1
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Shi S, Wang M, Poles Y, Fineberg J. How frictional slip evolves. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8291. [PMID: 38092832 PMCID: PMC10719317 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Earthquake-like ruptures break the contacts that form the frictional interface separating contacting bodies and mediate the onset of frictional motion (stick-slip). The slip (motion) of the interface immediately resulting from the rupture that initiates each stick-slip event is generally much smaller than the total slip logged over the duration of the event. Slip after the onset of friction is generally attributed to continuous motion globally attributed to 'dynamic friction'. Here we show, by means of direct measurements of real contact area and slip at the frictional interface, that sequences of myriad hitherto invisible, secondary ruptures are triggered immediately in the wake of each initial rupture. Each secondary rupture generates incremental slip that, when not resolved, may appear as steady sliding of the interface. Each slip increment is linked, via fracture mechanics, to corresponding variations of contact area and local strain. Only by accounting for the contributions of these secondary ruptures can the accumulated interface slip be described. These results have important ramifications both to our fundamental understanding of frictional motion as well as to the essential role of aftershocks within natural faults in generating earthquake-mediated slip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Shi
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Meng Wang
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Yonatan Poles
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Jay Fineberg
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
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2
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Katagiri K, Pikuz T, Fang L, Albertazzi B, Egashira S, Inubushi Y, Kamimura G, Kodama R, Koenig M, Kozioziemski B, Masaoka G, Miyanishi K, Nakamura H, Ota M, Rigon G, Sakawa Y, Sano T, Schoofs F, Smith ZJ, Sueda K, Togashi T, Vinci T, Wang Y, Yabashi M, Yabuuchi T, Dresselhaus-Marais LE, Ozaki N. Transonic dislocation propagation in diamond. Science 2023; 382:69-72. [PMID: 37796999 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh5563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The motion of line defects (dislocations) has been studied for more than 60 years, but the maximum speed at which they can move is unresolved. Recent models and atomistic simulations predict the existence of a limiting velocity of dislocation motion between the transonic and subsonic ranges at which the self-energy of dislocation diverges, though they do not deny the possibility of the transonic dislocations. We used femtosecond x-ray radiography to track ultrafast dislocation motion in shock-compressed single-crystal diamond. By visualizing stacking faults extending faster than the slowest sound wave speed of diamond, we show the evidence of partial dislocations at their leading edge moving transonically. Understanding the upper limit of dislocation mobility in crystals is essential to accurately model, predict, and control the mechanical properties of materials under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Katagiri
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tatiana Pikuz
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research in Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Lichao Fang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bruno Albertazzi
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Ecole Polytechnique, UPMC, Univ Paris 06: Sorbonne Universites, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, F-91128, France
| | - Shunsuke Egashira
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichi Inubushi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Genki Kamimura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kodama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research in Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michel Koenig
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Ecole Polytechnique, UPMC, Univ Paris 06: Sorbonne Universites, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, F-91128, France
| | | | - Gooru Masaoka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Hirotaka Nakamura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Ota
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Gabriel Rigon
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Youichi Sakawa
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sano
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Frank Schoofs
- United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, UK
| | - Zoe J Smith
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Tadashi Togashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Tommaso Vinci
- LULI, CNRS, CEA, Ecole Polytechnique, UPMC, Univ Paris 06: Sorbonne Universites, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, F-91128, France
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Makina Yabashi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Toshinori Yabuuchi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo, 679-5198, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Leora E Dresselhaus-Marais
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Norimasa Ozaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
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3
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Li J, Kim T, Lapusta N, Biondi E, Zhan Z. The break of earthquake asperities imaged by distributed acoustic sensing. Nature 2023; 620:800-806. [PMID: 37532935 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06227-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Rupture imaging of megathrust earthquakes with global seismic arrays revealed frequency-dependent rupture signatures1-4, but the role of high-frequency radiators remains unclear3-5. Similar observations of the more abundant crustal earthquakes could provide critical constraints but are rare without ultradense local arrays6,7. Here we use distributed acoustic sensing technology8,9 to image the high-frequency earthquake rupture radiators. By converting a 100-kilometre dark-fibre cable into a 10,000-channel seismic array, we image four high-frequency subevents for the 2021 Antelope Valley, California, moment-magnitude 6.0 earthquake. After comparing our results with long-period moment-release10,11 and dynamic rupture simulations, we suggest that the imaged subevents are due to the breaking of fault asperities-stronger spots or pins on the fault-that substantially modulate the overall rupture behaviour. An otherwise fading rupture propagation could be promoted by the breaking of fault asperities in a cascading sequence. This study highlights how we can use the extensive pre-existing fibre networks12 as high-frequency seismic antennas to systematically investigate the rupture process of regional moderate-sized earthquakes. Coupled with dynamic rupture modelling, it could improve our understanding of earthquake rupture dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Li
- Seismological Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Taeho Kim
- Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nadia Lapusta
- Seismological Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ettore Biondi
- Seismological Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Zhongwen Zhan
- Seismological Laboratory, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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4
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Dong P, Xia K, Xu Y, Elsworth D, Ampuero JP. Laboratory earthquakes decipher control and stability of rupture speeds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2427. [PMID: 37105963 PMCID: PMC10140064 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38137-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Earthquakes are destructive natural hazards with damage capacity dictated by rupture speeds. Traditional dynamic rupture models predict that earthquake ruptures gradually accelerate to the Rayleigh wave speed with some of them further jumping to stable supershear speeds above the Eshelby speed (~[Formula: see text] times S wave speed). However, the 2018 Mw 7.5 Palu earthquake, among several others, significantly challenges such a viewpoint. Here we generate spontaneous shear ruptures on laboratory faults to confirm that ruptures can indeed attain steady subRayleigh or supershear propagation speeds immediately following nucleation. A self-similar analysis of dynamic rupture confirms our observation, leading to a simple model where the rupture speed is uniquely dependent on a driving load. Our results reproduce and explain a number of enigmatic field observations on earthquake speeds, including the existence of stable subEshelby supershear ruptures, early onset of supershear ruptures, and the correlation between the rupture speed and the driving load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Dong
- Institute of Geosafety, School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kaiwen Xia
- Institute of Geosafety, School of Engineering and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada.
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Ying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Derek Elsworth
- Energy and Mineral Engineering & Geosciences, G3 Center and EMS Energy Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jean-Paul Ampuero
- Géoazur, Université Côte d'Azur, IRD, CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur; 250 rue Albert Einstein, 14 Sophia Antipolis, 06560, Valbonne, France
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5
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Pampillón P, Santillán D, Mosquera JC, Cueto-Felgueroso L. The role of pore fluids in supershear earthquake ruptures. Sci Rep 2023; 13:398. [PMID: 36624113 PMCID: PMC9829726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The intensity and damage potential of earthquakes are linked to the speed at which rupture propagates along sliding crustal faults. Most earthquakes are sub-Rayleigh, with ruptures that are slower than the surface Rayleigh waves. In supershear earthquakes, ruptures are faster than the shear waves, leading to sharp pressure concentrations and larger intensities compared with the more common sub-Rayleigh ones. Despite significant theoretical and experimental advances over the past two decades, the geological and geomechanical controls on rupture speed transitions remain poorly understood. Here we propose that pore fluids play an important role in explaining earthquake rupture speed: the pore pressure may increase sharply at the compressional front during rupture propagation, promoting shear failure ahead of the rupture front and accelerating its propagation into the supershear range. We characterize the transition from sub-Rayleigh to supershear rupture in fluid-saturated rock, and show that the proposed poroelastic weakening mechanism may be a controlling factor for intersonic earthquake ruptures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pampillón
- Department of Civil Engineering: Hydraulics, Energy and Environment, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Santillán
- Department of Civil Engineering: Hydraulics, Energy and Environment, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Mosquera
- Department of Continuum Mechanics and Theory of Structures, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Cueto-Felgueroso
- Department of Civil Engineering: Hydraulics, Energy and Environment, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Jara J, Bruhat L, Thomas MY, Antoine SL, Okubo K, Rougier E, Rosakis AJ, Sammis CG, Klinger Y, Jolivet R, Bhat HS. Signature of transition to supershear rupture speed in the coseismic off-fault damage zone. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2021; 477:20210364. [PMID: 35153594 PMCID: PMC8595990 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2021.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most earthquake ruptures propagate at speeds below the shear wave velocity within the crust, but in some rare cases, ruptures reach supershear speeds. The physics underlying the transition of natural subshear earthquakes to supershear ones is currently not fully understood. Most observational studies of supershear earthquakes have focused on determining which fault segments sustain fully grown supershear ruptures. Experimentally cross-validated numerical models have identified some of the key ingredients required to trigger a transition to supershear speed. However, the conditions for such a transition in nature are still unclear, including the precise location of this transition. In this work, we provide theoretical and numerical insights to identify the precise location of such a transition in nature. We use fracture mechanics arguments with multiple numerical models to identify the signature of supershear transition in coseismic off-fault damage. We then cross-validate this signature with high-resolution observations of fault zone width and early aftershock distributions. We confirm that the location of the transition from subshear to supershear speed is characterized by a decrease in the width of the coseismic off-fault damage zone. We thus help refine the precise location of such a transition for natural supershear earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Jara
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UMR 8538, PSL Université, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Bruhat
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UMR 8538, PSL Université, Paris, France
| | - Marion Y. Thomas
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7193, Paris, France
| | - Solène L. Antoine
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| | - Kurama Okubo
- National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, 3-1 Tennnodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Esteban Rougier
- EES-17–Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Ares J. Rosakis
- Graduate Aerospace Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Charles G. Sammis
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yann Klinger
- Université de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, Paris 75005, France
| | - Romain Jolivet
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UMR 8538, PSL Université, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, Paris 75005, France
| | - Harsha S. Bhat
- Laboratoire de Géologie, Département de Géosciences, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, UMR 8538, PSL Université, Paris, France
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7
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Pressure shock fronts formed by ultra-fast shear cracks in viscoelastic materials. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4754. [PMID: 30420595 PMCID: PMC6232150 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneously propagating cracks in solids emit both pressure and shear waves. When a shear crack propagates faster than the shear wave speed of the material, the coalescence of the shear wavelets emitted by the near-crack-tip region forms a shock front that significantly concentrates particle motion. Such a shock front should not be possible for pressure waves, because cracks should not be able to exceed the pressure wave speed in isotropic linear-elastic solids. In this study, we present full-field experimental measurements of dynamic shear cracks in viscoelastic polymers that result in the formation of a pressure shock front, in addition to the shear one. The apparent violation of classic theories is explained by the strain-rate-dependent material behavior of polymers, where the crack speed remains below the highest pressure wave speed prevailing locally around the crack tip. These findings have important implications for the physics and dynamics of shear cracks such as earthquakes. Propagating shear cracks in solids emit both shear and pressure waves, but it is usually thought that only shear waves coalesce to form shock fronts when the crack exceeds the shear wave speed. Here, the authors show that local material stiffening can further increase rupture speed and produce pressure shock fronts that hint at supersonic propagation.
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8
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Kammer DS, Svetlizky I, Cohen G, Fineberg J. The equation of motion for supershear frictional rupture fronts. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat5622. [PMID: 30035229 PMCID: PMC6051736 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat5622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The rupture fronts that mediate the onset of frictional sliding may propagate at speeds below the Rayleigh wave speed or may surpass the shear wave speed and approach the longitudinal wave speed. While the conditions for the transition from sub-Rayleigh to supershear propagation have been studied extensively, little is known about what dictates supershear rupture speeds and how the interplay between the stresses that drive propagation and interface properties that resist motion affects them. By combining laboratory experiments and numerical simulations that reflect natural earthquakes, we find that supershear rupture propagation speeds can be predicted and described by a fracture mechanics-based equation of motion. This equation of motion quantitatively predicts rupture speeds, with the velocity selection dictated by the interface properties and stress. Our results reveal a critical rupture length, analogous to Griffith's length for sub-Rayleigh cracks, below which supershear propagation is impossible. Above this critical length, supershear ruptures can exist, once excited, even for extremely low preexisting stress levels. These results significantly improve our fundamental understanding of what governs the speed of supershear earthquakes, with direct and important implications for interpreting their unique supershear seismic radiation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Kammer
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Ilya Svetlizky
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Gil Cohen
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Jay Fineberg
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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9
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Barras F, Geubelle PH, Molinari JF. Interplay between Process Zone and Material Heterogeneities for Dynamic Cracks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:144101. [PMID: 29053320 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.144101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Using an elastodynamic boundary integral formulation coupled with a cohesive model, we study the problem of a dynamic rupture front propagating along an heterogeneous plane. We show that small-scale heterogeneities facilitate the supershear transition of a mode-II crack. The elastic pulses radiated during front accelerations explain how microscopic variations of fracture toughness change the macroscopic rupture dynamics. Perturbations of dynamic fronts are then systematically studied with different microstructures and loading conditions. The process zone size is the intrinsic length scale controlling heterogeneous dynamic rupture. The ratio of this length scale to asperity size is proposed as an indicator to transition from quasihomogeneous to heterogeneous fracture. Moreover, we discuss how the shortening of the process zone size with increasing crack speed brings the front to interact with smaller details of the microstructure. This study shines new light on recent experiments reporting perturbations of dynamic rupture fronts, which intensify with crack propagation speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Barras
- Civil Engineering Institute, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 18, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 306 Talbot Laboratory, 104 South Wright Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jean-François Molinari
- Civil Engineering Institute, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 18, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Bianchi I, Chiarabba C, Piana Agostinetti N. Control of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, central Italy, by a high-velocity structure: A receiver function study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb007087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Bizzarri A, Dunham EM, Spudich P. Coherence of Mach fronts during heterogeneous supershear earthquake rupture propagation: Simulations and comparison with observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Faran E, Shilo D. Twin motion faster than the speed of sound. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:155501. [PMID: 20481997 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.155501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Twin growth is commonly thought to be bounded by the velocity of shear waves C(T) at which the information about this mechanical process travels in the material. Here, we report on experimental evidence of twin growth faster than the material's speed of sound. Driven by an electric field, needle twins in a ferroelectric crystal grew at intersonic speed, with an estimated average velocity close to square root(2) C(T). These results strengthen recent theoretical indications of intersonic dislocation motion, and contribute to the understanding of several twin motion-related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eilon Faran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
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13
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Lapusta N, Liu Y. Three-dimensional boundary integral modeling of spontaneous earthquake sequences and aseismic slip. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Walker KT, Shearer PM. Illuminating the near-sonic rupture velocities of the intracontinental KokoxiliMw7.8 and Denali faultMw7.9 strike-slip earthquakes with global P wave back projection imaging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Dunham EM. Conditions governing the occurrence of supershear ruptures under slip-weakening friction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jb004717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Robinson DP, Brough C, Das S. TheMw7.8, 2001 Kunlunshan earthquake: Extreme rupture speed variability and effect of fault geometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jb004137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Xia K, Rosakis AJ, Kanamori H. Laboratory Earthquakes: The Sub-Rayleigh-to-Supershear Rupture Transition. Science 2004; 303:1859-61. [PMID: 15031503 DOI: 10.1126/science.1094022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report on the experimental observation of spontaneously nucleated supershear rupture and on the visualization of sub-Rayleigh-to-supershear rupture transitions in frictionally held interfaces. The laboratory experiments mimic natural earthquakes. The results suggest that under certain conditions supershear rupture propagation can be facilitated during large earthquake events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Xia
- Seismological Laboratory, MC 252-21, California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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18
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Bouchon M, Vallée M. Observation of long supershear rupture during the magnitude 8.1 Kunlunshan earthquake. Science 2003; 301:824-6. [PMID: 12907799 DOI: 10.1126/science.1086832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The 2001 Kunlunshan earthquake was an extraordinary event that produced a 400-km-long surface rupture. Regional broadband recordings of this event provide an opportunity to accurately observe the speed at which a fault ruptures during an earthquake, which has important implications for seismic risk and for understanding earthquake physics. We determined that rupture propagated on the 400-km-long fault at an average speed of 3.7 to 3.9 km/s, which exceeds the shear velocity of the brittle part of the crust. Rupture started at sub-Rayleigh wave velocity and became supershear, probably approaching 5 km/s, after about 100 km of propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bouchon
- Université Joseph Fourier and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire de Géophysique Interne et Tectonophysique, Boîte postale 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
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