1
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Elliott ER, Aveline DC, Bigelow NP, Boegel P, Botsi S, Charron E, D'Incao JP, Engels P, Estrampes T, Gaaloul N, Kellogg JR, Kohel JM, Lay NE, Lundblad N, Meister M, Mossman ME, Müller G, Müller H, Oudrhiri K, Phillips LE, Pichery A, Rasel EM, Sackett CA, Sbroscia M, Schleich WP, Thompson RJ, Williams JR. Quantum gas mixtures and dual-species atom interferometry in space. Nature 2023; 623:502-508. [PMID: 37968524 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The capability to reach ultracold atomic temperatures in compact instruments has recently been extended into space1,2. Ultracold temperatures amplify quantum effects, whereas free fall allows further cooling and longer interactions time with gravity-the final force without a quantum description. On Earth, these devices have produced macroscopic quantum phenomena such as Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), superfluidity, and strongly interacting quantum gases3. Terrestrial quantum sensors interfering the superposition of two ultracold atomic isotopes have tested the universality of free fall (UFF), a core tenet of Einstein's classical gravitational theory, at the 10-12 level4. In space, cooling the elements needed to explore the rich physics of strong interactions or perform quantum tests of the UFF has remained elusive. Here, using upgraded hardware of the multiuser Cold Atom Lab (CAL) instrument aboard the International Space Station (ISS), we report, to our knowledge, the first simultaneous production of a dual-species BEC in space (formed from 87Rb and 41K), observation of interspecies interactions, as well as the production of 39K ultracold gases. Operating a single laser at a 'magic wavelength' at which Rabi rates of simultaneously applied Bragg pulses are equal, we have further achieved the first spaceborne demonstration of simultaneous atom interferometry with two atomic species (87Rb and 41K). These results are an important step towards quantum tests of UFF in space and will allow scientists to investigate aspects of few-body physics, quantum chemistry and fundamental physics in new regimes without the perturbing asymmetry of gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R Elliott
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - David C Aveline
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas P Bigelow
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Boegel
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sofia Botsi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Eric Charron
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Orsay, France
| | - José P D'Incao
- JILA, NIST, and the Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Peter Engels
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Timothé Estrampes
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Orsay, France
- Institute of Quantum Optics, QUEST-Leibniz Research School, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Naceur Gaaloul
- Institute of Quantum Optics, QUEST-Leibniz Research School, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - James R Kellogg
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - James M Kohel
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Norman E Lay
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Lundblad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, USA
| | - Matthias Meister
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Quantum Technologies, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maren E Mossman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Müller
- Institute of Quantum Optics, QUEST-Leibniz Research School, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Holger Müller
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kamal Oudrhiri
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Leah E Phillips
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Annie Pichery
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Orsay, France
- Institute of Quantum Optics, QUEST-Leibniz Research School, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ernst M Rasel
- Institute of Quantum Optics, QUEST-Leibniz Research School, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Charles A Sackett
- Physics Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Matteo Sbroscia
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Wolfgang P Schleich
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering (IQSE), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Robert J Thompson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jason R Williams
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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2
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Li L, Zhou C, Xiong W, Huang M, Fang S, Xu X, Ji J, Gao M, Song T, Hong Y, Liang Z, Chen D, Hou X, Zhou X, Chen X, Chen W, Wang B, Li T, Liu L. All-fiber laser system for all-optical 87Rb Bose Einstein condensate to space application. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:7844-7851. [PMID: 37855495 DOI: 10.1364/ao.497749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
In the development of the Cold Atom Physics Research Rack (CAPR) on board the Chinese Space Station, the laser system plays a critical role in preparing the all-optical 87 R b Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). An all-fiber laser system has been developed for CAPR to provide the required optical fields for atom interaction and to maintain the beam pointing in long-term operation. The laser system integrates a 780 nm fiber laser system and an all-fiber optical control module for sub-Doppler cooling, as well as an all-fiber 1064 nm laser system for evaporative cooling. The high-power, single-frequency 780 nm lasers are achieved through rare-Earth doped fiber amplification, fiber frequency-doubling, and frequency stabilization technology. The all-fiber optical control module divides the output of the 780 nm laser system into 15 channels and regulates them for cooling, trapping, and probing atoms. Moreover, the power consistency of each pair of cooling beams is ensured by three power tracking modules, which is a prerequisite for maintaining stable MOT and molasses. A high-power, compact, controlled-flexible, and highly stable l064 nm all-fiber laser system employing two-stage ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier (YDFA) technology has been designed for evaporative cooling in the optical dipole trap (ODT). Finally, an all-optical 87 R b BEC is realized with this all-fiber laser system, which provides an alternative solution for trapping and manipulating ultra-cold atoms in challenging environmental conditions.
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3
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A space-based quantum gas laboratory at picokelvin energy scales. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7889. [PMID: 36550117 PMCID: PMC9780313 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultracold quantum gases are ideal sources for high-precision space-borne sensing as proposed for Earth observation, relativistic geodesy and tests of fundamental physical laws as well as for studying new phenomena in many-body physics during extended free fall. Here we report on experiments with the Cold Atom Lab aboard the International Space Station, where we have achieved exquisite control over the quantum state of single 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensates paving the way for future high-precision measurements. In particular, we have applied fast transport protocols to shuttle the atomic cloud over a millimeter distance with sub-micrometer accuracy and subsequently drastically reduced the total expansion energy to below 100 pK with matter-wave lensing techniques.
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4
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Cassettari D, Mussardo G, Trombettoni A. Holographic realization of the prime number quantum potential. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 2:pgac279. [PMID: 36733293 PMCID: PMC9887940 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the experimental realization of the prime number quantum potential VN (x), defined as the potential entering the single-particle Schrödinger Hamiltonian with eigenvalues given by the first N prime numbers. Using computer-generated holography, we create light intensity profiles suitable to optically trap ultracold atoms in these potentials for different N values. As a further application, we also implement a potential whose spectrum is given by the lucky numbers, a sequence of integers generated by a different sieve than the familiar Eratosthenes's sieve used for the primes. Our results pave the way toward the realization of quantum potentials with arbitrary sequences of integers as energy levels and show, in perspective, the possibility to set up quantum systems for arithmetic manipulations or mathematical tests involving prime numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Mussardo
- SISSA and INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Trombettoni
- SISSA and INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy,Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Strada Costiera 11, I-34151 Trieste, Italy
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5
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A way forward for fundamental physics in space. NPJ Microgravity 2022; 8:49. [PMID: 36336703 PMCID: PMC9637703 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Space-based research can provide a major leap forward in the study of key open questions in the fundamental physics domain. They include the validity of Einstein’s Equivalence principle, the origin and the nature of dark matter and dark energy, decoherence and collapse models in quantum mechanics, and the physics of quantum many-body systems. Cold-atom sensors and quantum technologies have drastically changed the approach to precision measurements. Atomic clocks and atom interferometers as well as classical and quantum links can be used to measure tiny variations of the space-time metric, elusive accelerations, and faint forces to test our knowledge of the physical laws ruling the Universe. In space, such instruments can benefit from unique conditions that allow improving both their precision and the signal to be measured. In this paper, we discuss the scientific priorities of a space-based research program in fundamental physics.
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6
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Mehboudi M, Jørgensen MR, Seah S, Brask JB, Kołodyński J, Perarnau-Llobet M. Fundamental Limits in Bayesian Thermometry and Attainability via Adaptive Strategies. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:130502. [PMID: 35426703 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.130502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the limits of thermometry using quantum probes at thermal equilibrium within the Bayesian approach. We consider the possibility of engineering interactions between the probes in order to enhance their sensitivity, as well as feedback during the measurement process, i.e., adaptive protocols. On the one hand, we obtain an ultimate bound on thermometry precision in the Bayesian setting, valid for arbitrary interactions and measurement schemes, which lower bounds the error with a quadratic (Heisenberg-like) scaling with the number of probes. We develop a simple adaptive strategy that can saturate this limit. On the other hand, we derive a no-go theorem for nonadaptive protocols that does not allow for better than linear (shot-noise-like) scaling even if one has unlimited control over the probes, namely, access to arbitrary many-body interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehboudi
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathias R Jørgensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stella Seah
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jonatan B Brask
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan Kołodyński
- Centre for Quantum Optical Technologies, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Planella G, Cenni MFB, Acín A, Mehboudi M. Bath-Induced Correlations Enhance Thermometry Precision at Low Temperatures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:040502. [PMID: 35148153 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We study the role of bath-induced correlations in temperature estimation of cold bosonic baths. Our protocol includes multiple probes, that are not interacting, nor are they initially correlated to each other. They interact with a bosonic sample and reach a nonthermal steady state, which is measured to estimate the temperature of the sample. It is well known that in the steady state such noninteracting probes may get correlated to each other and even entangled. Nonetheless, the impact of these correlations in metrology has not been deeply investigated yet. Here, we examine their role for thermometry of cold bosonic gases and show that, although being classical, bath-induced correlations can lead to significant enhancement of precision for thermometry. The improvement is especially important at low temperatures, where attaining high precision thermometry is particularly demanding. The proposed thermometry scheme does not require any precise dynamical control of the probes and tuning the parameters and is robust to noise in initial preparation, as it is built upon the steady state generated by the natural dissipative dynamics of the system. Therefore, our results put forward new possibilities in thermometry at low temperatures, of relevance, for instance, in cold gases and Bose-Einstein condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guim Planella
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marina F B Cenni
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Antonio Acín
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohammad Mehboudi
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
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8
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Rubio J, Anders J, Correa LA. Global Quantum Thermometry. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:190402. [PMID: 34797130 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.190402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A paradigm shift in quantum thermometry is proposed. To date, thermometry has relied on local estimation, which is useful to reduce statistical fluctuations once the temperature is very well known. In order to estimate temperatures in cases where few measurement data or no substantial prior knowledge are available, we build instead a method for global quantum thermometry. Based on scaling arguments, a mean logarithmic error is shown here to be the correct figure of merit for thermometry. Its full minimization provides an operational and optimal rule to postprocess measurements into a temperature reading, and it establishes a global precision limit. We apply these results to the simulated outcomes of measurements on a spin gas, finding that the local approach can lead to biased temperature estimates in cases where the global estimator converges to the true temperature. The global framework thus enables a reliable approach to data analysis in thermometry experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Rubio
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Anders
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Luis A Correa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, United Kingdom
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9
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Deppner C, Herr W, Cornelius M, Stromberger P, Sternke T, Grzeschik C, Grote A, Rudolph J, Herrmann S, Krutzik M, Wenzlawski A, Corgier R, Charron E, Guéry-Odelin D, Gaaloul N, Lämmerzahl C, Peters A, Windpassinger P, Rasel EM. Collective-Mode Enhanced Matter-Wave Optics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:100401. [PMID: 34533345 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to light, matter-wave optics of quantum gases deals with interactions even in free space and for ensembles comprising millions of atoms. We exploit these interactions in a quantum degenerate gas as an adjustable lens for coherent atom optics. By combining an interaction-driven quadrupole-mode excitation of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with a magnetic lens, we form a time-domain matter-wave lens system. The focus is tuned by the strength of the lensing potential and the oscillatory phase of the quadrupole mode. By placing the focus at infinity, we lower the total internal kinetic energy of a BEC comprising 101(37) thousand atoms in three dimensions to 3/2 k_{B}·38_{-7}^{+6} pK. Our method paves the way for free-fall experiments lasting ten or more seconds as envisioned for tests of fundamental physics and high-precision BEC interferometry, as well as opens up a new kinetic energy regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Deppner
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Waldemar Herr
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V., Institut für Satellitengeodäsie und Inertialsensorik, c/o Leibniz Universität Hannover, DLR-SI, Callinstraße 36, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Merle Cornelius
- ZARM, Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm 2, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Peter Stromberger
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tammo Sternke
- ZARM, Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm 2, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Christoph Grzeschik
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Grote
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Rudolph
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sven Herrmann
- ZARM, Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm 2, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Markus Krutzik
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - André Wenzlawski
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robin Corgier
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Eric Charron
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - David Guéry-Odelin
- Laboratoire de Collisions Agrégats Réactivité, CNRS, IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Naceur Gaaloul
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Claus Lämmerzahl
- ZARM, Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm 2, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Achim Peters
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ernst M Rasel
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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10
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Świsłocki T, Gajda M, Brewczyk M, Deuar P. Spin distillation cooling of ultracold Bose gases. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6441. [PMID: 33742005 PMCID: PMC7979932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the spin distillation of spinor gases of bosonic atoms and find two different mechanisms in [Formula: see text]Cr and [Formula: see text]Na atoms, both of which can cool effectively. The first mechanism involves dipolar scattering into initially unoccupied spin states and cools only above a threshold magnetic field. The second proceeds via equilibrium relaxation of the thermal cloud into empty spin states, reducing its proportion in the initial component. It cools only below a threshold magnetic field. The technique was initially demonstrated experimentally for a chromium dipolar gas (Naylor et al. in Phys Rev Lett 115:243002, 2015), whereas here we develop the concept further and provide an in-depth understanding of the required physics and limitations involved. Through numerical simulations, we reveal the mechanisms involved and demonstrate that the spin distillation cycle can be repeated several times, each time resulting in a significant additional reduction of the thermal atom fraction. Threshold values of magnetic field and predictions for the achievable temperature are also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Świsłocki
- Institute of Information Technology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, ul. Nowoursynowska 159, 02786, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Gajda
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirosław Brewczyk
- Wydział Fizyki, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku, ul. K. Ciołkowskiego 1L, 15245, Białystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Deuar
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Aleja Lotników 32/46, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Zaletel MP, Kaufman A, Stamper-Kurn DM, Yao NY. Preparation of Low Entropy Correlated Many-Body States via Conformal Cooling Quenches. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:103401. [PMID: 33784144 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.103401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We propose and analyze a method for preparing low entropy many-body states in isolated quantum optical systems of atoms, ions, and molecules. Our approach is based upon shifting entropy between different regions of a system by spatially modulating the magnitude of the effective Hamiltonian. We conduct two case studies, on a topological spin chain and the spinful fermionic Hubbard model, focusing on the key question: can a "conformal cooling quench" remove sufficient entropy within experimentally accessible timescales? Finite-temperature, time-dependent matrix product state calculations reveal that even moderately sized bath regions can remove enough energy and entropy density to expose coherent low-temperature physics. The protocol is particularly natural in systems with long-range interactions, such as lattice-trapped polar molecules and Rydberg-excited atoms, where the magnitude of the Hamiltonian scales directly with the interparticle spacing. To this end, we propose simple, near-term implementations of conformal cooling quenches in systems of atoms or molecules, where signatures of low-temperature phases may be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Zaletel
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Adam Kaufman
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Dan M Stamper-Kurn
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Norman Y Yao
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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12
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Dudley RA, Fabbri A, Anderson PR, Balbinot R. Correlations between a Hawking particle and its partner in a
1+1D
Bose-Einstein condensate analog black hole. Int J Clin Exp Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.102.105005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Chen X, Fan B. The emergence of picokelvin physics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:076401. [PMID: 32303019 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab8ab6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The frontier of low-temperature physics has advanced to the mid-picokelvin (pK) regime but progress has come to a halt because of the problem of gravity. Ultracold atoms must be confined in some type of potential energy well: if the depth of the well is less than the energy an atom gains by falling through it, the atom escapes. This article reviews ultracold atom research, emphasizing the advances that carried the low-temperature frontier to 450 pK. We review microgravity methods for overcoming the gravitational limit to achieving lower temperatures using free-fall techniques such as a drop tower, sounding rocket, parabolic flight plane and the International Space Station. We describe two techniques that promise further advancement-an atom chip and an all-optical trap-and present recent experimental results. Basic research in new regimes of observation has generally led to scientific discoveries and new technologies that benefit society. We expect this to be the case as the low-temperature frontier advances and we propose some new opportunities for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzong Chen
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, Department of Electronics, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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14
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Aveline DC, Williams JR, Elliott ER, Dutenhoffer C, Kellogg JR, Kohel JM, Lay NE, Oudrhiri K, Shotwell RF, Yu N, Thompson RJ. Observation of Bose-Einstein condensates in an Earth-orbiting research lab. Nature 2020; 582:193-197. [PMID: 32528092 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Quantum mechanics governs the microscopic world, where low mass and momentum reveal a natural wave-particle duality. Magnifying quantum behaviour to macroscopic scales is a major strength of the technique of cooling and trapping atomic gases, in which low momentum is engineered through extremely low temperatures. Advances in this field have achieved such precise control over atomic systems that gravity, often negligible when considering individual atoms, has emerged as a substantial obstacle. In particular, although weaker trapping fields would allow access to lower temperatures1,2, gravity empties atom traps that are too weak. Additionally, inertial sensors based on cold atoms could reach better sensitivities if the free-fall time of the atoms after release from the trap could be made longer3. Planetary orbit, specifically the condition of perpetual free-fall, offers to lift cold-atom studies beyond such terrestrial limitations. Here we report production of rubidium Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) in an Earth-orbiting research laboratory, the Cold Atom Lab. We observe subnanokelvin BECs in weak trapping potentials with free-expansion times extending beyond one second, providing an initial demonstration of the advantages offered by a microgravity environment for cold-atom experiments and verifying the successful operation of this facility. With routine BEC production, continuing operations will support long-term investigations of trap topologies unique to microgravity4,5, atom-laser sources6, few-body physics7,8 and pathfinding techniques for atom-wave interferometry9-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Aveline
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Jason R Williams
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ethan R Elliott
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Chelsea Dutenhoffer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - James R Kellogg
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - James M Kohel
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Norman E Lay
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kamal Oudrhiri
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Robert F Shotwell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nan Yu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Thompson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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15
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Condon G, Rabault M, Barrett B, Chichet L, Arguel R, Eneriz-Imaz H, Naik D, Bertoldi A, Battelier B, Bouyer P, Landragin A. All-Optical Bose-Einstein Condensates in Microgravity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:240402. [PMID: 31922832 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.240402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on the all-optical production of Bose-Einstein condensates in microgravity using a combination of grey molasses cooling, light-shift engineering and optical trapping in a painted potential. Forced evaporative cooling in a 3-m high Einstein elevator results in 4×10^{4} condensed atoms every 13.5 s, with a temperature as low as 35 nK. In this system, the atomic cloud can expand in weightlessness for up to 400 ms, paving the way for atom interferometry experiments with extended interrogation times and studies of ultracold matter physics at low energies on ground or in Space.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Condon
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - M Rabault
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - B Barrett
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - L Chichet
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - R Arguel
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - H Eneriz-Imaz
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - D Naik
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - A Bertoldi
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - B Battelier
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - P Bouyer
- LP2N, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences, Université Bordeaux-IOGS-CNRS:UMR 5298, 1 rue François Mitterrand, 33400 Talence, France
| | - A Landragin
- LNE-SYRTE, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 61 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75014 Paris, France
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16
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Mehboudi M, Lampo A, Charalambous C, Correa LA, García-March MÁ, Lewenstein M. Using Polarons for sub-nK Quantum Nondemolition Thermometry in a Bose-Einstein Condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:030403. [PMID: 30735411 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a novel minimally disturbing method for sub-nK thermometry in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Our technique is based on the Bose polaron model; namely, an impurity embedded in the BEC acts as the thermometer. We propose to detect temperature fluctuations from measurements of the position and momentum of the impurity. Crucially, these cause minimal backaction on the BEC and hence, realize a nondemolition temperature measurement. Following the paradigm of the emerging field of quantum thermometry, we combine tools from quantum parameter estimation and the theory of open quantum systems to solve the problem in full generality. We thus avoid any simplification, such as demanding thermalization of the impurity atoms, or imposing weak dissipative interactions with the BEC. Our method is illustrated with realistic experimental parameters common in many labs, thus showing that it can compete with state-of-the-art destructive techniques, even when the estimates are built from the outcomes of accessible (suboptimal) quadrature measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehboudi
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Aniello Lampo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Christos Charalambous
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Luis A Correa
- School of Mathematical Sciences and Centre for the Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-Equilibrium Systems, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Miguel Ángel García-March
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Maciej Lewenstein
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA, Lluís Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Abstract
The control and manipulation of quantum systems without excitation are challenging, due to the complexities in fully modeling such systems accurately and the difficulties in controlling these inherently fragile systems experimentally. For example, while protocols to decompress Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) faster than the adiabatic timescale (without excitation or loss) have been well developed theoretically, experimental implementations of these protocols have yet to reach speeds faster than the adiabatic timescale. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate an alternative approach based on a machine-learning algorithm which makes progress toward this goal. The algorithm is given control of the coupled decompression and transport of a metastable helium condensate, with its performance determined after each experimental iteration by measuring the excitations of the resultant BEC. After each iteration the algorithm adjusts its internal model of the system to create an improved control output for the next iteration. Given sufficient control over the decompression, the algorithm converges to a solution that sets the current speed record in relation to the adiabatic timescale, beating out other experimental realizations based on theoretical approaches. This method presents a feasible approach for implementing fast-state preparations or transformations in other quantum systems, without requiring a solution to a theoretical model of the system. Implications for fundamental physics and cooling are discussed.
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18
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Luan T, Li Y, Zhang X, Chen X. Realization of two-stage crossed beam cooling and the comparison with Delta-kick cooling in experiment. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:123110. [PMID: 30599612 DOI: 10.1063/1.5046815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report the first experimental realization of the two-stage crossed beam cooling (TSCBC) method that we proposed in 2013 [L. Wang et al., J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys. 46, 195302 (2013)]. With the 87Rb Bose-Einstein condensation apparatus and electromagnet coils providing the magnetic levitation to counteract the gravitation, we simulated the micro-gravity environment and realized the TSCBC with 4 × 104 87Rb atoms. We estimated that the lowest temperature of atoms can be at 3.56 nK with a new method and verified that the cooling process is adiabatic enough with time-of-flight images. According to analysis, we believed that the noise of magnetic field was the main obstacle that hinders the further cooling of the atomic ensemble. Under the same experimental conditions, we carried out the Delta-kick cooling method and got a lowest temperature of 23.3 nK also with 4 × 104 87Rb atoms. According to the results of comparing experiments, we can see that the TSCBC method is more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Luan
- China Academy of Electronics and Information Technology, Beijing 100041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufan Li
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- China Academy of Electronics and Information Technology, Beijing 100041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuzong Chen
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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19
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Li C, Zhou T, Zhai Y, Xiang J, Luan T, Huang Q, Yang S, Xiong W, Chen X. Deep cooling of optically trapped atoms implemented by magnetic levitation without transverse confinement. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:053104. [PMID: 28571428 DOI: 10.1063/1.4982348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a setup for the deep cooling of atoms in an optical trap. The deep cooling is implemented by eliminating the influence of gravity using specially constructed magnetic coils. Compared to the conventional method of generating a magnetic levitating force, the lower trap frequency achieved in our setup provides a lower limit of temperature and more freedoms to Bose gases with a simpler solution. A final temperature as low as ∼6nK is achieved in the optical trap, and the atomic density is decreased by nearly two orders of magnitude during the second stage of evaporative cooling. This deep cooling of optically trapped atoms holds promise for many applications, such as atomic interferometers, atomic gyroscopes, and magnetometers, as well as many basic scientific research directions, such as quantum simulations and atom optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianwei Zhou
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyang Zhai
- Science and Technology on Inertial Laboratory, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinggang Xiang
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Luan
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Huang
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Shifeng Yang
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuzong Chen
- School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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20
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Sadgrove M, Wimberger S, Nic Chormaic S. Quantum coherent tractor beam effect for atoms trapped near a nanowaveguide. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28905. [PMID: 27440516 PMCID: PMC4954976 DOI: 10.1038/srep28905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose several schemes to realize a tractor beam effect for ultracold atoms in the vicinity of a few-mode nanowaveguide. Atoms trapped near the waveguide are transported in a direction opposite to the guided mode propagation direction. We analyse three specific examples for ultracold (23)Na atoms trapped near a specific nanowaveguide (i.e. an optical nanofibre): (i) a conveyor belt-type tractor beam effect, (ii) an accelerator tractor beam effect, and (iii) a quantum coherent tractor beam effect, all of which can effectively pull atoms along the nanofibre toward the light source. This technique provides a new tool for controlling the motion of particles near nanowaveguides with potential applications in the study of particle transport and binding as well as atom interferometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sadgrove
- Research Institute of Electrical Communications, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai-shi Japan
| | - Sandro Wimberger
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Universitádi Parma, Via G. P. Usberti 7/a, 43124 Parma, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma, Italy
| | - Síle Nic Chormaic
- Light-Matter Interactions Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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21
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Naylor B, Maréchal E, Huckans J, Gorceix O, Pedri P, Vernac L, Laburthe-Tolra B. Cooling of a Bose-Einstein Condensate by Spin Distillation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:243002. [PMID: 26705630 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.243002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a new cooling mechanism leading to purification of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Our scheme starts with a BEC polarized in the lowest energy spin state. Spin excited states are thermally populated by lowering the single particle energy gap set by the magnetic field. Then, these spin-excited thermal components are filtered out, which leads to an increase of the BEC fraction. We experimentally demonstrate such cooling for a spin 3 ^{52}Cr dipolar BEC. Our scheme should be applicable to Na or Rb, with the perspective to reach temperatures below 1 nK.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Naylor
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
- CNRS, UMR 7538, LPL, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - E Maréchal
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
- CNRS, UMR 7538, LPL, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - J Huckans
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
- Department of Physics and Engineering Technology, Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania 17815, USA
| | - O Gorceix
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
- CNRS, UMR 7538, LPL, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - P Pedri
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
- CNRS, UMR 7538, LPL, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - L Vernac
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
- CNRS, UMR 7538, LPL, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - B Laburthe-Tolra
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
- CNRS, UMR 7538, LPL, F-93430 Villetaneuse, France
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22
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Luan T, Yao H, Wang L, Li C, Yang S, Chen X, Ma Z. Two-stage crossed beam cooling with ⁶Li and ¹³³Cs atoms in microgravity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:11378-11387. [PMID: 25969232 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.011378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Applying the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method developed for ultracold Bose-Fermi mixture gases research, we study the sympathetic cooling process of 6Li and 133Cs atoms in a crossed optical dipole trap. The obstacles to producing 6Li Fermi degenerate gas via direct sympathetic cooling with 133Cs are also analyzed, by which we find that the side-effect of the gravity is one of the main obstacles. Based on the dynamic nature of 6Li and 133Cs atoms, we suggest a two-stage cooling process with two pairs of crossed beams in microgravity environment. According to our simulations, the temperature of 6Li atoms can be cooled to T = 29.5 pK and T/TF = 0.59 with several thousand atoms, which propose a novel way to get ultracold fermion atoms with quantum degeneracy near pico-Kelvin.
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23
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Kovachy T, Hogan JM, Sugarbaker A, Dickerson SM, Donnelly CA, Overstreet C, Kasevich MA. Matter wave lensing to picokelvin temperatures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:143004. [PMID: 25910118 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.143004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Using a matter wave lens and a long time of flight, we cool an ensemble of ^{87}Rb atoms in two dimensions to an effective temperature of less than 50_{-30}^{+50} pK. A short pulse of red-detuned light generates an optical dipole force that collimates the ensemble. We also report a three-dimensional magnetic lens that substantially reduces the chemical potential of evaporatively cooled ensembles with a high atom number. By observing such low temperatures, we set limits on proposed modifications to quantum mechanics in the macroscopic regime. These cooling techniques yield bright, collimated sources for precision atom interferometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kovachy
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jason M Hogan
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Alex Sugarbaker
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Chris Overstreet
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mark A Kasevich
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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24
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Phuc NT, Kawaguchi Y, Ueda M. Quantum mass acquisition in spinor Bose-Einstein condensates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:230401. [PMID: 25526104 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.230401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantum mass acquisition, in which a massless (quasi)particle becomes massive due to quantum corrections, is predicted to occur in several subfields of physics. However, its experimental observation remains elusive since the emergent energy gap is too small. We show that a spinor Bose-Einstein condensate is an excellent candidate for the observation of such a peculiar phenomenon as the energy gap turns out to be 2 orders of magnitude larger than the zero-point energy. This extraordinarily large energy gap is a consequence of the dynamical instability. The propagation velocity of the resultant massive excitation mode is found to be decreased by the quantum corrections as opposed to phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Phuc
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawaguchi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masahito Ueda
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan and Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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25
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Pacheco JM, Vasconcelos VV, Santos FC. Climate governance as a complex adaptive system: reply to comments on "climate change governance, cooperation and self-organization". Phys Life Rev 2014; 11:595-7. [PMID: 25457045 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Pacheco
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Departamento de Matemática e Aplicações, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ATP-Group, CMAF, Instituto para a Investigação Interdisciplinar, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vítor V Vasconcelos
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; ATP-Group, CMAF, Instituto para a Investigação Interdisciplinar, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; INESC-ID and Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Taguspark, 2744-016 Porto Salvo, Portugal; Centro de Física da Universidade do Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Francisco C Santos
- INESC-ID and Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Taguspark, 2744-016 Porto Salvo, Portugal; ATP-Group, CMAF, Instituto para a Investigação Interdisciplinar, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
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26
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Impurities as a quantum thermometer for a Bose-Einstein Condensate. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6436. [PMID: 25241663 PMCID: PMC4170192 DOI: 10.1038/srep06436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a primary thermometer which measures the temperature of a Bose-Einstein Condensate in the sub-nK regime. We show, using quantum Fisher information, that the precision of our technique improves the state-of-the-art in thermometry in the sub-nK regime. The temperature of the condensate is mapped onto the quantum phase of an atomic dot that interacts with the system for short times. We show that the highest precision is achieved when the phase is dynamical rather than geometric and when it is detected through Ramsey interferometry. Standard techniques to determine the temperature of a condensate involve an indirect estimation through mean particle velocities made after releasing the condensate. In contrast to these destructive measurements, our method involves a negligible disturbance of the system.
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27
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Wang ST, Deng DL, Duan LM. Probe of three-dimensional chiral topological insulators in an optical lattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:033002. [PMID: 25083642 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.033002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose a feasible experimental scheme to realize a three-dimensional chiral topological insulator with cold fermionic atoms in an optical lattice, which is characterized by an integer topological invariant distinct from the conventional Z(2) topological insulators and has a remarkable macroscopic zero-energy flat band. To probe its property, we show that its characteristic surface states--the Dirac cones--can be probed through time-of-flight imaging or Bragg spectroscopy and the flat band can be detected via measurement of the atomic density profile in a weak global trap. The realization of this novel topological phase with a flat band in an optical lattice will provide a unique experimental platform to study the interplay between interaction and topology and open new avenues for application of topological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-T Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA and Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - D-L Deng
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA and Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - L-M Duan
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA and Center for Quantum Information, IIIS, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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28
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Li T, Gong ZX, Yin ZQ, Quan HT, Yin X, Zhang P, Duan LM, Zhang X. Space-time crystals of trapped ions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:163001. [PMID: 23215073 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.163001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous symmetry breaking can lead to the formation of time crystals, as well as spatial crystals. Here we propose a space-time crystal of trapped ions and a method to realize it experimentally by confining ions in a ring-shaped trapping potential with a static magnetic field. The ions spontaneously form a spatial ring crystal due to Coulomb repulsion. This ion crystal can rotate persistently at the lowest quantum energy state in magnetic fields with fractional fluxes. The persistent rotation of trapped ions produces the temporal order, leading to the formation of a space-time crystal. We show that these space-time crystals are robust for direct experimental observation. We also study the effects of finite temperatures on the persistent rotation. The proposed space-time crystals of trapped ions provide a new dimension for exploring many-body physics and emerging properties of matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongcang Li
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, 3112 Etcheverry Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Hu H, Ramachandhran B, Pu H, Liu XJ. Spin-orbit coupled weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensates in harmonic traps. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:010402. [PMID: 22304247 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate theoretically the phase diagram of a spin-orbit coupled Bose gas in two-dimensional harmonic traps. We show that at strong spin-orbit coupling the single-particle spectrum decomposes into different manifolds separated by ℏω{⊥}, where ω{⊥} is the trapping frequency. For a weakly interacting gas, quantum states with Skyrmion lattice patterns emerge spontaneously and preserve either parity symmetry or combined parity-time-reversal symmetry. These phases can be readily observed in a spin-orbit coupled gas of ^{87}Rb atoms in a highly oblate trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- ACQAO and Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia
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30
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Jing H, Goldbaum DS, Buchmann L, Meystre P. Quantum optomechanics of a Bose-Einstein antiferromagnet. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:223601. [PMID: 21702598 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.223601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the cavity optomechanical properties of an antiferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensate, where the role of the mechanical element is played by spin-wave excitations. We show how this system can be described by a single rotor that can be prepared deep in the quantum regime under realizable experimental conditions. This system provides a bottom-up realization of dispersive rotational optomechanics, and opens the door to the direct observation of quantum spin fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jing
- B2 Institute, Department of Physics and College of Optical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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Medley P, Weld DM, Miyake H, Pritchard DE, Ketterle W. Spin gradient demagnetization cooling of ultracold atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:195301. [PMID: 21668171 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.195301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new cooling method in which a time-varying magnetic field gradient is applied to an ultracold spin mixture. This enables preparation of isolated spin distributions at positive and negative effective spin temperatures of ±50 pK. The spin system can also be used to cool other degrees of freedom, and we have used this coupling to cool an apparently equilibrated Mott insulator of rubidium atoms to 350 pK. These are the lowest temperatures ever measured in any system. The entropy of the spin mixture is in the regime where magnetic ordering is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Medley
- MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, Research Laboratory of Electronics, and Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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32
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van Zoest T, Gaaloul N, Singh Y, Ahlers H, Herr W, Seidel ST, Ertmer W, Rasel E, Eckart M, Kajari E, Arnold S, Nandi G, Schleich WP, Walser R, Vogel A, Sengstock K, Bongs K, Lewoczko-Adamczyk W, Schiemangk M, Schuldt T, Peters A, Könemann T, Müntinga H, Lämmerzahl C, Dittus H, Steinmetz T, Hänsch TW, Reichel J. Bose-Einstein Condensation in Microgravity. Science 2010; 328:1540-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1189164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. van Zoest
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - N. Gaaloul
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Y. Singh
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - H. Ahlers
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - W. Herr
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - S. T. Seidel
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - W. Ertmer
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - E. Rasel
- Institut für Quantenoptik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M. Eckart
- Institut für Quantenphysik, Universität Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - E. Kajari
- Institut für Quantenphysik, Universität Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - S. Arnold
- Institut für Quantenphysik, Universität Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - G. Nandi
- Institut für Quantenphysik, Universität Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - W. P. Schleich
- Institut für Quantenphysik, Universität Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - R. Walser
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstrasse 4A, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A. Vogel
- Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K. Sengstock
- Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K. Bongs
- Midlands Ultracold Atom Research Centre, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - M. Schiemangk
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Schuldt
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Peters
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - T. Könemann
- Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM), Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - H. Müntinga
- Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM), Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - C. Lämmerzahl
- Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM), Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - H. Dittus
- Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM), Universität Bremen, Am Fallturm, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - T. Steinmetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik and Sektion Physik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - T. W. Hänsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik and Sektion Physik der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 München, Germany
| | - J. Reichel
- Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris, France
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Chen X, Ruschhaupt A, Schmidt S, del Campo A, Guéry-Odelin D, Muga JG. Fast optimal frictionless atom cooling in harmonic traps: shortcut to adiabaticity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:063002. [PMID: 20366818 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.063002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A method is proposed to cool down atoms in a harmonic trap without phase-space compression as in a perfectly slow adiabatic expansion, i.e., keeping the same populations of instantaneous levels in the initial and final traps, but in a much shorter time. This may require that the harmonic trap become transiently an expulsive parabolic potential. The cooling times achieved are shorter than those obtained using optimal-control bang-bang methods and real frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Departamento de Química-Física, UPV-EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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Weiss C, Castin Y. Creation and detection of a mesoscopic gas in a nonlocal quantum superposition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:010403. [PMID: 19257172 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.010403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the scattering of a quantum matter wave soliton on a barrier in a one-dimensional geometry, and we show that it can lead to mesoscopic quantum superposition states, where the atomic gas is in a coherent superposition of being in the half-space to the left of the barrier and being in the half-space to the right of the barrier. We propose an interferometric method to reveal the coherent nature of this superposition, and we discuss in detail the experimental feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Weiss
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Ecole Normale Supérieure, UPMC and CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Dusuel S, Schmidt KP, Vidal J. Creation and manipulation of anyons in the Kitaev model. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:177204. [PMID: 18518331 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.177204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the effect of local spin operators in the Kitaev model on the honeycomb lattice. We show, in perturbation around the isolated-dimer limit, that they create Abelian anyons together with fermionic excitations which are likely to play a role in experiments. We derive the explicit form of the operators creating and moving Abelian anyons without creating fermions and show that it involves multispin operations. Finally, the important experimental constraints stemming from our results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Dusuel
- Lycée Louis Thuillier, 70 Boulevard de Saint Quentin, 80098 Amiens Cedex 3, France.
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Zhang S, Genov DA, Sun C, Zhang X. Cloaking of matter waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:123002. [PMID: 18517859 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.123002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Invariant transformation for quantum mechanical systems is proposed. A cloaking of matter wave can be realized at given energy by designing the potential and effective mass of the matter waves in the cloaking region. The general conditions required for such a cloaking are determined and confirmed by both the wave and particle (classical) approaches. We show that it may be possible to construct such a cloaking system for cold atoms using optical lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1740, USA
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Schützhold R. Detection scheme for acoustic quantum radiation in Bose-Einstein condensates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:190405. [PMID: 17155600 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.190405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Based on doubly detuned Raman transitions between (meta)stable atomic or molecular states and recently developed atom counting techniques, a detection scheme for sound waves in dilute Bose-Einstein condensates is proposed whose accuracy might reach down to the level of a few or even single phonons. This scheme could open up a new range of applications including the experimental observation of quantum radiation phenomena such as the Hawking effect in sonic black-hole analogues or the acoustic analogue of cosmological particle creation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Schützhold
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Technische Universität Dresden, D-01062 Dresden, Germany.
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39
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Muniz SR, Jenkins SD, Kennedy TAB, Naik DS, Raman C. Axicon lens for coherent matter waves. OPTICS EXPRESS 2006; 14:8947-8957. [PMID: 19529273 DOI: 10.1364/oe.14.008947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have realized a conical matter wave lens. The repulsive potential of a focused laser beam was used to launch a Bose-Einstein condensate into a radially expanding wavepacket whose perfect ring shape was ensured by energy conservation. In spite of significant interactions between atoms, the spatial and velocity widths of the ring along its radial dimension remained extremely narrow, as also confirmed by numerical simulations. Our results open the possibility for cylindrical atom optics without the perturbing effect of mean-field interactions.
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Pasquini TA, Saba M, Jo GB, Shin Y, Ketterle W, Pritchard DE, Savas TA, Mulders N. Low velocity quantum reflection of Bose-Einstein condensates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2006; 97:093201. [PMID: 17026359 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.093201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We study how interactions affect the quantum reflection of Bose-Einstein condensates. A patterned silicon surface with a square array of pillars resulted in high reflection probabilities. For incident velocities greater than 2.5 mm/s, our observations agreed with single-particle theory. At velocities below 2.5 mm/s, the measured reflection probability saturated near 60% rather than increasing towards unity as predicted by the accepted theoretical model. We extend the theory of quantum reflection to account for the mean-field interactions of a condensate which suppresses quantum reflection at low velocity. The reflected condensates show collective excitations as recently predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Pasquini
- Department of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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41
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Kuhn RC, Miniatura C, Delande D, Sigwarth O, Müller CA. Localization of matter waves in two-dimensional disordered optical potentials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:250403. [PMID: 16384437 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.250403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We consider ultracold atoms in 2D disordered optical potentials and calculate microscopic quantities characterizing matter wave quantum transport in the noninteracting regime. We derive the diffusion constant as a function of all relevant microscopic parameters and show that coherent multiple scattering induces significant weak localization effects. In particular, we find that even the strong localization regime is accessible with current experimental techniques and calculate the corresponding localization length.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Kuhn
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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42
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Pasquini TA, Shin Y, Sanner C, Saba M, Schirotzek A, Pritchard DE, Ketterle W. Quantum reflection from a solid surface at normal incidence. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:223201. [PMID: 15601088 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.223201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We observed quantum reflection of ultracold atoms from the attractive potential of a solid surface. Extremely dilute Bose-Einstein condensates of 23Na, with peak density 10(11)-10(12) atoms/cm(3), confined in a weak gravitomagnetic trap were normally incident on a silicon surface. Reflection probabilities of up to 20% were observed for incident velocities of 1-8 mm/s. The velocity dependence agrees qualitatively with the prediction for quantum reflection from the attractive Casimir-Polder potential. Atoms confined in a harmonic trap divided in half by a solid surface exhibited extended lifetime due to quantum reflection from the surface, implying a reflection probability above 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Pasquini
- Department of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Dai WS, Xie M. Geometry effects in confined space. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2004; 70:016103. [PMID: 15324125 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.70.016103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2003] [Revised: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we calculate some exact solutions of the grand partition functions for quantum gases in confined space, such as ideal gases in two- and three-dimensional boxes, in tubes, in annular containers, on the lateral surface of cylinders, and photon gases in three-dimensional boxes. Based on these exact solutions, which, of course, contain the complete information about the system, we discuss the geometry effect which is neglected in the calculation with the thermodynamic limit V--> infinity, and analyze the validity of the quantum statistical method which can be used to calculate the geometry effect on ideal quantum gases confined in two-dimensional irregular containers. We also calculate the grand partition function for phonon gases in confined space. Finally, we discuss the geometry effects in realistic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Sheng Dai
- Department of Physics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China.
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