has been tested at the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and has been used in multiple experiments at the Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Doering
- Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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19
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Hawthorn DG, He F, Venema L, Davis H, Achkar AJ, Zhang J, Sutarto R, Wadati H, Radi A, Wilson T, Wright G, Shen KM, Geck J, Zhang H, Novák V, Sawatzky GA. An in-vacuum diffractometer for resonant elastic soft x-ray scattering. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2011; 82:073104. [PMID: 21806169 DOI: 10.1063/1.3607438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design, construction, and performance of a 4-circle in-vacuum diffractometer for resonant elastic soft x-ray scattering. The diffractometer, installed on the resonant elastic and inelastic x-ray scattering beamline at the Canadian Light Source, includes 9 in-vacuum motions driven by in-vacuum stepper motors and operates in ultra-high vacuum at base pressure of 2 × 10(-10) Torr. Cooling to a base temperature of 18 K is provided with a closed-cycle cryostat. The diffractometer includes a choice of 3 photon detectors: a photodiode, a channeltron, and a 2D sensitive channelplate detector. Along with variable slit and filter options, these detectors are suitable for studying a wide range of phenomena having both weak and strong diffraction signals. Example measurements of diffraction and reflectivity in Nd-doped (La,Sr)(2)CuO(4) and thin film (Ga,Mn)As are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Hawthorn
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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20
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Beale TAW, Hase TPA, Iida T, Endo K, Steadman P, Marshall AR, Dhesi SS, van der Laan G, Hatton PD. RASOR: an advanced instrument for soft x-ray reflectivity and diffraction. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:073904. [PMID: 20687739 DOI: 10.1063/1.3458004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report the design and construction of a novel soft x-ray diffractometer installed at Diamond Light Source. The beamline endstation RASOR is constructed for general users and designed primarily for the study of single crystal diffraction and thin film reflectivity. The instrument is comprised of a limited three circle (theta, 2theta, and chi) diffractometer with an additional removable rotation (phi) stage. It is equipped with a liquid helium cryostat, and post-scatter polarization analysis. Motorized motions are provided for the precise positioning of the sample onto the diffractometer center of rotation, and for positioning the center of rotation onto the x-ray beam. The functions of the instrument have been tested at Diamond Light Source, and initial test measurements are provided, demonstrating the potential of the instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A W Beale
- Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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21
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Kim BJ, Ohsumi H, Komesu T, Sakai S, Morita T, Takagi H, Arima T. Phase-sensitive observation of a spin-orbital Mott state in Sr2IrO4. Science 2009; 323:1329-32. [PMID: 19265017 DOI: 10.1126/science.1167106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of the quantum-mechanical phase in quantum matter provides the most direct manifestation of the underlying abstract physics. We used resonant x-ray scattering to probe the relative phases of constituent atomic orbitals in an electronic wave function, which uncovers the unconventional Mott insulating state induced by relativistic spin-orbit coupling in the layered 5d transition metal oxide Sr2IrO4. A selection rule based on intra-atomic interference effects establishes a complex spin-orbital state represented by an effective total angular momentum = 1/2 quantum number, the phase of which can lead to a quantum topological state of matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Kim
- Department of Advanced Materials, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan.
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22
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Smadici S, Lee JCT, Wang S, Abbamonte P, Logvenov G, Gozar A, Cavellin CD, Bozovic I. Superconducting transition at 38 K in insulating-overdoped La2CuO4-La1.64Sr0.36CuO4 superlattices: evidence for interface electronic redistribution from resonant soft X-ray scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:107004. [PMID: 19392148 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.107004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We use resonant soft x-ray scattering (RSXS) to quantify the hole distribution in a superlattice of insulating La2CuO4 (LCO) and overdoped La2-xSrxCuO4 (LSCO). Despite its nonsuperconducting constituents, this structure is superconducting with T_{c}=38 K. We found that the conducting holes redistribute electronically from LSCO to the LCO layers. The LCO layers were found to be optimally doped, suggesting they are the main drivers of superconductivity. Our results demonstrate the utility of RSXS for separating electronic from structural effects at oxide interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Smadici
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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23
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Takeuchi T, Chainani A, Takata Y, Tanaka Y, Oura M, Tsubota M, Senba Y, Ohashi H, Mochiku T, Hirata K, Shin S. An ultrahigh-vacuum apparatus for resonant diffraction experiments using soft x rays (hnu=300-2000 eV). THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2009; 80:023905. [PMID: 19256660 DOI: 10.1063/1.3078269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an ultrahigh-vacuum instrument for resonant diffraction experiments using polarized soft x rays in the energy range of hnu=300-2000 eV at beamline BL17SU of SPring-8. The diffractometer consists of modified differentially pumped rotary feedthroughs for theta-2theta stages, a sample manipulator with motor-controlled x-y-z-, tilt (chi)-, and azimuth (phi)-axes, and a liquid helium flow-type cryostat for temperature dependent measurements between 30 and 300 K. Test results indicate that the diffractometer exhibits high reproducibility (better than 0.001 degrees ) for a Bragg reflection of alpha-quartz 100 at a photon energy of hnu=1950 eV. Typical off- and on-resonance Bragg reflections in the energy range of 530-1950 eV could be measured using the apparatus. The results show that x-ray diffraction experiments with energy-, azimuth-, and incident photon polarization-dependence can be reliably measured using soft x rays in the energy range of approximately 300-2000 eV. The facility can be used for resonant diffraction experiments across the L-edge of transition metals, M-edge of lanthanides, and up to the Si K-edge of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takeuchi
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, 1-1-1 Kouto Sayo-cho Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
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24
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Clayhold JA, Kerns BM, Schroer MD, Rench DW, Logvenov G, Bollinger AT, Bozovic I. Combinatorial measurements of Hall effect and resistivity in oxide films. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:033908. [PMID: 18377026 DOI: 10.1063/1.2901622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A system for the simultaneous measurement of the Hall effect in 31 different locations as well as the measurement of the resistivity in 30 different locations on a single oxide thin film grown with a composition gradient is described. Considerations for designing and operating a high-throughput system for characterizing highly conductive oxides with Hall coefficients as small as 10(-10) m3/C are discussed. Results from measurements on films grown using combinatorial molecular beam epitaxy show the usefulness of characterizing combinatorial libraries via both the resistivity and the Hall effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Clayhold
- Department of Physics, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA
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25
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Rusydi A, Abbamonte P, Eisaki H, Fujimaki Y, Smadici S, Motoyama N, Uchida S, Kim YJ, Rübhausen M, Sawatzky GA. Strain amplification of the 4k_(F) chain instability in Sr14Cu24O41. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:036403. [PMID: 18233013 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.036403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We used resonant soft x-ray scattering to study the chain ordering in Sr14Cu24O41 (SCO). We observed, for the first time, both the chain and ladder orders in SCO with the same probe. We found that the chain modulation in SCO is incommensurate with wave vector L_(c)=0.318, is strongly temperature (T) dependent, and is accompanied by a substantial hole modulation. By contrast, the chain modulation in a hole-depleted control sample La6Ca8Cu24O41 was commensurate (L_(c)=0.3), T independent, and purely structural. We conclude that the chain charge order in SCO is a 4k_(F) charge density wave stabilized by the misfit strain between the ladder and chain substructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rusydi
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 11, Hamburg, Germany.
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26
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Smadici S, Abbamonte P, Bhattacharya A, Zhai X, Jiang B, Rusydi A, Eckstein JN, Bader SD, Zuo JM. Electronic reconstruction at SrMnO3-LaMnO3 superlattice interfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:196404. [PMID: 18233095 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.196404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We use resonant soft-x-ray scattering (RSXS) to study the electronic reconstruction at the interface between the Mott insulator LaMnO3 and the band insulator SrMnO3. Superlattices of these two insulators were shown previously to have both ferromagnetism and metallic tendencies [Koida, Phys. Rev. B 66, 144418 (2002)10.1103/PhysRevB.66.144418]. By studying a judiciously chosen superlattice reflection, we show that the interface density of states exhibits a pronounced peak at the Fermi level, similar to that predicted in related titanate superlattices by Okamoto et al. [Phys. Rev. B 70, 241104(R) (2004)10.1103/PhysRevB.70.241104]. The intensity of this peak correlates with the conductivity and magnetization, suggesting it is the driver of metallic behavior. Our study demonstrates a general strategy for using RSXS to probe the electronic properties of heterostructure interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serban Smadici
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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27
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Rusydi A, Abbamonte P, Eisaki H, Fujimaki Y, Blumberg G, Uchida S, Sawatzky GA. Quantum melting of the hole crystal in the spin ladder of Sr(14-x)CaxCu24O41. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:016403. [PMID: 16907390 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.016403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We have used resonant soft x-ray scattering to study the effects of discommensuration on the hole Wigner crystal (HC) in the spin ladder Sr(14-x)CaxCu24O41 (SCCO). As the hole density is varied the HC forms only with the commensurate wave vectors L(L) = 1/5 and L(L) = 1/3; for incommensurate values it "melts." A simple scaling between L(L) and temperature is observed, tau1/3/tau1/5 = 5/3, indicating an inverse relationship between the interaction strength and wavelength. Our results suggest that SCCO contains hole pairs that are crystallized through an interplay between lattice commensuration and Coulomb repulsion, reminiscent of the "pair density wave" scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rusydi
- National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973-5000, USA
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28
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Huang DJ, Lin HJ, Okamoto J, Chao KS, Jeng HT, Guo GY, Hsu CH, Huang CM, Ling DC, Wu WB, Yang CS, Chen CT. Charge-orbital ordering and Verwey transition in magnetite measured by resonant soft X-ray scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 96:096401. [PMID: 16606287 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.096401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We report experimental evidence for the charge-orbital ordering in magnetite below the Verwey transition temperature T(V). Measurements of O K-edge resonant x-ray scattering on magnetite reveal that the O 2p states in the vicinity of the Fermi level exhibit a charge-orbital ordering along the c axis with a spatial periodicity of the doubled lattice parameter of the undistorted cubic phase. Such a charge-orbital ordering vanishes abruptly above T(V) and exhibits a thermal hysteresis, correlating closely with the Verwey transition in magnetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan.
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29
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Schüssler-Langeheine C, Schlappa J, Tanaka A, Hu Z, Chang CF, Schierle E, Benomar M, Ott H, Weschke E, Kaindl G, Friedt O, Sawatzky GA, Lin HJ, Chen CT, Braden M, Tjeng LH. Spectroscopy of stripe order in La1.8Sr0.2NiO4 using resonant soft x-ray diffraction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:156402. [PMID: 16241744 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.156402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Strong resonant enhancements of the charge-order and spin-order superstructure-diffraction intensities in La1.8Sr0.2NiO4 are observed when x-ray energies in the vicinity of the Ni L2,3 absorption edges are used. The pronounced photon-energy and polarization dependences of these diffraction intensities allow for a critical determination of the local symmetry of the ordered spin and charge carriers. We found that not only the antiferromagnetic order but also the charge-order superstructure resides within the NiO2 layers; the holes are mainly located on in-plane oxygens surrounding a Ni2+ site with the spins coupled antiparallel in close analogy to Zhang-Rice singlets in the cuprates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schüssler-Langeheine
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Strasse 77, D-50937 Köln, Germany
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Abbamonte P, Blumberg G, Rusydi A, Gozar A, Evans PG, Siegrist T, Venema L, Eisaki H, Isaacs ED, Sawatzky GA. Crystallization of charge holes in the spin ladder of Sr14Cu24O41. Nature 2004; 431:1078-81. [PMID: 15510143 DOI: 10.1038/nature02925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Determining the nature of the electronic phases that compete with superconductivity in high-transition-temperature (high-T(c)) superconductors is one of the deepest problems in condensed matter physics. One candidate is the 'stripe' phase, in which the charge carriers (holes) condense into rivers of charge that separate regions of antiferromagnetism. A related but lesser known system is the 'spin ladder', which consists of two coupled chains of magnetic ions forming an array of rungs. A doped ladder can be thought of as a high-T(c) material with lower dimensionality, and has been predicted to exhibit both superconductivity and an insulating 'hole crystal' phase in which the carriers are localized through many-body interactions. The competition between the two resembles that believed to operate between stripes and superconductivity in high-T(c) materials. Here we report the existence of a hole crystal in the doped spin ladder of Sr14Cu24O41 using a resonant X-ray scattering technique. This phase exists without a detectable distortion in the structural lattice, indicating that it arises from many-body electronic effects. Our measurements confirm theoretical predictions, and support the picture that proximity to charge ordered states is a general property of superconductivity in copper oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Abbamonte
- National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
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Bozovic I, Logvenov G, Verhoeven MAJ, Caputo P, Goldobin E, Beasley MR. Giant proximity effect in cuprate superconductors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:157002. [PMID: 15524925 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.157002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Using an advanced molecular beam epitaxy system, we have reproducibly synthesized atomically smooth films of high-temperature superconductors and uniform trilayer junctions with virtually perfect interfaces. We found that supercurrent runs through very thick barriers. We can rule out pinholes and microshorts; this "giant proximity effect" (GPE) is intrinsic. It defies the conventional explanation; it might originate in resonant tunneling through pair states in an almost-superconducting barrier. GPE may also be significant for superconducting electronics, since thick barriers are easier to fabricate.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bozovic
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA.
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Dhesi SS, Mirone A, De Nadaï C, Ohresser P, Bencok P, Brookes NB, Reutler P, Revcolevschi A, Tagliaferri A, Toulemonde O, van der Laan G. Unraveling orbital ordering in La0.5Sr1.5MnO4. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 92:056403. [PMID: 14995324 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.056403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Orbital ordering (OO) in the layered perovskite La0.5Sr1.5MnO4 has been investigated using the enhanced sensitivity of soft x-ray resonant diffraction at the Mn L edges. The energy dependence of an OO diffraction peak over the L(2,3) edges is compared to ligand-field calculations allowing a distinction between the influences of Jahn-Teller distortions and spin correlations. The energy dependence of the diffraction peak at the Mn L1 edge is remarkably different from that observed at the Mn K edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Dhesi
- Diamond Light Source, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom.
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Wilkins SB, Hatton PD, Roper MD, Prabhakaran D, Boothroyd AT. Soft X-ray resonant magnetic diffraction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:187201. [PMID: 12786040 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.187201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have conducted the first soft x-ray diffraction experiments from a bulk single crystal, studying the bilayer manganite La2-2xSr1+2xMn2O7 with x=0.475 in which we were able to access the (002) Bragg reflection using soft x rays. The Bragg reflection displays a strong resonant enhancement at the L(III) and L(II) manganese absorption edges. We demonstrate that the resonant enhancement of the magnetic diffraction of the (001) is extremely large, indeed so large that it exceeds that of the nonresonant Bragg diffraction. Resonant soft x-ray scattering of 3d transition metal oxides is the only technique for the atomic selective measurement of spin, charge, and orbital correlations in materials, such as high temperature superconductors, colossal magnetoresistance manganites, and charge stripe nickelates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Wilkins
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, Rochester Building, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Kumar N, Rao CNR. Stripes and superconductivity in cuprates--is there a connection? Chemphyschem 2003; 4:439-44. [PMID: 12785257 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Kumar
- Raman Research Institute, Bangalore 560 080, India
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