1
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Harter TS, Dichiera AM, Esbaugh AJ. The physiological significance of plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase in the respiratory systems of fishes. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01562-4. [PMID: 38842596 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity is ubiquitously found in all vertebrate species, tissues and cellular compartments. Most species have plasma-accessible CA (paCA) isoforms at the respiratory surfaces, where the enzyme catalyzes the conversion of plasma bicarbonate to carbon dioxide (CO2) that can be excreted by diffusion. A notable exception are the teleost fishes that appear to lack paCA at their gills. The present review: (i) recapitulates the significance of CA activity and distribution in vertebrates; (ii) summarizes the current evidence for the presence or absence of paCA at the gills of fishes, from the basal cyclostomes to the derived teleosts and extremophiles such as the Antarctic icefishes; (iii) explores the contribution of paCA to organismal CO2 excretion in fishes; and (iv) the functional significance of its absence at the gills, for the specialized system of O2 transport in most teleosts; (v) outlines the multiplicity and isoform distribution of membrane-associated CAs in fishes and methodologies to determine their plasma-accessible orientation; and (vi) sketches a tentative time line for the evolutionary dynamics of branchial paCA distribution in the major groups of fishes. Finally, this review highlights current gaps in the knowledge on branchial paCA function and provides recommendations for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till S Harter
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Angelina M Dichiera
- College of William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, 78373, USA
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2
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Nelson C, Dichiera AM, Brauner CJ. Developing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) lose branchial plasma accessible carbonic anhydrase expression with hatch and the transition to pH-sensitive, adult hemoglobin polymorphs. J Comp Physiol B 2024:10.1007/s00360-024-01557-1. [PMID: 38698121 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Salmonids possess a unique respiratory system comprised of three major components: highly pH-sensitive hemoglobins, red blood cell (RBC) intracellular pH (pHi) protection, and a heterogeneous distribution of plasma accessible carbonic anhydrase (paCA), specifically with absence of paCA at the gills. These characteristics are thought to have evolved to enhance oxygen unloading to the tissues while protecting uptake at the gills. Our knowledge of this system is detailed in adults, but little is known about it through development. Developing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) express embryonic RBCs containing hemoglobins that are relatively insensitive to pH; however, availability of gill paCA and RBC pHi protection is unknown. We show that pre-hatch rainbow trout express gill paCA, which is lost in correlation with the emergence of highly pH-sensitive adult hemoglobins and RBC pHi protection. Rainbow trout therefore exhibit a switch in respiratory strategy with hatch. We conclude that gill paCA likely represents an embryonic trait in rainbow trout and is constrained in adults due to their highly pH-sensitive hemoglobins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Colin J Brauner
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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3
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Nelson C, Standen EM, Allen PJ, Brauner CJ. An investigation of gill and blood carbonic anhydrase characteristics in three basal actinopterygian species: alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula), white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and Senegal bichir (Polypterus senegalus). J Comp Physiol B 2024; 194:155-166. [PMID: 38459993 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01539-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Many teleosts possess a unique set of respiratory characteristics allowing enhanced oxygen unloading to the tissues during stress. This system comprises three major components: highly pH sensitive haemoglobins (large Bohr and Root effects), rapid red blood cell (RBC) intracellular pH (pHi) protection, and a heterogeneous distribution of membrane-bound plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase (paCA; absence in the gills). The first two components have received considerable research effort; however, the evolutionary loss of branchial paCA has received little attention. In the current study, we investigated the availability of branchial membrane-bound CA, along with several other CA-related characteristics in species belonging to three basal actinopterygian groups: the Lepisosteiformes, Acipenseriformes and Polypteriformes to assess the earlier hypothesis that Root effect haemoglobins constrain branchial paCA availability. We present the first evidence suggesting branchial membrane-bound CA presence in a basal actinopterygian species: the Senegal bichir (Polypterus senegalus) and show that like the teleosts, white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula) do not possess branchial membrane-bound CA. We discuss the varying respiratory strategies for these species and propose that branchial paCA may have been lost much earlier than previously thought, likely in relation to the changes in haemoglobin buffer capacity associated with the increasing magnitude of the Bohr effect. The findings described here represent an important advancement in our understanding of the evolution of the unique system of enhanced oxygen unloading thought to be present in most teleosts, a group that encompasses half of all vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter J Allen
- Mississippi State University, Mississippi, 39762, USA
| | - Colin J Brauner
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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4
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Priede IG, Jamieson AJ, Bond T, Kitazato H. In situ observation of a macrourid fish at 7259 m in the Japan Trench: swimbladder buoyancy at extreme depth. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246522. [PMID: 38230425 PMCID: PMC10917060 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
A macrourid, Coryphaenoides yaquinae sp. inc., was observed to be attracted to bait and exhibiting normal foraging behaviour during a period of 80 min within view of a baited video camera on the sea floor at 7259 m - the deepest ever observation of a fish species with a swim bladder. The buoyancy provided by an oxygen-filled swim bladder at 74.4 MPa pressure was estimated to be 0.164 N, at a theoretical energy cost of 20 kJ, 200 times less than the cost of equivalent lipid buoyancy. During normal metabolism, 192 days would be required to fill the swimbladder. At these depths, oxygen is very incompressible, so changes in volume during ascent or descent are small. However, swimbladder function is crucially dependent on a very low rate of diffusion of oxygen across the swimbladder wall. The oxygen in the swimbladder could theoretically sustain aerobic metabolism for over 1 year but is unlikely to be used as a reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imants G. Priede
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Alan J. Jamieson
- Minderoo-UWA Deep-Sea Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Todd Bond
- Minderoo-UWA Deep-Sea Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences and Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Kitazato
- Department of Marine Environmental Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
- Danish Center for Hadal Research, Satellite office at TUMSAT, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
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5
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Harter TS, Smith EA, Tresguerres M. A novel perspective on the evolutionary loss of plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase at the teleost gill. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb246016. [PMID: 37694374 PMCID: PMC10629482 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The gills of most teleost fishes lack plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase (paCA) that could participate in CO2 excretion. We tested the prevailing hypothesis that paCA would interfere with red blood cell (RBC) intracellular pH regulation by β-adrenergic sodium-proton exchangers (β-NHE) that protect pH-sensitive haemoglobin-oxygen (Hb-O2) binding during an acidosis. In an open system that mimics the gills, β-NHE activity increased Hb-O2 saturation during a respiratory acidosis in the presence or absence of paCA, whereas the effect was abolished by NHE inhibition. However, in a closed system that mimics the tissue capillaries, paCA disrupted the protective effects of β-NHE activity on Hb-O2 binding. The gills are an open system, where CO2 generated by paCA can diffuse out and is not available to acidifying the RBCs. Therefore, branchial paCA in teleosts may not interfere with RBC pH regulation by β-NHEs, and other explanations for the evolutionary loss of the enzyme must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till S. Harter
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Emma A. Smith
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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6
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Pelster B. The rete mirabile: a possible control site for swimbladder function. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:307-313. [PMID: 37060451 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
In a recent study, a large number of transport proteins was detected in the transcriptome and proteome of saline perfused rete mirabile tissue of the European eel. In this study, the data set was reanalyzed for the presence of receptor proteins and proteins involved in intracellular signaling pathways. A large number of expressed receptor proteins and proteins involved in intracellular signal transduction was detected. Several G-protein-coupled receptor signal pathways were significantly enriched in their expression level, in particular receptors and signaling pathways involved in the control of blood flow. The enriched signaling pathways also include pathways involved in trafficking of crucial transport proteins like, monocarboxylate transporters, V-ATPase, and aquaporin. The data, therefore, suggest that the rete mirabile has the capacity to control swimbladder function by regulating blood flow and by modifying countercurrent multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Pelster
- Institute for Zoology, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Center for Molecular Biosciences, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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7
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Nelson C, Dichiera AM, Jung EH, Brauner CJ. An atlas of plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase availability in the model teleost, the rainbow trout. J Comp Physiol B 2023; 193:293-305. [PMID: 37029801 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-023-01484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The unique teleost oxygenation system that permits enhanced oxygen unloading during stress comprises three main characteristics: pH-sensitive haemoglobin, red blood cell (RBC) intracellular pH (pHi) protection, and a heterogeneous distribution of plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase (paCA). A heterogeneous distribution of paCA is essential; its presence permits enhanced oxygen unloading during stress, while its absence at the gills maintains conditions for oxygen uptake by pH-sensitive haemoglobins. We hypothesised that paCA would be absent in all four gill arches, as has been previously indicated for arch two, and that paCA would be present in all other tissues. Through a suite of biochemical and molecular methods, we confirmed the absence of paCA from all four arches. We also found evidence for paCA in nine other tissues and a lack of paCA availability in the stomach. Expression was highly variable between tissues and suggests these differences may be associated with their respective metabolic activities. Additionally, we analysed the specific CA-IV isoform expressed within each tissue and showed almost complete separation of expression between tissues; CA-IVa was detected in the heart, brain, anterior intestine, and liver, whereas CA-IVb was detected in all intestine sections, pyloric caeca, kidney, and white muscle. This adds to a growing collection of work suggesting CA-IVa and b play divergent roles in gas exchange and ion/acid-base balance, respectively. The current study represents the first comprehensive atlas of paCA availability within the circulatory system of the model teleost, rainbow trout, and fills important gaps in our knowledge of this unique oxygenation system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ellen H Jung
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Colin J Brauner
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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8
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Dichiera AM, De Anda V, Gilmour KM, Baker BJ, Esbaugh AJ. Functional divergence of teleost carbonic anhydrase 4. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 277:111368. [PMID: 36642322 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The functional role of membrane-bound carbonic anhydrases (CAs) has been of keen interest in the past decade, and in particular, studies have linked CA in red muscle, heart, and eye to enhanced tissue oxygen extraction in bony fishes (teleosts). However, the number of purported membrane-bound CA isoforms in teleosts, combined with the imperfect system of CA isoform nomenclature, present roadblocks for ascribing physiological functions to particular CA isoforms across different teleost lineages. Here we developed an organizational framework for membrane-bound CAs in teleosts, providing the latest phylogenetic analysis of extant CA4 and CA4-like isoforms. Our data confirm that there are three distinct isoforms of CA4 (a, b, and c) that are conserved across major teleost lineages, with the exception of CA4c gene being lost in salmonids. Tissue distribution analyses suggest CA4a functions in oxygen delivery across teleost lineages, while CA4b may be specialized for renal acid-base balance and ion regulation. This work provides an important foundation for researchers to elucidate the functional significance of CA4 isoforms in fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina M Dichiera
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Valerie De Anda
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA. https://twitter.com/val_deanda
| | | | - Brett J Baker
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. https://twitter.com/archaeal
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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9
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Queiroz JPF, Lourenzoni MR, Rocha BAM. Structural evolution of an amphibian-specific globin: A computational evolutionary biochemistry approach. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2023; 45:101055. [PMID: 36566682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the globin family are continuously revealing insights into the mechanisms of gene and protein evolution. The rise of a new globin gene type in Pelobatoidea and Neobatrachia (Amphibia:Anura) from an α-globin precursor provides the opportunity to investigate the genetic and physical mechanisms underlying the origin of new protein structural and functional properties. This amphibian-specific globin (globin A/GbA) discovered in the heart of Rana catesbeiana is a monomer. As the ancestral oligomeric state of α-globins is a homodimer, we inferred that the ancestral state was lost somewhere in the GbA lineage. Here, we combined computational molecular evolution with structural bioinformatics to determine the extent to which the loss of the homodimeric state is pervasive in the GbA clade. We also characterized the loci of GbA genes in Bufo bufo. We found two GbA clades in Neobatrachia. One was deleted in Ranidae, but retained and expanded to yield a new globin cluster in Bufonidae species. Loss of the ancestral oligomeric state seems to be pervasive in the GbA clade. However, a taxonomic sampling that includes more Pelobatoidea, as well as early Neobatrachia, lineages would be necessary to determine the oligomeric state of the last common ancestor of all GbA. The evidence presented here points out a possible loss of oligomerization in Pelobatoidea GbA as a result of amino acid substitutions that weaken the homodimeric state. In contrast, the loss of oligomerization in both Neobatrachia GbA clades was linked to independent deletions that disrupted many packing contacts at the homodimer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Fernandes Queiroz
- Laboratorio de Biocristalografia - LABIC, Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Campus do Pici s.n., bloco 907, Av. Mister Hull, Fortaleza, Ceara, 60440-970, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Roberto Lourenzoni
- Protein Engineering and Health Solutions Group - GEPeSS Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz - Ceara, Eusébio, Ceara, 60175-047, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Anderson Matias Rocha
- Laboratorio de Biocristalografia - LABIC, Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Campus do Pici s.n., bloco 907, Av. Mister Hull, Fortaleza, Ceara, 60440-970, Brazil.
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10
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Negrete B, Ackerly KL, Dichiera AM, Esbaugh AJ. Respiratory plasticity improves aerobic performance in hypoxia in a marine teleost. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157880. [PMID: 35944637 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ocean deoxygenation is a pressing concern in the face of climate change. In response to prolonged hypoxia, fishes have demonstrated the ability to dynamically regulate hemoglobin (Hb) expression to enhance oxygen (O2) uptake. Here, we examined hypoxia-inducible Hb expression in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and the subsequent implications on Hb-O2 binding affinity and aerobic scope. Fish were acclimated to 30 % air saturation for 1 d, 4 d, 8 d, 2 w, or 6 w, and red blood cells were collected for gene expression and biochemical profiling. Hypoxia acclimation induced significant up-regulation of one Hb subunit isoform (hbα 2) relative to control by 4 d with consistent upregulation thereafter. Hematocrit increased in hypoxia, with no changes in the allosteric modulator [NTP] at any time point. Changes in Hb expression co-occurred with a reduced Root effect (~26 % in normoxia, ~14 % in hypoxia) at a physiologically relevant pH while increasing O2 binding affinity (i.e., lower P50). These changes correlated with increased maximum metabolic rate and aerobic scope relative to controls when fish were tested in hypoxia. These results demonstrate an important role for Hb multiplicity in improving O2 affinity and maximizing respiratory performance in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Negrete
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.
| | - Kerri Lynn Ackerly
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Angelina M Dichiera
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA; Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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11
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Dichiera AM, Negrete, Jr B, Ackerly KL, Esbaugh AJ. The role of carbonic anhydrase-mediated tissue oxygen extraction in a marine teleost acclimated to hypoxia. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:281316. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
With the growing prevalence of hypoxia (O2 levels ≤2 mg l−1) in aquatic and marine ecosystems, there is increasing interest in the adaptive mechanisms fish may employ to better their performance in stressful environments. Here, we investigated the contribution of a proposed strategy for enhancing tissue O2 extraction – plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase (CA-IV) – under hypoxia in a species of estuarine fish (red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus) that thrives in fluctuating habitats. We predicted that hypoxia-acclimated fish would increase the prevalence of CA-IV in aerobically demanding tissues to confer more efficient tissue O2 extraction. Furthermore, we predicted the phenotypic changes to tissue O2 extraction that occur with hypoxia acclimation may improve respiratory and swim performance under 100% O2 conditions (i.e. normoxia) when compared with performance in fish that have not been acclimated to hypoxia. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in relative CA-IV mRNA expression, protein abundance or enzyme activity between the two treatments, suggesting CA-IV function is maintained under hypoxia. Likewise, respiratory performance of hypoxia-acclimated fish was similar to that of control fish when tested in normoxia. Critical swim speed (Ucrit) was significantly higher in hypoxia-acclimated fish but translated to marginal ecological benefits with an increase of ∼0.3 body lengths per second. Instead, hypoxia-acclimated fish may have relied more heavily on anaerobic metabolism during their swim trials, utilizing burst swimming 1.5 times longer than control fish. While the maintenance of CA-IV may still be an important contributor for hypoxia tolerance, our evidence suggests hypoxia-acclimated red drum are using other mechanisms to cope in an O2-depleted environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina M. Dichiera
- The University of British Columbia 1 Department of Zoology , , Vancouver, BC , Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Benjamin Negrete, Jr
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 2 , Port Aransas, TX 78373 , USA
| | - Kerri Lynn Ackerly
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 2 , Port Aransas, TX 78373 , USA
| | - Andrew J. Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 2 , Port Aransas, TX 78373 , USA
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12
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Shartau RB, Harter TS, Baker DW, Aboagye DL, Allen PJ, Val AL, Crossley DA, Kohl ZF, Hedrick MS, Damsgaard C, Brauner CJ. Acute CO 2 tolerance in fishes is associated with air breathing but not the Root effect, red cell βNHE, or habitat. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 274:111304. [PMID: 36049728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
High CO2 (hypercapnia) can impose significant physiological challenges associated with acid-base regulation in fishes, impairing whole animal performance and survival. Unlike other environmental conditions such as temperature and O2, the acute CO2 tolerance thresholds of fishes are not understood. While some fish species are highly tolerant, the extent of acute CO2 tolerance and the associated physiological and ecological traits remain largely unknown. To investigate this, we used a recently developed ramping assay, termed the Carbon Dioxide maximum (CDmax), that increases CO2 exposure until loss of equilibrium (LOE) is observed. We investigated if there was a relationship between CO2 tolerance and the Root effect, β-adrenergic sodium proton exchanger (βNHE), air-breathing, and fish habitat in 17 species. We hypothesized that CO2 tolerance would be higher in fishes that lack both a Root effect and βNHE, breathe air, and reside in tropical habitats. Our results showed that CDmax ranged from 2.7 to 26.7 kPa, while LOE was never reached in four species at the maximum PCO2 we could measure (26.7 kPa); CO2 tolerance was only associated with air-breathing, but not the presence of a Root effect or a red blood cell (RBC) βNHE, or fish habitat. This study demonstrates that the diverse group of fishes investigated here are incredibly tolerant of CO2 and that although this tolerance is associated with air-breathing, further investigations are required to understand the basis for CO2 tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Shartau
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - T S Harter
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - D W Baker
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada.
| | - D L Aboagye
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - P J Allen
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA.
| | - A L Val
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - D A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
| | - Z F Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - M S Hedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, USA.
| | - C Damsgaard
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - C J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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13
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Damsgaard C, Country MW. The Opto-Respiratory Compromise: Balancing Oxygen Supply and Light Transmittance in the Retina. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:101-113. [PMID: 34843655 PMCID: PMC9159541 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00027.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The light-absorbing retina has an exceptionally high oxygen demand, which imposes two conflicting needs: high rates of blood perfusion and an unobstructed light path devoid of blood vessels. This review discusses mechanisms and physiological trade-offs underlying retinal oxygen supply in vertebrates and examines how these physiological systems supported the evolution of vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Damsgaard
- 1Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,2Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael W. Country
- 3Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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14
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Schneebauer G, Drechsel V, Dirks R, Faserl K, Sarg B, Pelster B. Expression of transport proteins in the rete mirabile of european silver and yellow eel. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:866. [PMID: 34856920 PMCID: PMC8638102 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In physoclist fishes filling of the swimbladder requires acid secretion of gas gland cells to switch on the Root effect and subsequent countercurrent concentration of the initial gas partial pressure increase by back-diffusion of gas molecules in the rete mirabile. It is generally assumed that the rete mirabile functions as a passive exchanger, but a detailed analysis of lactate and water movements in the rete mirabile of the eel revealed that lactate is diffusing back in the rete. In the present study we therefore test the hypothesis that expression of transport proteins in rete capillaries allows for back-diffusion of ions and metabolites, which would support the countercurrent concentrating capacity of the rete mirabile. It is also assumed that in silver eels, the migratory stage of the eel, the expression of transport proteins would be enhanced. RESULTS Analysis of the transcriptome and of the proteome of rete mirabile tissue of the European eel revealed the expression of a large number of membrane ion and metabolite transport proteins, including monocarboxylate and glucose transport proteins. In addition, ion channel proteins, Ca2+-ATPase, Na+/K+-ATPase and also F1F0-ATP synthase were detected. In contrast to our expectation in silver eels the expression of these transport proteins was not elevated as compared to yellow eels. A remarkable number of enzymes degrading reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected in rete capillaries. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal the expression of a large number of transport proteins in rete capillaries, so that the back diffusion of ions and metabolites, in particular lactate, may significantly enhance the countercurrent concentrating ability of the rete. Metabolic pathways allowing for aerobic generation of ATP supporting secondary active transport mechanisms are established. Rete tissue appears to be equipped with a high ROS defense capacity, preventing damage of the tissue due to the high oxygen partial pressures generated in the countercurrent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Schneebauer
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Victoria Drechsel
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ron Dirks
- Future Genomics Technologies, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Faserl
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Protein Core Facility, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bettina Sarg
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Protein Core Facility, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernd Pelster
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Institut für Zoologie Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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15
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Harter TS, Clifford AM, Tresguerres M. Adrenergically induced translocation of red blood cell β-adrenergic sodium-proton exchangers has ecological relevance for hypoxic and hypercapnic white seabass. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 321:R655-R671. [PMID: 34494485 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00175.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
White seabass (Atractoscion nobilis) increasingly experience periods of low oxygen (O2; hypoxia) and high carbon dioxide (CO2, hypercapnia) due to climate change and eutrophication of the coastal waters of California. Hemoglobin (Hb) is the principal O2 carrier in the blood and in many teleost fishes Hb-O2 binding is compromised at low pH; however, the red blood cells (RBC) of some species regulate intracellular pH with adrenergically stimulated sodium-proton-exchangers (β-NHEs). We hypothesized that RBC β-NHEs in white seabass are an important mechanism that can protect the blood O2-carrying capacity during hypoxia and hypercapnia. We determined the O2-binding characteristics of white seabass blood, the cellular and subcellular response of RBCs to adrenergic stimulation, and quantified the protective effect of β-NHE activity on Hb-O2 saturation. White seabass had typical teleost Hb characteristics, with a moderate O2 affinity (Po2 at half-saturation; P50 2.9 kPa) that was highly pH-sensitive (Bohr coefficient -0.92; Root effect 52%). Novel findings from super-resolution microscopy revealed β-NHE protein in vesicle-like structures and its translocation into the membrane after adrenergic stimulation. Microscopy data were corroborated by molecular and phylogenetic results and a functional characterization of β-NHE activity. The activation of RBC β-NHEs increased Hb-O2 saturation by ∼8% in normoxic hypercapnia and by up to ∼20% in hypoxic normocapnia. Our results provide novel insight into the cellular mechanism of adrenergic RBC stimulation within an ecologically relevant context. β-NHE activity in white seabass has great potential to protect arterial O2 transport during hypoxia and hypercapnia but is less effective during combinations of these stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till S Harter
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alexander M Clifford
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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16
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Pelster B. Using the swimbladder as a respiratory organ and/or a buoyancy structure-Benefits and consequences. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 335:831-842. [PMID: 33830682 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A swimbladder is a special organ present in several orders of Actinopterygians. As a gas-filled cavity it contributes to a reduction in overall density, but on descend from the water surface its contribution as a buoyancy device is very limited because the swimbladder is compressed by increasing hydrostatic pressure. It serves, however, as a very efficient organ for aerial gas exchange. To avoid the loss of oxygen to hypoxic water at the gills many air-breathing fish show a reduced gill surface area. This, in turn, also reduces surface area available for other functions, so that breathing air is connected to a number of physiological adjustments with respect to ion homeostasis, acid-base regulation and nitrogen excretion. Using the swimbladder as a buoyancy structure resulted in the loss of its function as an air-breathing organ and required the development of a gas secreting mechanism. This was achieved via the Root effect and a countercurrent arrangement of the blood supply to the swimbladder. In addition, a detachable air space with separated blood supply was necessary to allow the resorption of gas from the swimbladder. Gas secretion as well as gas resorption are slow phenomena, so that rapid changes in depth cannot instantaneously be compensated by appropriate volume changes. As gas-filled cavities the respiratory swimbladder and the buoyancy device require surfactant. Due to high oxygen partial pressures inside the bladder air-exposed tissues need an effective reactive oxygen species defense system, which is particularly important for a swimbladder at depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Pelster
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Andersen NCM, Fago A, Damsgaard C. Evolution of hemoglobin function in tropical air-breathing catfishes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 335:814-819. [PMID: 34254462 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of hemoglobin function in the transition from water- to air-breathing has been highly debated but remains unresolved. Here, we characterized the hemoglobin function in five closely related water- and air-breathing catfishes. We identify distinct directions of hemoglobin evolution in the clades that evolved air-breathing, and we show strong selection on hemoglobin function within the catfishes. These findings show that the lack of a general direction in hemoglobin function in the transition from water- to air-breathing may have resulted from divergent selection on hemoglobin function in independent clades of air-breathing fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Fago
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian Damsgaard
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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18
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Enhanced oxygen unloading in two marine percomorph teleosts. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 264:111101. [PMID: 34755650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Teleost fishes are diverse and successful, comprising almost half of all extant vertebrate species. It has been suggested that their success as a group is related, in part, to their unique O2 transport system, which includes pH-sensitive hemoglobin, a red blood cell β-adrenergic Na+/H+ exchanger (RBC β-NHE) that protects red blood cell pH, and plasma accessible carbonic anhydrase which is absent at the gills but present in some tissues, that short-circuits the β-NHE to enhance O2 unloading during periods of stress. However, direct support for this has only been examined in a few species of salmonids. Here, we expand the knowledge of this system to two warm-water, highly active marine percomorph fish, cobia (Rachycentron canadum) and mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus). We show evidence for RBC β-NHE activity in both species, and characterize the Hb-O2 transport system in one of those species, cobia. We found significant RBC swelling following β-adrenergic stimulation in both species, providing evidence for the presence of a rapid, active RBC β-NHE in both cobia and mahi-mahi, with a time-course similar to that of salmonids. We generated oxygen equilibrium curves (OECs) for cobia blood and determined the P50, Hill, and Bohr coefficients, and used these data to model the potential for enhanced O2 unloading. We determined that there was potential for up to a 61% increase in O2 unloading associated with RBC β-NHE short-circuiting, assuming a - 0.2 ∆pHa-v in the blood. Thus, despite phylogenetic and life history differences between cobia and the salmonids, we found few differences between their Hb-O2 transport systems, suggesting conservation of this physiological trait across diverse teleost taxa.
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19
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Slatinskaya OV, Luneva OG, Deev LI, Zaripov PI, Maksimov GV. The Hemoglobin Conformation in Erythrocytes at Different Levels of Oxygen Partial Pressure. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350921050225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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20
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Andreyeva AY, Kladchenko ES, Sudnitsyna JS, Krivchenko AI, Mindukshev IV, Gambaryan S. Protein kinase A activity and NO are involved in the regulation of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) red blood cell osmotic fragility. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:1105-1117. [PMID: 34052972 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the cAMP pathway by β-adrenergic stimulation and cGMP pathway by activation of guanylate cyclase substantially affects red blood cell (RBC) membrane properties in mammals. However, whether similar mechanisms are involved in RBC regulation of lower vertebrates, especially teleosts, is not elucidated yet. In this study, we evaluated the effects of adenylate cyclase activation by epinephrine and forskolin, guanylate cyclase activation by sodium nitroprusside, and the role of Na+/H+-exchanger in the changes of osmotic fragility and regulatory volume decrease (RVD) response in crucian carp RBCs. Western blot analysis of protein kinase A and protein kinase G substrate phosphorylation revealed that changes in osmotic fragility were regulated via the protein kinase A, but not protein kinase G signaling pathway. At the same time, the RVD response in crucian carp RBCs was not affected either by activation of adenylate or guanylate cyclase. Adenylate cyclase/protein kinase A activation significantly decreased RBC osmotic fragility, i.e., increased cell rigidity. Inhibition of Na+/H+-exchanger by amiloride had no effect on the epinephrine-mediated decrease of RBC osmotic fragility. NO donor SNP did not activate guanylate cyclase, however affected RBCs osmotic fragility by protein kinase G-independent mechanisms. Taken together, our data demonstrated that the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and NO are involved in the regulation of crucian carp RBC osmotic fragility, but not in RVD response. The authors confirm that the study has no clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Yu Andreyeva
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Moscow Representative Office A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Leninsky ave 38, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Toreza, 44, St-Petersburg, Russia, 194223.
| | - Ekaterina S Kladchenko
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Moscow Representative Office A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, Leninsky ave 38, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Julia S Sudnitsyna
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Toreza, 44, St-Petersburg, Russia, 194223
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, RAS, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya Str., 30, Moscow, Russia, 109029
| | - Aleksander I Krivchenko
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Toreza, 44, St-Petersburg, Russia, 194223
| | - Igor V Mindukshev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Toreza, 44, St-Petersburg, Russia, 194223
| | - Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Toreza, 44, St-Petersburg, Russia, 194223
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21
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Dichiera AM, Khursigara AJ, Esbaugh AJ. The effects of warming on red blood cell carbonic anhydrase activity and respiratory performance in a marine fish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 260:111033. [PMID: 34252533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Measures of fitness are valuable tools to predict species' responses to environmental changes, like increased water temperature. Aerobic scope (AS) is a measure of an individual's capacity for aerobic processes, and frequently used as a proxy for fitness. However, AS is complicated by individual variation found not only within a species, but within similar body sizes as well. Maximum metabolic rate (MMR), one of the factors determining AS, is constrained by an individual's ability to deliver and extract oxygen (O2) at the tissues. Recently, data has shown that red blood cell carbonic anhydrase (RBC CA) is rate-limiting for O2 delivery in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). We hypothesized increased temperature impacts MMR and RBC CA activity in a similar manner, and that an individual's RBC CA activity drives individual variation in AS. Red drum were acutely exposed to increased temperature (+6 °C; 22 °C to 28 °C) for 24 h prior to exhaustive exercise and intermittent-flow respirometry at 28 °C. RBC CA activity was measured before temperature exposure and after aerobic performance. Due to enzymatic thermal sensitivity, acute warming increased individual RBC CA activity by 36%, while there was no significant change in the control (22 °C) treatment. Interestingly, average MMR of the acute warming treatment was 36% greater than that of control drum. However, we found no relationships between individual RBC CA activity and their respective MMR and AS at either temperature. While warming similarly affects RBC CA activity and MMR, RBC CA activity is not a predictor of individual MMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina M Dichiera
- The University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA.
| | - Alexis J Khursigara
- The University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- The University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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22
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Lei Y, Yang L, Zhou Y, Wang C, Lv W, Li L, He S. Hb adaptation to hypoxia in high-altitude fishes: Fresh evidence from schizothoracinae fishes in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:471-484. [PMID: 34214574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Uncovering the genetic basis of hypoxic adaptation is one of the most active research areas in evolutionary biology. Among air-breathing vertebrates, modifications of hemoglobin (Hb) play a pivotal role in mediating an adaptive response to high-altitude hypoxia. However, the relative contributions in water-breathing organisms are still unclear. Here, we tested the Hb concentration of fish at different altitudes. All species showed species-specific Hb concentration, which has a non-positive correlation with altitude. Moreover, we investigated the expression of Hb genes by the RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and Hb composition by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). The results showed that the multiple Hb genes and isoforms are co-expressed in schizothoracinae fishes endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). Phylogenetic analyses of Hb genes indicated that the evolutionary relationships are not easily reconciled with the organismal phylogeny. Furthermore, evidence of positive selection was found in the Hb genes of schizothoracinae fishes through the selection pressure analysis. We demonstrated that positively selected sites likely facilitated the functional divergence of Hb isoforms. Taken together, this study indicated that the long-term maintenance of high Hb concentration may be a disadvantage for physiologically acclimating to high altitude hypoxia. Meanwhile, the genetically based modification of Hb-O2 affinity in schizothoracinae fishes might facilitate the evolutionary adaptation to Tibetan aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lei
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liandong Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenqi Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shunping He
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
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23
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Schwieterman GD, Rummer JL, Bouyoucos IA, Bushnell PG, Brill RW. A lack of red blood cell swelling in five elasmobranch fishes following air exposure and exhaustive exercise. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 258:110978. [PMID: 33989809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In teleost fishes, catecholamine-induced increases in the activity of cation exchangers compensate for decreases in hemoglobin oxygen affinity and maximum blood oxygen carrying capacity caused by decreases in plasma pH (i.e., metabolic acidosis). The resultant red blood cell (RBC) swelling has been documented in sandbar (Carcharhinus plumbeus) and epaulette (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) sharks following capture by rod-and-reel or after a 1.5 h exposure to anoxia (respectively), although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. To determine if RBC swelling could be documented in other elasmobranch fishes, we collected blood samples from clearnose skate (Rostroraja eglanteria), blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus), and sicklefin lemon shark (Negaprion acutidens) subjected to exhaustive exercise or air exposure (or both) and measured hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, RBC count, RBC volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin content. We did likewise with sandbar and epaulette sharks to further explore the mechanisms driving swelling when present. We could not document RBC swelling in any species; although hematocrit increased in all species (presumably due to RBC ejection from the spleen or fluid shifts out of the vascular compartment) except epaulette shark. Our results indicate RBC swelling and associated ion shifts in elasmobranch fishes is not inducible by exercise or hypoxia, thus implying this response maybe of lesser importance for maintaining oxygen delivery during acute acidosis than in teleost fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail D Schwieterman
- Department of Fisheries Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States of America.
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Ian A Bouyoucos
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia; PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Peter G Bushnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, IN 46615, United States of America
| | - Richard W Brill
- Department of Fisheries Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States of America
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24
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Bautista NM, Damsgaard C, Fago A, Wang T. Carbon dioxide and bicarbonate accumulation in caiman erythrocytes during diving. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.242435. [PMID: 33771914 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of crocodilian haemoglobins to bind HCO3 - has been appreciated for more than half a century, but the functional implication of this is exceptional mechanism has not previously been assessed in vivo Therefore, the goal of the present study was to address the hypothesis that CO2 primarily binds to Hb, rather than being accumulated in plasma as in other vertebrates, during diving in caimans. Here, we demonstrate that CO2 primarily accumulates within the erythrocyte during diving and that most of the accumulated CO2 is bound to haemoglobin. Furthermore, we show that this HCO3 --binding is tightly associated with the progressive blood deoxygenation during diving, therefore, crocodilians differ from the classic vertebrate pattern, where HCO3 - accumulates in the plasma upon excretion from the erythrocytes by the Cl--HCO3 --exchanger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim M Bautista
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Damsgaard
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Angela Fago
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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25
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Effect of NH2-terminal acetylation on the oxygenation properties of vertebrate haemoglobin. Biochem J 2021; 477:3839-3850. [PMID: 32936244 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In vertebrate haemoglobin (Hb), the NH2-terminal residues of the α- and β-chain subunits are thought to play an important role in the allosteric binding of protons (Bohr effect), CO2 (as carbamino derivatives), chloride ions, and organic phosphates. Accordingly, acetylation of the α- and/or β-chain NH2-termini may have significant effects on the oxygenation properties of Hb. Here we investigate the effect of NH2-terminal acetylation by using a newly developed expression plasmid system that enables us to compare recombinantly expressed Hbs that are structurally identical except for the presence or absence of NH2-terminal acetyl groups. Experiments with native and recombinant Hbs of representative vertebrates reveal that NH2-terminal acetylation does not impair the Bohr effect, nor does it significantly diminish responsiveness to allosteric cofactors, such as chloride ions or organic phosphates. These results suggest that observed variation in the oxygenation properties of vertebrate Hbs is principally explained by amino acid divergence in the constituent globin chains rather than post-translational modifications of the globin chain NH2-termini.
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26
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Damsgaard C. Physiology and evolution of oxygen secreting mechanism in the fisheye. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 252:110840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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27
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Dichiera AM, Esbaugh AJ. Red blood cell carbonic anhydrase mediates oxygen delivery via the Root effect in red drum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/22/jeb232991. [PMID: 33243926 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.232991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) transport are tightly coupled in many fishes as a result of the presence of Root effect hemoglobins (Hb), whereby reduced pH reduces O2 binding even at high O2 tensions. Red blood cell carbonic anhydrase (RBC CA) activity limits the rate of intracellular acidification, yet its role in O2 delivery has been downplayed. We developed an in vitro assay to manipulate RBC CA activity while measuring Hb-O2 offloading following a physiologically relevant CO2-induced acidification. RBC CA activity in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) was inhibited with ethoxzolamide by 53.7±0.5%, which prompted a significant reduction in O2 offloading rate by 54.3±5.4% (P=0.0206, two-tailed paired t-test; n=7). Conversely, a 2.03-fold increase in RBC CA activity prompted a 2.14-fold increase in O2 offloading rate (P<0.001, two-tailed paired t-test; n=8). This approximately 1:1 relationship between RBC CA activity and Hb-O2 offloading rate coincided with a similar allometric scaling exponent for RBC CA activity and maximum metabolic rate. Together, our data suggest that RBC CA is rate limiting for O2 delivery in red drum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina M Dichiera
- The University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- The University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
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Tunnah L, Robertson CE, Turko AJ, Wright PA. Acclimation to prolonged aquatic hypercarbia or air enhances hemoglobin‑oxygen affinity in an amphibious fish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 252:110848. [PMID: 33217558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
When the amphibious mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus) leaves water for extended periods, hemoglobin-O2 binding affinity increases. We tested the hypothesis that the change in affinity was a consequence of hemoglobin isoform switching driven by exposure to environments associated with increased internal CO2 levels. We exposed K. marmoratus to either water (control, pH 8.1), air, aquatic hypercarbia (5.1 kPa CO2, pH 6.6-6.8), or aquatic acid (isocarbic control, pH 6.6-6.8), for 7 days, and measured hemoglobin-O2 affinity spectrophotometrically. We found that mangrove rivulus compensated for elevated CO2 and aquatic acid exposure by shifting hemoglobin-O2 affinity back to aquatic (control) levels when measured at an ecologically-relevant high CO2 level that would be experienced in vivo. Using proteomics, we found that the hemoglobin subunits present in the blood did not change between treatments, but air and aquatic acid exposure altered the abundance of cathodic hemoglobin subunits. We therefore conclude that hemoglobin isoform switching is not a primary strategy used by mangrove rivulus to adjust P50 under these conditions. Abundances of other RBC proteins also differed between treatment groups relative to control fish (e.g. Rhesus protein type A, band 3 anion exchanger). Overall, our data indicate that both aquatic hypercarbia and aquatic acidosis create similar changes in hemoglobin-O2 affinity as air exposure. However, the protein-level consequences differ between these groups, indicating that the red blood cell response of mangrove rivulus can be modulated depending on the environmental cue received.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Tunnah
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Cayleih E Robertson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Lei Y, Yang L, Jiang H, Chen J, Sun N, Lv W, He S. Recent genome duplications facilitate the phenotypic diversity of Hb repertoire in the Cyprinidae. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:1149-1164. [PMID: 33051703 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1809-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) are an important contributor to phenotypic innovations in evolutionary history. The diversity of blood oxygen transport traits is the perfect reflection of physiological versatility for evolutionary success among vertebrates. In this study, the evolutionary changes of hemoglobin (Hb) repertoire driven by the recent genome duplications were detected in representative Cyprinidae fish, including eight diploid and four tetraploid species. Comparative genomic analysis revealed a substantial variation in both membership composition and intragenomic organization of Hb genes in these species. Phylogenetic reconstruction analyses were conducted to characterize the evolutionary history of these genes. Data were integrated with the expression profiles of the genes during ontogeny. Our results indicated that genome duplications facilitated the phenotypic diversity of the Hb gene family; each was associated with species-specific changes in gene content via gene loss and fusion after genome duplications. This led to repeated evolutionary transitions in the ontogenic regulation of Hb gene expression. Our results revealed that genome duplications helped to generate phenotypic changes in Cyprinidae Hb systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lei
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liandong Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Juan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ning Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenqi Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shunping He
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
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30
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Damsgaard C, Lauridsen H, Harter TS, Kwan GT, Thomsen JS, Funder AM, Supuran CT, Tresguerres M, Matthews PG, Brauner CJ. A novel acidification mechanism for greatly enhanced oxygen supply to the fish retina. eLife 2020; 9:58995. [PMID: 32840208 PMCID: PMC7447425 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that the evolution of high acuity vision in fishes was directly associated with their unique pH-sensitive hemoglobins that allow O2 to be delivered to the retina at PO2s more than ten-fold that of arterial blood (Damsgaard et al., 2019). Here, we show strong evidence that vacuolar-type H+-ATPase and plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase in the vascular structure supplying the retina act together to acidify the red blood cell leading to O2 secretion. In vivo data indicate that this pathway primarily affects the oxygenation of the inner retina involved in signal processing and transduction, and that the evolution of this pathway was tightly associated with the morphological expansion of the inner retina. We conclude that this mechanism for retinal oxygenation played a vital role in the adaptive evolution of vision in teleost fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Lauridsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Till S Harter
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Garfield T Kwan
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | | | - Anette Md Funder
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Florence, Italy
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Philip Gd Matthews
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Bouyoucos IA, Morrison PR, Weideli OC, Jacquesson E, Planes S, Simpfendorfer CA, Brauner CJ, Rummer JL. Thermal tolerance and hypoxia tolerance are associated in blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) neonates. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:223/14/jeb221937. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.221937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Thermal dependence of growth and metabolism can influence thermal preference and tolerance in marine ectotherms, including threatened and data-deficient species. Here, we quantified the thermal dependence of physiological performance in neonates of a tropical shark species (blacktip reef shark, Carcharhinus melanopterus) from shallow, nearshore habitats. We measured minimum and maximum oxygen uptake rates (ṀO2), calculated aerobic scope, excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and recovery from exercise, and measured critical thermal maxima (CTmax), thermal safety margins, hypoxia tolerance, specific growth rates, body condition and food conversion efficiencies at two ecologically relevant acclimation temperatures (28 and 31°C). Owing to high post-exercise mortality, a third acclimation temperature (33°C) was not investigated further. Acclimation temperature did not affect ṀO2 or growth, but CTmax and hypoxia tolerance were greatest at 31°C and positively associated. We also quantified in vitro temperature (25, 30 and 35°C) and pH effects on haemoglobin–oxygen (Hb–O2) affinity of wild-caught, non-acclimated sharks. As expected, Hb–O2 affinity decreased with increasing temperatures, but pH effects observed at 30°C were absent at 25 and 35°C. Finally, we logged body temperatures of free-ranging sharks and determined that C. melanopterus neonates avoided 31°C in situ. We conclude that C. melanopterus neonates demonstrate minimal thermal dependence of whole-organism physiological performance across a seasonal temperature range and may use behaviour to avoid unfavourable environmental temperatures. The association between thermal tolerance and hypoxia tolerance suggests a common mechanism warranting further investigation. Future research should explore the consequences of ocean warming, especially in nearshore, tropical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. Bouyoucos
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Phillip R. Morrison
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ornella C. Weideli
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Eva Jacquesson
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Serge Planes
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan Cedex, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence ‘CORAIL’, EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Papetoai, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Colin A. Simpfendorfer
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture & College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
| | - Colin J. Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jodie L. Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
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Tresguerres M, Clifford AM, Harter TS, Roa JN, Thies AB, Yee DP, Brauner CJ. Evolutionary links between intra- and extracellular acid-base regulation in fish and other aquatic animals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:449-465. [PMID: 32458594 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The acid-base relevant molecules carbon dioxide (CO2 ), protons (H+ ), and bicarbonate (HCO3 - ) are substrates and end products of some of the most essential physiological functions including aerobic and anaerobic respiration, ATP hydrolysis, photosynthesis, and calcification. The structure and function of many enzymes and other macromolecules are highly sensitive to changes in pH, and thus maintaining acid-base homeostasis in the face of metabolic and environmental disturbances is essential for proper cellular function. On the other hand, CO2 , H+ , and HCO3 - have regulatory effects on various proteins and processes, both directly through allosteric modulation and indirectly through signal transduction pathways. Life in aquatic environments presents organisms with distinct acid-base challenges that are not found in terrestrial environments. These include a relatively high CO2 relative to O2 solubility that prevents internal CO2 /HCO3 - accumulation to buffer pH, a lower O2 content that may favor anaerobic metabolism, and variable environmental CO2 , pH and O2 levels that require dynamic adjustments in acid-base homeostatic mechanisms. Additionally, some aquatic animals purposely create acidic or alkaline microenvironments that drive specialized physiological functions. For example, acidifying mechanisms can enhance O2 delivery by red blood cells, lead to ammonia trapping for excretion or buoyancy purposes, or lead to CO2 accumulation to promote photosynthesis by endosymbiotic algae. On the other hand, alkalinizing mechanisms can serve to promote calcium carbonate skeletal formation. This nonexhaustive review summarizes some of the distinct acid-base homeostatic mechanisms that have evolved in aquatic organisms to meet the particular challenges of this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Alexander M Clifford
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Till S Harter
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Jinae N Roa
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Angus B Thies
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Daniel P Yee
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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33
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Berenbrink M. Extinct proteins resurrected to reconstruct the evolution of vertebrate haemoglobin. Nature 2020; 581:388-389. [DOI: 10.1038/d41586-020-01287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lucu Č. Hypoxia attenuate ionic transport in the isolated gill epithelium of Carcinus maenas. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:391-401. [PMID: 32333115 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The gills are osmorespiratory organs of aquatic organisms and the prime target of environmentally induced hypoxia. We have studied the impact of severe hypoxia (0.5 mg O2/L) on the ionic transport across posterior gills of Carcinus maenas acclimated to 12 ppt seawater (DSW). The short-circuit current (Isc) across hemilamellae from gills i.e. active ion transport was studied in micro Ussing chambers. Hypoxia induced by deoxygenation of the basolateral side, and not the apical side, resulted in time-dependent inhibition of Isc and full recovery of Isc after reoxygenation. Exposure of the crabs to severe 7 h hypoxia decreased the specific activity of Na+,K+-ATPase in the gills by 36%. Full recovery of enzyme activity occurred in fasted crabs after 3 days of reoxygenation. The intensity of Western blotting bands was not different in the gills of oxygenated, hypoxic and reoxygenated crabs. The reversible, nonspecific blocker of K+ channels Cs and hypoxia inhibited over 90% of Isc which is after reoxygenation fully recovered. The specific blocker of Cl- channels NPPB [5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid] blocked Isc by 68.5%. Only the rest of not inhibited Isc in aerated saline was blocked by hypoxia and recovered after reoxygenation. The activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase was not changed during hypoxia and reoxygenation kept the high enzyme activity in the gills at the level of crabs acclimated to DSW. As a response to hypoxia the presence of 2 mM H2O2 induce an initial slight transient decrease of Isc followed by a rise and after reoxygenation fully recovered Isc. Incubation of hemilamellae with the antioxidant derivative Trolox did not affect the inhibition of Isc by hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Čedomil Lucu
- Center for Marine Research, Institute Ruđer Bošković, Rovinj, Zagreb, Croatia.
- Alfred Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Wadden Sea Station List, Sylt, Germany.
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35
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Shartau RB, Baker DW, Harter TS, Aboagye DL, Allen PJ, Val AL, Crossley DA, Kohl ZF, Hedrick MS, Damsgaard C, Brauner CJ. Preferential intracellular pH regulation is a common trait amongst fishes exposed to high environmental CO 2. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb208868. [PMID: 32127382 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.208868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute (<96 h) exposure to elevated environmental CO2 (hypercarbia) induces a pH disturbance in fishes that is often compensated by concurrent recovery of intracellular and extracellular pH (pHi and pHe, respectively; coupled pH regulation). However, coupled pH regulation may be limited at CO2 partial pressure (PCO2 ) tensions far below levels that some fishes naturally encounter. Previously, four hypercarbia-tolerant fishes had been shown to completely and rapidly regulate heart, brain, liver and white muscle pHi during acute exposure to >4 kPa PCO2 (preferential pHi regulation) before pHe compensation was observed. Here, we test the hypothesis that preferential pHi regulation is a widespread strategy of acid-base regulation among fish by measuring pHi regulation in 10 different fish species that are broadly phylogenetically separated, spanning six orders, eight families and 10 genera. Contrary to previous views, we show that preferential pHi regulation is the most common strategy for acid-base regulation within these fishes during exposure to severe acute hypercarbia and that this strategy is associated with increased hypercarbia tolerance. This suggests that preferential pHi regulation may confer tolerance to the respiratory acidosis associated with hypercarbia, and we propose that it is an exaptation that facilitated key evolutionary transitions in vertebrate evolution, such as the evolution of air breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Shartau
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - D W Baker
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - T S Harter
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - D L Aboagye
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
| | - P J Allen
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
| | - A L Val
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon (INPA), Manaus, AM CEP 69080-971, Brazil
| | - D A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - Z F Kohl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5017, USA
| | - M S Hedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, CA 94542, USA
| | - C Damsgaard
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - C J Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Dichiera AM, McMillan OJL, Clifford AM, Goss GG, Brauner CJ, Esbaugh AJ. The importance of a single amino acid substitution in reduced red blood cell carbonic anhydrase function of early-diverging fish. J Comp Physiol B 2020; 190:287-296. [PMID: 32146532 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In most vertebrates, red blood cell carbonic anhydrase (RBC CA) plays a critical role in carbon dioxide (CO2) transport and excretion across epithelial tissues. Many early-diverging fishes (e.g., hagfish and chondrichthyans) are unique in possessing plasma-accessible membrane-bound CA-IV in the gills, allowing some CO2 excretion to occur without involvement from the RBCs. However, implications of this on RBC CA function are unclear. Through homology cloning techniques, we identified the putative protein sequences for RBC CA from nine early-diverging species. In all cases, these sequences contained a modification of the proton shuttle residue His-64, and activity measurements from three early-diverging fish demonstrated significantly reduced CA activity. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to restore the His-64 proton shuttle, which significantly increased RBC CA activity, clearly illustrating the functional significance of His-64 in fish red blood cell CA activity. Bayesian analyses of 55 vertebrate cytoplasmic CA isozymes suggested that independent evolutionary events led to the modification of His-64 and thus reduced CA activity in hagfish and chondrichthyans. Additionally, in early-diverging fish that possess branchial CA-IV, there is an absence of His-64 in RBC CAs and the absence of the Root effect [where a reduction in pH reduces hemoglobin's capacity to bind with oxygen (O2)]. Taken together, these data indicate that low-activity RBC CA may be present in all fish with branchial CA-IV, and that the high-activity RBC CA seen in most teleosts may have evolved in conjunction with enhanced hemoglobin pH sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina M Dichiera
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373-5015, USA.
| | - Olivia J L McMillan
- Zoology Department, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alexander M Clifford
- Scripps Institute of Oceanography, The University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0202, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0202, USA
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R3, Canada.,Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Road, Bamfield, BC, V0R 1B0, Canada
| | - Colin J Brauner
- Zoology Department, The University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 750 Channel View Drive, Port Aransas, TX, 78373-5015, USA
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37
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Damsgaard C, Baliga VB, Bates E, Burggren W, McKenzie DJ, Taylor E, Wright PA. Evolutionary and cardio-respiratory physiology of air-breathing and amphibious fishes. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13406. [PMID: 31630483 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Air-breathing and amphibious fishes are essential study organisms to shed insight into the required physiological shifts that supported the full transition from aquatic water-breathing fishes to terrestrial air-breathing tetrapods. While the origin of air-breathing in the evolutionary history of the tetrapods has received considerable focus, much less is known about the evolutionary physiology of air-breathing among fishes. This review summarizes recent advances within the field with specific emphasis on the cardiorespiratory regulation associated with air-breathing and terrestrial excursions, and how respiratory physiology of these living transitional forms are affected by development and personality. Finally, we provide a detailed and re-evaluated model of the evolution of air-breathing among fishes that serves as a framework for addressing new questions on the cardiorespiratory changes associated with it. This review highlights the importance of combining detailed studies on piscine air-breathing model species with comparative multi-species studies, to add an additional dimension to our understanding of the evolutionary physiology of air-breathing in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vikram B. Baliga
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Eric Bates
- Derailleur Interactive Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Warren Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences University of North Texas Denton TX USA
| | - David J. McKenzie
- UMR Marbec, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer Université Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Edwin Taylor
- School of Biosciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
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de Lima PM, Vieira JCS, Cavecci-Mendonça B, Fleuri LF, de Lima Leite A, Buzalaf MAR, Pezzato LE, Braga CP, de Magalhães Padilha P. Identification of Zinc Absorption Biomarkers in Muscle Tissue of Nile Tilapia Fed with Organic and Inorganic Sources of Zinc Using Metallomics Analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 194:259-272. [PMID: 31172428 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01765-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of metallomics techniques has allowed for metallomics analysis of biological systems, enabling a better understanding of the response mechanisms for different stimuli, their relationship to metallic species, and the characterization of biomarkers. In this study, a metallomics analysis of the muscle tissue of Nile tilapia was used to aid the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in zinc absorption in this fish species when fed organic and/or inorganic sources of zinc and to identify possible biomarkers for the absorption of this micromineral. To accomplish this, the fish were separated into three groups of 24 g, 74 g, and 85 g initial weights, and each group, respectively, was fed a zinc-free diet (control group, G1), a diet containing zinc found in organic sources (treatment 1, G2), and a diet containing zinc from an inorganic source (treatment 2, G3). Two-dimensional polyacrylamide (2D PAGE) gel electrophoresis was used to separate the proteins of the muscle tissue. Subsequently, the expression profiles of protein spots in the samples where zinc was applied in different concentrations were compared, using the software ImageMaster 2D Platinum version 7.0, to identify proteins that were differentially expressed. The identified proteins were then exposed to atomic absorption spectrometry in a graphite furnace to determine zinc mapping and were subsequently characterized via electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). The metallomic analysis identified 15 proteins differentially expressed and associated with zinc, leading to the conclusion that three metal-binding proteins presented as possible biomarkers of zinc absorption in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Monteiro de Lima
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Cavalcante Souza Vieira
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Cavecci-Mendonça
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aline de Lima Leite
- Biochemistry Department, São Paulo University (USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro de Magalhães Padilha
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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39
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McMillan OJL, Dichiera AM, Harter TS, Wilson JM, Esbaugh AJ, Brauner CJ. Blood and Gill Carbonic Anhydrase in the Context of a Chondrichthyan Model of CO 2 Excretion. Physiol Biochem Zool 2020; 92:554-566. [PMID: 31567050 DOI: 10.1086/705402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Pacific spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi) have been widely used as a representative species for chondrichthyan CO2 excretion. Pacific spiny dogfish have a slower red blood cell (RBC) carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoform than teleost fishes, extracellular CA activity, no endogenous plasma CA inhibitor, and plasma-accessible CA IV at the gills. Thus, both the RBC and plasma compartments contribute to bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) dehydration at the gills for CO2 excretion in contrast to teleost fishes, in which HCO3- dehydration is restricted to RBCs. We compared CA activity levels, subcellular localization, and presence of plasma CA inhibitors in the blood and gills of 13 chondrichthyans to examine the hypothesis that the dogfish model of CO2 excretion applies broadly to chondrichthyans. In general, blood samples from the 12 other chondrichthyans examined had lower RBC CA activity than teleosts, some extracellular CA activity, and no endogenous plasma CA inhibitor. While type IV-like membrane-associated CA was found in the gills in all four of the chondrichthyans examined, S. suckleyi had three times more CA activity (183±13.2 μmol CO2 min-1 mg protein-1) in the microsomal (membrane) fraction of gills than the other three. In addition, unexpected variation in CA characteristics was observed between chondrichthyan species. Thus, in general, it appears that the pattern of CA distribution in fishes can be generally categorized as either chondrichthyan or teleost models. However, further studies should examine the functional significance of the within-chondrichthyan differences we observed and investigate whether CO2 excretion patterns exist along a continuum or in discrete groups.
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Abstract
The diversity of fish hemoglobins and the association with oxygen availability and physiological requirements during the life cycle has attracted scientists since the first report on multiple hemoglobin in fishes (Buhler and Shanks 1959). The functional heterogeneity of the fish hemoglobins enables many species to tolerate hypoxic conditions and exhausting swimming, but also to maintain the gas pressure in the swim bladder at large depths. The hemoglobin repertoire has further increased in various species displaying polymorphic hemoglobin variants differing in oxygen binding properties. The multiplicity of fish hemoglobins as particularly found in the tetraploid salmonids strongly contrasts with the complete loss of hemoglobins in Antarctic icefishes and illustrates the adaptive radiation in the oxygen transport of this successful vertebrate group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øivind Andersen
- Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research (NOFIMA), PO BOX 210,1431, Ås, Norway.
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41
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Damsgaard C, Lauridsen H, Funder AM, Thomsen JS, Desvignes T, Crossley DA, Møller PR, Huong DT, Phuong NT, Detrich HW, Brüel A, Wilkens H, Warrant E, Wang T, Nyengaard JR, Berenbrink M, Bayley M. Retinal oxygen supply shaped the functional evolution of the vertebrate eye. eLife 2019; 8:52153. [PMID: 31820735 PMCID: PMC6904217 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina has a very high energy demand but lacks an internal blood supply in most vertebrates. Here we explore the hypothesis that oxygen diffusion limited the evolution of retinal morphology by reconstructing the evolution of retinal thickness and the various mechanisms for retinal oxygen supply, including capillarization and acid-induced haemoglobin oxygen unloading. We show that a common ancestor of bony fishes likely had a thin retina without additional retinal oxygen supply mechanisms and that three different types of retinal capillaries were gained and lost independently multiple times during the radiation of vertebrates, and that these were invariably associated with parallel changes in retinal thickness. Since retinal thickness confers multiple advantages to vision, we propose that insufficient retinal oxygen supply constrained the functional evolution of the eye in early vertebrates, and that recurrent origins of additional retinal oxygen supply mechanisms facilitated the phenotypic evolution of improved functional eye morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Damsgaard
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Henrik Lauridsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Anette Md Funder
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Desvignes
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, United States
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, United States
| | - Peter R Møller
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Do Tt Huong
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen T Phuong
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Viet Nam
| | - H William Detrich
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, United States
| | - Annemarie Brüel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Horst Wilkens
- Zoological Institute and Zoological Museum, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric Warrant
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tobias Wang
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens R Nyengaard
- Core Center for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Centre for Stochastic Geometry and Advanced Bioimaging, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Berenbrink
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bayley
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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42
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Pegado MR, Santos CP, Pimentel M, Cyrne R, Paulo M, Maulvaut AL, Raffoul D, Diniz M, Bispo R, Rosa R. Effects of elevated carbon dioxide on the hematological parameters of a temperate catshark. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2019; 333:126-132. [PMID: 31793756 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 levels have been rising due to an increase in anthropic activities and its implications over marine ecosystems are unprecedented. The present study focused on the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on key hematological parameters of the juvenile small-spotted catsharks (Scyliorhinus canicula). Eggs were reared throughout the entire embryogenesis (~4 months) plus 5 additional months, in two experimental treatments (control: pCO2 ~ 400 μatm; and high CO2 : pCO2 ~ 900 μatm, Δ -0.3 pH units). After blood collection, the following hematological parameters were evaluated: (a) normal blood cells count (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes), (b) presence of erythrocytes with nuclear abnormalities, and (c) erythrocyte nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio. Concomitantly, to determine the cardiac and hematopoietic conditions, the spleen and heart to body ratios were also assessed. The present findings indicate that the measured variables may not be affected by elevated pCO2 in this temperate species, as no significant differences were observed between treatments across all the endpoints tested. Nonetheless, it is worth mentioning a decreasing trend observed in a number of thrombocytes associated with OA, which should foster further investigation, regarding other aspects of their coagulation response. Along with OA, other stressors are expected to impact marine life, such as warming and hypoxia. Thus, future research should aim to investigate the cumulative effect of these stressors on hematological parameters in sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Pegado
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Catarina P Santos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Marta Pimentel
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Cyrne
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Maria Paulo
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Maulvaut
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal.,UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Dayanne Raffoul
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal.,Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Mário Diniz
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Regina Bispo
- Centro de Matemática e Aplicações & Departamento de Matemática, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rui Rosa
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Nossa Senhora do Cabo, Cascais, Portugal
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43
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Schwieterman GD, Bouyoucos IA, Potgieter K, Simpfendorfer CA, Brill RW, Rummer JL. Analysing tropical elasmobranch blood samples in the field: blood stability during storage and validation of the HemoCue® haemoglobin analyser. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 7:coz081. [PMID: 31803471 PMCID: PMC6883209 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Blood samples collected from wild-caught fishes can provide important information regarding the effects of capture (and thus post-release survival) as well as other stressors. Unfortunately, blood samples often cannot be analysed immediately upon sampling, and blood parameters (e.g. blood oxygen levels and acid-base parameters) are known to change with storage duration due to the metabolic activity of the red blood cells. We obtained blood samples from both untreated and stressed individuals of both blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) and sicklefin lemon shark (Negaprion acutidens) to determine the effects of storage duration on blood pH, haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]). We found no significant effects after storage on ice for up to 180 minutes. Moreover, to validate the usability of a HemoCue haemoglobin analyser (a point-of-care device), we compared data from this device to [Hb] determined using the cyanomethaemoglobin method with blood samples from 10 individuals from each of the aforementioned species as well as epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum). Values from the HemoCue consistently overestimated [Hb], and we therefore developed the necessary correction equations. The correction equations were not statistically different among the three elasmobranch species within the biologically relevant range but did differ from published corrections developed using blood from temperate teleost fishes. Although the HemoCue is useful in field situations, development of species-specific calibration equations may be necessary to ensure the reliability of inter-species comparisons of blood [Hb]. Together, these data should increase confidence in haematological stress indicators in elasmobranch fishes, measurements of which are critical for understanding the impact of anthropogenic stressors on these ecologically important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail D Schwieterman
- Department of Fisheries Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Ian A Bouyoucos
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- PSL Research University, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, Perpignan Cedex 66860, France
| | - Kristy Potgieter
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Colin A Simpfendorfer
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Richard W Brill
- Department of Fisheries Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, USA
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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44
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Daane JM, Giordano D, Coppola D, di Prisco G, Detrich HW, Verde C. Adaptations to environmental change: Globin superfamily evolution in Antarctic fishes. Mar Genomics 2019; 49:100724. [PMID: 31735579 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2019.100724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ancient origins and functional versatility of globins make them ideal subjects for studying physiological adaptation to environmental change. Our goals in this review are to describe the evolution of the vertebrate globin gene superfamily and to explore the structure/function relationships of hemoglobin, myoglobin, neuroglobin and cytoglobin in teleost fishes. We focus on the globins of Antarctic notothenioids, emphasizing their adaptive features as inferred from comparisons with human proteins. We dedicate this review to Guido di Prisco, our co-author, colleague, friend, and husband of C.V. Ever thoughtful, creative, and enthusiastic, Guido spearheaded study of the structure, function, and evolution of the hemoglobins of polar fishes - this review is testimony to his wide-ranging contributions. Throughout his career, Guido inspired younger scientists to embrace polar biological research, and he challenged researchers of all ages to explore evolutionary adaptation in the context of global climate change. Beyond his scientific contributions, we will miss his warmth, his culture, and his great intellect. Guido has left an outstanding legacy, one that will continue to inspire us and our research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Daane
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University Marine Science Center, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Coppola
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Guido di Prisco
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - H William Detrich
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University Marine Science Center, Nahant, MA 01908, USA
| | - Cinzia Verde
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
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45
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Nikinmaa M, Berenbrink M, Brauner CJ. Regulation of erythrocyte function: Multiple evolutionary solutions for respiratory gas transport and its regulation in fish. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 227:e13299. [PMID: 31102432 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gas transport concepts in vertebrates have naturally been formulated based on human blood. However, the first vertebrates were aquatic, and fish and tetrapods diverged hundreds of millions years ago. Water-breathing vertebrates live in an environment with low and variable O2 levels, making environmental O2 an important evolutionary selection pressure in fishes, and various features of their gas transport differ from humans. Erythrocyte function in fish is of current interest, because current environmental changes affect gas transport, and because especially zebrafish is used as a model in biomedical studies, making it important to understand the differences in gas transport between fish and mammals to be able to carry out meaningful studies. Of the close to thirty thousand fish species, teleosts are the most species-numerous group. However, two additional radiations are discussed: agnathans and elasmobranchs. The gas transport by elasmobranchs may be closest to the ancestors of tetrapods. The major difference in their haemoglobin (Hb) function to humans is their high urea tolerance. Agnathans differ from other vertebrates by having Hbs, where cooperativity is achieved by monomer-oligomer equilibria. Their erythrocytes also lack the anion exchange pathway with profound effects on CO2 transport. Teleosts are characterized by highly pH sensitive Hbs, which can fail to become fully O2 -saturated at low pH. An adrenergically stimulated Na+ /H+ exchanger has evolved in their erythrocyte membrane, and plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase can be differentially distributed among their tissues. Together, and differing from other vertebrates, these features can maximize O2 unloading in muscle while ensuring O2 loading in gills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Berenbrink
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Colin J. Brauner
- Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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46
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Nelson C, Barlow SL, Berenbrink M. ATP-induced reversed thermal sensitivity of O 2 binding in both major haemoglobin polymorphs of the non-endothermic Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.200279. [PMID: 31160424 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.200279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Atlantic cod is a species that is affected by climate change, with some populations being exposed to higher temperatures than others. The two polymorphs of its major haemoglobin type (HbI) show an inverse change in frequency along a latitudinal temperature cline in the North East Atlantic, which has been associated with differences in population performance and behavioural traits. An earlier study at the northern distribution limit of the species reported differential temperature sensitivities of red blood cell oxygen (O2) affinity between the northern cold-water HbI-2 polymorph and its southern, warm-water HbI-1 counter-part, which has since widely been held as adaptive for the species across its distributional range. The present study critically re-examined this hypothesis by comparing the thermal sensitivity of O2 binding in both purified HbI polymorphs from the southern, high-temperature distribution limit of the species under controlled conditions of allosteric modifiers of Hb function. Contrary to the prevailing view, the O2 affinity of the major HbI polymorphs did not differ from each other under any of the tested conditions. Depending on pH and ATP concentration, the temperature-sensitive and temperature-insensitive Hb-O2 affinity phenotypes - previously exclusively ascribed to HbI-1 and HbI-2, respectively - could be induced in both HbI polymorphs. These results are the first to establish a molecular mechanism behind a reversed temperature dependence of red blood cell O2 affinity in a non-endotherm fish and lay the basis for future studies on alternative mechanisms behind the differences in distribution, performance and behavioural traits associated with the different HbI polymorphs of Atlantic cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Nelson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK .,Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Biological Sciences Building, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Samantha L Barlow
- Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Michael Berenbrink
- Institute of Integrative Biology, The University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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47
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Mania M, Bruschetta G, Avenoso A, D'Ascola A, Scuruchi M, Campo A, Acri G, Campo S. Evidence for embryonic haemoglobins from Sparus aurata under normal and hypoxic conditions. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:943-954. [PMID: 30627834 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Teleost haemoglobins vary in polymorphisms and primary structure, although display similar functional properties. Key amino acids for Root effect (a reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity and loss of cooperativity with declining pH) are conserved throughout fish evolution. For the first time, we cloned and characterised Sparus aurata L. embryonic globin chains (eα1, eα2, eβ). We also studied haemoglobins (eHbI, eHbII) behaviour in normal and low-oxygen conditions. Several amino acids in fry globins are different in chemical type (e.g. polar → non-polar and vice versa), compared to adult globins. His55α1, crucial for Root effect, is substituted by Ala in fry, presumably enhancing oxygen capture, transport and reducing the dependence of Root effect from pH. Phylogenetic trees demonstrate that eα1 globin diversified more recently than eα2; moreover, eα1, eα2 and eβ globins evolved earlier than adult α and β globins. In low-oxygen conditions, fry haemoglobins display the same behaviour of the adult haemoglobins (probably, embryonic and adult-type I Hbs display a higher oxygen affinity than type II Hbs, operating through a rapid cycle of heme-Fe auto-oxidation/reduction). Therefore, based on our results and on the comparison with adult haemoglobins, we hypothesise that embryonic haemoglobins have evolved to better adapt fry to variable habitats. We studied Sparus aurata for its economical relevance in Mediterranean aquaculture. The information we provide can help understand Sparus aurata behaviour in the wild and in rearing conditions. Further studies with functional assays will deepen the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of fry haemoglobin physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Mania
- Department of Biochemical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Angela Avenoso
- Department of Biochemical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Angela D'Ascola
- Department of Biochemical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Michele Scuruchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Adele Campo
- Department of Biochemical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Acri
- Department of Biochemical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Campo
- Department of Biochemical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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48
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Harter TS, Zanuzzo FS, Supuran CT, Gamperl AK, Brauner CJ. Functional support for a novel mechanism that enhances tissue oxygen extraction in a teleost fish. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190339. [PMID: 31138074 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful spawning migration in salmon depends on their athletic ability, and thus on efficient cardiovascular oxygen (O2) transport. Most teleost fishes have highly pH-sensitive haemoglobins (Hb) that can release large amounts of O2 when the blood is acidified at the tissues. We hypothesized that plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase (paCA; the enzyme that catalyses proton production from CO2) is required to acidify the blood at the tissues and promote tissue O2 extraction. Previous studies have reported an elevated tissue O2 extraction in hypoxia-acclimated teleosts that may also be facilitated by paCA. Thus, to create experimental contrasts in tissue O2 extraction, Atlantic salmon were acclimated to normoxia or hypoxia (40% air saturation for more than six weeks), and the role of paCA in enhancing tissue O2 extraction was tested by inhibiting paCA at rest and during submaximal exercise. Our results show that: (i) in both acclimation groups, the inhibition of paCA increased cardiac output by one-third, indicating a role of paCA in promoting tissue O2 extraction during exercise, recovery and at rest; (ii) the recruitment of paCA was plastic and increased following hypoxic acclimation; and (iii) maximal exercise performance in salmon, and thus a successful spawning migration, may not be possible without paCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Harter
- 1 Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - F S Zanuzzo
- 2 Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - C T Supuran
- 3 NEUROFARBA Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze , Florence , Italy
| | - A K Gamperl
- 2 Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - C J Brauner
- 1 Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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49
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Brauner CJ, Shartau RB, Damsgaard C, Esbaugh AJ, Wilson RW, Grosell M. Acid-base physiology and CO2 homeostasis: Regulation and compensation in response to elevated environmental CO2. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.fp.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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50
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Bayley M, Damsgaard C, Thomsen M, Malte H, Wang T. Learning to Air-Breathe: The First Steps. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 34:14-29. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00028.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Air-breathing in vertebrates has evolved many times among the bony fish while in water. Its appearance has had a fundamental impact on the regulation of ventilation and acid-base status. We review the physico-chemical constraints imposed by water and air, place the extant air-breathing fish into this framework, and show how that the advantages of combining control of ventilation and acid-base status are only available to the most obligate of air-breathing fish, thus highlighting promising avenues for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bayley
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian Damsgaard
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mikkel Thomsen
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans Malte
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Section for Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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