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Salvatori D, Fernandes MG, Dorssers L, Gillis A, Perretta G, van Agthoven T, Stoop H, Oosterhuis J, Mummery C, Looijenga L. Monitoring Undifferentiated and Potentially Malignant Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Clinical Applications. J Comp Pathol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Boellaard WPA, Gillis AJM, van Leenders GJLH, Stoop H, van Agthoven T, Dorssers LCJ, Dinkelman-Smit M, Boormans JL, Looijenga LHJ. Cellular origin of microRNA-371a-3p in healthy males based on systematic urogenital tract tissue evaluation. Andrology 2019; 7:463-468. [PMID: 30786164 PMCID: PMC6767197 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microRNA-371a-3p (miR-371a-3p) has been reported to be an informative liquid biopsy (serum and plasma) molecular biomarker for both diagnosis and follow-up of patients with a malignant (testicular) germ cell tumor ((T)GCT). It is expressed in all histological cancer elements, with the exception of mature teratoma. However, normal testis, semen, and serum of males with a disrupted testicular integrity without a TGCT may contain miR-371a-3p levels above threshold, of which the cellular origin is unknown. OBJECTIVES Therefore, a series of relevant tissues (frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE), when available) from the complete male urogenital tract (i.e., kidney to urethra and testis to urethra) and semen was investigated for miR-371a-3p levels using targeted quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, semen of males with normospermia (n = 11) and oligospermia (n = 3) was investigated, as well as 88 samples derived from 32 different patients. The samples represented one set of tissues related to the entire male urogenital tract (11 anatomical locations), three sets for 10 locations, and four sets for six locations. RESULTS All testis parenchyma (n = 17) cases showed low miR-371a-3p levels. Eight out of 14 (57%) semen samples showed detectable miR-371a-3p levels, irrespective of the amount of motile spermatozoa, but related to sperm concentration and matched Johnsen score (Spearman's rho correlation coefficient 0.849 and 0.871, p = 0.000, respectively). In all other tissues investigated, miR-371a-3p could not be detected. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates that the miR-371a-3p in healthy adult males is solely derived from the germ cell compartment. CONCLUSIONS The observation is important in the context of applying miR-371a-3p as molecular liquid biopsy biomarker for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with malignant (T)GCT. Moreover, miR-371a-3p might be an informative seminal biomarker for testicular germ cell composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P A Boellaard
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A J M Gillis
- Pathology (LEPO), Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G J L H van Leenders
- Pathology (LEPO), Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Stoop
- Pathology (LEPO), Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T van Agthoven
- Pathology (LEPO), Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L C J Dorssers
- Pathology (LEPO), Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Dinkelman-Smit
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J L Boormans
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L H J Looijenga
- Pathology (LEPO), Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Cools M, Wolffenbuttel KP, Hersmus R, Mendonca BB, Kaprová J, Drop SLS, Stoop H, Gillis AJM, Oosterhuis JW, Costa EMF, Domenice S, Nishi MY, Wunsch L, Quigley CA, T'Sjoen G, Looijenga LHJ. Malignant testicular germ cell tumors in postpubertal individuals with androgen insensitivity: prevalence, pathology and relevance of single nucleotide polymorphism-based susceptibility profiling. Hum Reprod 2018; 32:2561-2573. [PMID: 29121256 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the prevalence of malignant testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) and its precursors, (pre-) germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS), in late teenagers and adults who have androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) and the impact of an individual's genetic susceptibility to development of TGCT? SUMMARY ANSWER No GCNIS or TGCT was diagnosed, but pre-GCNIS was identified in 14 and 10% of complete and partial AIS patients, respectively, and was associated with a higher genetic susceptibility score (GSS), with special attention for KITLG (rs995030) and ATFZIP (rs2900333). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Many adult women with AIS decline prophylactic gonadectomy, while data regarding the incidence, pathophysiology and outcomes of TGCT in postpubertal individuals with AIS are lacking. The relevance of genetic factors, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in predisposing AIS individuals to TGCT is unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This multicenter collaborative study on prophylactically removed gonadal tissue was conducted in a pathology lab specialized in germ cell tumor biology. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Material from 52 postpubertal individuals with molecularly confirmed AIS (97 gonadal samples) was included; the median age at surgery was 17.5 (14-54) years. Immunohistochemical studies and high-throughput profiling of 14 TGCT-associated SNPs were performed. The main outcome measures were the prevalence of pre-GCNIS, GCNIS and TGCT, and its correlation with a GSS, developed based on the results of recent genome-wide association studies. MAIN RESULTS AND ROLE OF CHANCE The earliest recognizable change preceding GCNIS, referred to as pre-GCNIS, was present in 14% of individuals with complete and 10% of those with partial AIS at a median age of 16 years. No GCNIS or invasive TGCT were found. The median GSS was significantly greater for those with, compared to those without, pre-GCNIS (P = 0.01), with an overlap between groups. Our data suggest important roles for risk alleles G at KITLG (rs995030) and C at ATFZIP (rs2900333), among the 14 studied TGCT-associated SNPs. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION A limited number of cases were included. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our data suggest that the prevalence of pre-GCNIS in individuals with AIS beyond puberty is around 15%. Genetic susceptibility likely contributes to pre-GCNIS development in AIS but factors related to malignant progression remain unclear. Although data in older patients remain scarce, malignant progression appears to be a rare event, although the natural history of the premalignant lesion remains unknown. Therefore, the practice of routine prophylactic gonadectomy in adults with AIS appears questionable and the patient's preference, after having been fully informed, should be decisive in this matter. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was supported by research grants from the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) (to M.C.), the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq G0D6713N) (to B.B.M. and M.C.) and the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology (ESPE), granted by Novo Nordisk AB (to J.K.). There are no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cools
- Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University and Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K P Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Sophia Children's Hospital and Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Hersmus
- Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B B Mendonca
- Department of Endocrinology, Hormone and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, LIM/42 Clinicas Hospital; University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Kaprová
- Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S L S Drop
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Children's Hospital and Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Stoop
- Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A J M Gillis
- Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J W Oosterhuis
- Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E M F Costa
- Department of Endocrinology, Hormone and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, LIM/42 Clinicas Hospital; University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - S Domenice
- Department of Endocrinology, Hormone and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, LIM/42 Clinicas Hospital; University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Y Nishi
- Department of Endocrinology, Hormone and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, LIM/42 Clinicas Hospital; University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Wunsch
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein and Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - C A Quigley
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - G T'Sjoen
- Internal Medicine, Ghent University and Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L H J Looijenga
- Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute and Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Wolffenbuttel KP, Hersmus R, Stoop H, Biermann K, Hoebeke P, Cools M, Looijenga LHJ. Gonadal dysgenesis in disorders of sex development: Diagnosis and surgical management. J Pediatr Urol 2016; 12:411-416. [PMID: 27769830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on gonadal histology have improved the understanding of germ cell malignancy risk in patients with disorders of sex development (DSD), and evidence-based gonadal management strategies are gradually emerging. Especially in 46,XY DSD and 45,X/46,XY DSD, which are characterized by gonadal dysgenesis, the risk of germ cell malignancy is significantly increased. This paper summarized the progress over the past 10 years in malignancy risk assessment in patients with DSD, and its implications for optimal surgical handling of the involved gonads.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - R Hersmus
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Stoop
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Biermann
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Hoebeke
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Cools
- Department of Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - L H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Doebar SC, de Monyé C, Stoop H, Rothbarth J, Willemsen SP, van Deurzen CHM. Ductal carcinoma in situ diagnosed by breast needle biopsy: Predictors of invasion in the excision specimen. Breast 2016; 27:15-21. [PMID: 27212695 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial proportion of women with a pre-operative diagnosis of pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has a final diagnosis of invasive breast cancer (IBC) after surgical excision and, consequently, a potential indication for lymph node staging. The aim of our study was to identify novel predictors of invasion in patients with a needle-biopsy diagnosis of DCIS that would help us to select patients that may benefit from a sentinel node biopsy (SNB). PATIENTS AND METHODS We included 153 patients with a needle-biopsy diagnosis of DCIS between 2000 and 2014, which was followed by surgical excision. Several pre-operative clinical, radiological and pathological features were assessed and correlated with the presence of invasion in the excision specimen. Features that were significantly associated with upstaging in the univariable analysis were combined to calculate upstaging risks. RESULTS Overall, 22% (34/155) of the patients were upstaged to IBC. The following risk factors were significantly associated with upstaging: palpability, age ≤40 years, mammographic mass lesion, moderate to severe periductal inflammation and periductal loss of decorin expression. The upstaging-risk correlated with the number of risk factors present: e.g. 9% for patients without risk factors, 29% for patients with 1 risk factor, 37% for patients with 2 risk factors and 54% for patients with ≥3 risk factors. CONCLUSION The identified risk factors may be helpful to predict the upstaging-risk for patients with a needle-biopsy diagnosis of pure DCIS, which facilitates the performance of a selective SNB for high-risk patients and avoid this procedure in low-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Doebar
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - C de Monyé
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Stoop
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Rothbarth
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S P Willemsen
- Department of Biostatistics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C H M van Deurzen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Oudijk L, Neuhofer CM, Lichtenauer UD, Papathomas TG, Korpershoek E, Stoop H, Oosterhuis JW, Smid M, Restuccia DF, Robledo M, de Cubas AA, Mannelli M, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Dinjens WNM, Beuschlein F, de Krijger RR. Immunohistochemical expression of stem cell markers in pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas is associated with SDHx mutations. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:43-52. [PMID: 25916394 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) are neuroendocrine tumors that occur in the adrenal medulla, whereas paragangliomas (PGLs) arise from paraganglia in the head, neck, thorax, or abdomen. In a variety of tumors, cancer cells with stem cell-like properties seem to form the basis of tumor initiation because of their ability to self-renew and proliferate. Specifically targeting this small cell population may lay the foundation for more effective therapeutic approaches. In the present study, we intended to identify stem cells in PCCs/PGLs. DESIGN We examined the immunohistochemical expression of 11 stem cell markers (SOX2, LIN28, NGFR, THY1, PREF1, SOX17, NESTIN, CD117, OCT3/4, NANOG, and CD133) on tissue microarrays containing 208 PCCs/PGLs with different genetic backgrounds from five European centers. RESULTS SOX2, LIN28, NGFR, and THY1 were expressed in more than 10% of tumors, and PREF1, SOX17, NESTIN, and CD117 were expressed in <10% of the samples. OCT3/4, NANOG, and CD133 were not detectable at all. Double staining for chromogranin A/SOX2 and S100/SOX2 demonstrated SOX2 immunopositivity in both tumor and adjacent sustentacular cells. The expression of SOX2, SOX17, NGFR, LIN28, PREF1, and THY1 was significantly associated with mutations in one of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) genes. In addition, NGFR expression was significantly correlated with metastatic disease. CONCLUSION Immunohistochemical expression of stem cell markers was found in a subset of PCCs/PGLs. Further studies are required to validate whether some stem cell-associated markers, such as SOX2, could serve as targets for therapeutic approaches and whether NGFR expression could be utilized as a predictor of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Oudijk
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - C M Neuhofer
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - U D Lichtenauer
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - T G Papathomas
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - E Korpershoek
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - H Stoop
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J W Oosterhuis
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M Smid
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - D F Restuccia
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M Robledo
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - A A de Cubas
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M Mannelli
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - A P Gimenez-Roqueplo
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyRein
| | - W N M Dinjens
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - F Beuschlein
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - R R de Krijger
- Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands Department of PathologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsEndocrine Research UnitMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstrasse 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC Cancer Institute, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHuman Cancer Genetics ProgrammeSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) and ISCIII Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, SpainDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Florence and Istituto Toscano Tumori, Florence, ItalyAssistance Publique-Hôpitaux de ParisHôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, F-75015 Paris, FranceINSERMUMR970, Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center at HEGP, F-75015 Paris, FranceUniversité Paris DescartesFaculté de Médecine, F-75005 Paris, FranceDepartment of PathologyRein
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Oudijk L, Neuhofer C, Lichtenauer UD, Papathomas TG, Korpershoek E, Stoop H, Oosterhuis JW, Smid M, Restuccia DF, Robledo M, de Cubas A, Mannelli M, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Dinjens WNM, Beuschlein F, de Krijger RR. Characterization of Stem Cell Markers in Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1372312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Rijlaarsdam MA, van Herk HADM, Gillis AJM, Stoop H, Jenster G, Martens J, van Leenders GJLH, Dinjens W, Hoogland AM, Timmermans M, Looijenga LHJ. Erratum: Specific detection of OCT3/4 isoform A/B/B1 expression in solid (germ cell) tumours and cell lines: confirmation of OCT3/4 specificity for germ cell tumours. Br J Cancer 2012. [PMCID: PMC3322962 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Cools M, Hoebeke P, Wolffenbuttel KP, Stoop H, Hersmus R, Barbaro M, Wedell A, Brüggenwirth H, Looijenga LHJ, Drop SLS. Pubertal androgenization and gonadal histology in two 46,XY adolescents with NR5A1 mutations and predominantly female phenotype at birth. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 166:341-9. [PMID: 22080441 DOI: 10.1530/eje-11-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most patients with NR5A1 (SF-1) mutations and poor virilization at birth are sex-assigned female and receive early gonadectomy. Although studies in pituitary-specific Sf-1 knockout mice suggest hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, little is known about endocrine function at puberty and on germ cell tumor risk in patients with SF-1 mutations. This study reports on the natural course during puberty and on gonadal histology in two adolescents with SF-1 mutations and predominantly female phenotype at birth. DESIGN AND METHODS Clinical and hormonal data and histopathological studies are reported in one male and one female adolescent with, respectively, a nonsense mutation (c.9T>A, p.Tyr3X) and a deletion of the first two coding exons (NCBI36/hg18 Chr9:g.(126306276-126307705)_(126303229-126302828)del) of NR5A1, both predicted to fully disrupt gene function. RESULTS LH and testosterone concentrations were in the normal male range, virilization was disproportionate to the neonatal phenotype. In the girl, gonadectomy at 13 years revealed incomplete spermatogenesis and bilateral precursor lesions of testicular carcinoma in situ. In the boy, at the age of 12, numerous germ cells without signs of malignancy were present in bilateral testicular biopsy specimen. CONCLUSIONS In SF-1 mutations, the neonatal phenotype poorly predicts virilization at puberty. Even in poorly virilized cases at birth, male gender assignment may allow spontaneous puberty without signs of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and possibly fertility. Patients with SF-1 mutations are at increased risk for malignant germ cell tumors. In case of preserved gonads, early orchidopexy and germ cell tumor screening is warranted. The finding of premalignant and/or malignant changes should prompt gonadectomy or possibly irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cools
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent University, Building 3K12D, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Oosterhuis JW, Stoop H, Dohle G, Boellaard W, van Casteren N, Wolffenbuttel K, Looijenga LHJ. A pathologist's view on the testis biopsy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 34:e14-9; discussion e20. [PMID: 21790650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aspects of the biopsy of the testis from the pathologist's point of view are discussed. Direct enzyme-histochemical staining for alkaline phosphatase (dAP) on frozen sections of biopsies taken during operation is a useful diagnostic tool to aid surgeons in testis-sparing surgery. Biopsy of the contralateral testis for the diagnosis of carcinoma in situ (CIS) in patients with a testicular germ cell tumour is not standard of care in most countries because of the high rate of negative biopsies. Based on risk factors for germ cell tumours, i.p. microlithiasis, a patient population is defined in which the rate of CIS in the contralateral biopsy is about 25%. It is reiterated that the diagnosis of CIS in testicular biopsies requires expertise, and should not be carried out without immunohistochemistry for markers for CIS. As OCT3/4 is increasingly used as marker, it is important to be aware that it may be false-negative in biopsies fixed in Bouin's or Stieve's fixative. Preliminary results are presented on a series of biopsies from cryptorchid testes in infants and children allowing the definition of morphological and immunohistochemical criteria for delayed maturation of gonocytes and pre-CIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Oosterhuis
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Cools M, Pleskacova J, Stoop H, Hoebeke P, Van Laecke E, Drop SLS, Lebl J, Oosterhuis JW, Looijenga LHJ, Wolffenbuttel KP. Gonadal pathology and tumor risk in relation to clinical characteristics in patients with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E1171-80. [PMID: 21508138 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gonadectomy is avoided whenever possible in boys with 45,X/46,XY. However, no clinical markers are currently available to guide clinicians in predicting gonadal tumor risk or hormone production. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that gonadal histology and risk for development of a malignant germ cell tumor are reflected by the clinical presentation of a 45,X/46,XY individual. DESIGN The design of the study was the correlation of clinical data [external masculinization score (EMS), pubertal outcome] with pathology data (gonadal phenotype, tumor risk). SETTING This was a multicenter study involving two multidisciplinary disorder of sex development teams. PATIENTS Patients included genetically proven 45,X/46,XY (and variants) cases, of whom at least one gonadal biopsy or gonadectomy specimen was available, together with clinical details. INTERVENTIONS Patients (n = 48) were divided into three groups, based on the EMS. Gonadal histology and tumor risk were assessed on paraffin-embedded samples (n = 87) by morphology and immunohistochemistry on the basis of established criteria. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Gonadal differentiation and tumor risk in the three clinical groups were measured. Clinical outcome in patients with at least one preserved gonad was also measured. RESULTS Tumor risk in the three groups was significantly related to the gonadal differentiation pattern (P < 0.001). In boys, hormone production was sufficient and was not predicted by the EMS. CONCLUSIONS The EMS reflects gonadal differentiation and tumor risk in patients with 45,X/46,XY. In boys, testosterone production is often sufficient, but strict follow-up is warranted because of malignancy risk, which appears inversely related to EMS. In girls, tumor risk is limited but gonads are not functional, making gonadectomy the most reasonable option.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cools
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Ghent and Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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12
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Gillis AJM, Stoop H, Biermann K, van Gurp RJHLM, Swartzman E, Cribbes S, Ferlinz A, Shannon M, Oosterhuis JW, Looijenga LHJ. Expression and interdependencies of pluripotency factors LIN28, OCT3/4, NANOG and SOX2 in human testicular germ cells and tumours of the testis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:e160-74. [PMID: 21631526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OCT3/4, NANOG, SOX2 and, most recently, LIN28 have been identified as key regulators of pluripotency in mammalian embryonic and induced stem cells, and are proven to be crucial for generation of the mouse germ-cell lineage. These factors are a hallmark of certain histological types of germ-cell tumours (GCTs). Here, we report novel information on the temporal and spatial expression pattern of LIN28 during normal human male germ-cell development as well as various types of GCTs. To investigate LIN28 expression, immunohistochemical analyses and quantitative proximity ligation assay-based TaqMan protein assays were applied on snap-frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples as well as representative cell lines. LIN28 was found in primordial germ cells, gonocytes and pre-spermatogonia, in contrast to OCT3/4 and NANOG, which were found only in the first two stages. LIN28 was also found in all precursor lesions (carcinoma in situ and gonadoblastoma) of type II GCTs, as well as the invasive components seminoma and the non-seminomatous elements embryonal carcinoma and yolk sac tumour. Choriocarcinoma showed a heterogeneous pattern, while teratomas and spermatocytic seminomas (type III GCTs) were negative. This expression pattern suggests that LIN28 is associated with malignant behaviour of type II GCTs. Cell line experiments involving siRNA knockdown of LIN28, OCT3/4 and SOX2 showed that LIN28 plays a role in the maintenance of the undifferentiated state of both seminoma and embryonal carcinoma, closely linked to, and likely upstream of OCT3/4 and NANOG. In conclusion, LIN28 regulates the differentiation status of seminoma and embryonal carcinoma and is likely to play a related role in normal human germ-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J M Gillis
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Looijenga LHJ, Gillis AJM, Stoop H, Biermann K, Oosterhuis JW. Dissecting the molecular pathways of (testicular) germ cell tumour pathogenesis; from initiation to treatment-resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 34:e234-51. [PMID: 21564133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human type II germ cell tumours (GCTs) originate from an embryonic germ cell, either as a primordial germ cell or gonocyte. This start determines the biological as well as clinical characteristics of this type of cancer, amongst others their totipotency as well as their overall (exceptional) sensitivity to DNA damaging agents. The histology of the precursor lesion, either carcinoma in situ or gonadoblastoma, depends on the level of testicularization (i.e. testis formation) of the gonad. The impact of either intrinsic (genetic) - and environmental factors involved in the pathogenesis is demonstrated by disorders of sex development as well as testicular dysgenesis syndrome as risk factors, including cryptorchidism, hypospadias and disturbed fertility as parameters. This knowledge allows identification of individuals at risk for development of this type of cancer, being a population of interest for screening. Factors known to regulate pluripotency during embryogenesis are proven to be of diagnostic value for type II GCTs, including OCT3/4, even applicable for non-invasive screening. In addition, presence of stem cell factor, also known as KITLG, allows distinction between delayed matured germ cells and the earliest stages of malignant transformation. This is of special interest because of the identified association between development of type II GCTs of the testis and a limited number of single nucleotide polymorphisms, including some likely related to KITL. Transition from the precursor lesion to an invasive cancer is associated with gain of the short arm of chromosome 12, in which multiple genes might be involved, including KRAS2 and possibly NANOG (pseudogenes). While most precursor lesions will progress to an invasive cancer, only a limited number of cancers will develop treatment resistance. Putative explanatory mechanisms are identified, including presence of microsatellite instability, BRAF mutations, apoptosis suppression and p21 sub-cellular localization. It remains to be investigated how these different pathways integrate to each other and how informative they are at the patient-individual level. Further understanding will allow development of more targeted treatment, which will benefit quality of life of these young cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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van Casteren NJ, de Jong J, Stoop H, Steyerberg EW, de Bekker-Grob EW, Dohle GR, Oosterhuis JW, Looijenga LHJ. Evaluation of testicular biopsies for carcinomain situ: immunohistochemistry is mandatory. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 32:666-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Stoop H, Honecker F, van de Geijn GJM, Gillis AJM, Cools MC, de Boer M, Bokemeyer C, Wolffenbuttel KP, Drop SLS, de Krijger RR, Dennis N, Summersgill B, McIntyre A, Shipley J, Oosterhuis JW, Looijenga LHJ. Stem cell factor as a novel diagnostic marker for early malignant germ cells. J Pathol 2008; 216:43-54. [PMID: 18566970 DOI: 10.1002/path.2378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the testis is the pre-invasive stage of type II testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs) of adolescents and adults. These tumours are the most frequently diagnosed cancer in Caucasian adolescents and young adults. In dysgenetic gonads, the precursor of type II GCTs can be either CIS or a lesion known as gonadoblastoma (GB). CIS/GB originates from a primordial germ cell (PGC)/gonocyte, ie an embryonic cell. CIS can be cured by local low-dose irradiation, with limited side effects on hormonal function. Therefore, strategies for early diagnosis of CIS are essential. Various markers are informative to diagnose CIS in adult testis by immunohistochemistry, including c-KIT, PLAP, AP-2gamma, NANOG, and POU5F1 (OCT3/4). OCT3/4 is the most informative and consistent in presence and expression level, resulting in intense nuclear staining. In the case of maturational delay of germ cells, frequently present in gonads of individuals at risk for type II (T)GCTs, use of these markers can result in overdiagnosis of malignant germ cells. This demonstrates the need for a more specific diagnostic marker to distinguish malignant germ cells from germ cells showing maturation delay. Here we report the novel finding that immunohistochemical detection of stem cell factor (SCF), the c-KIT ligand, is informative in this context. This was demonstrated in over 400 cases of normal (fetal, neonatal, infantile, and adult) and pathological gonads, as well as TGCT-derived cell lines, specifically in cases of CIS and GB. Both membrane-bound and soluble SCF were expressed, suggestive of an autocrine loop. SCF immunohistochemistry can be a valuable diagnostic tool, in addition to OCT3/4, to screen for precursor lesions of TGCTs, especially in patients with germ cell maturation delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Stoop
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-Erasmus University Medical Center, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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de Jong J, Stoop H, Gillis AJM, van Gurp RJHLM, van de Geijn GJM, Boer MD, Hersmus R, Saunders PTK, Anderson RA, Oosterhuis JW, Looijenga LHJ. Differential expression of SOX17 and SOX2 in germ cells and stem cells has biological and clinical implications. J Pathol 2008; 215:21-30. [PMID: 18348160 DOI: 10.1002/path.2332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Combined action of SOX and POU families of transcription factors plays major roles in embryonic development. In embryonic stem cells, the combination of SOX2 and POU5F1 (OCT3/4) is essential for maintaining the undifferentiated state by activating pluripotency-linked genes, and inhibition of genes involved in differentiation. Besides embryonic stem cells, POU5F1 is also present in early germ cells, primordial germ cells, and gonocytes, where it has a role in suppression of apoptosis. Here we demonstrate that SOX2 is absent in germ cells of human fetal gonads, and as expected carcinoma in situ (CIS), ie the precursor lesion of testicular germ cell tumours of adolescents and adults (TGCTs), and seminoma. Based on genome-wide expression profiling, SOX17 was found to be present, instead of SOX2, in early germ cells and their malignant counterparts, CIS and seminoma. Immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis, and quantitative RT-PCR showed that SOX17 is a suitable marker to distinguish seminoma from embryonal carcinoma, confirmed in representative cell lines. Aberrant SOX2 expression can be present in Sertoli cells when associated with CIS, which can be misdiagnosed as embryonal carcinoma. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the absence of SOX2 in human embryonic and malignant germ cells, which express SOX17 in conjunction with POU5F1. This finding has both diagnostic and developmental biological implications. It allows the identification of seminoma-like cells from embryonal carcinoma based on a positive marker and might be the explanation for the different function of POU5F1 in normal and malignant germ cells versus embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Jong
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ng SB, Yong MH, Knight LA, Lee VKM, Nadarajah S, Stoop H, Looijenga LHJ. Gonadoblastoma-associated mixed germ cell tumour in 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis (Swyer syndrome): analysis of Y chromosomal genotype and OCT3/4 and TSPY expression profile. Histopathology 2008; 52:644-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2008.02988.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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van den Bos IC, Hussain SM, Dwarkasing RS, Stoop H, Zondervan PE, Krestin GP, de Man RA. Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder: a mimicker of hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Radiol 2008; 80:e317-20. [PMID: 18065642 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/97773297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a case of a large gallbladder tumour in a patient with no known liver disease and elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), in whom a differential diagnosis from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in a non-cirrhotic liver was particularly difficult given the combination of the size of the tumour, solitary nature, elevated AFP and striking resemblance with HCC at histology. In presenting this patient, we would like to emphasise the role of MRI as a problem-solving tool for analysis of rare tumours of non-hepatocellular origin, including hepatoid adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C van den Bos
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hersmus R, Kalfa N, de Leeuw B, Stoop H, Oosterhuis JW, de Krijger R, Wolffenbuttel KP, Drop SLS, Veitia RA, Fellous M, Jaubert F, Looijenga LHJ. FOXL2 and SOX9 as parameters of female and male gonadal differentiation in patients with various forms of disorders of sex development (DSD). J Pathol 2008; 215:31-8. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Looijenga LHJ, Gillis AJM, Stoop H, Hersmus R, Oosterhuis JW. Relevance of microRNAs in normal and malignant development, including human testicular germ cell tumours. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 30:304-14; discussion 314-5. [PMID: 17573854 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dogma of genome functionality has recently been challenged by identification of non-protein-encoding RNAs, including mi(cro)RNAs. These relatively small sequences interact with mRNA and in the mammalian system, are involved in fine-tuning the process of translation. miRNAs have been found to be of crucial importance for normal development, including stem cell formation. Recent interesting fundamental observations will be discussed in this paper, as well as their impact on the genesis of human germ cell tumours (GCTs), in particular those of the adult testis, seminomas and non-seminomas (type II), and spermatocytic seminomas (type III). miRNA cluster 371-373 is specifically involved in inhibition of cellular senescence induced by oncogenic stress in the type II GCTs. This explains the unusual presence of wild type P53, characteristic of this type of solid cancer. Specific sets of differentiating miRNA were found to characterize the various differentiation lineages within the GCTs, which simulate normal embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Center Rotterdam, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Verhagen PCMS, van Duijn PW, Hermans KGL, Looijenga LHJ, van Gurp RJHLM, Stoop H, van der Kwast TH, Trapman J. The PTEN gene in locally progressive prostate cancer is preferentially inactivated by bi-allelic gene deletion. J Pathol 2006; 208:699-707. [PMID: 16402365 DOI: 10.1002/path.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PTEN is frequently inactivated during the development of many cancers, including prostate cancer, and both bi-allelic and mono-allelic PTEN inactivation may contribute to tumorigenesis. PTEN mutations in clinical cancer specimens can easily be recorded but mono- or bi-allelic gene deletions are often difficult to assess. We performed a comprehensive study to detect PTEN inactivation in 40 locally progressive clinical prostate cancer specimens obtained by transurethral resection of the prostate, utilizing a variety of complementary technical approaches. The methods to detect PTEN deletion included allelotype analysis, dual-colour FISH and array-based CGH. We also applied a novel semi-quantitative approach, assessing the PTEN-WT (wild-type): PTEN-Psi (pseudogene) ratio (WPR). Structural analysis of PTEN was performed by single-strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and sequencing. PTEN protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Our data predict complete PTEN inactivation in 12 samples (30%), nine of these by bi-allelic deletion. Loss of one PTEN copy was also detected by several methodologies but the number could not be accurately assessed. Immunohistochemistry indicated the absence of PTEN protein in 15 samples, and heterogeneous expression of the protein in eight tumours. Taken together, these data show that bi-allelic deletion is a major mechanism of PTEN inactivation in locally progressive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C M S Verhagen
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Stoop H, Honecker F, Cools M, de Krijger R, Bokemeyer C, Looijenga LHJ. Differentiation and development of human female germ cells during prenatal gonadogenesis: an immunohistochemical study. Hum Reprod 2005; 20:1466-76. [PMID: 15734757 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the development of the human ovary, the second trimester includes the transition from oogonial replication to primordial follicle formation. The present study was carried out to assess differentiation and proliferation of germ cells in a series of female gonads from 19 fetuses from the second and third trimester, and two neonates. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry, the following markers were studied: placental/germ-like cell alkaline phosphatases (PLAP), the marker of pluripotency OCT3/4, the proliferation marker Ki-67, beta-catenin and E-cadherin, the stem cell factor receptor c-KIT, and VASA, a protein specific for the germ cell lineage. RESULTS PLAP and OCT3/4 were seen during oogenesis, but not in germ cells engaged in folliculogenesis. A similar pattern was observed for Ki-67. Loss of pluripotency occurs once oocytes engage in follicle formation, suggesting a role of cell-cell interactions in the process of germ cell maturation. VASA, c-KIT, beta-catenin and E-cadherin were found in germ cells at all developmental stages of oogenesis and folliculogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Immunohistochemically, two groups of germ cells can be distinguished. Germ cells that are predominantly found in the cortical region of the ovary before weeks 22-24 of gestation, showing an immature phenotype, are mitotically active, and express OCT3/4, a marker of pluripotency. On the other hand, germ cells undergoing folliculogenesis have lost their pluripotent potential and no longer proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Stoop
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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De Jong BWD, De Gouveia Brazao CA, Stoop H, Wolffenbuttel KP, Oosterhuis JW, Puppels GJ, Weber RFA, Looijenga LHJ, Kok DJ. Raman Spectroscopic Analysis Identifies Testicular Microlithiasis as Intratubular Hydroxyapatite. J Urol 2004; 171:92-6. [PMID: 14665852 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000101948.98175.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As diagnosed by ultrasonography, testicular microlithiasis is associated with various benign and malignant conditions. The molecular constitution of these microliths is largely unknown. Raman spectroscopy provides detailed in situ information about the molecular composition of tissues and to our knowledge it has not been applied to gonadal microliths. We analyzed the molecular composition of gonadal microlithiasis and its surrounding region using Raman spectroscopy in malignant and benign conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multiple microliths from 6 independent samples diagnosed with gonadal microlithiasis by ultrasound and histologically confirmed were investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The samples included 4 testicular parenchyma samples adjacent to a germ cell tumor (4 seminomas), a gonadoblastoma of a dysgenetic gonad and testicular biopsy of a subfertile male without malignancy. RESULTS Raman spectroscopic mapping demonstrated that testicular microliths were located within the seminiferous tubule. Glycogen surrounded all microliths in the samples associated with germ cell neoplasm but not in the benign case. The molecular composition of the 26 microliths in all 6 conditions was pure hydroxyapatite. CONCLUSIONS Microliths in the testis are located in the seminiferous tubules and composed of hydroxyapatite. In cases of germ cell neoplasm they co-localize with glycogen deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W D De Jong
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Oosterhuis JW, Kersemaekers AMF, Jacobsen GK, Timmer A, Steyerberg EW, Molier M, Van Weeren PC, Stoop H, Looijenga LHJ. Morphology of testicular parenchyma adjacent to germ cell tumours. An interim report. APMIS 2003; 111:32-40; discussion 41-2. [PMID: 12752231 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2003.11101061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A comparative morphological analysis of parenchyma adjacent to testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT) was performed in a series of 181 orchidectomy specimens: 86 with seminomas (Se), 72 with nonseminomatous germ cell tumours (NS) and 23 with combined tumours (CT, which have a Se and a NS component). The following morphological features were semiquantitatively scored: spermatogenesis (modified Johnsen score); amount of tubular atrophy; amount of carcinoma in situ (CIS); amount of intertubular tissue. Absence and presence was scored for the following features: lymphocytic infiltrate surrounding and invading CIS; intratubular seminoma (ISe); intratubular nonseminoma (INS); microlithiasis; diffuse and nodular hyperplasia of Leydig cells; angioinvasiveness; testicular angiopathy. Using non-parametric statistics these features were correlated with each other and with tumour type, tumour size and age of the patient. Se-patients presented at significantly higher age than NS-patients (36 vs 29 years, p=0.001). The age of patients with CT (32 years) was in between that of Se- and NS-patients. No correlation was found between patient age and tumour size. Parenchyma adjacent to Se, compared to parenchyma adjacent to NS had the following significant differences: a lower Johnsen score (5.6 vs 7.2, p=0.005); less frequent (85% vs 97% of specimens, p=0.016) and a lesser amount of CIS (26% vs 32% of tubules, p=0.015); more frequent peri- (80% vs 60% of specimens, p=0.001) and intratubular (68% vs 30% of specimens, p=0.001) lymphocytic infiltrates; more extensive tubular atrophy (36% vs 15% of tubules, p=0.001); and a larger area of intertubular tissue (42% vs 34% of parenchyma area, p=0.016). The pooled Se and CT had a significantly higher frequency of ISe than the NS (31% vs 17% of specimens, p=0.036). With one exception INS was only found adjacent to NS or CT, with a frequency of 16%, and 20% of the specimens, respectively. It was significantly associated with angio-invasiveness. In specimens lacking angio-invasion the frequency of INS was 6%. The correlation of INS with tumour size and patient age was studied in a series of 145 NS and CT (95 from the original series supplemented by 50 newer cases). In this series INS was significantly associated with smaller tumours and younger patients. Extensive tubular atrophy was significantly correlated with higher age, the diagnosis of Se, a low Johnsen score, and the presence of angiopathy. The more tubular atrophy, the less CIS (both in incidence and amount). Inversely, a higher Johnsen score is associated with smaller tumours, the diagnosis of NS or CT, a higher incidence and a larger amount of CIS, and little tubular atrophy. Tubules with mature spermatogenesis were found in 42% of the specimens regardless of tumour type. We conclude that ISe and INS are probably frequent intermediate stages between CIS and Se and NS, respectively. The features of parenchyma adjacent to Se are probably due to the host response elicited by the invasive Se, which secondarily also affects CIS. The long time to clinical presentation allows the host to eradicate most of the CIS by the time the tumour is surgically removed. The much less extensive morphological features of a host response in parenchyma adjacent to NS support the contention that NS originates as INS, behind the blood/testis barrier, without exposure of the host to tumour cells with a seminomatous phenotype (CIS- or Se cells). Microlithiasis and testicular angiopathy are frequent, but not specific findings in parenchyma next to TGCT. Their relationship with the development with TGCT is unexplained.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Oosterhuis
- Department of Pathology of Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Stoop H, van Gurp R, de Krijger R, Geurts van Kessel A, Köberle B, Oosterhuis W, Looijenga L. Reactivity of germ cell maturation stage-specific markers in spermatocytic seminoma: diagnostic and etiological implications. J Transl Med 2001; 81:919-28. [PMID: 11454979 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that testicular seminomas and spermatocytic seminomas have separate pathogeneses, although the origin of these two types of germ cell tumors of the adult testis remains a matter of debate. Although an embryonic germ cell origin seems to be most likely for seminomas, a spermatogonia-spermatocyte origin has been suggested for spermatocytic seminoma. To shed more light on the etiology of spermatocytic seminomas, we undertook an immunohistochemical and molecular approach using SCP1 (synaptonemal complex protein 1), SSX (synovial sarcoma on X chromosome), and XPA (xeroderma pigmentosum type A) as targets. Although a stage-specific expression pattern has been reported for SCP1 and SSX in normal spermatogenesis, we demonstrate here that it also exists for XPA. In fact, immunohistochemistry shows that the proteins of SCP1 and XPA are specifically present in the stage of primary and pachytene spermatocytes. In contrast, SSX was found in spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes, as well as in germ cells, from at least the 17th week of intrauterine development onward. Although no protein encoded by any of these genes was detected in tumor cells of a series of testicular seminomas, all tested spermatocytic seminomas were positive, in agreement with expression analysis. These data support the model that seminomas originate from an embryonic germ cell, and they imply that the cell of origin of spermatocytic seminomas is at least capable of maturing to the stage of spermatogonia-pachytene spermatocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Stoop
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Rotterdam/Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Roelofs H, Mostert MC, Pompe K, Zafarana G, van Oorschot M, van Gurp RJ, Gillis AJ, Stoop H, Beverloo B, Oosterhuis JW, Bokemeyer C, Looijenga LH. Restricted 12p amplification and RAS mutation in human germ cell tumors of the adult testis. Am J Pathol 2000; 157:1155-66. [PMID: 11021820 PMCID: PMC1850173 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human testicular germ-cell tumors of young adults (TGCTs), both seminomas and nonseminomas, are characterized by 12p overrepresentation, mostly as isochromosomes, of which the biological and clinical significance is still unclear. A limited number of TGCTs has been identified with an additional high-level amplification of a restricted region of 12p including the K-RAS proto-oncogene. Here we show that the incidence of these restricted 12p amplifications is approximately 8% in primary TGCTs. Within a single cell formation of i(12p) and restricted 12p amplification is mutually exclusive. The borders of the amplicons cluster in short regions, and the amplicon was never found in the adjacent carcinoma in situ cells. Seminomas with the restricted 12p amplification virtually lacked apoptosis and the tumor cells showed prolonged in vitro survival like seminoma cells with a mutated RAS gene. However, no differences in proliferation index between these different groups of seminomas were found. Although patients with a seminoma containing a homogeneous restricted 12p amplification presented at a significantly younger age than those lacking it, the presence of a restricted 12p amplification/RAS mutation did not predict the stage of the disease at clinical presentation and the treatment response of primary seminomas. In 55 primary and metastatic tumors from 44 different patients who failed cisplatinum-based chemotherapy, the restricted 12p amplification and RAS mutations had the same incidence as in the consecutive series of responding patients. These data support the model that gain of 12p in TGCTs is related to invasive growth. It allows tumor cells, in particular those showing characteristics of early germ cells (ie, the seminoma cells), to survive outside their specific microenvironment. Overexpression of certain genes on 12p probably inhibits apoptosis in these tumor cells. However, the copy numbers of the restricted amplification of 12p and K-RAS mutations do not predict response to therapy and survival of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Roelofs
- Pathology/Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, University Hospital Rotterdam/Daniel, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Mostert M, Rosenberg C, Stoop H, Schuyer M, Timmer A, Oosterhuis W, Looijenga L. Comparative genomic and in situ hybridization of germ cell tumors of the infantile testis. J Transl Med 2000; 80:1055-64. [PMID: 10908150 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal information on germ cell tumors of the infantile testis, ie, teratomas and yolk sac tumors, is limited and controversial. We studied two teratomas and four yolk sac tumors using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and in situ hybridization. No chromosomal anomalies were found in the teratomas by any of the methods, not even after CGH on microdissected tumor cells. All yolk sac tumors showed aneuploidy, loss of parts of 4q and 6q, and gain of parts of 20q. Underrepresentation of parts of 8q and overrepresentation of parts of 3p, 9q, 12p, 17, 19q, and 22 were detected in most cases. In addition, one recurrent yolk sac tumor after a sacral teratoma was studied, showing a highly similar pattern of imbalances. While CGH demonstrated loss of 1p36 in one testicular yolk sac tumor, in situ hybridization revealed loss of this region in all yolk sac tumors. High-level amplification of the 12q13-q14 region was found in one yolk sac tumor. MDM2, of which the encoding gene maps to this chromosomal region, was found in all cases using immunohistochemistry, whereas no p53 could be detected. Accordingly, no mutations within exons 5 to 8 of the p53 gene were observed. These data prove the absence of gross chromosomal aberrations in teratomas of the infantile testis and show a characteristic pattern of gains and losses in the yolk sac tumors. Besides confirmation of previously found anomalies, recurrent losses of 1p21-31 and 4q23-33 and gains of 9q34 and 12p12-13 have not been reported before. While genetic inactivation of p53 seems unimportant in the pathogenesis of these tumors, biochemical inactivation by MDM2 might be involved. These data support the existence of three entities of germ cell tumors of the human testis: teratomas and yolk sac tumors of infants, seminomas and nonseminomas of adolescents and young adults, and spermatocytic seminomas of the elderly, each with its own specific pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mostert
- Pathology/Laboratory for Experimental Patho-Oncology, University Hospital Rotterdam/Daniel, Josephine Nefkens Institute, The Netherlands
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Sweep M, van Berlo A, Stoop H. Technology for dementing persons: a relief for informal carers? Stud Health Technol Inform 1997; 48:331-6. [PMID: 10186542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Sweep
- Senior Citizens Technology Centre, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Stoop H, Rzazewski K. Spontaneous emission from a trapped atom. Phys Rev A 1995; 52:1494-1499. [PMID: 9912388 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.52.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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