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Akiyama T, Raftery LA, Wharton KA. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling: the pathway and its regulation. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad200. [PMID: 38124338 PMCID: PMC10847725 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mid-1960s, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were first identified in the extracts of bone to have the remarkable ability to induce heterotopic bone. When the Drosophila gene decapentaplegic (dpp) was first identified to share sequence similarity with mammalian BMP2/BMP4 in the late-1980s, it became clear that secreted BMP ligands can mediate processes other than bone formation. Following this discovery, collaborative efforts between Drosophila geneticists and mammalian biochemists made use of the strengths of their respective model systems to identify BMP signaling components and delineate the pathway. The ability to conduct genetic modifier screens in Drosophila with relative ease was critical in identifying the intracellular signal transducers for BMP signaling and the related transforming growth factor-beta/activin signaling pathway. Such screens also revealed a host of genes that encode other core signaling components and regulators of the pathway. In this review, we provide a historical account of this exciting time of gene discovery and discuss how the field has advanced over the past 30 years. We have learned that while the core BMP pathway is quite simple, composed of 3 components (ligand, receptor, and signal transducer), behind the versatility of this pathway lies multiple layers of regulation that ensures precise tissue-specific signaling output. We provide a sampling of these discoveries and highlight many questions that remain to be answered to fully understand the complexity of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Akiyama
- Department of Biology, Rich and Robin Porter Cancer Research Center, The Center for Genomic Advocacy, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA
| | - Laurel A Raftery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Kristi A Wharton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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2
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Cota CD. Investigating cellular dynamics in tunicates. Genesis 2023; 61:e23574. [PMID: 37984368 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
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3
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Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 and Aurora Kinase choreograph mitotic storage and redistribution of a growth factor receptor. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001029. [PMID: 33395410 PMCID: PMC7808676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosomal trafficking of receptors and associated proteins plays a critical role in signal processing. Until recently, it was thought that trafficking was shut down during cell division. Thus, remarkably, the regulation of trafficking during division remains poorly characterized. Here we delineate the role of mitotic kinases in receptor trafficking during asymmetric division. Targeted perturbations reveal that Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 (CDK1) and Aurora Kinase promote storage of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) by suppressing endosomal degradation and recycling pathways. As cells progress through metaphase, loss of CDK1 activity permits differential degradation and targeted recycling of stored receptors, leading to asymmetric induction. Mitotic receptor storage, as delineated in this study, may facilitate rapid reestablishment of signaling competence in nascent daughter cells. However, mutations that limit or enhance the release of stored signaling components could alter daughter cell fate or behavior thereby promoting oncogenesis. This study provides fundamental insights into the crosstalk between cell division and signaling, with implications for cancer. High-resolution in vivo analysis reveals that dividing cells sequester signal receptor proteins into internal compartments; stored receptors are then redistributed as cells complete division.
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4
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Li W, Zhang S, Yang G. Dynamic organization of intracellular organelle networks. WIREs Mech Dis 2020; 13:e1505. [PMID: 32865347 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular organelles are membrane-bound and biochemically distinct compartments constructed to serve specialized functions in eukaryotic cells. Through extensive interactions, they form networks to coordinate and integrate their specialized functions for cell physiology. A fundamental property of these organelle networks is that they constantly undergo dynamic organization via membrane fusion and fission to remodel their internal connections and to mediate direct material exchange between compartments. The dynamic organization not only enables them to serve critical physiological functions adaptively but also differentiates them from many other biological networks such as gene regulatory networks and cell signaling networks. This review examines this fundamental property of the organelle networks from a systems point of view. The focus is exclusively on homotypic networks formed by mitochondria, lysosomes, endosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. First, key mechanisms that drive the dynamic organization of these networks are summarized. Then, several distinct organizational properties of these networks are highlighted. Next, spatial properties of the dynamic organization of these networks are emphasized, and their functional implications are examined. Finally, some representative molecular machineries that mediate the dynamic organization of these networks are surveyed. Overall, the dynamic organization of intracellular organelle networks is emerging as a fundamental and unifying paradigm in the internal organization of eukaryotic cells. This article is categorized under: Metabolic Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhao Zhang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ge Yang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology and Machine Intelligence, School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Computational Biology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Rizzelli F, Malabarba MG, Sigismund S, Mapelli M. The crosstalk between microtubules, actin and membranes shapes cell division. Open Biol 2020; 10:190314. [PMID: 32183618 PMCID: PMC7125961 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic progression is orchestrated by morphological and mechanical changes promoted by the coordinated activities of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton, the actin cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane (PM). MTs assemble the mitotic spindle, which assists sister chromatid separation, and contact the rigid and tensile actomyosin cortex rounded-up underneath the PM. Here, we highlight the dynamic crosstalk between MTs, actin and cell membranes during mitosis, and discuss the molecular connections between them. We also summarize recent views on how MT traction forces, the actomyosin cortex and membrane trafficking contribute to spindle positioning in isolated cells in culture and in epithelial sheets. Finally, we describe the emerging role of membrane trafficking in synchronizing actomyosin tension and cell shape changes with cell-substrate adhesion, cell-cell contacts and extracellular signalling events regulating proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Grazia Malabarba
- IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Sigismund
- IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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6
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Prince E, Kroeger B, Gligorov D, Wilson C, Eaton S, Karch F, Brankatschk M, Maeda RK. Rab-mediated trafficking in the secondary cells of Drosophila male accessory glands and its role in fecundity. Traffic 2018; 20:137-151. [PMID: 30426623 PMCID: PMC6492190 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The male seminal fluid contains factors that affect female post‐mating behavior and physiology. In Drosophila, most of these factors are secreted by the two epithelial cell types that make up the male accessory gland: the main and secondary cells. Although secondary cells represent only ~4% of the cells of the accessory gland, their contribution to the male seminal fluid is essential for sustaining the female post‐mating response. To better understand the function of the secondary cells, we investigated their molecular organization, particularly with respect to the intracellular membrane transport machinery. We determined that large vacuole‐like structures found in the secondary cells are trafficking hubs labeled by Rab6, 7, 11 and 19. Furthermore, these organelles require Rab6 for their formation and many are essential in the process of creating the long‐term postmating behavior of females. In order to better serve the intracellular membrane and protein trafficking communities, we have created a searchable, online, open‐access imaging resource to display our complete findings regarding Rab localization in the accessory gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Prince
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Section of Biology, Sciences Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Kroeger
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dragan Gligorov
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Section of Biology, Sciences Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clive Wilson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Suzanne Eaton
- Biotechnology Center of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - François Karch
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Section of Biology, Sciences Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marko Brankatschk
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert K Maeda
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Section of Biology, Sciences Faculty, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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7
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Hinze C, Boucrot E. Endocytosis in proliferating, quiescent and terminally differentiated cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/23/jcs216804. [PMID: 30504135 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis mediates nutrient uptake, receptor internalization and the regulation of cell signaling. It is also hijacked by many bacteria, viruses and toxins to mediate their cellular entry. Several endocytic routes exist in parallel, fulfilling different functions. Most studies on endocytosis have used transformed cells in culture. However, as the majority of cells in an adult body have exited the cell cycle, our understanding is biased towards proliferating cells. Here, we review the evidence for the different pathways of endocytosis not only in dividing, but also in quiescent, senescent and terminally differentiated cells. During mitosis, residual endocytosis is dedicated to the internalization of caveolae and specific receptors. In non-dividing cells, clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) functions, but the activity of alternative processes, such as caveolae, macropinocytosis and clathrin-independent routes, vary widely depending on cell types and functions. Endocytosis supports the quiescent state by either upregulating cell cycle arrest pathways or downregulating mitogen-induced signaling, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. Endocytosis in terminally differentiated cells, such as skeletal muscles, adipocytes, kidney podocytes and neurons, supports tissue-specific functions. Finally, uptake is downregulated in senescent cells, making them insensitive to proliferative stimuli by growth factors. Future studies should reveal the molecular basis for the differences in activities between the different cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hinze
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Emmanuel Boucrot
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK .,Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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8
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New Player in Endosomal Trafficking: Differential Roles of Smad Anchor for Receptor Activation (SARA) Protein. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00446-18. [PMID: 30275343 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00446-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and maintenance of multicellular organisms require specialized coordination between external cellular signals and the proteins receiving stimuli and regulating responses. A critical role in the proper functioning of these processes is played by endosomal trafficking, which enables the transport of proteins to targeted sites as well as their return to the plasma membrane through its essential components, the endosomes. During this trafficking, signaling pathways controlling functions related to the endosomal system are activated both directly and indirectly. Although there are a considerable number of molecules participating in these processes, some are more known than others for their specific functions. Toward the end of the 1990s, Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) protein was described to be controlling and to facilitate the localization of Smads to transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptors during TGF-β signaling activation, and, strikingly, SARA was also identified to be one of the proteins that bind to early endosomes (EEs) participating in membrane trafficking in several cell models. The purpose of this review is to analyze the state of the art of the contribution of SARA in different cell types and cellular contexts, focusing on the biological role of SARA in two main processes, trafficking and cellular signaling, both of which are necessary for intercellular coordination, communication, and development.
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9
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Vertii A, Kaufman PD, Hehnly H, Doxsey S. New dimensions of asymmetric division in vertebrates. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:87-102. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastassiia Vertii
- Department of MolecularCell and Cancer Biology University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester Massachusetts
| | - Paul D. Kaufman
- Department of MolecularCell and Cancer Biology University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester Massachusetts
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologySUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuse New York13210
| | - Stephen Doxsey
- Program in Molecular Medicine University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcester Massachusetts
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10
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Endosomal Trafficking During Mitosis and Notch-Dependent Asymmetric Division. ENDOCYTOSIS AND SIGNALING 2018; 57:301-329. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96704-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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11
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Batut PJ, Gingeras TR. Conserved noncoding transcription and core promoter regulatory code in early Drosophila development. eLife 2017; 6:29005. [PMID: 29260710 PMCID: PMC5754203 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicellular development is driven by regulatory programs that orchestrate the transcription of protein-coding and noncoding genes. To decipher this genomic regulatory code, and to investigate the developmental relevance of noncoding transcription, we compared genome-wide promoter activity throughout embryogenesis in 5 Drosophila species. Core promoters, generally not thought to play a significant regulatory role, in fact impart restrictions on the developmental timing of gene expression on a global scale. We propose a hierarchical regulatory model in which core promoters define broad windows of opportunity for expression, by defining a range of transcription factors from which they can receive regulatory inputs. This two-tiered mechanism globally orchestrates developmental gene expression, including extremely widespread noncoding transcription. The sequence and expression specificity of noncoding RNA promoters are evolutionarily conserved, implying biological relevance. Overall, this work introduces a hierarchical model for developmental gene regulation, and reveals a major role for noncoding transcription in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe J Batut
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, United States
| | - Thomas R Gingeras
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, United States
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12
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Lu J, Wang D, Shen J. Hedgehog signalling is required for cell survival in Drosophila wing pouch cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11317. [PMID: 28900135 PMCID: PMC5595820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An appropriate balance between cell survival and cell death is essential for correct pattern formation in the animal tissues and organs. Previous studies have shown that the short-range signalling molecule Hedgehog (Hh) is required for cell proliferation and pattern formation in the Drosophila central wing discs. Signal transduction by one of the Hh targets, the morphogen Decapentaplegic (Dpp), is required for not only cell proliferation, but also cell survival in the pouch cells. However, Hh function in cell survival and cell death has not been revealed. Here, we found that loss of Hh signal activity induces considerable Caspase-dependent cell death in the wing pouch cells, and this process was independent of both Dpp signalling and Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling. Loss of Hh induced activation of the pro-apoptotic gene hid and inhibition of diap1. Therefore, we identified an important role of Hh signalling in cell survival during Drosophila wing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lu
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory for monitoring and green management of crop pests, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory for monitoring and green management of crop pests, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Laboratory for monitoring and green management of crop pests, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China.
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13
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Januschke J, Wodarz A. Notch Signaling: Where Is the Action? Curr Biol 2017; 27:R760-R762. [PMID: 28787607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been a long-standing question as to whether the activation of Notch by its ligands occurs in a specific region of the plasma membrane. A study now shows that this is indeed the case in the Drosophila sensory organ precursor cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Januschke
- Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, JBC/WBT/MSI Complex, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Andreas Wodarz
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute I for Anatomy, University of Cologne Medical School, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Köln, Germany; Cluster of Excellence, Cellular Stress Response in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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14
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Sara phosphorylation state controls the dispatch of endosomes from the central spindle during asymmetric division. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15285. [PMID: 28585564 PMCID: PMC5467175 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
During asymmetric division, fate assignation in daughter cells is mediated by the partition of determinants from the mother. In the fly sensory organ precursor cell, Notch signalling partitions into the pIIa daughter. Notch and its ligand Delta are endocytosed into Sara endosomes in the mother cell and they are first targeted to the central spindle, where they get distributed asymmetrically to finally be dispatched to pIIa. While the processes of endosomal targeting and asymmetry are starting to be understood, the machineries implicated in the final dispatch to pIIa are unknown. We show that Sara binds the PP1c phosphatase and its regulator Sds22. Sara phosphorylation on three specific sites functions as a switch for the dispatch: if not phosphorylated, endosomes are targeted to the spindle and upon phosphorylation of Sara, endosomes detach from the spindle during pIIa targeting.
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15
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Sagner A, Briscoe J. Morphogen interpretation: concentration, time, competence, and signaling dynamics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6. [PMID: 28319331 PMCID: PMC5516147 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue patterning during animal development is orchestrated by a handful of inductive signals. Most of these developmental cues act as morphogens, meaning they are locally produced secreted molecules that act at a distance to govern tissue patterning. The iterative use of the same signaling molecules in different developmental contexts demands that signal interpretation occurs in a highly context‐dependent manner. Hence the interpretation of signal depends on the specific competence of the receiving cells. Moreover, it has become clear that the differential interpretation of morphogens depends not only on the level of signaling but also the signaling dynamics, particularly the duration of signaling. In this review, we outline molecular mechanisms proposed in recent studies that explain how the response to morphogens is determined by differential competence, pathway intrinsic feedback, and the interpretation of signaling dynamics by gene regulatory networks. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e271. doi: 10.1002/wdev.271 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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16
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Dpp/BMP2-4 Mediates Signaling from the D-Quadrant Organizer in a Spiralian Embryo. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2003-2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Portela M, Parsons LM, Grzeschik NA, Richardson HE. Regulation of Notch signaling and endocytosis by the Lgl neoplastic tumor suppressor. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1496-506. [PMID: 25789785 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1026515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved neoplastic tumor suppressor protein, Lethal (2) giant larvae (Lgl), plays roles in cell polarity and tissue growth via regulation of the Hippo pathway. In our recent study, we showed that in the developing Drosophila eye epithelium, depletion of Lgl leads to increased ligand-dependent Notch signaling. lgl mutant tissue also exhibits an accumulation of early endosomes, recycling endosomes, early-multivesicular body markers and acidic vesicles. We showed that elevated Notch signaling in lgl(-) tissue can be rescued by feeding larvae the vesicle de-acidifying drug chloroquine, revealing that Lgl attenuates Notch signaling by limiting vesicle acidification. Strikingly, chloroquine also rescued the lgl(-) overgrowth phenotype, suggesting that the Hippo pathway defects were also rescued. In this extraview, we provide additional data on the regulation of Notch signaling and endocytosis by Lgl, and discuss possible mechanisms by which Lgl depletion contributes to signaling pathway defects and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Portela
- a Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory; Research Division ; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre ; Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
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18
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Sharifkhodaei Z, Padash-Barmchi M, Gilbert MM, Samarasekera G, Fulga TA, Van Vactor D, Auld VJ. The Drosophila tricellular junction protein Gliotactin regulates its own mRNA levels through BMP-mediated induction of miR-184. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1477-89. [PMID: 26906422 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.178608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial bicellular and tricellular junctions are essential for establishing and maintaining permeability barriers. Tricellular junctions are formed by the convergence of three bicellular junctions at the corners of neighbouring epithelia. Gliotactin, a member of the Neuroligin family, is located at theDrosophilatricellular junction, and is crucial for the formation of tricellular and septate junctions, as well as permeability barrier function. Gliotactin protein levels are tightly controlled by phosphorylation at tyrosine residues and endocytosis. Blocking endocytosis or overexpressing Gliotactin results in the spread of Gliotactin from the tricellular junction, resulting in apoptosis, delamination and migration of epithelial cells. We show that Gliotactin levels are also regulated at the mRNA level by micro (mi)RNA-mediated degradation and that miRNAs are targeted to a short region in the 3'UTR that includes a conserved miR-184 target site. miR-184 also targets a suite of septate junction proteins, including NrxIV, coracle and Mcr. miR-184 expression is triggered when Gliotactin is overexpressed, leading to activation of the BMP signalling pathway. Gliotactin specifically interferes with Dad, an inhibitory SMAD, leading to activation of the Tkv type-I receptor and activation of Mad to elevate the biogenesis and expression of miR-184.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Sharifkhodaei
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Mary M Gilbert
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | | - Tudor A Fulga
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Van Vactor
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vanessa J Auld
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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19
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Kalaidzidis I, Miaczynska M, Brewińska-Olchowik M, Hupalowska A, Ferguson C, Parton RG, Kalaidzidis Y, Zerial M. APPL endosomes are not obligatory endocytic intermediates but act as stable cargo-sorting compartments. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:123-44. [PMID: 26459602 PMCID: PMC4602042 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201311117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis allows cargo to enter a series of specialized endosomal compartments, beginning with early endosomes harboring Rab5 and its effector EEA1. There are, however, additional structures labeled by the Rab5 effector APPL1 whose role in endocytic transport remains unclear. It has been proposed that APPL1 vesicles are transport intermediates that convert into EEA1 endosomes. Here, we tested this model by analyzing the ultrastructural morphology, kinetics of cargo transport, and stability of the APPL1 compartment over time. We found that APPL1 resides on a tubulo-vesicular compartment that is capable of sorting cargo for recycling or degradation and that displays long lifetimes, all features typical of early endosomes. Fitting mathematical models to experimental data rules out maturation of APPL1 vesicles into EEA1 endosomes as a primary mechanism for cargo transport. Our data suggest instead that APPL1 endosomes represent a distinct population of Rab5-positive sorting endosomes, thus providing important insights into the compartmental organization of the early endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Kalaidzidis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marta Miaczynska
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Brewińska-Olchowik
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Hupalowska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Charles Ferguson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia 4072
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia 4072
| | - Yannis Kalaidzidis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marino Zerial
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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20
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Derivery E, Seum C, Daeden A, Loubéry S, Holtzer L, Jülicher F, Gonzalez-Gaitan M. Polarized endosome dynamics by spindle asymmetry during asymmetric cell division. Nature 2016; 528:280-5. [PMID: 26659188 DOI: 10.1038/nature16443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During asymmetric division, fate determinants at the cell cortex segregate unequally into the two daughter cells. It has recently been shown that Sara (Smad anchor for receptor activation) signalling endosomes in the cytoplasm also segregate asymmetrically during asymmetric division. Biased dispatch of Sara endosomes mediates asymmetric Notch/Delta signalling during the asymmetric division of sensory organ precursors in Drosophila. In flies, this has been generalized to stem cells in the gut and the central nervous system, and, in zebrafish, to neural precursors of the spinal cord. However, the mechanism of asymmetric endosome segregation is not understood. Here we show that the plus-end kinesin motor Klp98A targets Sara endosomes to the central spindle, where they move bidirectionally on an antiparallel array of microtubules. The microtubule depolymerizing kinesin Klp10A and its antagonist Patronin generate central spindle asymmetry. This asymmetric spindle, in turn, polarizes endosome motility, ultimately causing asymmetric endosome dispatch into one daughter cell. We demonstrate this mechanism by inverting the polarity of the central spindle by polar targeting of Patronin using nanobodies (single-domain antibodies). This spindle inversion targets the endosomes to the wrong cell. Our data uncover the molecular and physical mechanism by which organelles localized away from the cellular cortex can be dispatched asymmetrically during asymmetric division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Derivery
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Carole Seum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Alicia Daeden
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Loubéry
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Holtzer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcos Gonzalez-Gaitan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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21
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van Bergeijk P, Hoogenraad CC, Kapitein LC. Right Time, Right Place: Probing the Functions of Organelle Positioning. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 26:121-134. [PMID: 26541125 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The proper spatial arrangement of organelles underlies many cellular processes including signaling, polarization, and growth. Despite the importance of local positioning, the precise connection between subcellular localization and organelle function is often not fully understood. To address this, recent studies have developed and employed different strategies to directly manipulate organelle distributions, such as the use of (light-sensitive) heterodimerization to control the interaction between selected organelles and specific motor proteins, adaptor molecules, or anchoring factors. We review here the importance of subcellular localization as well as tools to control local organelle positioning. Because these approaches allow spatiotemporal control of organelle distribution, they will be invaluable tools to unravel local functioning and the mechanisms that control positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra van Bergeijk
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Corallino S, Malabarba MG, Zobel M, Di Fiore PP, Scita G. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Plasticity Harnesses Endocytic Circuitries. Front Oncol 2015; 5:45. [PMID: 25767773 PMCID: PMC4341543 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to alter their phenotypic and morphological characteristics, known as cellular plasticity, is critical in normal embryonic development and adult tissue repair and contributes to the pathogenesis of diseases, such as organ fibrosis and cancer. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a type of cellular plasticity. This transition involves genetic and epigenetic changes as well as alterations in protein expression and post-translational modifications. These changes result in reduced cell-cell adhesion, enhanced cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix, and altered organization of the cytoskeleton and of cell polarity. Among these modifications, loss of cell polarity represents the nearly invariable, distinguishing feature of EMT that frequently precedes the other traits or might even occur in their absence. EMT transforms cell morphology and physiology, and hence cell identity, from one typical of cells that form a tight barrier, like epithelial and endothelial cells, to one characterized by a highly motile mesenchymal phenotype. Time-resolved proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses of cells undergoing EMT recently identified thousands of changes in proteins involved in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation and motility, DNA repair, and - unexpectedly - membrane trafficking (1). These results have highlighted a picture of great complexity. First, the EMT transition is not an all-or-none response but rather a gradual process that develops over time. Second, EMT events are highly dynamic and frequently reversible, involving both cell-autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms. The net results is that EMT generates populations of mixed cells, with partial or full phenotypes, possibly accounting (at least in part) for the physiological as well as pathological cellular heterogeneity of some tissues. Endocytic circuitries have emerged as complex connectivity infrastructures for numerous cellular networks required for the execution of different biological processes, with a primary role in the control of polarized functions. Thus, they may be relevant for controlling EMT or certain aspects of it. Here, by discussing a few paradigmatic cases, we will outline how endocytosis may be harnessed by the EMT process to promote dynamic changes in cellular identity, and to increase cellular flexibility and adaptation to micro-environmental cues, ultimately impacting on physiological and pathological processes, first and foremost cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Grazia Malabarba
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM) , Milan , Italy ; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Martina Zobel
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM) , Milan , Italy ; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy ; Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia , Milan , Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM) , Milan , Italy ; Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
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23
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Kurgonaite K, Gandhi H, Kurth T, Pautot S, Schwille P, Weidemann T, Bökel C. Essential role of endocytosis for Interleukin-4 receptor mediated JAK/STAT signalling. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3781-95. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.170969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many important signalling cascades operate through specialized signalling endosomes, but a corresponding mechanism has as yet not been described for hematopoietic cytokine receptors. Based on live cell affinity measurements we recently proposed that ligand induced Interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4R) complex formation and thus JAK/STAT pathway activation requires a local, subcellular increase in receptor density. Here we show that this concentration step is provided by the internalization of IL-4R subunits through a constitutive, Rac1/Pak and actin mediated endocytosis route that causes IL-4R subunits to become enriched by about two orders of magnitude within a population of cortical endosomes. Consistently, ligand induced receptor dimers are preferentially detected within these endosomes. IL-4 signalling can be blocked by pharmacological inhibitors targeting the actin polymerization machinery driving receptor internalization, placing endocytosis unambigously upstream of receptor activation. Together these observations demonstrate a role for endocytosis that is mechanistically distinct from the scaffolding function of signalling endosomes in other pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kurgonaite
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hetvi Gandhi
- BIOTEC/Biophysics, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurth
- BIOTEC/Biophysics, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sophie Pautot
- BIOTEC/Biophysics, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Weidemann
- BIOTEC/Biophysics, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 47-51, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Bökel
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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24
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Kornberg TB. Cytonemes and the dispersion of morphogens. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 3:445-63. [PMID: 25186102 PMCID: PMC4199865 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Filopodia are cellular protrusions that have been implicated in many types of mechanosensory activities. Morphogens are signaling proteins that regulate the patterned development of embryos and tissues. Both have long histories that date to the beginnings of cell and developmental biology in the early 20th century, but recent findings tie specialized filopodia called cytonemes to morphogen movement and morphogen signaling. This review explores the conceptual and experimental background for a model of paracrine signaling in which the exchange of morphogens between cells is directed to sites where cytonemes directly link cells that produce morphogens to cells that receive and respond to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Kornberg
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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25
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Dynamic scaling of morphogen gradients on growing domains. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5077. [PMID: 25295831 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental mechanisms are highly conserved, yet act in embryos of very different sizes. How scaling is achieved has remained elusive. Here we identify a generally applicable mechanism for dynamic scaling on growing domains and show that it quantitatively agrees with data from the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. We show that for the measured parameter ranges, the Dpp gradient does not reach steady state during Drosophila wing development. We further show that both, pre-steady-state dynamics and advection of cell-bound ligand in a growing tissue can, in principle, enable scaling, even for non-uniform tissue growth. For the parameter values that have been established for the Dpp morphogen in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc, we show that scaling is mainly a result of the pre-steady-state dynamics. Pre-steady-state dynamics are pervasive in morphogen-controlled systems, thus making this a probable general mechanism for dynamic scaling of morphogen gradients in growing developmental systems.
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26
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Montagne C, Gonzalez-Gaitan M. Sara endosomes and the asymmetric division of intestinal stem cells. Development 2014; 141:2014-23. [PMID: 24803650 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is maintained by adult stem cells, which self-renew and give rise to differentiating cells. The generation of daughter cells with different fates is mediated by signalling molecules coming from an external niche or being asymmetrically dispatched between the two daughters upon stem cell mitosis. In the adult Drosophila midgut, the intestinal stem cell (ISC) divides to generate a new ISC and an enteroblast (EB) differentiating daughter. Notch signalling activity restricted to the EB regulates intestinal cell fate decision. Here, we show that ISCs divide asymmetrically, and Sara endosomes in ISCs are specifically dispatched to the presumptive EB. During ISC mitosis, Notch and Delta traffic through Sara endosomes, thereby contributing to Notch signalling bias, as revealed in Sara mutants: Sara itself contributes to the control of the ISC asymmetric division. Our data uncover an intrinsic endosomal mechanism during ISC mitosis, which participates in the maintenance of the adult intestinal lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystelle Montagne
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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27
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Peterson AJ, O'Connor MB. Strategies for exploring TGF-β signaling in Drosophila. Methods 2014; 68:183-93. [PMID: 24680699 PMCID: PMC4057889 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signal transduction module that mediates diverse biological processes in animals. In Drosophila, both the BMP and Activin branches are required for viability. Studies rooted in classical and molecular genetic approaches continue to uncover new developmental roles for TGF-β signaling. We present an overview of the secreted ligands, transmembrane receptors and cellular Smad transducer proteins that compose the core pathway in Drosophila. An assortment of tools have been developed to conduct tissue-specific loss- and gain-of-function experiments for these pathway components. We discuss the deployment of these reagents, with an emphasis on appropriate usage and limitations of the available tools. Throughout, we note reagents that are in need of further improvement or development, and signaling features requiring further study. A general theme is that comparison of phenotypes for ligands, receptors, and Smads can be used to map tissue interactions, and to separate canonical and non-canonical signaling activities. Core TGF-β signaling components are subject to multiple layers of regulation, and are coupled to context-specific inputs and outputs. In addition to fleshing out how TGF-β signaling serves the fruit fly, we anticipate that future studies will uncover new regulatory nodes and modes and will continue to advance paradigms for how TGF-β signaling regulates general developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan J Peterson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology & Development, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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28
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Abstract
The development of multicellular organisms relies on an intricate choreography of intercellular communication events that pattern the embryo and coordinate the formation of tissues and organs. It is therefore not surprising that developmental biology, especially using genetic model organisms, has contributed significantly to the discovery and functional dissection of the associated signal-transduction cascades. At the same time, biophysical, biochemical, and cell biological approaches have provided us with insights into the underlying cell biological machinery. Here we focus on how endocytic trafficking of signaling components (e.g., ligands or receptors) controls the generation, propagation, modulation, reception, and interpretation of developmental signals. A comprehensive enumeration of the links between endocytosis and signal transduction would exceed the limits of this review. We will instead use examples from different developmental pathways to conceptually illustrate the various functions provided by endocytic processes during key steps of intercellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bökel
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden and Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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29
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Tognon E, Vaccari T. Immunohistochemical tools and techniques to visualize Notch in Drosophila melanogaster. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1187:63-78. [PMID: 25053481 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1139-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to accurately visualize proteins in Drosophila tissues is critical for studying their abundance and localization relative to the morphology of cells during tissue development and homeostasis. Here we describe the procedure to visualize Notch localization in whole-mount preparations of several Drosophila organs using confocal microscopy. The use of monoclonal antibodies directed to distinct portions of Notch allows one to follow the fate of the receptor during constitutive and inductive processes. The protocol described here can be used to co-label with antibodies recognizing markers of subcellular compartments in wild-type as well as mutant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliana Tognon
- Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), IFOM-IEO Campus, via Adamello 16, 20139, Milano, Italy
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30
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Kostaras E, Pedersen NM, Stenmark H, Fotsis T, Murphy C. SARA and RNF11 at the crossroads of EGFR signaling and trafficking. Methods Enzymol 2014; 535:225-47. [PMID: 24377927 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397925-4.00014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The classical view that endocytosis serves only for growth factor receptor degradation and signaling termination has recently been challenged by an increasing number of reports showing that various growth factor receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) continue to activate downstream signaling molecules en route to lysosomes prior to their degradation. Moreover, the trafficking route that the ligand-receptor complexes follow to enter the cell is mutually interconnected with the final signaling output. Endosomal resident effector proteins are compartmentalized and regulate the signaling and trafficking of the ligand-bound receptor complexes. Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) is an early endosomal protein facilitating TGF-β signaling cascade. Even though SARA was identified as an adaptor protein that regulates SMAD2 activation and TGF-β signal propagation, an increasing number of reports in various systems describe SARA as a trafficking regulator. Recently, SARA has been shown to interact with the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF11 (RING finger protein 11) and members of the ESCRT-0 (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) complex functionally participating in the degradation of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Kostaras
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Department of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, University Campus of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nina Marie Pedersen
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Theodore Fotsis
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Department of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, University Campus of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Carol Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Research, Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, University Campus of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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31
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Miaczynska M. Effects of membrane trafficking on signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a009035. [PMID: 24186066 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular trafficking machinery contributes to the spatial and temporal control of signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The primary role in this process is played by endocytic trafficking, which regulates the localization of RTKs and their downstream effectors, as well as the duration and the extent of their activity. The key regulatory points along the endocytic pathway are internalization of RTKs from the plasma membrane, their sorting to degradation or recycling, and their residence in various endosomal compartments. Here I will review factors and mechanisms that modulate RTK signaling by (1) affecting receptor internalization, (2) regulating the balance between degradation and recycling of RTK, and (3) compartmentalization of signals in endosomes and other organelles. Cumulatively, these mechanisms illustrate a multilayered control of RTK signaling exerted by the trafficking machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Miaczynska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
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32
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Kicheva A, Holtzer L, Wartlick O, Schmidt T, González-Gaitán M. Quantitative imaging of morphogen gradients in Drosophila imaginal discs. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2013; 2013:387-403. [PMID: 23637364 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top074237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cells at different positions in a developing tissue receive different concentrations of signaling molecules, called morphogens, and this influences their cell fate. Morphogen concentration gradients have been proposed to control patterning as well as growth in many developing tissues. Some outstanding questions about tissue patterning by morphogen gradients are the following: What are the mechanisms that regulate gradient formation and shape? Is the positional information encoded in the gradient sufficiently precise to determine the positions of target gene domain boundaries? What are the temporal dynamics of gradients and how do they relate to patterning and growth? These questions are inherently quantitative in nature and addressing them requires measuring morphogen concentrations in cells, levels of downstream signaling activity, and kinetics of morphogen transport. Here we first present methods for quantifying morphogen gradient shape in which the measurements can be calibrated to reflect actual morphogen concentrations. We then discuss using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to study the kinetics of morphogen transport at the tissue level. Finally, we present particle tracking as a method to study morphogen intracellular trafficking.
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33
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Herszterg S, Leibfried A, Bosveld F, Martin C, Bellaiche Y. Interplay between the Dividing Cell and Its Neighbors Regulates Adherens Junction Formation during Cytokinesis in Epithelial Tissue. Dev Cell 2013; 24:256-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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34
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Gillette JM, Lippincott-Schwartz J. Hematopoietic progenitor cells regulate their niche microenvironment through a novel mechanism of cell-cell communication. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 2:305-7. [PMID: 19721872 DOI: 10.4161/cib.2.4.8222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular communication within a larger microenvironment is critical for a number of physiological processes. Within the bone marrow niche, direct cell communication between hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and osteoblasts provides essential cues for their proliferation and survival. While contact-dependent communication between HPCs and osteoblasts is known to be critical, the molecular pathways that govern this interaction are largely unclear. Moreover, the downstream events occurring at the HPC/osteoblast contact site remain uncharacterized, despite their major role in signaling and remodeling within the niche microenvironment. Using live cell imaging approaches, we found that intercellular transfer is a novel mode of cell communication within the bone marrow niche microenvironment. HPCs made prolonged contact with the osteoblast surface via a specialized membrane domain enriched in prominin 1, CD63 and rhodamine PE. At the contact site, portions of the HPC specialized domain containing these molecules were taken up by the osteoblast and internalized into long-lived, SARA-positive, signaling endosomes. This resulted in the down-regulation of Smad signaling by the osteoblasts and a subsequent increase in the production of stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), a chemokine responsible for HPC homing to bone marrow. These findings identify a novel mechanism involving intercellular transfer to signaling endosomes for targeted regulation of signaling and remodeling events within the osteoblastic niche microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Gillette
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; and National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
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35
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Shapira KE, Gross A, Ehrlich M, Henis YI. Coated pit-mediated endocytosis of the type I transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor depends on a di-leucine family signal and is not required for signaling. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:26876-89. [PMID: 22707720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.362848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor endocytosis in signaling have been investigated in numerous studies, mainly through the use of endocytosis inhibitory treatments, yielding conflicting results. Two potential sources for these discrepancies were the pleiotropic effects of a general blockade of specific internalization pathways and the scarce information on the regulation of the endocytosis of the signal-transducing type I TGF-β receptor (TβRI). Here, we employed extracellularly tagged myc-TβRI (wild type, truncation mutants, and a series of endocytosis-defective and endocytosis-enhanced mutants) to directly investigate the relationship between TβRI endocytosis and signaling. Our findings indicate that TβRI is targeted for constitutive clathrin-mediated endocytosis via a di-leucine (Leu(180)-Ile(181)) signal and an acidic cluster motif. Using Smad-dependent transcriptional activation assays and following Smad2/3 nuclear translocation in response to TGF-β stimulation, we show that TβRI endocytosis is dispensable for TGF-β signaling and may play a role in signal termination. Alanine replacement of Leu(180)-Ile(181) led to partial constitutive activation of TβRI, resulting in part from its retention at the plasma membrane and in part from potential alterations of TβRI regulatory interactions in the vicinity of the mutated residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren E Shapira
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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36
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Smith RB, Machamer JB, Kim NC, Hays TS, Marqués G. Relay of retrograde synaptogenic signals through axonal transport of BMP receptors. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3752-64. [PMID: 22573823 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.094292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal function depends on the retrograde relay of growth and survival signals from the synaptic terminal, where the neuron interacts with its targets, to the nucleus, where gene transcription is regulated. Activation of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathway at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction results in nuclear accumulation of the phosphorylated form of the transcription factor Mad in the motoneuron nucleus. This in turn regulates transcription of genes that control synaptic growth. How BMP signaling at the synaptic terminal is relayed to the cell body and nucleus of the motoneuron to regulate transcription is unknown. We show that the BMP receptors are endocytosed at the synaptic terminal and transported retrogradely along the axon. Furthermore, this transport is dependent on BMP pathway activity, as it decreases in the absence of ligand or receptors. We further demonstrate that receptor traffic is severely impaired when Dynein motors are inhibited, a condition that has previously been shown to block BMP pathway activation. In contrast to these results, we find no evidence for transport of phosphorylated Mad along the axons, and axonal traffic of Mad is not affected in mutants defective in BMP signaling or retrograde transport. These data support a model in which complexes of activated BMP receptors are actively transported along the axon towards the cell body to relay the synaptogenic signal, and that phosphorylated Mad at the synaptic terminal and cell body represent two distinct molecular populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Daskalaki A, Shalaby NA, Kux K, Tsoumpekos G, Tsibidis GD, Muskavitch MAT, Delidakis C. Distinct intracellular motifs of Delta mediate its ubiquitylation and activation by Mindbomb1 and Neuralized. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 195:1017-31. [PMID: 22162135 PMCID: PMC3241720 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201105166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitylation of the intracellular domain of Drosophila Delta is necessary for Notch activation. DSL proteins are transmembrane ligands of the Notch receptor. They associate with a RING (really interesting new gene) family E3 ubiquitin ligase, either Neuralized (Neur) or Mindbomb 1 (Mib1), as a prerequisite to signaling. Although Neur and Mib1 stimulate internalization of DSL ligands, it is not known how ubiquitylation contributes to signaling. We present a molecular dissection of the intracellular domain (ICD) of Drosophila melanogaster Delta (Dl), a prototype DSL protein. Using a cell-based assay, we detected ubiquitylation of Dl by both Neur and Mib1. The two enzymes use distinct docking sites and displayed different acceptor lysine preferences on the Dl ICD. We generated Dl variants that selectively perturb its interactions with Neur or Mib1 and analyzed their signaling activity in two in vivo contexts. We found an excellent correlation between the ability to undergo ubiquitylation and signaling. Therefore, ubiquitylation of the DSL ICD seems to be a necessary step in the activation of Notch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Daskalaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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38
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Ehrlich M, Gutman O, Knaus P, Henis YI. Oligomeric interactions of TGF-β and BMP receptors. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1885-96. [PMID: 22293501 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) cytokines participate in a multiplicity of ways in the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes. Their wide-ranging biological functions are controlled by several mechanisms, including regulation of transcription, complex formation among the signaling receptors (oligomerization) and with co-receptors, binding of the receptors to scaffolding proteins or their targeting to specific membrane domains. Here, we address the generation of TGF-β and BMP receptor homo- and hetero-oligomers and its roles as a mechanism capable of fast regulation of signaling by these crucial cytokines. We examine the available biochemical, biophysical and structural evidence for the ternary structure of these complexes, and the possible roles of homomeric and heteromeric receptor oligomers in signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ehrlich
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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39
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Halbsgut N, Linnemannstöns K, Zimmermann LI, Wodarz A. Apical-basal polarity in Drosophila neuroblasts is independent of vesicular trafficking. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:4373-9. [PMID: 21937725 PMCID: PMC3216662 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-03-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity in epithelia depends on the PAR proteins, which interact with the machinery for exocytic and endocytic vesicular trafficking. Polarity in Drosophila neural stem cells is independent of vesicular trafficking, although it depends on the PAR proteins, revealing different mechanisms of how polarity is controlled. The possession of apical–basal polarity is a common feature of epithelia and neural stem cells, so-called neuroblasts (NBs). In Drosophila, an evolutionarily conserved protein complex consisting of atypical protein kinase C and the scaffolding proteins Bazooka/PAR-3 and PAR-6 controls the polarity of both cell types. The components of this complex localize to the apical junctional region of epithelial cells and form an apical crescent in NBs. In epithelia, the PAR proteins interact with the cellular machinery for polarized exocytosis and endocytosis, both of which are essential for the establishment of plasma membrane polarity. In NBs, many cortical proteins show a strongly polarized subcellular localization, but there is little evidence for the existence of distinct apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains, raising the question of whether vesicular trafficking is required for polarization of NBs. We analyzed the polarity of NBs mutant for essential regulators of the main exocytic and endocytic pathways. Surprisingly, we found that none of these mutations affected NB polarity, demonstrating that NB cortical polarity is independent of plasma membrane polarity and that the PAR proteins function in a cell type–specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Halbsgut
- Stammzellbiologie, Abteilung Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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40
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Shilo BZ, Schejter ED. Regulation of developmental intercellular signalling by intracellular trafficking. EMBO J 2011; 30:3516-26. [PMID: 21878993 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Universal trafficking components within the cell can be recruited to coordinate and regulate the developmental signalling cascades. We will present ways in which the intracellular trafficking machinery is used to affect and modulate the outcome of signal transduction in developmental contexts, thus regulating multicellular development. Each of the signalling components must reach its proper intracellular destination, in a form that is properly folded and modified. In many instances, the ability to bring components together or segregate them into distinct compartments within the cell actually provides the switch mechanism to turn developmental signalling pathways on or off. The review will begin with a focus on the signal-sending cells, and the ways in which ligand trafficking can impinge on the signalling outcome, via processing, endocytosis and recycling. We will then turn to the signal-receiving cell, and discuss mechanisms by which endocytosis can affect the spatial features of the signal, and the compartmentalization of components downstream to the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Zion Shilo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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41
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Michel M, Raabe I, Kupinski AP, Pérez-Palencia R, Bökel C. Local BMP receptor activation at adherens junctions in the Drosophila germline stem cell niche. Nat Commun 2011; 2:415. [PMID: 21811244 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the stem cell niche synapse hypothesis postulated for the mammalian haematopoietic system, spatial specificity of niche signals is maximized by subcellularly restricting signalling to cadherin-based adherens junctions between individual niche and stem cells. However, such a synapse has never been observed directly, in part, because tools to detect active growth factor receptors with subcellular resolution were not available. Here we describe a novel fluorescence-based reporter that directly visualizes bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor activation and show that in the Drosophila testis a BMP niche signal is transmitted preferentially at adherens junctions between hub and germline stem cells, resembling the proposed synapse organization. Ligand secretion involves the exocyst complex and the Rap activator Gef26, both of which are also required for Cadherin trafficking towards adherens junctions. We, therefore, propose that local generation of the BMP signal is achieved through shared use of the Cadherin transport machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Michel
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden, Tatzberg, Germany
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Santiago-Tirado FH, Bretscher A. Membrane-trafficking sorting hubs: cooperation between PI4P and small GTPases at the trans-Golgi network. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:515-25. [PMID: 21764313 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell polarity in eukaryotes requires constant sorting, packaging and transport of membrane-bound cargo within the cell. These processes occur in two sorting hubs: the recycling endosome for incoming material and the trans-Golgi network for outgoing material. Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate are enriched at the endocytic and exocytic sorting hubs, respectively, where they act together with small GTPases to recruit factors to segregate cargo and regulate carrier formation and transport. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how these lipids and GTPases regulate membrane trafficking directly, emphasizing the recent discoveries of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate functions at the trans-Golgi network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe H Santiago-Tirado
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 107 Biotechnology Bldg., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-7202, USA
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43
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Gilbert MM, Tipping M, Veraksa A, Moberg KH. A screen for conditional growth suppressor genes identifies the Drosophila homolog of HD-PTP as a regulator of the oncoprotein Yorkie. Dev Cell 2011; 20:700-12. [PMID: 21571226 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cancers depend on "multiple hits," some of which promote growth and some of which block apoptosis. We screened for mutations that require a synergistic block in apoptosis to promote tissue overgrowth and identified myopic (mop), the Drosophila homolog of the candidate tumor-suppressor and endosomal regulator His-domain protein tyrosine phosphatase (HD-PTP). We find that Myopic regulates the Salvador/Warts/Hippo (SWH) tumor suppressor pathway: Myopic PPxY motifs bind conserved residues in the WW domains of the transcriptional coactivator Yorkie, and Myopic colocalizes with Yorkie at endosomes. Myopic controls Yorkie endosomal association and protein levels, ultimately influencing expression of some Yorkie target genes. However, the antiapoptotic gene diap1 is not affected, which may explain the conditional nature of the myopic growth phenotype. These data establish Myopic as a Yorkie regulator and implicate Myopic-dependent association of Yorkie with endosomal compartments as a regulatory step in nuclear outputs of the SWH pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Melissa Gilbert
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Bauer N, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Karbanová J, Fonseca AV, Strauss D, Freund D, Thiele C, Huttner WB, Bornhäuser M, Corbeil D. Haematopoietic stem cell differentiation promotes the release of prominin-1/CD133-containing membrane vesicles--a role of the endocytic-exocytic pathway. EMBO Mol Med 2011; 3:398-409. [PMID: 21591261 PMCID: PMC3210830 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201100147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of stem cells is a fundamental process in cell biology and understanding its mechanism might open a new avenue for therapeutic strategies. Using an ex vivo co-culture system consisting of human primary haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells growing on multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells as a feeder cell layer, we describe here the exosome-mediated release of small membrane vesicles containing the stem and cancer stem cell marker prominin-1 (CD133) during haematopoietic cell differentiation. Surprisingly, this contrasts with the budding mechanism underlying the release of this cholesterol-binding protein from plasma membrane protrusions of neural progenitors. Nevertheless, in both progenitor cell types, protein–lipid assemblies might be the essential structural determinant in the release process of prominin-1. Collectively, these data support the concept that prominin-1-containing lipid rafts may host key determinants necessary to maintain stem cell properties and their quantitative reduction or loss may result in cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bauer
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories (BIOTEC), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
Systems biology seeks not only to discover the machinery of life but to understand how such machinery is used for control, i.e., for regulation that achieves or maintains a desired, useful end. This sort of goal-directed, engineering-centered approach also has deep historical roots in developmental biology. Not surprisingly, developmental biology is currently enjoying an influx of ideas and methods from systems biology. This Review highlights current efforts to elucidate design principles underlying the engineering objectives of robustness, precision, and scaling as they relate to the developmental control of growth and pattern formation. Examples from vertebrate and invertebrate development are used to illustrate general lessons, including the value of integral feedback in achieving set-point control; the usefulness of self-organizing behavior; the importance of recognizing and appropriately handling noise; and the absence of "free lunch." By illuminating such principles, systems biology is helping to create a functional framework within which to make sense of the mechanistic complexity of organismal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur D Lander
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA.
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Maschler S, Gebeshuber CA, Wiedemann EM, Alacakaptan M, Schreiber M, Custic I, Beug H. Annexin A1 attenuates EMT and metastatic potential in breast cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2011; 2:401-14. [PMID: 20821804 PMCID: PMC3377343 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of carcinoma-induced death, but mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Metastasis crucially involves epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), causing loss of epithelial polarity. Here we identify Annexin A1 (AnxA1), a protein with important functions in intracellular vesicle trafficking, as an efficient suppressor of EMT and metastasis in breast cancer. AnxA1 levels were strongly reduced in EMT of mammary epithelial cells, in metastatic murine and human cell lines and in metastatic mouse and human carcinomas. RNAi-mediated AnxA1 knockdown cooperated with oncogenic Ras to induce TGFβ-independent EMT and metastasis in non-metastatic cells. Strikingly, forced AnxA1 expression in metastatic mouse and human mammary carcinoma cells reversed EMT and abolished metastasis. AnxA1 knockdown stimulated multiple signalling pathways but only Tyk2/Stat3 and Erk1/2 signalling were essential for EMT.
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Nezis IP, Sagona AP, Schink KO, Stenmark H. Divide and ProsPer: the emerging role of PtdIns3P in cytokinesis. Trends Cell Biol 2010; 20:642-9. [PMID: 20880709 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis is the final step of cell division whereby the dividing cells separate physically. Failure of this process has been proposed to cause tumourigenesis. Several specific lipids are essential for cytokinesis, and recent evidence has revealed that phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) - a well-known regulator of endosomal trafficking, receptor signaling, nutrient sensing and autophagy - plays an evolutionarily conserved role during cytokinesis. The emerging picture is that PtdIns3P and its regulators and effectors constitute a novel regulatory mechanism for cytokinesis. Elucidating the role of PtdIns3P in cytokinesis might contribute to insight into mechanisms of tumour development and suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis P Nezis
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello, Oslo, Norway
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48
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Kim S, Wairkar YP, Daniels RW, DiAntonio A. The novel endosomal membrane protein Ema interacts with the class C Vps-HOPS complex to promote endosomal maturation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 188:717-34. [PMID: 20194640 PMCID: PMC2835942 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200911126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Defective attenuation of BMP signaling causes synapses to overgrow in Drosophila Ema mutants due to impaired endosomal maturation. Endosomal maturation is critical for accurate and efficient cargo transport through endosomal compartments. Here we identify a mutation of the novel Drosophila gene, ema (endosomal maturation defective) in a screen for abnormal synaptic overgrowth and defective protein trafficking. Ema is an endosomal membrane protein required for trafficking of fluid-phase and receptor-mediated endocytic cargos. In the ema mutant, enlarged endosomal compartments accumulate as endosomal maturation fails, with early and late endosomes unable to progress into mature degradative late endosomes and lysosomes. Defective endosomal down-regulation of BMP signaling is responsible for the abnormal synaptic overgrowth. Ema binds to and genetically interacts with Vps16A, a component of the class C Vps–HOPS complex that promotes endosomal maturation. The human orthologue of ema, Clec16A, is a candidate susceptibility locus for autoimmune disorders, and its expression rescues the Drosophila mutant demonstrating conserved function. Characterizing this novel gene family identifies a new component of the endosomal pathway and provides insights into class C Vps–HOPS complex function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsu Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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49
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Mavrakis M, Pourquié O, Lecuit T. Lighting up developmental mechanisms: how fluorescence imaging heralded a new era. Development 2010; 137:373-87. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.031690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Embryology and genetics have given rise to a mechanistic framework that explains the architecture of a developing organism. Until recently, however, such studies suffered from a lack of quantification and real-time visualization at the subcellular level, limiting their ability to monitor the dynamics of developmental processes. Live imaging using fluorescent proteins has overcome these limitations, uncovering unprecedented insights that call many established models into question. We review how the study of patterning, cell polarization and morphogenesis has benefited from this technology and discuss the possibilities offered by fluorescence imaging and by the contributions of quantitative disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manos Mavrakis
- IBDML (Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille Luminy), UMR6216 CNRS—Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy BP 907, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire) / Inserm U964 / CNRS UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; and Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- IBDML (Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille Luminy), UMR6216 CNRS—Université de la Méditerranée, Parc Scientifique de Luminy BP 907, 13009 Marseille, France
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