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Fu B, Espinosa-Marzal RM. Interfacial processes underlying the temperature-dependence of friction and wear of calcite single crystals. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 664:561-572. [PMID: 38484525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS This study posits that thermal effects play a substantial role in influencing interfacial processes on calcite, and consequently impacting its mechanochemical properties. EXPERIMENTS This work interrogates the temperature-dependence of friction and wear at nanoscale contacts with calcite single crystals at low air humidity (≤ 3-10 % RH) by AFM. FINDINGS Three logarithmic regimes for the velocity-dependence of friction are identified. BelowTc ∼ 70 °C, where friction increases with T, there is a transition from velocity-weakening (W1) to velocity-strengthening friction (S1). AboveTc ∼ 70 °C, where friction decreases with T, a second velocity-strengthening friction regime (S0) precedes velocity-weakening friction (W1). The low humidity is sufficient to induce atomic scale changes of the calcite cleavage plane due to dissolution-reprecipitation, and more so at higher temperature and 10 % RH. Meanwhile, the surface softens above Tc -likely owing to lattice dilation, hydration and amorphization. These interfacial changes influence the wear mechanism, which transitions from pit formation to plowing with increase in temperature. Furthermore, the softening of the surface justifies the appearance of the second velocity-strengthening friction regime (S0). These findings advance our understanding of the influence of temperature on the interfacial and mechanochemical processes involving calcite, with implications in natural processes and industrial manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxin Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Rosa M Espinosa-Marzal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N. Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., IL 618101, United States.
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2
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Effect of the Fracturing Degree of the Source Rock on Rock Avalanche River-Blocking Behavior Based on the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian Technique. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12070901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of the fracturing degree of the source rock on rock avalanche river-blocking behavior was investigated. The study included the analysis of mass movement behavior, impulse wave behavior, and the formation of landslide dams. The study included a series of simulations of rock avalanche river-blocking based on the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) technique. Prior to the simulation, a water column collapse model was applied to validate the use of the CEL technique on fluid-structure interaction, and to calibrate the material parameters. The source rock in the rock avalanche simulation was cut by different groups of structural planes, with the number of 0 × 0 × 0, 1 × 1 × 1, 4 × 4 × 4, 9 × 9 × 9, 14 × 14 × 14, 19 × 19 × 19 in each dimension, respectively, to represent different fracturing degrees, on the premise of the same volume and shape of the source rock. The simulation results showed that the sliding mass exhibited structure stabilization, such that the structure of the sliding mass gradually stabilized to a steady status over time, in the mass movement process. The structure stabilization made the center of the sliding mass constantly decrease, and provided a higher speed of movement for the rock avalanches with higher fracturing degrees of the source rock. As for the impulse wave behavior, with the increase in the fracturing degree of the source rock, the maximum kinetic energy of the water decreased, and the maximum height and propagation speed of the impulse waves decreased, which indicated that the maximum height and the propagation speed of the impulse waves were positively correlated with the maximum kinetic energy of the water. In regard to the formation of the landslide dams, when the fracturing degree of the source rock was low, the shape of the landslide dam was very different. With the increase of the fracturing degree of the source rock, the shapes of the landslide dams stabilized, and varied slightly after the fracturing degree of the source rock reached a threshold value.
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Aretusini S, Núñez‐Cascajero A, Spagnuolo E, Tapetado A, Vázquez C, Di Toro G. Fast and Localized Temperature Measurements During Simulated Earthquakes in Carbonate Rocks. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2020GL091856. [PMID: 34219843 PMCID: PMC8243964 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl091856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of earthquake physics is hindered by the poor knowledge of fault strength and temperature evolution during seismic slip. Experiments reproducing seismic velocity (∼1 m/s) allow us to measure both the evolution of fault strength and the associated temperature increase due to frictional heating. However, temperature measurements were performed with techniques having insufficient spatial and temporal resolution. Here we conduct high velocity friction experiments on Carrara marble rock samples sheared at 20 MPa normal stress, velocity of 0.3 and 6 m/s, and 20 m of total displacement. We measured the temperature evolution of the fault surface at the acquisition rate of 1 kHz and over a spatial resolution of ∼40 µm with an optical fiber conveying the infrared radiation to a two-color pyrometer. Temperatures up to 1,250°C and low coseismic fault shear strength are compatible with the activation of grain size dependent viscous creep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alberto Tapetado
- Department of Electronic TechnologyUniversidad Carlos III de MadridLeganésSpain
| | - Carmen Vázquez
- Department of Electronic TechnologyUniversidad Carlos III de MadridLeganésSpain
| | - Giulio Di Toro
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRomaItaly
- Department of GeosciencesUniversità degli Studi di PadovaPadovaItaly
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4
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Chen J, Niemeijer AR, Spiers CJ. Microphysical Modeling of Carbonate Fault Friction at Slip Rates Spanning the Full Seismic Cycle. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2021; 126:e2020JB021024. [PMID: 33868888 PMCID: PMC8047899 DOI: 10.1029/2020jb021024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory studies suggest that seismogenic rupture on faults in carbonate terrains can be explained by a transition from high friction, at low sliding velocities (V), to low friction due to rapid dynamic weakening as seismic slip velocities are approached. However, consensus on the controlling physical processes is lacking. We previously proposed a microphysically based model (the "Chen-Niemeijer-Spiers" [CNS] model) that accounts for the (rate-and-state) frictional behavior of carbonate fault gouges seen at low velocities characteristic of rupture nucleation. In the present study, we extend the CNS model to high velocities (1 mm/s ≤ V ≤ 10 m/s) by introducing multiple grain-scale deformation mechanisms activated by frictional heating. As velocity and hence temperature increase, the model predicts a continuous transition in dominant deformation mechanisms, from frictional granular flow with partial accommodation by plasticity at low velocities and temperatures, to grain boundary sliding with increasing accommodation by solid-state diffusion at high velocities and temperatures. Assuming that slip occurs in a localized shear band, within which grain size decreases with increasing velocity, the model results capture the main mechanical trends seen in high-velocity friction experiments on room-dry calcite-rich rocks, including steady-state and transient aspects, with reasonable quantitative agreement and without the need to invoke thermal decomposition or fluid pressurization effects. The extended CNS model covers the full spectrum of slip velocities from earthquake nucleation to seismic slip rates. Since it is based on realistic fault structure, measurable microstructural state variables, and established deformation mechanisms, it may offer an improved basis for extrapolating lab-derived friction data to natural fault conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Earthquake DynamicsInstitute of GeologyChina Earthquake AdministrationBeijingChina
- HPT LaboratoryDepartment of Earth SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Now at Geoscience & Engineering DepartmentDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
| | - A. R. Niemeijer
- HPT LaboratoryDepartment of Earth SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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5
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Violay M, Giorgetti C, Cornelio C, Aeschiman F, Di Stefano G, Gastaldo L, Wiemer S. HighSTEPS: A High Strain Temperature Pressure and Speed Apparatus to Study Earthquake Mechanics. ROCK MECHANICS AND ROCK ENGINEERING 2021; 54:2039-2052. [PMID: 34720378 PMCID: PMC8550453 DOI: 10.1007/s00603-021-02362-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Violay
- Laboratory of Experimental Rock Mechanics EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C. Giorgetti
- Laboratory of Experimental Rock Mechanics EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C. Cornelio
- Laboratory of Experimental Rock Mechanics EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. Aeschiman
- MEquadrat AG, Technopark Luzern, Platz 4, 6039 Root D4, Switzerland
| | - G. Di Stefano
- Istituto Nazionale Di Geofisica E Vulcanologia, Rome, Lazio Italy
| | - L. Gastaldo
- Laboratory of Experimental Rock Mechanics EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S. Wiemer
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Li J, Cai Z, Huang Q, Shao T, Song M, Xiao Y, Lu L. Nanoparticles Observed in a Shear Fracture of Dolomite and a Probable Formation Mechanism. JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 21:555-566. [PMID: 33213654 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2021.18457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been extensively found in brittle faults or ductile shear zones, and their formation is closely related to shear movement along the fault plane. However, the formation mechanisms of these nanoparticles are not yet clear. In this study, dolomite samples were triaxially compressed, at a confining pressure of 200-300 MPa, a temperature between 27 °C and 900 °C and a strain rate of approximately 10-5s-1, with a Paterson designed gas medium high-temperature and high-pressure deformation apparatus (HTPDA). Samples deformed at room temperature were characterized by universal microcracks and undulatory extinctions in some grains; when at a temperature between 300 °C and 500 °C, well-developed mechanical twins dominated the microstructure, while at a temperature ≥800 °C, displacements of twin lamellae along a cleavage and a well-developed fracture zone could be seen. Nanoparticles of different shapes were discovered on the slip surfaces of a shear fracture or in microcracks by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Nanoparticles on deformed samples under low differential stress were usually of sporadic spherical shapes and uneven distribution; while deformed samples under high differential stress had more dense distributions that were identified. Moreover, grain-overlap and nanofine granulation could be recognized in high strain samples. Based on a mechanical data analysis and microstructural observations, it was suggested that the initial formation of nanoparticles was macroscopically determined by the differential stress subjected to the host rocks, and had nothing to do with temperature; whereas the aggregation morphology of the nanoparticles was related to the temperature during the formation and evolution processes of the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510, China
| | - Zhourong Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong University Key Laboratory of Off Shore Oil Exploration and Development, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510, China
| | - Qiangtai Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong University Key Laboratory of Off Shore Oil Exploration and Development, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510, China
| | - Tongbin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510, China
| | - Maoshuang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong University Key Laboratory of Off Shore Oil Exploration and Development, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510, China
| | - Lijuan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangdong University Key Laboratory of Off Shore Oil Exploration and Development, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510, China
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7
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Weak phases production and heat generation control fault friction during seismic slip. Nat Commun 2020; 11:350. [PMID: 31953398 PMCID: PMC6969095 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The triggering and magnitude of earthquakes is determined by the friction evolution along faults. Experimental results have revealed a drastic decrease of the friction coefficient for velocities close to the maximum seismic one, independently of the material studied. Due to the extreme loading conditions during seismic slip, many competing physical phenomena occur (like mineral decomposition, nanoparticle lubrication, melting among others) that are typically thermal in origin and are changing the nature of the material. Here we show that a large set of experimental data for different rocks can be described by such thermally-activated mechanisms, combined with the production of weak phases. By taking into account the energy balance of all processes during fault movement, we present a framework that reconciles the data, and is capable of explaining the frictional behavior of faults, across the full range of slip velocities (10-9 to 10 m/s).
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8
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Eyre TS, Eaton DW, Garagash DI, Zecevic M, Venieri M, Weir R, Lawton DC. The role of aseismic slip in hydraulic fracturing-induced seismicity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav7172. [PMID: 31489366 PMCID: PMC6713494 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav7172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Models for hydraulic fracturing-induced earthquakes in shales typically ascribe fault activation to elevated pore pressure or increased shear stress; however, these mechanisms are incompatible with experiments and rate-state frictional models, which predict stable sliding (aseismic slip) on faults that penetrate rocks with high clay or total organic carbon. Recent studies further indicate that the earthquakes tend to nucleate over relatively short injection time scales and sufficiently far from the injection zone that triggering by either poroelastic stress changes or pore pressure diffusion is unlikely. Here, we invoke an alternative model based on recent laboratory and in situ experiments, wherein distal, unstable regions of a fault are progressively loaded by aseismic slip on proximal, stable regions stimulated by hydraulic fracturing. This model predicts that dynamic rupture initiates when the creep front impinges on a fault region where rock composition favors dynamic and slip rate weakening behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S. Eyre
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T1N 1N4, Canada
| | - David W. Eaton
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T1N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dmitry I. Garagash
- Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Megan Zecevic
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T1N 1N4, Canada
| | - Marco Venieri
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T1N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ronald Weir
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T1N 1N4, Canada
| | - Donald C. Lawton
- Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T1N 1N4, Canada
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9
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Nanocrystalline Principal Slip Zones and Their Role in Controlling Crustal Fault Rheology. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9060328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Principal slip zones (PSZs) are narrow (<10 cm) bands of localized shear deformation that occur in the cores of upper-crustal fault zones where they accommodate the bulk of fault displacement. Natural and experimentally-formed PSZs consistently show the presence of nanocrystallites in the <100 nm size range. Despite the presumed importance of such nanocrystalline (NC) fault rock in controlling fault mechanical behavior, their prevalence and potential role in controlling natural earthquake cycles remains insufficiently investigated. In this contribution, we summarize the physical properties of NC materials that may have a profound effect on fault rheology, and we review the structural characteristics of NC PSZs observed in natural faults and in experiments. Numerous literature reports show that such zones form in a wide range of faulted rock types, under a wide range of conditions pertaining to seismic and a-seismic upper-crustal fault slip, and frequently show an internal crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) and partial amorphization, as well as forming glossy or “mirror-like” slip surfaces. Given the widespread occurrence of NC PSZs in upper-crustal faults, we suggest that they are of general significance. Specifically, the generally high rates of (diffusion) creep in NC fault rock may play a key role in controlling the depth limits to the seismogenic zone.
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10
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Ma X, Elbanna A. Strain localization in dry sheared granular materials: A compactivity-based approach. Phys Rev E 2018; 98:022906. [PMID: 30253526 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.98.022906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Shear banding is widely observed in natural fault zones as well as in laboratory experiments on granular materials. Understanding the dynamics of strain localization under different loading conditions is essential for quantifying strength evolution of fault gouge and energy partitioning during earthquakes and characterizing rheological transitions and fault zone structure changes. To that end, we develop a physics-based continuum model for strain localization in sheared granular materials. The grain-scale dynamics is described by the shear transformation zone (STZ) theory, a nonequilibrium statistical thermodynamic framework for viscoplastic deformation in amorphous materials. Using a finite strain computational framework, we investigate the initiation and growth of complex shear bands under a variety of loading conditions and identify implications for strength evolution and the ductile to brittle transition. Our numerical results show similar localization patterns to field and laboratory observations and suggest that shear zones show more ductile response at higher confining pressures, lower dilatancy, and loose initial conditions. Lower pressures, higher dilatancy, and dense initial conditions favor a brittle response and larger strength drops. These findings shed light on a range of mechanisms for strength evolution in dry sheared granular materials and provide a critical input to physics-based multiscale models of fault zone instabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Ahmed Elbanna
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
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11
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Carbonaceous Materials in the Fault Zone of the Longmenshan Fault Belt: 2. Characterization of Fault Gouge from Deep Drilling and Implications for Fault Maturity. MINERALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/min8090393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent works on the determination of graphitization of carbonaceous materials (CM) within the principal slip zone (PSZ) of the Longmenshan fault (China), we demonstrated that the formation of graphite, resulted from strain and frictional heating, could be evidence of past seismic slip. Here we utilize Raman Spectroscopy of CM (RSCM) on the CM-bearing gouges in the fault zone of the Longmenshan fault belt, at the borehole depth of 760 m (FZ760) from the Wenchuan earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling project-1 (WFSD-1), to quantitatively characterize CM and further retrieve ancient fault deformation information in the active fault. RSCM shows that graphitization of CM is intense in the fault core with respect to the damage zone, with the graphitized carbon resembling those observed on experimentally formed graphite that was frictionally generated. Importantly, compared to the recognized active fault zone of the Longmenshan fault, the RSCM of measured CM-rich gouge shows a higher degree of graphitization, likely derived from high-temperature-perturbation faulting events. It implies that FZ760 accommodated numerous single-event displacement and/or at higher normal stresses and/or in the absence of pore fluid and/or along a more localized slip surface(s). Because graphite is a well-known lubricant, we surmise that the presence of the higher degree graphitized CM within FZ760 will reduce the fault strength and inefficiently accumulate tectonic stress during the seismic cycle at the current depth, and further infer a plausible mechanism for fault propagation at the borehole depth of 590 m during the Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake.
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Dziadkowiec J, Javadi S, Bratvold JE, Nilsen O, Røyne A. Surface Forces Apparatus Measurements of Interactions between Rough and Reactive Calcite Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7248-7263. [PMID: 29806935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
nm-Range forces acting between calcite surfaces in water affect macroscopic properties of carbonate rocks and calcite-based granular materials and are significantly influenced by calcite surface recrystallization. We suggest that the repulsive mechanical effects related to nm-scale surface recrystallization of calcite in water could be partially responsible for the observed decrease of cohesion in calcitic rocks saturated with water. Using the surface forces apparatus, we simultaneously followed the calcite reactivity and measured the forces in water in two surface configurations: between two rough calcite surfaces (CC) and between rough calcite and a smooth mica surface (CM). We used nm-scale rough, polycrystalline calcite films prepared by atomic layer deposition. We measured only repulsive forces in CC in CaCO3-saturated water, which was related to roughness and possibly to repulsive hydration effects. Adhesive or repulsive forces were measured in CM in CaCO3-saturated water depending on calcite roughness, and the adhesion was likely enhanced by electrostatic effects. The pull-off adhesive force in CM became stronger with time, and this increase was correlated with a decrease of roughness at contacts, the parameter which could be estimated from the measured force-distance curves. That suggested a progressive increase of real contact areas between the surfaces, caused by gradual pressure-driven deformation of calcite surface asperities during repeated loading-unloading cycles. Reactivity of calcite was affected by mass transport across nm- to μm-thick gaps between the surfaces. Major roughening was observed only for the smoothest calcite films, where gaps between two opposing surfaces were nm-thick over μm-sized areas and led to force of crystallization that could overcome confining pressures of the order of MPa. Any substantial roughening of calcite caused a significant increase of the repulsive mechanical force contribution.
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Abstract
Slow-slip events are earthquake-like events only with much lower slip rates. While peak coseismic velocities can reach tens of meters per second, slow-slip is on the order of 10−7±2 m/s and may last for days to weeks. Under the rate-and-state model of fault friction, slow-slip is produced only when the asperity size is commensurate with the critical nucleation size, a function of frictional properties. However, it is unlikely that all subduction zones embody the same frictional properties. In addition to friction, plastic flow of antigorite-rich serpentinite may significantly influence the dynamics of fault slip near the mantle wedge corner. Here, we show that the range of frictional parameters that generate slow slip is widened in the presence of a serpentinized layer along the subduction plate interface. We observe increased stability and damping of fast ruptures in a semi-brittle fault zone governed by both brittle and viscoelastic constitutive response. The rate of viscous serpentinite flow, governed by dislocation creep, is enhanced by high ambient temperatures. When effective viscosity is taken to be dynamic, long-term slow slip events spontaneously emerge. Integration of rheology, thermal effects, and other microphysical processes with rate-and-state friction may yield further insight into the phenomenology of slow slip.
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14
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Barber T, Griffith WA. Experimental constraints on dynamic fragmentation as a dissipative process during seismic slip. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:rsta.2016.0002. [PMID: 28827424 PMCID: PMC5580446 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Various fault damage fabrics, from gouge in the principal slip zone to fragmented and pulverized rocks in the fault damage zone, have been attributed to brittle deformation at high strain rates during earthquake rupture. Past experimental work has shown that there exists a critical threshold in stress-strain rate space through which rock failure transitions from failure along a few discrete fracture planes to intense fragmentation. We present new experimental results on Arkansas Novaculite (AN) and Westerly Granite (WG) in which we quantify fracture surface area produced by dynamic fragmentation under uniaxial compressive loading and examine the controls of pre-existing mineral anisotropy on dissipative processes at the microscale. Tests on AN produced substantially greater new fracture surface area (approx. 6.0 m2 g-1) than those on WG (0.07 m2 g-1). Estimates of the portion of energy dissipated into brittle fracture were significant for WG (approx. 5%), but appeared substantial in AN (10% to as much as 40%). The results have important implications for the partitioning of dissipated energy under extreme loading conditions expected during earthquakes and the scaling of high-speed laboratory rock mechanics experiments to natural fault zones.This article is part of the themed issue 'Faulting, friction and weakening: from slow to fast motion'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy Barber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - W Ashley Griffith
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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15
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Nielsen S. From slow to fast faulting: recent challenges in earthquake fault mechanics. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2017; 375:rsta.2016.0016. [PMID: 28827428 PMCID: PMC5580450 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Faults-thin zones of highly localized shear deformation in the Earth-accommodate strain on a momentous range of dimensions (millimetres to hundreds of kilometres for major plate boundaries) and of time intervals (from fractions of seconds during earthquake slip, to years of slow, aseismic slip and millions of years of intermittent activity). Traditionally, brittle faults have been distinguished from shear zones which deform by crystal plasticity (e.g. mylonites). However such brittle/plastic distinction becomes blurred when considering (i) deep earthquakes that happen under conditions of pressure and temperature where minerals are clearly in the plastic deformation regime (a clue for seismologists over several decades) and (ii) the extreme dynamic stress drop occurring during seismic slip acceleration on faults, requiring efficient weakening mechanisms. High strain rates (more than 104 s-1) are accommodated within paper-thin layers (principal slip zone), where co-seismic frictional heating triggers non-brittle weakening mechanisms. In addition, (iii) pervasive off-fault damage is observed, introducing energy sinks which are not accounted for by traditional frictional models. These observations challenge our traditional understanding of friction (rate-and-state laws), anelastic deformation (creep and flow of crystalline materials) and the scientific consensus on fault operation.This article is part of the themed issue 'Faulting, friction and weakening: from slow to fast motion'.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nielsen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 5ED, UK
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16
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Lockner DA, Kilgore BD, Beeler NM, Moore DE. The Transition From Frictional Sliding to Shear Melting in Laboratory Stick-Slip Experiments. FAULT ZONE DYNAMIC PROCESSES 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119156895.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicholas M. Beeler
- U.S. Geological Survey; Menlo Park California USA
- USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory; Vancouver Washington USA
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Smeraglia L, Billi A, Carminati E, Cavallo A, Di Toro G, Spagnuolo E, Zorzi F. Ultra-thin clay layers facilitate seismic slip in carbonate faults. Sci Rep 2017; 7:664. [PMID: 28386064 PMCID: PMC5429680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many earthquakes propagate up to the Earth’s surface producing surface ruptures. Seismic slip propagation is facilitated by along-fault low dynamic frictional resistance, which is controlled by a number of physico-chemical lubrication mechanisms. In particular, rotary shear experiments conducted at seismic slip rates (1 ms−1) show that phyllosilicates can facilitate co-seismic slip along faults during earthquakes. This evidence is crucial for hazard assessment along oceanic subduction zones, where pelagic clays participate in seismic slip propagation. Conversely, the reason why, in continental domains, co-seismic slip along faults can propagate up to the Earth’s surface is still poorly understood. We document the occurrence of micrometer-thick phyllosilicate-bearing layers along a carbonate-hosted seismogenic extensional fault in the central Apennines, Italy. Using friction experiments, we demonstrate that, at seismic slip rates (1 ms−1), similar calcite gouges with pre-existing phyllosilicate-bearing (clay content ≤3 wt.%) micro-layers weaken faster than calcite gouges or mixed calcite-phyllosilicate gouges. We thus propose that, within calcite gouge, ultra-low clay content (≤3 wt.%) localized along micrometer-thick layers can facilitate seismic slip propagation during earthquakes in continental domains, possibly enhancing surface displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Smeraglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Billi
- Consiglio delle Nazionale Ricerche, IGAG, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Carminati
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Consiglio delle Nazionale Ricerche, IGAG, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavallo
- CERTEMA, Multidisciplinary technology laboratory, Cinigiano, Grosseto, Italy
| | - Giulio Di Toro
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,INGV, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Padova University, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Spagnuolo
- INGV, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Zorzi
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Padova University, Padova, Italy
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Preservation of amorphous ultrafine material: A proposed proxy for slip during recent earthquakes on active faults. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36536. [PMID: 27827413 PMCID: PMC5101524 DOI: 10.1038/srep36536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The criteria for designating an "Active Fault" not only are important for understanding regional tectonics, but also are a paramount issue for assessing the earthquake risk of faults that are near important structures such as nuclear power plants. Here we propose a proxy, based on the preservation of amorphous ultrafine particles, to assess fault activity within the last millennium. X-ray diffraction data and electron microscope observations of samples from an active fault demonstrated the preservation of large amounts of amorphous ultrafine particles in two slip zones that last ruptured in 1596 and 1999, respectively. A chemical kinetic evaluation of the dissolution process indicated that such particles could survive for centuries, which is consistent with the observations. Thus, preservation of amorphous ultrafine particles in a fault may be valuable for assessing the fault's latest activity, aiding efforts to evaluate faults that may damage critical facilities in tectonically active zones.
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19
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Dislocation Motion and the Microphysics of Flash Heating and Weakening of Faults during Earthquakes. CRYSTALS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst6070083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hirono T, Tsuda K, Tanikawa W, Ampuero JP, Shibazaki B, Kinoshita M, Mori JJ. Near-trench slip potential of megaquakes evaluated from fault properties and conditions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28184. [PMID: 27321861 PMCID: PMC4913312 DOI: 10.1038/srep28184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-trench slip during large megathrust earthquakes (megaquakes) is an important factor in the generation of destructive tsunamis. We proposed a new approach to assessing the near-trench slip potential quantitatively by integrating laboratory-derived properties of fault materials and simulations of fault weakening and rupture propagation. Although the permeability of the sandy Nankai Trough materials are higher than that of the clayey materials from the Japan Trench, dynamic weakening by thermally pressurized fluid is greater at the Nankai Trough owing to higher friction, although initially overpressured fluid at the Nankai Trough restrains the fault weakening. Dynamic rupture simulations reproduced the large slip near the trench observed in the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake and predicted the possibility of a large slip of over 30 m for the impending megaquake at the Nankai Trough. Our integrative approach is applicable globally to subduction zones as a novel tool for the prediction of extreme tsunami-producing near-trench slip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Hirono
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Center for Safety and Reliability Engineering, Institute of Technology Shimizu Corporation, Koto, Tokyo 135-8530, Japan
| | - Wataru Tanikawa
- Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine–Earth Science and Technology, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
| | - Jean-Paul Ampuero
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Bunichiro Shibazaki
- International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, Building Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0802, Japan
| | - Masataka Kinoshita
- Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - James J. Mori
- Earthquake Hazards Division, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Nielsen S, Spagnuolo E, Violay M, Smith S, Di Toro G, Bistacchi A. G: Fracture energy, friction and dissipation in earthquakes. JOURNAL OF SEISMOLOGY 2016; 20:1187-1205. [PMID: 28190968 PMCID: PMC5270889 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-016-9560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent estimates of fracture energy G' in earthquakes show a power-law dependence with slip u which can be summarized as G' ∝ ua where a is a positive real slightly larger than one. For cracks with sliding friction, fracture energy can be equated to Gf : the post-failure integral of the dynamic weakening curve. If the dominant dissipative process in earthquakes is friction, G' and Gf should be comparable and show a similar scaling with slip. We test this hypothesis by analyzing experiments performed on various cohesive and non-cohesive rock types, under wet and dry conditions, with imposed deformation typical of seismic slip (normal stress of tens of MPa, target slip velocity > 1 m/s and fast accelerations ≈ 6.5 m/s2). The resulting fracture energy Gf is similar to the seismological estimates, with Gf and G' being comparable over most of the slip range. However, Gf appears to saturate after several meters of slip, while in most of the reported earthquake sequences, G' appears to increase further and surpasses Gf at large magnitudes. We analyze several possible causes of such discrepancy, in particular, additional off-fault damage in large natural earthquakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Nielsen
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vucanologia, Rome, Italy
- Durham University, Earth Sciences, Durham, UK
| | - E. Spagnuolo
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vucanologia, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Violay
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vucanologia, Rome, Italy
- EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S. Smith
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vucanologia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Geology, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - G. Di Toro
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vucanologia, Rome, Italy
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Manchester University, Manchester, UK
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze Address, Università degli Studi di Padova Division, Padova, Italy
| | - A. Bistacchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vucanologia, Rome, Italy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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22
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Scale dependence of rock friction at high work rate. Nature 2016; 528:254-7. [PMID: 26659187 DOI: 10.1038/nature16138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the frictional properties of rocks is crucial for an understanding of earthquake mechanics, because most earthquakes are caused by frictional sliding along faults. Prior studies using rotary shear apparatus revealed a marked decrease in frictional strength, which can cause a large stress drop and strong shaking, with increasing slip rate and increasing work rate. (The mechanical work rate per unit area equals the product of the shear stress and the slip rate.) However, those important findings were obtained in experiments using rock specimens with dimensions of only several centimetres, which are much smaller than the dimensions of a natural fault (of the order of 1,000 metres). Here we use a large-scale biaxial friction apparatus with metre-sized rock specimens to investigate scale-dependent rock friction. The experiments show that rock friction in metre-sized rock specimens starts to decrease at a work rate that is one order of magnitude smaller than that in centimetre-sized rock specimens. Mechanical, visual and material observations suggest that slip-evolved stress heterogeneity on the fault accounts for the difference. On the basis of these observations, we propose that stress-concentrated areas exist in which frictional slip produces more wear materials (gouge) than in areas outside, resulting in further stress concentrations at these areas. Shear stress on the fault is primarily sustained by stress-concentrated areas that undergo a high work rate, so those areas should weaken rapidly and cause the macroscopic frictional strength to decrease abruptly. To verify this idea, we conducted numerical simulations assuming that local friction follows the frictional properties observed on centimetre-sized rock specimens. The simulations reproduced the macroscopic frictional properties observed on the metre-sized rock specimens. Given that localized stress concentrations commonly occur naturally, our results suggest that a natural fault may lose its strength faster than would be expected from the properties estimated from centimetre-sized rock samples.
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Spagnuolo E, Plümper O, Violay M, Cavallo A, Di Toro G. Fast-moving dislocations trigger flash weakening in carbonate-bearing faults during earthquakes. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16112. [PMID: 26552964 PMCID: PMC4639853 DOI: 10.1038/srep16112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rupture fronts can cause fault displacement, reaching speeds up to several ms−1 within a few milliseconds, at any distance away from the earthquake nucleation area. In the case of silicate-bearing rocks the abrupt slip acceleration results in melting at asperity contacts causing a large reduction in fault frictional strength (i.e., flash weakening). Flash weakening is also observed in experiments performed in carbonate-bearing rocks but evidence for melting is lacking. To unravel the micro-physical mechanisms associated with flash weakening in carbonates, experiments were conducted on pre-cut Carrara marble cylinders using a rotary shear apparatus at conditions relevant to earthquakes propagation. In the first 5 mm of slip the shear stress was reduced up to 30% and CO2 was released. Focused ion beam, scanning and transmission electron microscopy investigations of the slipping zones reveal the presence of calcite nanograins and amorphous carbon. We interpret the CO2 release, the formation of nanograins and amorphous carbon to be the result of a shock-like stress release associated with the migration of fast-moving dislocations. Amorphous carbon, given its low friction coefficient, is responsible for flash weakening and promotes the propagation of the seismic rupture in carbonate-bearing fault patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Spagnuolo
- Sezione di Sismologia e Tettonofisica, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, Roma, Italy
| | - Oliver Plümper
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan, 4 P.O. Box 80.021, 3584 CD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marie Violay
- EPFL, LEMR, Station 18, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Cavallo
- Sezione di Sismologia e Tettonofisica, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, Roma, Italy
| | - Giulio Di Toro
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università di Padova, Via G. Gradenigo 6, 35131 Padova, Italy.,School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Manchester University, Oxford Street, M13 9PL Manchester, United Kingdom
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24
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Abstract
During earthquakes, comminution and frictional heating both contribute to the dissipation of stored energy. With sufficient dissipative heating, melting processes can ensue, yielding the production of frictional melts or "pseudotachylytes." It is commonly assumed that the Newtonian viscosities of such melts control subsequent fault slip resistance. Rock melts, however, are viscoelastic bodies, and, at high strain rates, they exhibit evidence of a glass transition. Here, we present the results of high-velocity friction experiments on a well-characterized melt that demonstrate how slip in melt-bearing faults can be governed by brittle fragmentation phenomena encountered at the glass transition. Slip analysis using models that incorporate viscoelastic responses indicates that even in the presence of melt, slip persists in the solid state until sufficient heat is generated to reduce the viscosity and allow remobilization in the liquid state. Where a rock is present next to the melt, we note that wear of the crystalline wall rock by liquid fragmentation and agglutination also contributes to the brittle component of these experimentally generated pseudotachylytes. We conclude that in the case of pseudotachylyte generation during an earthquake, slip even beyond the onset of frictional melting is not controlled merely by viscosity but rather by an interplay of viscoelastic forces around the glass transition, which involves a response in the brittle/solid regime of these rock melts. We warn of the inadequacy of simple Newtonian viscous analyses and call for the application of more realistic rheological interpretation of pseudotachylyte-bearing fault systems in the evaluation and prediction of their slip dynamics.
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25
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Identical steady tribological performance of graphene-oxide-strengthened polyurethane/epoxy interpenetrating polymer networks derived from graphene nanosheet. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Proctor BP, Mitchell TM, Hirth G, Goldsby D, Zorzi F, Platt JD, Di Toro G. Dynamic weakening of serpentinite gouges and bare surfaces at seismic slip rates. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SOLID EARTH 2014; 119:8107-8131. [PMID: 26167425 PMCID: PMC4497455 DOI: 10.1002/2014jb011057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate differences in the frictional behavior between initially bare rock surfaces of serpentinite and powdered serpentinite ("gouge") at subseismic to seismic slip rates, we conducted single-velocity step and multiple-velocity step friction experiments on an antigorite-rich and lizardite-rich serpentinite at slip rates (V) from 0.003 m/s to 6.5 m/s, sliding displacements up to 1.6 m, and normal stresses (σn ) up to 22 MPa for gouge and 97 MPa for bare surfaces. Nominal steady state friction values (μnss) in gouge at V = 1 m/s are larger than in bare surfaces for all σn tested and demonstrate a strong σn dependence; μnss decreased from 0.51 at 4.0 MPa to 0.39 at 22.4 MPa. Conversely, μnss values for bare surfaces remained ∼0.1 with increasing σn and V. Additionally, the velocity at the onset of frictional weakening and the amount of slip prior to weakening were orders of magnitude larger in gouge than in bare surfaces. Extrapolation of the normal stress dependence for μnss suggests that the behavior of antigorite gouge approaches that of bare surfaces at σn ≥ 60 MPa. X-ray diffraction revealed dehydration reaction products in samples that frictionally weakened. Microstructural analysis revealed highly localized slip zones with melt-like textures in some cases gouge experiments and in all bare surfaces experiments for V ≥ 1 m/s. One-dimensional thermal modeling indicates that flash heating causes frictional weakening in both bare surfaces and gouge. Friction values for gouge decrease at higher velocities and after longer displacements than bare surfaces because strain is more distributed. KEY POINTS Gouge friction approaches that of bare surfaces at high normal stressDehydration reactions and bulk melting in serpentinite in < 1 m of slipFlash heating causes dynamic frictional weakening in gouge and bare surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Proctor
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - T M Mitchell
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Roma, Italy ; Now at Department of Earth Sciences, University College London London, UK
| | - G Hirth
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - D Goldsby
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University Providence, Rhode Island, USA ; Now at Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - F Zorzi
- Department of Geological Sciences, Padova University Padova, Italy
| | - J D Platt
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - G Di Toro
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Roma, Italy ; Department of Geological Sciences, Padova University Padova, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Shimamoto
- State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China.
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28
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‘Melt welt’ mechanism of extreme weakening of gabbro at seismic slip rates. Nature 2012; 488:638-41. [DOI: 10.1038/nature11370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Boutareaud S, Hirose T, Andréani M, Pec M, Calugaru DG, Boullier AM, Doan ML. On the role of phyllosilicates on fault lubrication: Insight from micro- and nanostructural investigations on talc friction experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb009006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Suzuki T. Understanding of dynamic earthquake slip behavior using damage as a tensor variable: Microcrack distribution, orientation, and mode and secondary faulting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jb008908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Kuo CY, Tai YC, Chen CC, Chang KJ, Siau AY, Dong JJ, Han RH, Shimamoto T, Lee CT. The landslide stage of the Hsiaolin catastrophe: Simulation and validation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jf001921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Noda H, Kanagawa K, Hirose T, Inoue A. Frictional experiments of dolerite at intermediate slip rates with controlled temperature: Rate weakening or temperature weakening? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb007945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Di Toro G, Han R, Hirose T, De Paola N, Nielsen S, Mizoguchi K, Ferri F, Cocco M, Shimamoto T. Fault lubrication during earthquakes. Nature 2011; 471:494-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature09838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Kohli AH, Goldsby DL, Hirth G, Tullis T. Flash weakening of serpentinite at near-seismic slip rates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb007833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Noda H, Lapusta N. Three-dimensional earthquake sequence simulations with evolving temperature and pore pressure due to shear heating: Effect of heterogeneous hydraulic diffusivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb007780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Nielsen S, Mosca P, Giberti G, Di Toro G, Hirose T, Shimamoto T. On the transient behavior of frictional melt during seismic slip. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb007020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Di Toro G, Niemeijer A, Tripoli A, Nielsen S, Di Felice F, Scarlato P, Spada G, Alessandroni R, Romeo G, Di Stefano G, Smith S, Spagnuolo E, Mariano S. From field geology to earthquake simulation: a new state-of-the-art tool to investigate rock friction during the seismic cycle (SHIVA). RENDICONTI LINCEI 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-010-0097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Kitajima H, Chester JS, Chester FM, Shimamoto T. High-speed friction of disaggregated ultracataclasite in rotary shear: Characterization of frictional heating, mechanical behavior, and microstructure evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb007038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Griffith WA, Nielsen S, Di Toro G, Smith SAF. Rough faults, distributed weakening, and off-fault deformation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Malagnini L, Nielsen S, Mayeda K, Boschi E. Energy radiation from intermediate- to large-magnitude earthquakes: Implications for dynamic fault weakening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Brantut N, Schubnel A, Corvisier J, Sarout J. Thermochemical pressurization of faults during coseismic slip. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jb006533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Han R, Hirose T, Shimamoto T. Strong velocity weakening and powder lubrication of simulated carbonate faults at seismic slip rates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb006136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Boutareaud S, Boullier AM, Andréani M, Calugaru DG, Beck P, Song SR, Shimamoto T. Clay clast aggregates in gouges: New textural evidence for seismic faulting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb006254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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44
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Smith SAF, Faulkner DR. Laboratory measurements of the frictional properties of the Zuccale low-angle normal fault, Elba Island, Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb006274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Noda H, Dunham EM, Rice JR. Earthquake ruptures with thermal weakening and the operation of major faults at low overall stress levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb006143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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Del Gaudio P, Di Toro G, Han R, Hirose T, Nielsen S, Shimamoto T, Cavallo A. Frictional melting of peridotite and seismic slip. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Sulem J, Famin V. Thermal decomposition of carbonates in fault zones: Slip-weakening and temperature-limiting effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb006004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Tanikawa W, Shimamoto T. Frictional and transport properties of the Chelungpu fault from shallow borehole data and their correlation with seismic behavior during the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Tanikawa
- Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology; Nankoku Japan
| | - Toshihiko Shimamoto
- Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Graduate School of Science; Hiroshima University; Higashi Japan
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Rempel AW, Weaver SL. A model for flash weakening by asperity melting during high-speed earthquake slip. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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