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Qin Q, Liu Y, Shan B, Che Y, Han C, Qin Y, Wang R, Wang J. Spike-sorting analysis of neural electrical signals evoked by acupuncture based on model. Cogn Neurodyn 2021; 15:131-140. [PMID: 33786084 PMCID: PMC7947133 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-020-09650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acupuncturing the Zusanli (ST 36) point with different types of manual acupuncture manipulations (MAs) and different frequencies can evoke a lot of neural response activities in spinal dorsal root neurons. The action potential is the basic unit of communication in the neural response process. With the rapid development of the electrode acquisition technology, we can simultaneously obtain neural electrical signals of multiple neurons in the target area. So it is crucial to extract spike trains of each neuron from raw recorded data. To solve the problem of variability of the spike waveform, this paper adopts a optimization algorithm based on model to improve the wave-cluster algorithm, which can provide higher accuracy and reliability. Further, through this optimization algorithm, we make a statistical analysis on spike events evoked by different MAs. Results suggest that numbers of response spikes under reinforcing manipulations are far more than reducing manipulations, which mainly embody in synchronous spike activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Information Sensing & Intelligent Control, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yajiao Liu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bonan Shan
- China Academy of Electronics and Information Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanqiu Che
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Information Sensing & Intelligent Control, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Information Sensing & Intelligent Control, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingmei Qin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Information Sensing & Intelligent Control, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruofan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Information Sensing & Intelligent Control, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Wang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
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Saini K, Markakis MN, Zdanio M, Balcerowicz DM, Beeckman T, De Veylder L, Prinsen E, Beemster GTS, Vissenberg K. Alteration in Auxin Homeostasis and Signaling by Overexpression Of PINOID Kinase Causes Leaf Growth Defects in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1009. [PMID: 28659952 PMCID: PMC5470171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants many developmental processes are regulated by auxin and its directional transport. PINOID (PID) kinase helps to regulate this transport by influencing polar recruitment of PIN efflux proteins on the cellular membranes. We investigated how altered auxin levels affect leaf growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis mutants and transgenic plants with altered PID expression levels were used to study the effect on auxin distribution and leaf development. Single knockouts showed small pleiotropic growth defects. Contrastingly, several leaf phenotypes related to changes in auxin concentrations and transcriptional activity were observed in PID overexpression (PIDOE ) lines. Unlike in the knockout lines, the leaves of PIDOE lines showed an elevation in total indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Accordingly, enhanced DR5-visualized auxin responses were detected, especially along the leaf margins. Kinematic analysis revealed that ectopic expression of PID negatively affects cell proliferation and expansion rates, yielding reduced cell numbers and small-sized cells in the PIDOE leaves. We used PIDOE lines as a tool to study auxin dose effects on leaf development and demonstrate that auxin, above a certain threshold, has a negative affect on leaf growth. RNA sequencing further showed how subtle PIDOE -related changes in auxin levels lead to transcriptional reprogramming of cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumud Saini
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Marios N. Markakis
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malgorzata Zdanio
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Daria M. Balcerowicz
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | | | - Els Prinsen
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T. S. Beemster
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Lab, Department Of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Crete – Technological Educational Institute (UASC-TEI)Heraklion, Greece
- *Correspondence: Kris Vissenberg, ;
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Singh A, Singh S, Panigrahi KCS, Reski R, Sarkar AK. Balanced activity of microRNA166/165 and its target transcripts from the class III homeodomain-leucine zipper family regulates root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:945-53. [PMID: 24504657 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of miR166/165 down-regulates target HD - ZIP IIIs and promotes root growth by enhancing cell division and meristematic activity, whereas overexpression of HD - ZIP IIIs inhibits root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Post-embryonic growth of higher plants is maintained by active meristems harbouring undifferentiated cells. Shoot and root apical meristems (SAM and RAM) utilize both similar and distinct signalling mechanisms for their maintenance in Arabidopsis thaliana. An important regulatory role in this context has the interaction of microRNAs with their target mRNAs, mostly encoding transcription factors. One class of microRNA166/165 (miR166/165) has been implicated in the maintenance of SAM and vascular patterning. Here, we show that miR166/165 plays an important role in root growth also by negatively regulating its target transcripts, HD-ZIP IIIs, in the RAM. While overexpression of miR166 promotes RAM activity, overexpression of its targets reduces RAM activity. These results reveal a conserved role of miR166/165 in the maintenance of SAM and RAM activity in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archita Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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4
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Prasad K, Dhonukshe P. Polar Auxin Transport: Cell Polarity to Patterning. POLAR AUXIN TRANSPORT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-35299-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Grieneisen VA, Scheres B, Hogeweg P, M Marée AF. Morphogengineering roots: comparing mechanisms of morphogen gradient formation. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:37. [PMID: 22583698 PMCID: PMC3681314 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In developmental biology, there has been a recent focus on the robustness of morphogen gradients as possible providers of positional information. It was shown that functional morphogen gradients present strong biophysical constraints and lack of robustness to noise. Here we explore how the details of the mechanism which underlies the generation of a morphogen gradient can influence those properties. RESULTS We contrast three gradient-generating mechanisms, (i) a source-decay mechanism; and (ii) a unidirectional transport mechanism; and (iii) a so-called reflux-loop mechanism. Focusing on the dynamics of the phytohormone auxin in the root, we show that only the reflux-loop mechanism can generate a gradient that would be adequate to supply functional positional information for the Arabidopsis root, for biophysically reasonable kinetic parameters. CONCLUSIONS We argue that traits that differ in spatial and temporal time-scales can impose complex selective pressures on the mechanism of morphogen gradient formation used for the development of the particular organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verônica A Grieneisen
- Computational & Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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Xiang D, Yang H, Venglat P, Cao Y, Wen R, Ren M, Stone S, Wang E, Wang H, Xiao W, Weijers D, Berleth T, Laux T, Selvaraj G, Datla R. POPCORN functions in the auxin pathway to regulate embryonic body plan and meristem organization in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:4348-67. [PMID: 22158464 PMCID: PMC3269870 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.091777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The shoot and root apical meristems (SAM and RAM) formed during embryogenesis are crucial for postembryonic plant development. We report the identification of POPCORN (PCN), a gene required for embryo development and meristem organization in Arabidopsis thaliana. Map-based cloning revealed that PCN encodes a WD-40 protein expressed both during embryo development and postembryonically in the SAM and RAM. The two pcn alleles identified in this study are temperature sensitive, showing defective embryo development when grown at 22°C that is rescued when grown at 29°C. In pcn mutants, meristem-specific expression of WUSCHEL (WUS), CLAVATA3, and WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX5 is not maintained; SHOOTMERISTEMLESS, BODENLOS (BDL) and MONOPTEROS (MP) are misexpressed. Several findings link PCN to auxin signaling and meristem function: ectopic expression of DR5(rev):green fluorescent protein (GFP), pBDL:BDL-GFP, and pMP:MP-β-glucuronidase in the meristem; altered polarity and expression of pPIN1:PIN1-GFP in the apical domain of the developing embryo; and resistance to auxin in the pcn mutants. The bdl mutation rescued embryo lethality of pcn, suggesting that improper auxin response is involved in pcn defects. Furthermore, WUS, PINFORMED1, PINOID, and TOPLESS are dosage sensitive in pcn, suggesting functional interaction. Together, our results suggest that PCN functions in the auxin pathway, integrating auxin signaling in the organization and maintenance of the SAM and RAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoquan Xiang
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Hui Yang
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Prakash Venglat
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Yongguo Cao
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Rui Wen
- University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Sandra Stone
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Edwin Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Hong Wang
- University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Wei Xiao
- University of Saskatchewan, Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Biochemistry, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Berleth
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Thomas Laux
- BIOSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gopalan Selvaraj
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Raju Datla
- Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
- Address correspondence to
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Gao X, Nagawa S, Wang G, Yang Z. Cell polarity signaling: focus on polar auxin transport. MOLECULAR PLANT 2008; 1:899-909. [PMID: 19825591 PMCID: PMC2902905 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport, which is required for the formation of auxin gradients and directional auxin flows that are critical for plant pattern formation, morphogenesis, and directional growth response to vectorial cues, is mediated by polarized sub-cellular distribution of PIN-FORMED Proteins (PINs, auxin efflux carriers), AUX1/AUX1-like proteins (auxin influx facilitators), and multidrug resistance P-glycoproteins (MDR/PGP). Polar localization of these proteins is controlled by both developmental and environmental cues. Recent studies have revealed cellular (endocytosis, transcytosis, and endosomal sorting and recycling) and molecular (PINOID kinase, protein phosphatase 2A) mechanisms underlying the polar distribution of these auxin transport proteins. Both TIR1-mediated auxin signaling and TIR1-independent auxin-mediated endocytosis have been shown to regulate polar PIN localization and auxin flow, implicating auxin as a self-organizing signal in directing polar transport and directional flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Arid and Grassland Agroeology at Lanzhou University, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou 730000, China
- CAU–UCR Joint Center for Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Shingo Nagawa
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Genxuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- CAU–UCR Joint Center for Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Science, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail , fax 9011-886-2-2651-6234, tel. 951-827-7351
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Vergés M. Retromer: multipurpose sorting and specialization in polarized transport. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 271:153-98. [PMID: 19081543 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Retromer is an evolutionary conserved protein complex required for endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of lysosomal hydrolases' receptors. A dimer of two sorting nexins-typically, SNX1 and/or SNX2-deforms the membrane and thus cooperates with retromer to ensure cargo sorting. Research in various model organisms indicates that retromer participates in sorting of additional molecules whose proper transport has important repercussions in development and disease. The role of retromer as well as SNXs in endosomal protein (re)cycling and protein targeting to specialized plasma membrane domains in polarized cells adds further complexity and has implications in growth control, the establishment of developmental patterns, cell adhesion, and migration. This chapter will discuss the functions of retromer described in various model systems and will focus on relevant aspects in polarized transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Vergés
- Laboratory of Epithelial Cell Biology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/E.P. Avda. Autopista del Saler, Valencia, Spain
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