1
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Cheng X, Pei X, Xie W, Chen J, Li Y, Wang J, Gao H, Wan Q. pH‐Triggered Size‐Tunable Silver Nanoparticles: Targeted Aggregation for Effective Bacterial Infection Therapy. SMALL 2022; 18:e2200915. [PMID: 35499191 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinting Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Department of Prosthodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xibo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Department of Prosthodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Wenjia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Department of Prosthodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Junyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Department of Prosthodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Department of Prosthodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Department of Prosthodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Huile Gao
- West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University Chengdu 610044 China
| | - Qianbing Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Department of Prosthodontics West China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
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2
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Roy S, Bagchi B. Fluctuation theory of immune response: A statistical mechanical approach to understand pathogen induced T-cell population dynamics. J Chem Phys 2021; 153:045107. [PMID: 32752668 DOI: 10.1063/5.0009747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this period of intense interest in human immunity, we attempt here to quantify the immune response against pathogen invasion through T-cell population dynamics. Borrowing concepts from equilibrium statistical mechanics, we introduce a new description of the immune response function (IMRF) in terms of fluctuations in the population number of relevant biological cells (effector and regulatory T-cells). We use a coarse-grained chemical reaction network model (CG-CRNM) to calculate the number fluctuations and show that the response function derived as such can, indeed, capture the crossover observed in a T-cell driven immune response. We employ the network model to learn the effect of vitamin-D as an immunomodulator. We solve our CG-CRNM using a stochastic Gillespie algorithm. Depending on the effector T-cell concentration, we can classify immune regulation regimes into three categories: weak, strong, and moderate. The IMRF is found to behave differently in these three regimes. A damped cross-regulatory behavior found in the dynamics of effector and regulatory T-cell concentration in the diseased states correlates well with the same found in a cohort of patients with specific malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Importantly, the crossover from the weakly regulated steady state to the other (the strongly regulated) is accompanied by a divergence-like growth in the fluctuation of both the effector and the regulatory T-cell concentration, characteristic of a dynamic phase transition. We believe such steady-state IMRF analyses could help not only to phase-separate different immune stages but also aid in the valuable connection between autoimmunity, optimal vitamin-D, and consequences of immunosuppressive stress and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Roy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Campus Road, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Biman Bagchi
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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3
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Gao F, Shao T, Yu Y, Xiong Y, Yang L. Surface-bound reactive oxygen species generating nanozymes for selective antibacterial action. Nat Commun 2021; 12:745. [PMID: 33531505 PMCID: PMC7854635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acting by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in situ, nanozymes are promising as antimicrobials. ROS' intrinsic inability to distinguish bacteria from mammalian cells, however, deprives nanozymes of the selectivity necessary for an ideal antimicrobial. Here we report that nanozymes that generate surface-bound ROS selectively kill bacteria over mammalian cells. This result is robust across three distinct nanozymes that universally generate surface-bound ROS, with an oxidase-like silver-palladium bimetallic alloy nanocage, AgPd0.38, being the lead model. The selectivity is attributable to both the surface-bound nature of ROS these nanozymes generate and an unexpected antidote role of endocytosis. Though surface-bound, the ROS on AgPd0.38 efficiently eliminated antibiotic-resistant bacteria and effectively delayed the onset of bacterial resistance emergence. When used as coating additives, AgPd0.38 enabled an inert substrate to inhibit biofilm formation and suppress infection-related immune responses in mouse models. This work opens an avenue toward biocompatible nanozymes and may have implication in our fight against antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tianyi Shao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yunpeng Yu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yujie Xiong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Lihua Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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4
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Yakimchuk K. Mathematical modeling of immune modulation by glucocorticoids. Biosystems 2020; 187:104066. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.104066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Varian BJ, Poutahidis T, Haner G, Hardas A, Lau V, Erdman SE. Consuming cholera toxin counteracts age-associated obesity. Oncotarget 2019; 10:5497-5509. [PMID: 31565184 PMCID: PMC6756858 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past forty years there has been an inexplicable increase in chronic inflammatory disorders, including obesity. One theory, the ‘hygiene hypothesis’, involves dysregulated immunity arising after too few beneficial early life microbe exposures. Indeed, earlier studies have shown that gut microbe-immune interactions contribute to smoldering inflammation, adiposity, and weight gain. Here we tested a safe and well-established microbe-based immune adjuvant to restore immune homeostasis and counteract inflammation-associated obesity in animal models. We found that consuming Vibrio cholerae exotoxin subunit B (ctB) was sufficient to inhibit age-associated obesogenic outcomes in wild type mice, including reduced crown-like structures (CLS) and granulomatous necrosis histopathology in fat depots. Administration of cholera toxin reduced weight gain irrespective of age during administration; however, exposure during youth imparted greater slenderizing effects when compared with animals receiving ctB for the first time during adulthood. Beneficial effects were transplantable to other obesity-prone animals using immune cells alone, demonstrating an immune-mediated mechanism. Taken together, we concluded that oral vaccination with cholera toxin B helps stimulate health-protective immune responses that counteract age-associated obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Varian
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.,Department of infectious Diseases and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Gordon Haner
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Alex Hardas
- Department of infectious Diseases and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Vanessa Lau
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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6
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Erdman SE, Poutahidis T. Gut microbiota modulate host immune cells in cancer development and growth. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 105:28-34. [PMID: 27840315 PMCID: PMC5831246 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that microbe interactions with the host immune system impact diverse aspects of cancer development and treatment. As a result, exciting new opportunities exist for engineering diets and microbe cocktails to lower cancer risks with fewer adverse clinical effects than traditional strategies. Microbe-based therapies may ultimately be used to reinforce host immune balance and extinguish cancer for generations to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
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7
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O'Neill CA, Monteleone G, McLaughlin JT, Paus R. The gut-skin axis in health and disease: A paradigm with therapeutic implications. Bioessays 2016; 38:1167-1176. [PMID: 27554239 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As crucial interface organs gut and skin have much in common. Therefore it is unsurprising that several gut pathologies have skin co-morbidities. Nevertheless, the reason for this remains ill explored, and neither mainstream gastroenterology nor dermatology research have systematically investigated the 'gut-skin axis'. Here, in reviewing the field, we propose several mechanistic levels on which gut and skin may interact under physiological and pathological circumstances. We focus on the gut microbiota, with its huge metabolic capacity, and the role of dietary components as potential principle actors along the gut-skin axis. We suggest that metabolites from either the diet or the microbiota are skin accessible. After defining open key questions around the nature of these metabolites, how they are sensed, and which cutaneous changes they can induce, we propose that understanding of these pathways will lead to novel therapeutic strategies based on targeting one organ to improve the health of the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A O'Neill
- Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK.
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - John T McLaughlin
- Gastrointestinal Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK.,Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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8
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Poutahidis T, Varian BJ, Levkovich T, Lakritz JR, Mirabal S, Kwok C, Ibrahim YM, Kearney SM, Chatzigiagkos A, Alm EJ, Erdman SE. Dietary microbes modulate transgenerational cancer risk. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1197-204. [PMID: 25716681 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors are suspected in the increase of obesity and cancer in industrialized countries but are poorly understood. Here, we used animal models to test how future generations may be affected by Westernized diets. We discover long-term consequences of grandmothers' in utero dietary exposures, leading to high rates of obesity and frequent cancers of lung and liver in two subsequent generations of mice. Transgenerational effects were transplantable using diet-associated bacteria communities alone. Consequently, feeding of beneficial microbes was sufficient to lower transgenerational risk for cancer and obesity regardless of diet history. Targeting microbes may be a highly effective population-based approach to lower risk for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theofilos Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Bernard J Varian
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Tatiana Levkovich
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica R Lakritz
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sheyla Mirabal
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Caitlin Kwok
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yassin M Ibrahim
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sean M Kearney
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Antonis Chatzigiagkos
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eric J Alm
- Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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9
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Abstract
Radiant skin and hair are universal indicators of good health. It was recently shown that feeding of probiotic bacteria to aged mice rapidly induced youthful vitality characterised by thick lustrous skin and hair, and enhanced reproductive fitness, not seen in untreated controls. Probiotic-treated animals displayed integrated immune and hypothalamic-pituitary outputs that were isolated mechanistically to microbe-induced anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 and neuropeptide hormone oxytocin. In this way, probiotic microbes interface with mammalian physiological underpinnings to impart superb physical and reproductive fitness displayed as radiant and resilient skin and mucosae, unveiling novel strategies for integumentary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - T Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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10
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Cardenas PA, Huang Y, Ildstad ST. The role of pDC, recipient Treg, and donor Tregin HSC engraftment. CHIMERISM 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/chim.17588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Levkovich T, Poutahidis T, Cappelle K, Smith MB, Perrotta A, Alm EJ, Erdman SE. 'Hygienic' lymphocytes convey increased cancer risk. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ONCOLOGY 2014; 3:113-121. [PMID: 25722756 PMCID: PMC4338962 DOI: 10.6000/1927-7229.2014.03.03.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Risk of developing inflammation-associated cancers has increased in industrialized countries during the past 30 years. One possible explanation is societal hygiene practices with use of antibiotics and Caesarian births that provide too few early life exposures of beneficial microbes. Building upon a 'hygiene hypothesis' model whereby prior microbial exposures lead to beneficial changes in CD4+ lymphocytes, here we use an adoptive cell transfer model and find that too few prior microbe exposures alternatively result in increased inflammation-associated cancer growth in susceptible recipient mice. Specifically, purified CD4+ lymphocytes collected from 'restricted flora' donors increases multiplicity and features of malignancy in intestinal polyps of recipient ApcMin/+ mice, coincident with increased inflammatory cell infiltrates and instability of the intestinal microbiota. We conclude that while a competent immune system serves to maintain intestinal homeostasis and good health, under hygienic rearing conditions CD4+ lymphocytes instead exacerbate inflammation-associated tumorigenesis, subsequently contributing to more frequent cancers in industrialized societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Levkovich
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece 54124
| | - Kelsey Cappelle
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Mark B. Smith
- Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139 United States
| | - Allison Perrotta
- Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139 United States
| | - Eric J Alm
- Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139 United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139
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12
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Roy S, Shrinivas K, Bagchi B. A stochastic chemical dynamic approach to correlate autoimmunity and optimal vitamin-D range. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100635. [PMID: 24971516 PMCID: PMC4074107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivated by several recent experimental observations that vitamin-D could interact with antigen presenting cells (APCs) and T-lymphocyte cells (T-cells) to promote and to regulate different stages of immune response, we developed a coarse grained but general kinetic model in an attempt to capture the role of vitamin-D in immunomodulatory responses. Our kinetic model, developed using the ideas of chemical network theory, leads to a system of nine coupled equations that we solve both by direct and by stochastic (Gillespie) methods. Both the analyses consistently provide detail information on the dependence of immune response to the variation of critical rate parameters. We find that although vitamin-D plays a negligible role in the initial immune response, it exerts a profound influence in the long term, especially in helping the system to achieve a new, stable steady state. The study explores the role of vitamin-D in preserving an observed bistability in the phase diagram (spanned by system parameters) of immune regulation, thus allowing the response to tolerate a wide range of pathogenic stimulation which could help in resisting autoimmune diseases. We also study how vitamin-D affects the time dependent population of dendritic cells that connect between innate and adaptive immune responses. Variations in dose dependent response of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory T-cell populations to vitamin-D correlate well with recent experimental results. Our kinetic model allows for an estimation of the range of optimum level of vitamin-D required for smooth functioning of the immune system and for control of both hyper-regulation and inflammation. Most importantly, the present study reveals that an overdose or toxic level of vitamin-D or any steroid analogue could give rise to too large a tolerant response, leading to an inefficacy in adaptive immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Roy
- SSCU, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Biman Bagchi
- SSCU, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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13
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Nijhuis LE, Olivier BJ, Dhawan S, Hilbers FW, Boon L, Wolkers MC, Samsom JN, de Jonge WJ. Adrenergic β2 receptor activation stimulates anti-inflammatory properties of dendritic cells in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85086. [PMID: 24465481 PMCID: PMC3898911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vagal nerve efferent activation has been shown to ameliorate the course of many inflammatory disease states. This neuro-modulatory effect has been suggested to rest on acetylcholine receptor (AChR) activation on tissue macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs). In more recent studies, vagal anti-inflammatory activity was shown involve adrenergic, splenic, pathways. Here we provide evidence that the adrenergic, rather than cholinergic, receptor activation on bone marrow derived DCs results in enhanced endocytosis uptake, enhanced IL-10 production but a decreased IL-6, IL-12p70 and IL-23 production. In antigen specific T cell stimulation assays, adrenergic β2 receptor activation on bone marrow DCs led to an enhanced potential to induce Foxp3 positive suppressive Treg cells. These effects were independent of IL10-R activation, TGFβ release, or retinoic acid (RA) secretion. Hence, adrenergic receptor β2 activation modulates DC function resulting in skewing towards anti-inflammatory T cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens E. Nijhuis
- Tytgat Institute for Gastro-Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda J. Olivier
- Tytgat Institute for Gastro-Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shobit Dhawan
- Tytgat Institute for Gastro-Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francisca W. Hilbers
- Tytgat Institute for Gastro-Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros B.V., Yalelaan 46, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monika C. Wolkers
- Sanquin Research/Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke N. Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J. de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Gastro-Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Walden P, Sterry W. New and emerging vaccination strategies for prevention and treatment of dermatological diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 3:421-31. [PMID: 15270647 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.3.4.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated by the rapid advancements of our understanding of the molecular and cellular pathology of diseases and of the components and mechanisms of cellular and humoral immune responses, new vaccination strategies are being developed and explored for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases, cancer, autoimmune disorders and allergies. Many newly developed vaccination strategies are already in clinical trials, some with very promising results. Although most of these strategies are still at very early stages of their development, it is foreseeable that vaccination will evolve to play an important role in prevention, treatment and management of all the above classes of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Walden
- Clinical Research Group for Tumor Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charite - Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt University, 10098 Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Poutahidis T, Springer A, Levkovich T, Qi P, Varian BJ, Lakritz JR, Ibrahim YM, Chatzigiagkos A, Alm EJ, Erdman SE. Probiotic microbes sustain youthful serum testosterone levels and testicular size in aging mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84877. [PMID: 24392159 PMCID: PMC3879365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The decline of circulating testosterone levels in aging men is associated with adverse health effects. During studies of probiotic bacteria and obesity, we discovered that male mice routinely consuming purified lactic acid bacteria originally isolated from human milk had larger testicles and increased serum testosterone levels compared to their age-matched controls. Further investigation using microscopy-assisted histomorphometry of testicular tissue showed that mice consuming Lactobacillus reuteri in their drinking water had significantly increased seminiferous tubule cross-sectional profiles and increased spermatogenesis and Leydig cell numbers per testis when compared with matched diet counterparts This showed that criteria of gonadal aging were reduced after routinely consuming a purified microbe such as L. reuteri. We tested whether these features typical of sustained reproductive fitness may be due to anti-inflammatory properties of L. reuteri, and found that testicular mass and other indicators typical of old age were similarly restored to youthful levels using systemic administration of antibodies blocking pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-17A. This indicated that uncontrolled host inflammatory responses contributed to the testicular atrophy phenotype in aged mice. Reduced circulating testosterone levels have been implicated in many adverse effects; dietary L. reuteri or other probiotic supplementation may provide a viable natural approach to prevention of male hypogonadism, absent the controversy and side-effects of traditional therapies, and yield practical options for management of disorders typically associated with normal aging. These novel findings suggest a potential high impact for microbe therapy in public health by imparting hormonal and gonad features of reproductive fitness typical of much younger healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theofilos Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alex Springer
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Levkovich
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peimin Qi
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bernard J. Varian
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica R. Lakritz
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yassin M. Ibrahim
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Antonis Chatzigiagkos
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eric J. Alm
- Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EJA); (SEE)
| | - Susan E. Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EJA); (SEE)
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16
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Reynolds J, Amado IF, Freitas AA, Lythe G, Molina-París C. A mathematical perspective on CD4(+) T cell quorum-sensing. J Theor Biol 2013; 347:160-75. [PMID: 24389364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We analyse a mathematical model of the peripheral CD4(+) T cell population, based on a quorum-sensing mechanism, by which an optimum number of regulatory T cells can be established and maintained. We divide the population of a single T cell receptor specificity into four pools: naive, IL-2 producing, IL-2 non-producing, and regulatory CD4(+) T cells. Proliferation, death and differentiation of cells are introduced as transition probabilities of a stochastic Markov model, with the assumption that the amount of IL-2 available to CD4(+) T cells is proportional to the size of the population of IL-2 producing CD4(+) T cells. We explore the population dynamics both in the absence and in the presence of specific antigen. We study the establishment of the peripheral CD4(+) T cell pool from thymic output in the absence of antigen, and its return to homeostasis after an immune challenge, by steady state analysis of the deterministic approximation. The number of regulatory T cells at steady state is greater in the presence of antigen than in its absence. We also consider the stochastic dynamics of the model after an immune challenge, in particular the behaviour leading to ultimate extinction of the IL-2 producing and regulatory T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Reynolds
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Inês F Amado
- Institut Pasteur, Départment d'Immunologie, Unité de Biologie des Populations Lymphocytaires, Paris, France; CNRS, URA1961, Paris, France; GABBA, ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Antonio A Freitas
- Institut Pasteur, Départment d'Immunologie, Unité de Biologie des Populations Lymphocytaires, Paris, France; CNRS, URA1961, Paris, France
| | - Grant Lythe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Carmen Molina-París
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Caridade M, Graca L, Ribeiro RM. Mechanisms Underlying CD4+ Treg Immune Regulation in the Adult: From Experiments to Models. Front Immunol 2013; 4:378. [PMID: 24302924 PMCID: PMC3831161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain immunological balance the organism has to be tolerant to self while remaining competent to mount an effective immune response against third-party antigens. An important mechanism of this immune regulation involves the action of regulatory T-cell (Tregs). In this mini-review, we discuss some of the known and proposed mechanisms by which Tregs exert their influence in the context of immune regulation, and the contribution of mathematical modeling for these mechanistic studies. These models explore the mechanisms of action of regulatory T cells, and include hypotheses of multiple signals, delivered through simultaneous antigen-presenting cell (APC) conjugation; interaction of feedback loops between APC, Tregs, and effector cells; or production of specific cytokines that act on effector cells. As the field matures, and competing models are winnowed out, it is likely that we will be able to quantify how tolerance-inducing strategies, such as CD4-blockade, affect T-cell dynamics and what mechanisms explain the observed behavior of T-cell based tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Caridade
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon , Portugal ; Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência , Oeiras , Portugal
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Microbial symbionts accelerate wound healing via the neuropeptide hormone oxytocin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78898. [PMID: 24205344 PMCID: PMC3813596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing capability is inextricably linked with diverse aspects of physical fitness ranging from recovery after minor injuries and surgery to diabetes and some types of cancer. Impact of the microbiome upon the mammalian wound healing process is poorly understood. We discover that supplementing the gut microbiome with lactic acid microbes in drinking water accelerates the wound-healing process to occur in half the time required for matched control animals. Further, we find that Lactobacillus reuteri enhances wound-healing properties through up-regulation of the neuropeptide hormone oxytocin, a factor integral in social bonding and reproduction, by a vagus nerve-mediated pathway. Bacteria-triggered oxytocin serves to activate host CD4+Foxp3+CD25+ immune T regulatory cells conveying transplantable wound healing capacity to naive Rag2-deficient animals. This study determined oxytocin to be a novel component of a multi-directional gut microbe-brain-immune axis, with wound-healing capability as a previously unrecognized output of this axis. We also provide experimental evidence to support long-standing medical traditions associating diet, social practices, and the immune system with efficient recovery after injury, sustained good health, and longevity.
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Recent advances and developments in the antitumor effect of the HVJ envelope vector on malignant melanoma: from the bench to clinical application. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:599-605. [PMID: 24157924 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inactivated Sendai virus particles (hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope; HVJ-E) are considered to be safe and efficient non-viral vectors used for drug delivery, since they can incorporate DNA, RNA, proteins and drugs. We have recently found that HVJ-E has a novel antitumor immune effect using a colon cancer model. HVJ-E has also been shown to have both direct and immune-mediated indirect actions against malignancy. Intratumoral injection of an inactivated HVJ-E solution significantly reduced the tumor volume and prevented spontaneous lung metastasis, leading to an increased overall survival in C57/BL6 mice transplanted with B16/BL6 mouse melanoma cells, and even in immunodeficient mice transplanted with Mewo human melanoma cells. No severe adverse effects including laboratory data abnormalities or anaphylactic reactions were observed. The comprehensive mechanism(s) underlying the immunological effects of HVJ-E appear to include not only enhanced effector T cell- and/or natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immunity, but also rescue from regulatory T cell (Treg)-mediated immunosuppression, presumably through the interleukin-6 secretion from dendritic cells stimulated by HVJ-E. Since a protocol for a clinical study of HVJ-E in malignant melanoma was approved in 2009 by the ethics committee of Osaka University and of the Medical Center for Translational Research in Osaka University Hospital, a phase I/IIa study for advanced malignant melanoma patients was just started. In this review, we show several favorable results regarding the antitumor effects of HVJ-E and describe the novel mechanism underlying this tumor immune response. Since we are conducting a phase I/IIa clinical trial using HVJ-E in advanced melanoma patients on the basis of preclinical results, detailed clinical information and immune-monitoring data are also introduced. The development of new therapeutic modalities for advanced melanoma patients is urgently needed, and we hope that HVJ-E may provide one such treatment.
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Lack of endogenous IL-10 enhances production of proinflammatory cytokines and leads to Brucella abortus clearance in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74729. [PMID: 24069337 PMCID: PMC3775771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10 is a cytokine that regulates the balance between pathogen clearance and immunopathology. Brucella abortus is an intracellular bacterium that causes chronic disease in humans and domestic animals. Here we evaluated the contribution of IL-10 in host immune response and pathology during B. abortus infection. To assess the role of IL-10 in vivo, IL-10 knockout (KO) or 129 Sv/Ev (wild-type) mice were infected with B. abortus and the number of viable bacteria from the spleen was determined at 1, 2, 3, 6 and 14-weeks postinfection. IL-10 KO mice showed reduced bacterial loads in the spleen when compared to wild-type mice during all time points studied. Additionally, at 14-weeks postinfection IL-10 KO mice had totally cleared the infection. This clearance was preceded by an enhanced IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-17 responses in both the serum and the spleen of IL-10 KO mice. Additionally, dendritic cells from infected IL-10 KO mice produced elevated levels of IL-12 and TNF-α compared to wild-type animals. Histopathology analysis was performed and both KO and wild-type mice developed multifocal granulomas and necrosis in the liver. However, at six-weeks postinfection reduced numbers of granulomas was detected in IL-10 KO mice compared to wild-type animals. This reduced liver pathology at later stage of infection was accompanied by increased numbers of CD4+CD25+foxp3+ T cells and expression of TGF-β in IL-10 KO splenocytes. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that IL-10 modulates the proinflammatory immune response to B. abortus infection and the lack of IL-10 increases resistance to Brucella infection.
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Zhang P, Maruyama T, Konkel JE, Abbatiello B, Zamarron B, Wang ZQ, Chen W. PARP-1 controls immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells by destabilizing Foxp3. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71590. [PMID: 23977081 PMCID: PMC3747222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear enzyme and transcription factor that is involved in inflammatory response, but its role in T cell response remains largely unknown. We show here that PARP-1 regulates the suppressive function of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Specifically, Tregs in mice with a null mutation of the PARP-1 gene (PARP-1–/–) showed significantly stronger suppressive activity than did wild-type Tregs in culture. We elucidate that this enhanced suppressive function is attributed to sustained higher expression of Foxp3 and CD25 in PARP-1−/− Tregs. Furthermore, in PARP-1−/− Tregs, Foxp3 protein shows substantially higher levels of binding to the conserved non-coding DNA sequence 2 (CNS2) at the foxp3 gene, a region important in maintaining Foxp3 gene expression in Tregs. Thus, our data reveal a role for PARP-1 in controlling the function of Tregs through modulation of the stable expression of Foxp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, OIIB, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Takashi Maruyama
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, OIIB, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joanne E. Konkel
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, OIIB, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brittany Abbatiello
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, OIIB, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian Zamarron
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, OIIB, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhao-qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research – Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, OIIB, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Poutahidis T, Kleinewietfeld M, Smillie C, Levkovich T, Perrotta A, Bhela S, Varian BJ, Ibrahim YM, Lakritz JR, Kearney SM, Chatzigiagkos A, Hafler DA, Alm EJ, Erdman SE. Microbial reprogramming inhibits Western diet-associated obesity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68596. [PMID: 23874682 PMCID: PMC3707834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent epidemiological study showed that eating ‘fast food’ items such as potato chips increased likelihood of obesity, whereas eating yogurt prevented age-associated weight gain in humans. It was demonstrated previously in animal models of obesity that the immune system plays a critical role in this process. Here we examined human subjects and mouse models consuming Westernized ‘fast food’ diet, and found CD4+ T helper (Th)17-biased immunity and changes in microbial communities and abdominal fat with obesity after eating the Western chow. In striking contrast, eating probiotic yogurt together with Western chow inhibited age-associated weight gain. We went on to test whether a bacteria found in yogurt may serve to lessen fat pathology by using purified Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 6475 in drinking water. Surprisingly, we discovered that oral L. reuteri therapy alone was sufficient to change the pro-inflammatory immune cell profile and prevent abdominal fat pathology and age-associated weight gain in mice regardless of their baseline diet. These beneficial microbe effects were transferable into naïve recipient animals by purified CD4+ T cells alone. Specifically, bacterial effects depended upon active immune tolerance by induction of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and interleukin (Il)-10, without significantly changing the gut microbial ecology or reducing ad libitum caloric intake. Our finding that microbial targeting restored CD4+ T cell balance and yielded significantly leaner animals regardless of their dietary ‘fast food’ indiscretions suggests population-based approaches for weight management and enhancing public health in industrialized societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theofilos Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Markus Kleinewietfeld
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christopher Smillie
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Levkovich
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alison Perrotta
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Siddheshvar Bhela
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Bernard J. Varian
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yassin M. Ibrahim
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica R. Lakritz
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Kearney
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Antonis Chatzigiagkos
- Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - David A. Hafler
- Departments of Neurology and Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EJA); (DAH); (SEE)
| | - Eric J. Alm
- Broad Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EJA); (DAH); (SEE)
| | - Susan E. Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EJA); (DAH); (SEE)
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate involvement in low-dose cyclophosphamide-reversed immune evasion in a mouse lymphoma model. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 9:482-8. [PMID: 23000689 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma cells mobilize many mechanisms to evade the immune system. There is substantial evidence that CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a key role in the control of immune evasion. Tregs can transfer cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to effector T cells, suggesting an association between Tregs' immune-evasion role and the intracellular cAMP pathway. In this study, we used A20 B-cell lymphoma mice as aggressive tumor models to investigate the mechanism of the depletion of Tregs by low-dose cyclophosphamide (CY, 20 mg/kg). The tumor-bearing mice had longer survival times and slower tumor growth rates following treatment with CY, but its effects were temporary. Along with the depletion of Tregs by low-dose CY treatment, the expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in T effector cells increased, and intracellular cAMP concentrations in immune cells decreased. Our study demonstrates the ability of low-dose CY to reverse Tregs-mediated immune evasion in a mouse model. The changes in intracellular cAMP concentrations correlated with the upregulation of effector T cells and the downregulation of Tregs, indicating the close association of cAMP analogs and low-dose CY in the immune therapy of B-cell lymphoma.
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Are uterine leiomyoma a consequence of a chronically inflammatory immune system? Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:226-31. [PMID: 22608860 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma at age 50 is ≈ 70% in White women and >80% in Black women. Although risk factor research is limited, increasing age, and being premenopausal, nulliparous or Black are risk factors for leiomyomas. Black women tend to have larger leiomyomas and be younger at diagnosis. Surprisingly little is known about the etiology or pathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas. Women with diagnosed uterine leiomyomas have higher healthcare costs - more than 2.5 times that of women without a diagnosis. In the United States, leiomyomas are the leading indication for hysterectomy. The proposed hypothesis is that leiomyomas are caused in part by a systemic immune milieu that is chronically inflammatory - one that predominates in T helper 17 (Th17) cytokines. Inflammation can be problematic if it is not well regulated. Should an inflammatory imbalance be demonstrated to be associated with leiomyoma development and growth, this would provide an avenue for development of preventative treatments (e.g., focus on anti-inflammatory pathways), which would substantially reduce the morbidity costs of these tumors and reduce a known health disparity.
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Ruitenberg JJ, Boyce C, Hingorani R, Putnam A, A. Ghanekar S. Rapid assessment of in vitro expanded human regulatory T cell function. J Immunol Methods 2011; 372:95-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Cardenas PA, Huang Y, Ildstad ST. The role of pDC, recipient T(reg) and donor T(reg) in HSC engraftment: Mechanisms of facilitation. CHIMERISM 2011; 2:65-70. [PMID: 22163063 DOI: 10.4161/chim.2.3.17588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been utilized for treatment of many hematologic malignancies, genetic and metabolic disorders, and hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia. It also induces donor-specific tolerance to organ and tissue transplants. The widespread success of HSCT is hampered by the toxicities of immunosuppression and development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The mechanism of induction of transplantation tolerance (reciprocal donor/host) is still an elusive challenge in allogeneic HSCT. An understanding of the mechanisms for induction of tolerance and the critical cells involved in this process has resulted in novel cell-based therapies poised to be translated to clinical application. The focus of this review is those cells of interest.Bone marrow-derived plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce naïve T cells to differentiate to become antigen-specific regulatory T cells (T(reg)), creating a milieu for the induction of transplantation tolerance. Recently, CD8(+)/TCR(-) facilitating cells (FC), a novel cell population in mouse bone marrow, have been shown to potently enhance engraftment of allogeneic HSC without causing GVHD. The predominant subpopulation of FC resembles plasmacytoid precursor dendritic cells. FC induce antigen-specific T(reg) in vivo. Notably, FC address one major concern that has prevented the implementation of T(reg) cell therapy in the clinic: to expand T(reg) and have them remain tolerogenic in vivo. FC are novel in that they induce an antigen-specific regulatory milieu in vivo. The discovery of FC has opened new alternatives to expanded criteria in bone marrow transplantation that were previously restricted to human leukocyte antigen-matched recipients. The focus of this review is to cover what is currently known about the mechanism of FC action in inducing tolerance and preventing GVHD and hostversus-graft reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Cardenas
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics; University of Louisville; Louisville, KY USA
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27
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Chi Y, Fan Y, He L, Liu W, Wen X, Zhou S, Wang X, Zhang C, Kong H, Sonoda L, Tripathi P, Li CJ, Yu MS, Su C, Hu G. Novel role of aquaporin-4 in CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory cell development and severity of Parkinson's disease. Aging Cell 2011; 10:368-82. [PMID: 21255222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is highly expressed in mammalian brains and is involved in the pathophysiology of cerebral disorders, including stroke, tumors, infections, hydrocephalus, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury. We found that AQP4-deficient mice were hypersensitive to stimulations such as 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or lipopolysaccharide compared to wild-type (WT) littermates. In a mouse model of MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease (PD), AQP4-deficient animals show more robust microglial inflammatory responses and more severe loss of dopaminergic neurons (DNs) compared with WT mice. However, a few studies have investigated the association of abnormal AQP4 levels with immune dysfunction. Here, for the first time, we report AQP4 expression in mouse thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Furthermore, the significantly lower numbers of CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells in AQP4-deficient mice compared to WT mice, perhaps resulting from impaired thymic generation, may be responsible for the uncontrolled microglial inflammatory responses and subsequent severe loss of DNs in the substantia nigra pars compacta in the MPTP-induced PD model. These novel findings suggest that AQP4 deficiency may disrupt immunosuppressive regulators, resulting in hyperactive immune responses and potentially contributing to the increased severity of PD or other immune-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chi
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, China
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Mougiakakos D. Regulatory T cells in colorectal cancer: from biology to prognostic relevance. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:1708-31. [PMID: 24212779 PMCID: PMC3757386 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3021708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) were initially described as "suppressive" lymphocytes in the 1980s. However, it took almost 20 years until the concept of Treg-mediated immune control in its present form was finally established. Tregs are obligatory for self-tolerance and defects within their population lead to severe autoimmune disorders. On the other hand Tregs may promote tolerance for tumor antigens and even hamper efforts to overcome it. Intratumoral and systemic accumulation of Tregs has been observed in various types of cancer and is often linked to worse disease course and outcome. Increase of circulating Tregs, as well as their presence in mesenteric lymph nodes and tumor tissue of patients with colorectal cancer de facto suggests a strong involvement of Tregs in the antitumor control. This review will focus on the Treg biology in view of colorectal cancer, means of Treg accumulation and the controversies regarding their prognostic significance. In addition, a concise overview will be given on how Tregs and their function can be targeted in cancer patients in order to bolster an inherent immune response and/or increase the efficacy of immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Immune and Gene Therapy Unit, Cancer Centre Karolinska, CCK R8:01, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
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29
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Kwon HK, Hwang JS, Lee CG, So JS, Sahoo A, Im CR, Jeon WK, Ko BS, Lee SH, Park ZY, Im SH. Cinnamon extract suppresses experimental colitis through modulation of antigen-presenting cells. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:976-86. [PMID: 21451725 PMCID: PMC3057159 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i8.976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamon extract and elucidate its mechanisms for targeting the function of antigen presenting cells.
METHODS: Cinnamon extract was used to treat murine macrophage cell line (Raw 264.7), mouse primary antigen-presenting cells (APCs, MHCII+) and CD11c+ dendritic cells to analyze the effects of cinnamon extract on APC function. The mechanisms of action of cinnamon extract on APCs were investigated by analyzing cytokine production, and expression of MHC antigens and co-stimulatory molecules by quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry. In addition, the effect of cinnamon extract on antigen presentation capacity and APC-dependent T-cell differentiation were analyzed by [H3]-thymidine incorporation and cytokine analysis, respectively. To confirm the anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamon extract in vivo, cinnamon or PBS was orally administered to mice for 20 d followed by induction of experimental colitis with 2,4,6 trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. The protective effects of cinnamon extract against experimental colitis were measured by checking clinical symptoms, histological analysis and cytokine expression profiles in inflamed tissue.
RESULTS: Treatment with cinnamon extract inhibited maturation of MHCII+ APCs or CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) by suppressing expression of co-stimulatory molecules (B7.1, B7.2, ICOS-L), MHCII and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Cinnamon extract induced regulatory DCs (rDCs) that produce low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] while expressing high levels of immunoregulatory cytokines (IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β). In addition, rDCs generated by cinnamon extract inhibited APC-dependent T-cell proliferation, and converted CD4+ T cells into IL-10high CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, oral administration of cinnamon extract inhibited development and progression of intestinal colitis by inhibiting expression of COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α), while enhancing IL-10 levels.
CONCLUSION: Our study suggests the potential of cinnamon extract as an anti-inflammatory agent by targeting the generation of regulatory APCs and IL-10+ regulatory T cells.
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Houghton J, Li H, Fan X, Liu Y, Liu JH, Rao VP, Poutahidis T, Taylor CL, Jackson EA, Hewes C, Lyle S, Cerny A, Bowen G, Cerny J, Moore N, Kurt-Jones EA, Erdman SE. Mutations in bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells unmask latent malignancy. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 19:1153-66. [PMID: 20199238 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic epithelia may remain dormant and clinically unapparent in human patients for decades. Multiple risk factors including mutations in tumor cells or the stromal cells may affect the switch from dormancy to malignancy. Gene mutations, including p53 mutations, within the stroma of tumors are associated with a worse clinical prognosis; however, it is not known if these stromal mutations can promote tumors in genetically at-risk tissue. To address this question, Apc(Min/+) and Apc(Min/+) Rag2(-/-) mice, which have a predilection to mammary carcinoma (as well as wild-type (wt) mice), received mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) with mutant p53 (p53MSC) transferred via tail vein injection. In the wt mouse, p53MSC circulated in the periphery and homed to the marrow cavity where they could be recovered up to a year later without apparent effect on the health of the mouse. No mammary tumors were found. However, in mice carrying the Apc(Min/+) mutation, p53MSC homed to mammary tissue and significantly increased the incidence of mammary carcinoma. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-dependent factors elaborated from mesenchymal cells converted quiescent epithelia into clinically apparent disease. The increased cancer phenotype was completely preventable with neutralization of TNF-alpha or by transfer of CD4(+) regulatory T cells from immune competent donors, demonstrating that immune competency to regulate inflammation was sufficient to maintain neoplastic dormancy even in the presence of oncogenic epithelial and stromal mutations. The significant synergy between host immunity and mesenchymal cells identified here may restructure treatments to restore an anticancer microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- JeanMarie Houghton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01635, USA.
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Wegienka G, Havstad S, Bobbitt KR, Woodcroft KJ, Zoratti EM, Ownby DR, Cole Johnson C. Within-woman change in regulatory T cells from pregnancy to the postpartum period. J Reprod Immunol 2010; 88:58-65. [PMID: 20961621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2010.06.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are an important area of investigation in human health and disease. In this study, the trajectory of percentage of Treg cells (defined as CD4+CD25+Foxp3+CD127--lymphocytes) was measured in the blood of 208 women during pregnancy and up to three additional times in the postpartum period (1, 6 and 12 months postpartum). Whether the trajectory was affected by gravidity, parity, neonatal sex, pet exposure, maternal atopic and asthma status, smoking, maternal race or other pregnancy factors was examined. Multilevel models were fit using full maximum likelihood methods and included both random and fixed effects. Overall, percentages of Treg cells increased from the prenatal to the postpartum period. Among women who were not atopic, nulliparous women had lower percentages of Treg cells over time compared with parous women. Atopic women with pets in the home during pregnancy had lower percentages of Treg cells than atopic women who did not have pets. The trajectory was not affected by the other factors investigated. We conclude that within-woman change in percentages of Treg cells may vary by time in relation to delivery, as well as by maternal atopic status and exposure to pets and number of prior births. The data did not indicate an overall decline in Treg cells in the postpartum period. Future work to better identify the role of Treg cells in successful pregnancy would ideally include a set of well characterized women sampled serially starting prior to pregnancy and throughout the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesa Wegienka
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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Griffiths MR, Gasque P, Neal JW. The regulation of the CNS innate immune response is vital for the restoration of tissue homeostasis (repair) after acute brain injury: a brief review. Int J Inflam 2010; 2010:151097. [PMID: 21152121 PMCID: PMC2989866 DOI: 10.4061/2010/151097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons and glia respond to acute injury by participating in the CNS innate immune response. This involves the recognition and clearance of "not self " pathogens and "altered self " apoptotic cells. Phagocytic receptors (CD14, CD36, TLR-4) clear "not self" pathogens; neurons and glia express "death signals" to initiate apoptosis in T cells.The complement opsonins C1q, C3, and iC3b facilitate the clearance of apoptotic cells by interacting with CR3 and CR4 receptors. Apoptotic cells are also cleared by the scavenger receptors CD14, Prs-R, TREM expressed by glia. Serpins also expressed by glia counter the neurotoxic effects of thrombin and other systemic proteins that gain entry to the CNS following injury. Complement pathway and T cell activation are both regulated by complement regulatory proteins expressed by glia and neurons. CD200 and CD47 are NIRegs expressed by neurons as "don't eat me" signals and they inhibit microglial activity preventing host cell attack. Neural stem cells regulate T cell activation, increase the Treg population, and suppress proinflammatory cytokine expression. Stem cells also interact with the chemoattractants C3a, C5a, SDF-1, and thrombin to promote stem cell migration into damaged tissue to support tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Griffiths
- Deptartment of Medical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University Medical School, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - P. Gasque
- Deptartment of Medical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University Medical School, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- University Labo. Biochimie et Genetique Moleculaire, Facilities de Science et Technologies, Universite de La Reunion, 15 Avenue Rene Cassin Saint Denis, Ile de la Reunion, BP 7151, 97715, France
| | - J. W. Neal
- Deptartment of Histopathology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff University Medical School, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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Abstract
Chronic inflammation is essential for cancer growth and metastasis. It follows that factors reducing inflammation would abrogate cancer and restore tissue health. However, roles for anti-inflammatory CD4+ regulatory cells (T(REG)) in cancer are enigmatic and controversial. Our recent data reveal that T(REG) may function in cancer similarly to inflammatory bowel disease or multiple sclerosis, whereby T(REG) accumulate but lack potency to restore tissue homeostasis under inflammatory conditions. Interestingly, early life exposures to diverse environmental organisms reinforce a protective T(REG) phenotype that inhibits cancer. In contrast, hygienic individuals with few exposures earlier in life suffer from a dysregulated T(REG) feedback loop. Consequently, hygienic subjects have increased risk of malignancy later in life. This cancer condition is reversible by blocking underlying inflammation. Taken together, these data help explain increased inflammation-associated cancer rates in hygienic societies and identify targets to abrogate cancer and restore overall health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Erdman SE, Rao VP, Olipitz W, Taylor CL, Jackson EA, Levkovich T, Lee CW, Horwitz BH, Fox JG, Ge Z, Poutahidis T. Unifying roles for regulatory T cells and inflammation in cancer. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:1651-65. [PMID: 19795459 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Activities of CD4(+) regulatory (T(REG)) cells restore immune homeostasis during chronic inflammatory disorders. Roles for T(REG) cells in inflammation-associated cancers, however, are paradoxical. It is widely believed that T(REG) function in cancer mainly to suppress protective anticancer responses. However, we demonstrate here that T(REG) cells also function to reduce cancer risk throughout the body by efficiently downregulating inflammation arising from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Building on a "hygiene hypothesis" model in which GI infections lead to changes in T(REG) that reduce immune-mediated diseases, here we show that gut bacteria-triggered T(REG) may function to inhibit cancer even in extraintestinal sites. Ability of bacteria-stimulated T(REG) to suppress cancer depends on interleukin (IL)-10, which serves to maintain immune homeostasis within bowel and support a protective antiinflammatory T(REG) phenotype. However, under proinflammatory conditions, T(REG) may fail to provide antiinflammatory protection and instead contribute to a T helper (Th)-17-driven procarcinogenic process; a cancer state that is reversible by downregulation of inflammation. Consequently, hygienic individuals with a weakened IL-10 and T(REG)-mediated inhibitory loop are highly susceptible to the carcinogenic consequences of elevated IL-6 and IL-17 and show more frequent inflammation-associated cancers. Taken together, these data unify seemingly divergent disease processes such as autoimmunity and cancer and help explain the paradox of T(REG) and inflammation in cancer. Enhancing protective T(REG) functions may promote healthful longevity and significantly reduce risk of cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein/physiology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Helicobacter Infections/immunology
- Helicobacter Infections/microbiology
- Helicobacter Infections/prevention & control
- Helicobacter hepaticus/pathogenicity
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/microbiology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/microbiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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35
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Srinivasan N. Telling apart friend from foe: discriminating between commensals and pathogens at mucosal sites. Innate Immun 2010; 16:391-404. [PMID: 20083498 DOI: 10.1177/1753425909357577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
From the moment we are born, we are exposed to a vast variety of microbes. The intestine in particular is perhaps inhabited by the largest number of microbes, consisting of both established commensals as well as sporadic pathogens. Mucosal surfaces form an important barrier against microbial invasion. Together with the physical barrier that they provide, mucosal surfaces also rely on innate immune functions to sense luminal microbes and signal accordingly to generate protective immune responses. However, since innate immune recognition is microbial specific and antigen-independent, the contact with both beneficial commensals and harmful pathogens creates the need for discrimination between the two. The mechanisms governing the ability of the mucosal immune system to discriminate between commensals and pathogens have long been unclear; however, recent discoveries have shed some light on this distinction. This review will summarize the current theories put forth to explain how the mucosal immune system maintains tolerance towards commensals while retaining the ability to mount inflammatory responses against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naren Srinivasan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Dobrogosz WJ, Peacock TJ, Hassan HM. Evolution of the Probiotic Concept. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2010; 72:1-41. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(10)72001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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37
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Erdman SE, Poutahidis T. Roles for inflammation and regulatory T cells in colon cancer. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 38:76-87. [PMID: 20019355 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309354110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Risk for developing cancer rises substantially as a result of poorly regulated inflammatory responses to pathogenic bacterial infections. Anti-inflammatory CD4(+) regulatory cells (T(REG)) function to restore immune homeostasis during chronic inflammatory disorders. It seems logical that T(REG) cells would function to reduce risk of inflammation-associated cancer in the bowel by down-regulating inflammation. It is widely believed, however, that T(REG) function in cancer mainly to suppress protective anticancer inflammatory responses. Thus roles for inflammation, T(REG) cells, and gut bacteria in cancer are paradoxical and are the subject of controversy. Our accumulated data build upon the "hygiene hypothesis" model in which gastrointestinal (GI) infections lead to changes in T(REG) that reduce inflammation-associated diseases. Ability of T(REG) to inhibit or suppress cancer depends upon gut bacteria and IL-10, which serve to maintain immune balance and a protective anti-inflammatory T(REG) phenotype. However, under poorly regulated pro-inflammatory conditions, T(REG) fail to inhibit and may instead contribute to a T helper (Th)-17-driven procarcinogenic process, a cancer state that is reversible by down-regulation of inflammation and interleukin (IL)-6. Consequently, hygienic individuals with a weakened IL-10- and T(REG)-mediated inhibitory loop are highly susceptible to the carcinogenic consequences of elevated inflammation and show more frequent inflammation-associated cancers. Taken together, these data help explain the paradox of inflammation and T(REG) in cancer and indicate that targeted stimulation of T(REG) may promote health and significantly reduce risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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38
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Chen W, Konkel JE. TGF-beta and 'adaptive' Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. J Mol Cell Biol 2009; 2:30-6. [PMID: 19648226 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjp004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In naïve T cells transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) induces Foxp3, a transcription factor essential for programming and developing T regulatory cells (Treg cells). This finding reveals a physiological factor which can turn on the Foxp3 gene and establishes an experimental approach to induce antigen-specific Treg cells as a potential therapy for human diseases. While this role for TGF-beta is well confirmed, several critical questions remain largely unanswered and await further investigation. In this regard, it is imperative to understand the molecular pathways by which TGF-beta signaling initiates and regulates Foxp3 expression. It is also important to elucidate which factors and/or cytokines influence the TGF-beta-mediated conversion of naïve T cells and how to create an immunologically regulatory milieu to facilitate Treg cell generation in vivo. In this short article, we will highlight the key findings and recent progress in the field, discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the TGF-beta-mediated induction of Foxp3, and attempt to outline the challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Unit, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Ramírez E, Morales J, Lora D, Mellado M, Cevey M, Alfaro F, De Pablos P, Andrés A, Paz-Artal E, Serrano A. Peripheral Blood Regulatory T Cells in Long-Term Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:2360-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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40
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Miyazaki T, Doy M, Unno R, Honda A, Ikegami T, Itoh S, Bouscarel B, Matsuzaki Y. Regulatory T cells and liver pathology in a murine graft versus host response model. Hepatol Res 2009; 39:585-94. [PMID: 19260998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2009.00495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM We have previously reported in mice the hepatic inflammatory in graft versus host response (GVHR) model due to the disparity of major histocompatibility complex class-II. The regulatory T (Treg) cells have been reported to control excessive immune response and prevent immune-related diseases. This study aimed to investigate the pathogenesis profiles of chronic GVHR progression, focusing on the Treg cells. METHODS GVHR mice induced by parental spleen CD4(+) T cell injection were sacrificed after 0, 2, 4, and 8 weeks (G0, G2, G4, G8). Further, one GVHR group received anti-IL-10 antibody in advance and were maintained for 2 weeks. Pathologic profiles of hepatic infiltrating inflammatory cells were evaluated by haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry staining with surface markers including Treg cell markers. RESULTS Remarkable hepatic inflammatory in G2 significantly and gradually improved over time up to G8. In immunohistochemical staining, the increased IL-10 receptor beta(+) Tr1 cells in G2 were maintained through to G8; although other inflammatory cells decreased from G2 to G8. By contrast, in the anti-IL-10 antibody received-GVHR mice, the Tr1 cells were not detectable with significant inflammatory aggravation, while FoxP3(+) Treg cells significantly enhanced. CONCLUSIONS These findings in the GVHR mice suggest that the expression and activity of Treg cells, especially the Tr1 cells, might be key factors for pathologic alteration in immune-related liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Miyazaki
- Department of Development for Community Medicine, Tokyo Medical University
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41
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Ragni MV, Wu W, Liang X, Hsieh CC, Cortese-Hassett A, Lu L. Factor VIII-pulsed dendritic cells reduce anti-factor VIII antibody formation in the hemophilia A mouse model. Exp Hematol 2009; 37:744-54. [PMID: 19463774 PMCID: PMC2778316 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 02/21/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hemophilia inhibitor formation is a T-cell-dependent immune response to infused factor VIII (F.VIII). As immature dendritic cells (DCre) regulate immune response and promote tolerance, we evaluated F.VIII-pulsed DCre, propagated from bone marrow in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and transforming growth factor-beta, in achieving F.VIII tolerance. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of intravenous F.VIII-pulsed DCre in C57BL/6 hemophilia A mice were determined by total F.VIII inhibitory antibodies, T-cell proliferation, thymidine uptake, cytokine profile, and surface molecule expression. RESULTS After tail vein injection of 2.5 U recombinant F.VIII (rF.VIII) on day 0, 2, and 4, anti-F.VIII antibody peaked on day 6, and increased further on day 17 following rF.VIII rechallenge on day 12, 14, and 16, with increased T-cell proliferative response to in vitro F.VIII. When mice were pretreated with 2 x 10(6) F.VIII-pulsed immature DCre (deficient nuclear factor-kappaB nuclear protein binding, low CD80, low CD86, high interleukin [IL]-10 phenotype) 7 days before rF.VIII challenge, anti-F.VIII was reduced on day 6 and on day 8, 0.1 +/- 0.0 (Bethesda units/mL) vs control phosphate-buffered saline-treated hemophilia A mice, 2.0 +/- 0.1 Bethesda units/mL, p < 0.01. Rechallenge with rF.VIII on day 12 produced no increase in anti-F.VIII antibody response. This was associated with high serum IL-10 and low IL-2 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and splenic T-cell hyporesponsiveness to F.VIII, with IL-10 production, high FoxP3 expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and T regulatory cell expansion, confirmed in ovalbumin-T-cell receptor transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest F.VIII-pulsed DCre reduce anti-F.VIII antibody formation in hemophilia A mice by induction of regulatory T-cell-mediated hyporesponsiveness of T-helper cells to F.VIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret V Ragni
- Medicine/Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medicine Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-4306, USA.
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42
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Round JL, Mazmanian SK. The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:313-23. [PMID: 19343057 DOI: 10.1038/nri2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3296] [Impact Index Per Article: 219.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunological dysregulation is the cause of many non-infectious human diseases such as autoimmunity, allergy and cancer. The gastrointestinal tract is the primary site of interaction between the host immune system and microorganisms, both symbiotic and pathogenic. In this Review we discuss findings indicating that developmental aspects of the adaptive immune system are influenced by bacterial colonization of the gut. We also highlight the molecular pathways that mediate host-symbiont interactions that regulate proper immune function. Finally, we present recent evidence to support that disturbances in the bacterial microbiota result in dysregulation of adaptive immune cells, and this may underlie disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. This raises the possibility that the mammalian immune system, which seems to be designed to control microorganisms, is in fact controlled by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- June L Round
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Santodomingo-Garzon T, Han J, Le T, Yang Y, Swain MG. Natural killer T cells regulate the homing of chemokine CXC receptor 3-positive regulatory T cells to the liver in mice. Hepatology 2009; 49:1267-76. [PMID: 19140218 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Natural killer T (NKT) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are both found within the liver and are known to exhibit immune regulatory functions. Hepatic NKT cells are activated early during inflammatory responses and release cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), which we speculated could regulate Treg recruitment to the liver. To examine this, we treated C57BL/6 mice with a specific NKT cell activating ligand alpha galactosyl-C18-ceramide (alphaGal-C18-Cer) and examined the hepatic recruitment of Tregs. We found a time-dependant increase in the hepatic recruitment of Tregs after NKT cell activation, which was absent in NKT cell-deficient mice. Most recruited Tregs expressed interleukin (IL) 10, and to a lesser extent transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). Because IFN-gamma induces the production of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10), and Tregs can express the cognate receptor for CXCL10 (that is, CXCR3), we considered that CXCL10 might mediate the hepatic recruitment of Tregs after NKT cell activation. Hepatic CXCL10 levels were markedly increased after alphaGal-C18-Cer administration in wild-type but not in NKT cell-deficient mice. Moreover, approximately 50% of Tregs recruited to the liver after alphaGal-C18-Cer administration expressed CXCR3 and CXCR3+ Treg recruitment into the liver was significantly inhibited in IFN-gamma KO mice, and after CXCL10 neutralization. In addition, prevention of CXCR3+ Treg recruitment into the liver enhanced inflammatory effector cell recruitment into the liver after alphaGal-C18-Cer treatment. CONCLUSION These results show that activated NKT cells can induce the hepatic recruitment of Tregs through a cytokine-to-chemokine pathway, which could be relevant in the development of chemokine blocking or NKT cell activating strategies to treat liver diseases.
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Nitric oxide and TNF-alpha trigger colonic inflammation and carcinogenesis in Helicobacter hepaticus-infected, Rag2-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:1027-32. [PMID: 19164562 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812347106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinase-activating gene-2-deficient (Rag2(-/-)) mice lacking functional lymphocytes provide a useful model of chronic inflammatory bowel disease-emulating events in human colon cancer. Infection of Rag2(-/-) mice with Helicobacter hepaticus led to accumulation of macrophages and neutrophils in the colon, a process temporally related to up-regulation of tissue inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression at the site of infection and increased nitric oxide (NO) production, as evidenced by urinary excretion of nitrate. Progressive development of increasingly severe inflammation, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and cancer accompanied these changes. Concurrent administration of an iNOS inhibitor prevented NO production and abrogated epithelial pathology and inhibited the onset of cancer. The presence of Gr-1(+) neutrophils and elevated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expression in colon were required for increased iNOS expression and cancer, whereas interleukin-10 (IL-10) down-regulated TNF-alpha and iNOS expression and suppressed cancer. Anti-inflammatory CD4(+) regulatory lymphocytes also down-regulated iNOS and reduced cancer formation. Collectively, these results confirm essential roles for inflammation, increased TNF-alpha expression, and elevated NO production in colon carcinogenesis.
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Kolar P, Knieke K, Hegel JKE, Quandt D, Burmester GR, Hoff H, Brunner-Weinzierl MC. CTLA-4 (CD152) controls homeostasis and suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:123-32. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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46
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Mazmanian SK, Round JL, Kasper DL. A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease. Nature 2008; 453:620-5. [PMID: 18509436 DOI: 10.1038/nature07008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1674] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Humans are colonized by multitudes of commensal organisms representing members of five of the six kingdoms of life; however, our gastrointestinal tract provides residence to both beneficial and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Imbalances in the composition of the bacterial microbiota, known as dysbiosis, are postulated to be a major factor in human disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. We report here that the prominent human symbiont Bacteroides fragilis protects animals from experimental colitis induced by Helicobacter hepaticus, a commensal bacterium with pathogenic potential. This beneficial activity requires a single microbial molecule (polysaccharide A, PSA). In animals harbouring B. fragilis not expressing PSA, H. hepaticus colonization leads to disease and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in colonic tissues. Purified PSA administered to animals is required to suppress pro-inflammatory interleukin-17 production by intestinal immune cells and also inhibits in vitro reactions in cell cultures. Furthermore, PSA protects from inflammatory disease through a functional requirement for interleukin-10-producing CD4+ T cells. These results show that molecules of the bacterial microbiota can mediate the critical balance between health and disease. Harnessing the immunomodulatory capacity of symbiosis factors such as PSA might potentially provide therapeutics for human inflammatory disorders on the basis of entirely novel biological principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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Fouchet D, Regoes R. A population dynamics analysis of the interaction between adaptive regulatory T cells and antigen presenting cells. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2306. [PMID: 18509463 PMCID: PMC2386153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regulatory T cells are central actors in the maintenance of tolerance of self-antigens or allergens and in the regulation of the intensity of the immune response during infections by pathogens. An understanding of the network of the interaction between regulatory T cells, antigen presenting cells and effector T cells is starting to emerge. Dynamical systems analysis can help to understand the dynamical properties of an interaction network and can shed light on the different tasks that can be accomplished by a network. Methodology and Principal Findings We used a mathematical model to describe a interaction network of adaptive regulatory T cells, in which mature precursor T cells may differentiate into either adaptive regulatory T cells or effector T cells, depending on the activation state of the cell by which the antigen was presented. Using an equilibrium analysis of the mathematical model we show that, for some parameters, the network has two stable equilibrium states: one in which effector T cells are strongly regulated by regulatory T cells and another in which effector T cells are not regulated because the regulatory T cell population is vanishingly small. We then simulate different types of perturbations, such as the introduction of an antigen into a virgin system, and look at the state into which the system falls. We find that whether or not the interaction network switches from the regulated (tolerant) state to the unregulated state depends on the strength of the antigenic stimulus and the state from which the network has been perturbed. Conclusion/Significance Our findings suggest that the interaction network studied in this paper plays an essential part in generating and maintaining tolerance against allergens and self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fouchet
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Die Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zentrum, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Ebinuma H, Nakamoto N, Li Y, Price DA, Gostick E, Levine BL, Tobias J, Kwok WW, Chang KM. Identification and in vitro expansion of functional antigen-specific CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in hepatitis C virus infection. J Virol 2008; 82:5043-53. [PMID: 18337568 PMCID: PMC2346728 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01548-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (CD25(+) Tregs) play a key role in immune regulation. Since hepatitis C virus (HCV) persists with increased circulating CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells and virus-specific effector T-cell dysfunction, we asked if CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in HCV-infected individuals are similar to natural Tregs in uninfected individuals and if they include HCV-specific Tregs using the specific Treg marker FoxP3 at the single-cell level. We report that HCV-infected patients display increased circulating FoxP3(+) Tregs that are phenotypically and functionally indistinguishable from FoxP3(+) Tregs in uninfected subjects. Furthermore, HCV-specific FoxP3(+) Tregs were detected in HCV-seropositive persons with antigen-specific expansion, major histocompatibility complex class II/peptide tetramer binding affinity, and preferential suppression of HCV-specific CD8 T cells. Transforming growth factor beta contributed to antigen-specific Treg expansion in vitro, suggesting that it may contribute to antigen-specific Treg expansion in vivo. Interestingly, FoxP3 expression was also detected in influenza virus-specific CD4 T cells. In conclusion, functionally active and virus-specific FoxP3(+) Tregs are induced in HCV infection, thus providing targeted immune regulation in vivo. Detection of FoxP3 expression in non-HCV-specific CD4 T cells suggests that immune regulation through antigen-specific Treg induction extends beyond HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshi Ebinuma
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Transforming growth factor-beta/transforming growth factor-betaRII signaling may regulate CD4+CD25+ T-regulatory cell homeostasis and suppressor function in feline AIDS lentivirus infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 47:148-60. [PMID: 18091047 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e318160df70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have reported that CD4+CD25+ T-regulatory (Treg) cells are fully activated for suppressor function in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats. Studies have suggested that surface transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta; membrane TGFbeta [mTGFbeta]) is a feature of activated CD4+CD25+ Treg cells and may play a role in Treg homeostasis and suppressor function. Herein, we explore the role of TGFbeta in feline Treg homeostasis and suppressor function and what effect FIV infection of cats might have on these processes. Stimulation of CD4+CD25- T helper (Th) cells with Concanavalin A (ConA) plus TGFbeta converts them to Treg-like cells capable of suppressor function. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry revealed that these ConA/TGFbeta-converted Treg cells upregulate Foxp3 and mTGFbeta. ConA stimulation of CD4+CD25- T cells upregulates TGFbeta receptor II (RII), and pretreatment of these cells with anti-TGFbeta-RII antibodies blocks the TGFbeta-induced conversion to Treg cells. Pretreatment of ConA/TGFbeta-converted Treg cells with anti-TGFbeta antibodies also abrogates their suppressor function, suggesting that Treg homeostasis and suppressor function may be mediated by mTGFbeta. Finally, we show that treatment of CD4+CD25+ mTGFbeta-positive Treg cells from FIV-infected cats with anti-TGFbeta antibodies or treatment of ConA-stimulated CD4+CD25- Th target cells with anti-TGFbeta-RII antibodies diminishes suppressor function. These data suggest that the recruitment of Treg cells from the Th pool and suppressor function of Treg cells are dependent on the TGFbeta/TGFbeta-RII signaling pathway and that this pathway is constitutively upregulated in asymptomatic chronically FIV-infected cats.
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Pandiyan P, Lenardo MJ. The control of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell survival. Biol Direct 2008; 3:6. [PMID: 18304352 PMCID: PMC2270257 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-3-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are believed to play an important role in suppressing autoimmunity and maintaining peripheral tolerance. How their survival is regulated in the periphery is less clear. Here we show that Treg cells express receptors for gamma chain cytokines and are dependent on an exogenous supply of these cytokines to overcome cytokine withdrawal apoptosis in vitro. This result was validated in vivo by the accumulation of Treg cells in Bim-/- and Bcl-2 tg mice which have arrested cytokine deprivation apoptosis. We also found that CD25 and Foxp3 expression were down-regulated in the absence of these cytokines. CD25+ cells from Scurfy mice do not depend on cytokines for survival demonstrating that Foxp3 increases their dependence on cytokines by suppressing cytokine production in Treg cells. Our study reveals that the survival of Treg cells is strictly dependent on cytokines and cytokine producing cells because they do not produce cytokines. Our study thus, demonstrates that different gamma chain cytokines regulate Treg homeostasis in the periphery by differentially regulating survival and proliferation. These findings may shed light on ways to manipulate Treg cells that could be utilized for their therapeutic applications. This article was reviewed by: Avinash Bhandoola, Fred Ramsdell (nominated by Juan Carlos Zuniga-Pflucker) and Anne Cooke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Pandiyan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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