1
|
Zhao J, Xu T, Yin D, Zhang B, Bai J. The Regulatory Roles of MicroRNA in Effects of 2,2'4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE47) on the Transcriptome of Zebrafish Larvae. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169599. [PMID: 28072866 PMCID: PMC5225001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The developmental neurotoxicity caused by environmental pollutants has received great concern; however, there were still barely known about the underlying toxic mechanisms, especially the influence of varieties of regulatory factors such as microRNA (miRNA). A representative flame retardant, 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), was found to disrupt zebrafish development in visual perception and bone formation in previous study, thus here we investigated its effects on miRNA expression profiling of 6 days post fertilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae by deep sequencing. To overcome the shortage of zebrafish miRNA annotation, multiple data processing approaches, especially constructed network based on the interactions between miRNAs and enrichment terms, were adopted and helped us acquire several validated zebrafish miRNAs and two novel miRNAs in BDE47-induced effects, and identify corresponding biological processes of the miRNAs. Among them, miR-735 was supposed to play essential roles in larval sensory development according to analysis results. Our study also provided an effective strategy for analyzing biological effects on non-mammalian miRNAs with limited basic information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Novel Bioinformatics Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Bai
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, WEEE Research Centre of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Transposable elements domesticated and neofunctionalized by eukaryotic genomes. Plasmid 2013; 69:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
3
|
Zhao Y, Gong Z, Xiao Y. Improvements of the Hierarchical Approach for Predicting RNA Tertiary Structure. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2011; 28:815-26. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2011.10508609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
4
|
Vaquero-Sedas MI, Gámez-Arjona FM, Vega-Palas MA. Arabidopsis thaliana telomeres exhibit euchromatic features. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:2007-17. [PMID: 21071395 PMCID: PMC3064777 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere function is influenced by chromatin structure and organization, which usually involves epigenetic modifications. We describe here the chromatin structure of Arabidopsis thaliana telomeres. Based on the study of six different epigenetic marks we show that Arabidopsis telomeres exhibit euchromatic features. In contrast, subtelomeric regions and telomeric sequences present at interstitial chromosomal loci are heterochromatic. Histone methyltransferases and the chromatin remodeling protein DDM1 control subtelomeric heterochromatin formation. Whereas histone methyltransferases are required for histone H3K9(2Me) and non-CpG DNA methylation, DDM1 directs CpG methylation but not H3K9(2Me) or non-CpG methylation. These results argue that both kinds of proteins participate in different pathways to reinforce subtelomeric heterochromatin formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miguel A. Vega-Palas
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla – CSIC, c/ Américo Vespucio n° 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Capriotti E, Marti-Renom MA. Quantifying the relationship between sequence and three-dimensional structure conservation in RNA. BMC Bioinformatics 2010; 11:322. [PMID: 20550657 PMCID: PMC2904352 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-11-322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, the number of available RNA structures has rapidly grown reflecting the increased interest on RNA biology. Similarly to the studies carried out two decades ago for proteins, which gave the fundamental grounds for developing comparative protein structure prediction methods, we are now able to quantify the relationship between sequence and structure conservation in RNA. Results Here we introduce an all-against-all sequence- and three-dimensional (3D) structure-based comparison of a representative set of RNA structures, which have allowed us to quantitatively confirm that: (i) there is a measurable relationship between sequence and structure conservation that weakens for alignments resulting in below 60% sequence identity, (ii) evolution tends to conserve more RNA structure than sequence, and (iii) there is a twilight zone for RNA homology detection. Discussion The computational analysis here presented quantitatively describes the relationship between sequence and structure for RNA molecules and defines a twilight zone region for detecting RNA homology. Our work could represent the theoretical basis and limitations for future developments in comparative RNA 3D structure prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emidio Capriotti
- Structural Genomics Unit, Bioinformatics and Genomics Department, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Overexpression of Arabidopsis MiR396 Enhances Drought Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1143.2009.09044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Wang H, Tse YC, Law AHY, Sun SSM, Sun YB, Xu ZF, Hillmer S, Robinson DG, Jiang L. Vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) and secretory carrier membrane proteins (SCAMPs) are essential for pollen tube growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 61:826-38. [PMID: 20030753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.04111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) are type-I integral membrane proteins that mediate biosynthetic protein traffic in the secretory pathway to the vacuole, whereas secretory carrier membrane proteins (SCAMPs) are type-IV membrane proteins localizing to the plasma membrane and early endosome (EE) or trans-Golgi network (TGN) in the plant endocytic pathway. As pollen tube growth is an extremely polarized and highly dynamic process, with intense anterograde and retrograde membrane trafficking, we have studied the dynamics and functional roles of VSR and SCAMP in pollen tube growth using lily (Lilium longiflorum) pollen as a model. Using newly cloned lily VSR and SCAMP cDNA (termed LIVSR and LISCAMP, respectively), as well as specific antibodies against VSR and SCAMP1 as tools, we have demonstrated that in growing lily pollen tubes: (i) transiently expressed GFP-VSR/GFP-LIVSR is located throughout the pollen tubes, excepting the apical clear-zone region, whereas GFP-LISCAMP is mainly concentrated in the tip region; (ii) VSRs are localized to the multivesicular body (MVB) and vacuole, whereas SCAMPs are localized to apical endocytic vesicles, TGN and vacuole; and (iii) microinjection of VSR or SCAMP antibodies and LlVSR small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) significantly reduced the growth rate of the lily pollen tubes. Taken together, both VSR and SCAMP are required for pollen tube growth, probably working together in regulating protein trafficking in the secretory and endocytic pathways, which need to be coordinated in order to support pollen tube elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Biology, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Katari MS, Nowicki SD, Aceituno FF, Nero D, Kelfer J, Thompson LP, Cabello JM, Davidson RS, Goldberg AP, Shasha DE, Coruzzi GM, Gutiérrez RA. VirtualPlant: a software platform to support systems biology research. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 152:500-15. [PMID: 20007449 PMCID: PMC2815851 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.147025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Data generation is no longer the limiting factor in advancing biological research. In addition, data integration, analysis, and interpretation have become key bottlenecks and challenges that biologists conducting genomic research face daily. To enable biologists to derive testable hypotheses from the increasing amount of genomic data, we have developed the VirtualPlant software platform. VirtualPlant enables scientists to visualize, integrate, and analyze genomic data from a systems biology perspective. VirtualPlant integrates genome-wide data concerning the known and predicted relationships among genes, proteins, and molecules, as well as genome-scale experimental measurements. VirtualPlant also provides visualization techniques that render multivariate information in visual formats that facilitate the extraction of biological concepts. Importantly, VirtualPlant helps biologists who are not trained in computer science to mine lists of genes, microarray experiments, and gene networks to address questions in plant biology, such as: What are the molecular mechanisms by which internal or external perturbations affect processes controlling growth and development? We illustrate the use of VirtualPlant with three case studies, ranging from querying a gene of interest to the identification of gene networks and regulatory hubs that control seed development. Whereas the VirtualPlant software was developed to mine Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genomic data, its data structures, algorithms, and visualization tools are designed in a species-independent way. VirtualPlant is freely available at www.virtualplant.org.
Collapse
|
9
|
Witzany G. Noncoding RNAs: persistent viral agents as modular tools for cellular needs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1178:244-67. [PMID: 19845641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It appears that all the detailed steps of evolution stored in DNA that are read, transcribed, and translated in every developmental and growth process of each individual cell depend on RNA-mediated processes, in most cases interconnected with other RNAs and their associated protein complexes and functions in a strict hierarchy of temporal and spatial steps. Life could not function without the key agents of DNA replication, namely mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. Not only rRNA, but also tRNA and the processing of the primary transcript into the pre-mRNA and the mature mRNA are clearly descended from retro-"elements" with obvious retroviral ancestry. They seem to be remnants of viral infection events that did not kill their host but transferred phenotypic competences to their host and changed both the genetic identity of the host organism and the identity of the former infectious viral swarms. In this respect, noncoding RNAs may represent a great variety of modular tools for cellular needs that are derived from persistent nonlytic viral settlers.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lu Y, Last RL. Web-based Arabidopsis functional and structural genomics resources. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2008; 6:e0118. [PMID: 22303243 PMCID: PMC3243351 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
As plant research moves to a "post-genomic" era, many diverse internet resources become available to the international research community. Arabidopsis thaliana, because of its small size, rapid life cycle and simple genome, has been a model system for decades, with much research funding and many projects devoted to creation of functional and structural genomics resources. Different types of data, including genome, transcriptome, proteome, phenome, metabolome and ionome are stored in these resources. In this chapter, a variety of genomics resources are introduced, with simple descriptions of how some can be accessed by laboratory researchers via the internet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824
| | - Robert L. Last
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Soreq L, Gilboa-Geffen A, Berrih-Aknin S, Lacoste P, Darvasi A, Soreq E, Bergman H, Soreq H. Identifying alternative hyper-splicing signatures in MG-thymoma by exon arrays. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2392. [PMID: 18545673 PMCID: PMC2409220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vast majority of human genes (>70%) are alternatively spliced. Although alternative pre-mRNA processing is modified in multiple tumors, alternative hyper-splicing signatures specific to particular tumor types are still lacking. Here, we report the use of Affymetrix Human Exon Arrays to spot hyper-splicing events characteristic of myasthenia gravis (MG)-thymoma, thymic tumors which develop in patients with MG and discriminate them from colon cancer changes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We combined GO term to parent threshold-based and threshold-independent ad-hoc functional statistics with in-depth analysis of key modified transcripts to highlight various exon-specific changes. These denote alternative splicing in MG-thymoma tumors compared to healthy human thymus and to in-house and Affymetrix datasets from colon cancer and healthy tissues. By using both global and specific, term-to-parent Gene Ontology (GO) statistical comparisons, our functional integrative ad-hoc method allowed the detection of disease-relevant splicing events. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Hyper-spliced transcripts spanned several categories, including the tumorogenic ERBB4 tyrosine kinase receptor and the connective tissue growth factor CTGF, as well as the immune function-related histocompatibility gene HLA-DRB1 and interleukin (IL)19, two muscle-specific collagens and one myosin heavy chain gene; intriguingly, a putative new exon was discovered in the MG-involved acetylcholinesterase ACHE gene. Corresponding changes in spliceosome composition were indicated by co-decreases in the splicing factors ASF/SF(2) and SC35. Parallel tumor-associated changes occurred in colon cancer as well, but the majority of the apparent hyper-splicing events were particular to MG-thymoma and could be validated by Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization (FISH), Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and mass spectrometry (MS) followed by peptide sequencing. Our findings demonstrate a particular alternative hyper-splicing signature for transcripts over-expressed in MG-thymoma, supporting the hypothesis that alternative hyper-splicing contributes to shaping the biological functions of these and other specialized tumors and opening new venues for the development of diagnosis and treatment approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Soreq
- Department of Physiology, The Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jurka J, Kapitonov VV, Kohany O, Jurka MV. Repetitive sequences in complex genomes: structure and evolution. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2007; 8:241-59. [PMID: 17506661 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genom.8.080706.092416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomes contain vast amounts of repetitive DNA derived from transposable elements (TEs). Large-scale sequencing of these genomes has produced an unprecedented wealth of information about the origin, diversity, and genomic impact of what was once thought to be "junk DNA." This has also led to the identification of two new classes of DNA transposons, Helitrons and Polintons, as well as several new superfamilies and thousands of new families. TEs are evolutionary precursors of many genes, including RAG1, which plays a role in the vertebrate immune system. They are also the driving force in the evolution of epigenetic regulation and have a long-term impact on genomic stability and evolution. Remnants of TEs appear to be overrepresented in transcription regulatory modules and other regions conserved among distantly related species, which may have implications for our understanding of their impact on speciation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Jurka
- Genetic Information Research Institute, Mountain View, California 94043, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Looijenga LHJ, Gillis AJM, Stoop H, Hersmus R, Oosterhuis JW. Relevance of microRNAs in normal and malignant development, including human testicular germ cell tumours. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 30:304-14; discussion 314-5. [PMID: 17573854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dogma of genome functionality has recently been challenged by identification of non-protein-encoding RNAs, including mi(cro)RNAs. These relatively small sequences interact with mRNA and in the mammalian system, are involved in fine-tuning the process of translation. miRNAs have been found to be of crucial importance for normal development, including stem cell formation. Recent interesting fundamental observations will be discussed in this paper, as well as their impact on the genesis of human germ cell tumours (GCTs), in particular those of the adult testis, seminomas and non-seminomas (type II), and spermatocytic seminomas (type III). miRNA cluster 371-373 is specifically involved in inhibition of cellular senescence induced by oncogenic stress in the type II GCTs. This explains the unusual presence of wild type P53, characteristic of this type of solid cancer. Specific sets of differentiating miRNA were found to characterize the various differentiation lineages within the GCTs, which simulate normal embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Makarova JA, Kramerov DA. Small nucleolar RNA genes. RUSS J GENET+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795407020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
15
|
Swanson-Wagner RA, Jia Y, DeCook R, Borsuk LA, Nettleton D, Schnable PS. All possible modes of gene action are observed in a global comparison of gene expression in a maize F1 hybrid and its inbred parents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6805-10. [PMID: 16641103 PMCID: PMC1447595 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510430103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterosis is the phenomenon whereby the progeny of particular inbred lines have enhanced agronomic performance relative to both parents. Although several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this fundamental biological phenomenon, the responsible molecular mechanisms have not been determined. The maize inbred lines B73 and Mo17 produce a heterotic F1 hybrid. Global patterns of gene expression were compared in seedlings of these three genotypes by using a microarray that contains 13,999 cDNAs. Using an estimated 15% false discovery rate as a cutoff, 1,367 ESTs (9.8%) were identified as being significantly differentially expressed among genotypes. All possible modes of gene action were observed, including additivity, high- and low-parent dominance, underdominance, and overdominance. The largest proportion of the ESTs (78%; 1,062 of 1,367) exhibited expression patterns that are not statistically distinguishable from additivity. Even so, 22% of the differentially regulated ESTs exhibited nonadditive modes of gene expression. Classified on the basis of significant pairwise comparisons of genotype means, 181 of these 305 nonadditive ESTs exhibited high-parent dominance and 23 exhibited low-parent dominance. In addition, 44 ESTs exhibited underdominance or overdominance. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that multiple molecular mechanisms, including overdominance, contribute to heterosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Swanson-Wagner
- *Interdepartmental Genetics Graduate Program
- Departments of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology
| | - Yi Jia
- Departments of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology
- Interdepartmental Plant Physiology Graduate Program
| | | | - Lisa A. Borsuk
- Departments of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology
- Interdepartmental Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, and
| | - Dan Nettleton
- Statistics, and
- Interdepartmental Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, and
- **Center for Plant Genomics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Patrick S. Schnable
- *Interdepartmental Genetics Graduate Program
- Departments of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology
- Agronomy
- Interdepartmental Plant Physiology Graduate Program
- Interdepartmental Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, and
- **Center for Plant Genomics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jones-Rhoades MW, Bartel DP, Bartel B. MicroRNAS and their regulatory roles in plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 57:19-53. [PMID: 16669754 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1706] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression in plants and animals. In plants, these approximately 21-nucleotide RNAs are processed from stem-loop regions of long primary transcripts by a Dicer-like enzyme and are loaded into silencing complexes, where they generally direct cleavage of complementary mRNAs. Although plant miRNAs have some conserved functions extending beyond development, the importance of miRNA-directed gene regulation during plant development is now particularly clear. Identified in plants less than four years ago, miRNAs are already known to play numerous crucial roles at each major stage of development-typically at the cores of gene regulatory networks, targeting genes that are themselves regulators, such as those encoding transcription factors and F-box proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Jones-Rhoades
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|