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Cobden L, Zhuang J, Lei W, Wentzcovitch R, Trampert J, Tromp J. Full-waveform tomography reveals iron spin crossover in Earth's lower mantle. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1961. [PMID: 38438365 PMCID: PMC10912123 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional models of Earth's seismic structure can be used to identify temperature-dependent phenomena, including mineralogical phase and spin transformations, that are obscured in 1-D spherical averages. Full-waveform tomography maps seismic wave-speeds inside the Earth in three dimensions, at a higher resolution than classical methods. By providing absolute wave speeds (rather than perturbations) and simultaneously constraining bulk and shear wave speeds over the same frequency range, it becomes feasible to distinguish variations in temperature from changes in composition or spin state. We present a quantitative joint interpretation of bulk and shear wave speeds in the lower mantle, using a recently published full-waveform tomography model. At all depths the diversity of wave speeds cannot be explained by an isochemical mantle. Between 1000 and 2500 km depth, hypothetical mantle models containing an electronic spin crossover in ferropericlase provide a significantly better fit to the wave-speed distributions, as well as more realistic temperatures and silica contents, than models without a spin crossover. Below 2500 km, wave speed distributions are explained by an enrichment in silica towards the core-mantle boundary. This silica enrichment may represent the fractionated remains of an ancient basal magma ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cobden
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jingyi Zhuang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Wenjie Lei
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Google Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Renata Wentzcovitch
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA.
- Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
| | - Jeannot Trampert
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Tromp
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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2
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Sahle CJ, Gerbon F, Henriquet C, Verbeni R, Detlefs B, Longo A, Mirone A, Lagier MC, Otte F, Spiekermann G, Petitgirard S. A compact von Hámos spectrometer for parallel X-ray Raman scattering and X-ray emission spectroscopy at ID20 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:251-257. [PMID: 36601944 PMCID: PMC9814058 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522011171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A compact spectrometer for medium-resolution resonant and non-resonant X-ray emission spectroscopy in von Hámos geometry is described. The main motivation for the design and construction of the spectrometer is to allow for acquisition of non-resonant X-ray emission spectra while measuring non-resonant X-ray Raman scattering spectra at beamline ID20 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Technical details are provided and the performance and possible use of the spectrometer are demonstrated by presenting results of several X-ray spectroscopic methods on various compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch. J. Sahle
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - F. Gerbon
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - C. Henriquet
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - R. Verbeni
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - B. Detlefs
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A. Longo
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A. Mirone
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - M.-C. Lagier
- ESRF – The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - F. Otte
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Resource Ecology, PO Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
- The Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF – The European Synchrotron, CS40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - G. Spiekermann
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - S. Petitgirard
- Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
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3
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Hsu H, Umemoto K. Structural transition and re-emergence of iron's total electron spin in (Mg,Fe)O at ultrahigh pressure. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2780. [PMID: 35589702 PMCID: PMC9120148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fe-bearing MgO [(Mg1−xFex)O] is considered a major constituent of terrestrial exoplanets. Crystallizing in the B1 structure in the Earth’s lower mantle, (Mg1−xFex)O undergoes a high-spin (S = 2) to low-spin (S = 0) transition at ∼45 GPa, accompanied by anomalous changes of this mineral’s physical properties, while the intermediate-spin (S = 1) state has not been observed. In this work, we investigate (Mg1−xFex)O (x ≤ 0.25) up to 1.8 TPa via first-principles calculations. Our calculations indicate that (Mg1−xFex)O undergoes a simultaneous structural and spin transition at ∼0.6 TPa, from the B1 phase low-spin state to the B2 phase intermediate-spin state, with Fe’s total electron spin S re-emerging from 0 to 1 at ultrahigh pressure. Upon further compression, an intermediate-to-low spin transition occurs in the B2 phase. Depending on the Fe concentration (x), metal–insulator transition and rhombohedral distortions can also occur in the B2 phase. These results suggest that Fe and spin transition may affect planetary interiors over a vast pressure range. Iron spin transition occurs at ultrahigh pressure. The total electron spin increases from 0 to 1 as the structural transition of (Mg,Fe)O occurs (~0.6 TPa) and drops back to 0 at higher pressure. Its effects on exoplanet interiors are anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hsu
- Department of Physics, National Central University, Taoyuan City, 320317, Taiwan.
| | - Koichiro Umemoto
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
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4
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Kavčič M, Petric M, Rajh A, Isaković K, Vizintin A, Talian SD, Dominko R. Characterization of Li-S Batteries Using Laboratory Sulfur X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2021; 4:2357-2364. [PMID: 33842854 PMCID: PMC8029652 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.0c02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Application of laboratory-based X-ray analytical techniques that are capable of a reliable characterization of the chemical state of sulfur within bulk battery cathode in parallel with electrochemical characterization is essential for further development of lithium-sulfur batteries. In this work, MeV proton-induced X-ray emission (XES) sulfur measurements were performed in ex situ mode on laboratory-synthesized sulfur standards and precycled battery cathodes. The average sulfur charge was determined from the energy shift of the Kα emission line and from the spectral shape of the Kβ emission spectrum. Finally, operando Kα XES measurements were performed to monitor reduction of sulfur within battery cathode during discharge. The experimental approach presented here provides an important step toward more routine laboratory analysis of sulfur-based battery systems and also other sulfur-neighboring low-Z bulk materials with emission energies in the tender X-ray range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaž Kavčič
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Ljubljana, Jadranska
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Petric
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Geotechnical Engineering, University
of Zagreb, Varaždin 42000, Croatia
| | - Ava Rajh
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Physics, University of
Ljubljana, Jadranska
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Isaković
- Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alen Vizintin
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Robert Dominko
- National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of
Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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A combinatory ferroelectric compound bridging simple ABO 3 and A-site-ordered quadruple perovskite. Nat Commun 2021; 12:747. [PMID: 33531480 PMCID: PMC7854592 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The simple ABO3 and A-site-ordered AA′3B4O12 perovskites represent two types of classical perovskite functional materials. There are well-known simple perovskites with ferroelectric properties, while there is still no report of ferroelectricity due to symmetry breaking transition in A-site-ordered quadruple perovskites. Here we report the high pressure synthesis of an A-site-ordered perovskite PbHg3Ti4O12, the only known quadruple perovskite that transforms from high-temperature centrosymmetric paraelectric phase to low-temperature non-centrosymmetric ferroelectric phase. The coordination chemistry of Hg2+ is changed from square planar as in typical A-site-ordered quadruple perovskite to a rare stereo type with 8 ligands in PbHg3Ti4O12. Thus PbHg3Ti4O12 appears to be a combinatory link from simple ABO3 perovskites to A-site-ordered AA′3Ti4O12 perovskites, sharing both displacive ferroelectricity with former and structure coordination with latter. This is the only example so far showing ferroelectricity due to symmetry breaking phase transition in AA′3B4O12-type A-site-ordered perovskites, and opens a direction to search for ferroelectric materials. There are few reports of ferroelectricity due to symmetry breaking transition in A-site-ordered quadruple perovskites. Here, the authors find one with phase transition from a high-temperature centrosymmetric paraelectric phase to a low-temperature non-centrosymmetric ferroelectric phase in a high pressure synthesized compound.
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6
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Experimental evidence for silica-enriched Earth's lower mantle with ferrous iron dominant bridgmanite. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27899-27905. [PMID: 33093206 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917096117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of the chemical composition of the Earth's mantle is of prime importance to understand the evolution, dynamics, and origin of the Earth. However, there is a lack of experimental data on sound velocity of iron-bearing Bridgmanite (Brd) under relevant high-pressure conditions of the whole mantle, which prevents constraints on the mineralogical model of the lower mantle. To uncover these issues, we have conducted sound-velocity measurement of iron-bearing Brd in a diamond-anvil cell (DAC) up to 124 GPa using Brillouin scattering spectroscopy. Here we show that the sound velocities of iron-bearing Brd throughout the whole pressure range of lower mantle exhibit an apparent linear reduction with the iron content. Our data fit remarkably with the seismic structure throughout the lower mantle with Fe2+-enriched Brd, indicating that the greater part of the lower mantle could be occupied by Fe2+-enriched Brd. Our lower-mantle model shows a distinctive Si-enriched composition with Mg/Si of 1.14 relative to the upper mantle (Mg/Si = 1.25), which implies that the mantle convection has been inefficient enough to chemically homogenize the Earth's whole mantle.
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7
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Sakaida S, Otsubo K, Maesato M, Kitagawa H. Crystal Size Effect on the Spin-Crossover Behavior of {Fe(py)2[Pt(CN)4]} (py = Pyridine) Monitored by Raman Spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:16819-16823. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Sakaida
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuya Otsubo
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Maesato
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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8
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Spiekermann G, Kupenko I, Petitgirard S, Harder M, Nyrow A, Weis C, Albers C, Biedermann N, Libon L, Sahle CJ, Cerantola V, Glazyrin K, Konôpková Z, Sinmyo R, Morgenroth W, Sergueev I, Yavaş H, Dubrovinsky L, Tolan M, Sternemann C, Wilke M. A portable on-axis laser-heating system for near-90° X-ray spectroscopy: application to ferropericlase and iron silicide. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2020; 27:414-424. [PMID: 32153280 PMCID: PMC7064108 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577519017041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A portable IR fiber laser-heating system, optimized for X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS) spectroscopy with signal collection through the radial opening of diamond anvil cells near 90°with respect to the incident X-ray beam, is presented. The system offers double-sided on-axis heating by a single laser source and zero attenuation of incoming X-rays other than by the high-pressure environment. A description of the system, which has been tested for pressures above 100 GPa and temperatures up to 3000 K, is given. The XES spectra of laser-heated Mg0.67Fe0.33O demonstrate the potential to map the iron spin state in the pressure-temperature range of the Earth's lower mantle, and the NIS spectra of laser-heated FeSi give access to the sound velocity of this candidate of a phase inside the Earth's core. This portable system represents one of the few bridges across the gap between laser heating and high-resolution X-ray spectroscopies with signal collection near 90°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Spiekermann
- Insitute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Photon Science, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Ilya Kupenko
- Institut für Mineralogie, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Manuel Harder
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Photon Science, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nyrow
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christopher Weis
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Albers
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nicole Biedermann
- Insitute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- European XFEL, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Lélia Libon
- Insitute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | | | - Konstantin Glazyrin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Photon Science, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ryosuke Sinmyo
- School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Wolfgang Morgenroth
- Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ilya Sergueev
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Photon Science, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hasan Yavaş
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Photon Science, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Metin Tolan
- Fakultät Physik/DELTA, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Max Wilke
- Insitute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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9
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Effects of iron spin transition on the electronic structure, thermal expansivity and lattice thermal conductivity of ferropericlase: a first principles study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4172. [PMID: 30862901 PMCID: PMC6414721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the spin transition on the electronic structure, thermal expansivity and lattice thermal conductivity of ferropericlase are studied by first principles calculations at high pressures. The electronic structures indicate that ferropericlase is an insulator for high-spin and low-spin states. Combined with the quasiharmonic approximation, our calculations show that the thermal expansivity is larger in the high-spin state than in the low-spin state at ambient pressure, while the magnitude exhibits a crossover between high-spin and low-spin with increasing pressure. The calculated lattice thermal conductivity exhibits a drastic reduction upon the inclusion of ferrous iron, which is consistent with previous experimental studies. However, a subsequent enhancement in the thermal conductivity is obtained, which is associated with the spin transition. Mechanisms are discussed for the variation in thermal conductivity by the inclusion of ferrous iron and the spin transition.
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10
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Cheng Y, Wang X, Zhang J, Yang K, Zhang C, Zeng Z, Lin H. Investigation of iron spin crossover pressure in Fe-bearing MgO using hybrid functional. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:155403. [PMID: 29512517 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aab4b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pressure-induced spin crossover behaviors of Fe-bearing MgO were widely investigated by using an LDA + U functional for describing the strongly correlated Fe-O bonding. Moreover, the simulated spin crossover pressures depend on the applied U values, which are sensitive to environments and parameters. In this work, the spin crossover pressures of (Mg1-x ,Fe x )O are investigated by using the hybrid functional with a uniform parameter. Our results indicate that the spin crossover pressures increase with increasing iron concentration. For example, the spin crossover pressure of (Mg0.03125,Fe0.96875)O and FeO was 56 GPa and 127 GPa, respectively. The calculated crossover pressures agreed well with the experimental observations. Therefore, the hybrid functional should be an effective method for describing the pressure-induced spin crossover behaviors in transition metal oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, People's Republic of China. University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
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11
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Effects of iron on the lattice thermal conductivity of Earth's deep mantle and implications for mantle dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4099-4104. [PMID: 29610319 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718557115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron may critically influence the physical properties and thermochemical structures of Earth's lower mantle. Its effects on thermal conductivity, with possible consequences on heat transfer and mantle dynamics, however, remain largely unknown. We measured the lattice thermal conductivity of lower-mantle ferropericlase to 120 GPa using the ultrafast optical pump-probe technique in a diamond anvil cell. The thermal conductivity of ferropericlase with 56% iron significantly drops by a factor of 1.8 across the spin transition around 53 GPa, while that with 8-10% iron increases monotonically with pressure, causing an enhanced iron substitution effect in the low-spin state. Combined with bridgmanite data, modeling of our results provides a self-consistent radial profile of lower-mantle thermal conductivity, which is dominated by pressure, temperature, and iron effects, and shows a twofold increase from top to bottom of the lower mantle. Such increase in thermal conductivity may delay the cooling of the core, while its decrease with iron content may enhance the dynamics of large low shear-wave velocity provinces. Our findings further show that, if hot and strongly enriched in iron, the seismic ultralow velocity zones have exceptionally low conductivity, thus delaying their cooling.
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12
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Deng J, Lee KKM. Viscosity jump in the lower mantle inferred from melting curves of ferropericlase. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1997. [PMID: 29222478 PMCID: PMC5722891 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Convection provides the mechanism behind plate tectonics, which allows oceanic lithosphere to be subducted into the mantle as "slabs" and new rock to be generated by volcanism. Stagnation of subducting slabs and deflection of rising plumes in Earth's shallow lower mantle have been suggested to result from a viscosity increase at those depths. However, the mechanism for this increase remains elusive. Here, we examine the melting behavior in the MgO-FeO binary system at high pressures using the laser-heated diamond-anvil cell and show that the liquidus and solidus of (Mg x Fe1-x )O ferropericlase (x = ~0.52-0.98), exhibit a local maximum at ~40 GPa, likely caused by the spin transition of iron. We calculate the relative viscosity profiles of ferropericlase using homologous temperature scaling and find that viscosity increases 10-100 times from ~750 km to ~1000-1250 km, with a smaller decrease at deeper depths, pointing to a single mechanism for slab stagnation and plume deflection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Deng
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Kanani K M Lee
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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13
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Holden WM, Hoidn OR, Ditter AS, Seidler GT, Kas J, Stein JL, Cossairt BM, Kozimor SA, Guo J, Ye Y, Marcus MA, Fakra S. A compact dispersive refocusing Rowland circle X-ray emission spectrometer for laboratory, synchrotron, and XFEL applications. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:073904. [PMID: 28764488 DOI: 10.1063/1.4994739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
X-ray emission spectroscopy is emerging as an important complement to x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, providing a characterization of the occupied electronic density of states local to the species of interest. Here, we present details of the design and performance of a compact x-ray emission spectrometer that uses a dispersive refocusing Rowland (DRR) circle geometry to achieve excellent performance for the 2-2.5 keV range, i.e., especially for the K-edge emission from sulfur and phosphorous. The DRR approach allows high energy resolution even for unfocused x-ray sources. This property enables high count rates in laboratory studies, approaching those of insertion-device beamlines at third-generation synchrotrons, despite use of only a low-powered, conventional x-ray tube. The spectrometer, whose overall scale is set by use of a 10-cm diameter Rowland circle and a new small-pixel complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor x-ray camera, is easily portable to synchrotron or x-ray free electron laser beamlines. Photometrics from measurements at the Advanced Light Source show excellent overall instrumental efficiency. In addition, the compact size of this instrument lends itself to future multiplexing to gain large factors in net collection efficiency or its implementation in controlled gas gloveboxes either in the lab or in an endstation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Holden
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Oliver R Hoidn
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Alexander S Ditter
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Gerald T Seidler
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Joshua Kas
- Physics Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Jennifer L Stein
- Chemistry Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Brandi M Cossairt
- Chemistry Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA
| | - Stosh A Kozimor
- Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yifan Ye
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Matthew A Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sirine Fakra
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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14
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Stability of ferrous-iron-rich bridgmanite under reducing midmantle conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6468-6473. [PMID: 28584106 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614036114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of the electronic state of iron in lower-mantle minerals leads to a considerable disagreement in bulk sound speed with seismic measurements if the lower mantle has the same composition as the upper mantle (pyrolite). In the modeling studies, the content and oxidation state of Fe in the minerals have been assumed to be constant throughout the lower mantle. Here, we report high-pressure experimental results in which Fe becomes dominantly Fe2+ in bridgmanite synthesized at 40-70 GPa and 2,000 K, while it is in mixed oxidation state (Fe3+/∑Fe = 60%) in the samples synthesized below and above the pressure range. Little Fe3+ in bridgmanite combined with the strong partitioning of Fe2+ into ferropericlase will alter the Fe content for these minerals at 1,100- to 1,700-km depths. Our calculations show that the change in iron content harmonizes the bulk sound speed of pyrolite with the seismic values in this region. Our experiments support no significant changes in bulk composition for most of the mantle, but possible changes in physical properties and processes (such as viscosity and mantle flow patterns) in the midmantle.
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15
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Significant improvement in Mn 2O 3 transition metal oxide electrical conductivity via high pressure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44078. [PMID: 28276479 PMCID: PMC5343433 DOI: 10.1038/srep44078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient energy storage is in high demand for next-generation clean energy applications. As a promising energy storage material, the application of Mn2O3 is limited due to its poor electrical conductivity. Here, high-pressure techniques enhanced the electrical conductivity of Mn2O3 significantly. In situ synchrotron micro X-Ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and resistivity measurement revealed that resistivity decreased with pressure and dramatically dropped near the phase transition. At the highest pressure, resistivity reduced by five orders of magnitude and the sample showed metal-like behavior. More importantly, resistivity remained much lower than its original value, even when the pressure was fully released. This work provides a new method to enhance the electronic properties of Mn2O3 using high-pressure treatment, benefiting its applications in energy-related fields.
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16
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Ghosh DB, Karki BB. Solid-liquid density and spin crossovers in (Mg, Fe)O system at deep mantle conditions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37269. [PMID: 27872491 PMCID: PMC5118715 DOI: 10.1038/srep37269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The low/ultralow-velocity zones in the Earth's mantle can be explained by the presence of partial melting, critically depending on density contrast between the melt and surrounding solid mantle. Here, first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of (Mg, Fe) O ferropericlase in the solid and liquid states show that their densities increasingly approach each other as pressure increases. The isochemical density difference between them diminishes from 0.78 (±0.7) g/cm3 at zero pressure (3000 K) to 0.16 (±0.04) g/cm3 at 135 GPa (4000 K) for pure and alloyed compositions containing up to 25% iron. The simulations also predict a high-spin to low-spin transition of iron in the liquid ferropericlase gradually occurring over a pressure interval centered at 55 GPa (4000 K) accompanied by a density increase of 0.14 (±0.02) g/cm3. Temperature tends to widen the transition to higher pressure. The estimated iron partition coefficient between the solid and liquid ferropericlase varies from 0.3 to 0.6 over the pressure range of 23 to 135 GPa. Based on these results, an excess of as low as 5% iron dissolved in the liquid could cause the solid-liquid density crossover at conditions of the lowermost mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipta B. Ghosh
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
| | - Bijaya B. Karki
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
- Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
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17
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Elasticity of Ferropericlase across the Spin Crossover in the Earth's Lower Mantle. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17188. [PMID: 26621579 PMCID: PMC4664863 DOI: 10.1038/srep17188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowing the elasticity of ferropericlase across the spin transition can help explain seismic and mineralogical models of the lower-mantle including the origin of seismic heterogeneities in the middle to lowermost parts of the lower mantle1234. However, the effects of spin transition on full elastic constants of ferropericlase remain experimentally controversial due to technical challenges in directly measuring sound velocities under lower-mantle conditions12345. Here we have reliably measured both VP and VS of a single-crystal ferropericlase ((Mg0.92,Fe0.08)O) using complementary Brillouin Light Scattering and Impulsive Stimulated Light Scattering coupled with a diamond anvil cell up to 96 GPa. The derived elastic constants show drastically softened C11 and C12 within the spin transition at 40–60 GPa while C44 is not affected. The spin transition is associated with a significant reduction of the aggregate VP/VS via the aggregate VP softening because VS softening does not visibly occur within the transition. Based on thermoelastic modelling along an expected geotherm, the spin crossover in ferropericlase can contribute to 2% reduction in VP/VS in a pyrolite mineralogical model in mid lower-mantle. Our results imply that the middle to lowermost parts of the lower-mantle would exhibit enhanced seismic heterogeneities due to the occurrence of the mixed-spin and low-spin ferropericlase.
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18
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Holmström E, Stixrude L. Spin crossover in ferropericlase from first-principles molecular dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:117202. [PMID: 25839305 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.117202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ferropericlase, (Mg,Fe)O, is the second-most abundant mineral of Earth's lower mantle. With increasing pressure, the Fe ions in the material begin to collapse from a magnetic to nonmagnetic spin state. We present a finite-temperature first-principles phase diagram of this spin crossover, finding a broad pressure range with coexisting magnetic and nonmagnetic ions due to favorable enthalpy of mixing of the two. Furthermore, we find the electrical conductivity of the mineral to reach semimetallic values inside Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Holmström
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - L Stixrude
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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19
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Spin crossover in ferropericlase and velocity heterogeneities in the lower mantle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10468-72. [PMID: 25002507 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322427111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the origin of seismic velocity heterogeneities in the mantle is crucial to understanding internal structures and processes at work in the Earth. The spin crossover in iron in ferropericlase (Fp), the second most abundant phase in the lower mantle, introduces unfamiliar effects on seismic velocities. First-principles calculations indicate that anticorrelation between shear velocity (VS) and bulk sound velocity (Vφ) in the mantle, usually interpreted as compositional heterogeneity, can also be produced in homogeneous aggregates containing Fp. The spin crossover also suppresses thermally induced heterogeneity in longitudinal velocity (VP) at certain depths but not in VS. This effect is observed in tomography models at conditions where the spin crossover in Fp is expected in the lower mantle. In addition, the one-of-a-kind signature of this spin crossover in the RS/P (∂ ln VS/∂ ln VP) heterogeneity ratio might be a useful fingerprint to detect the presence of Fp in the lower mantle.
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Wu Z, Justo JF, Wentzcovitch RM. Elastic anomalies in a spin-crossover system: ferropericlase at lower mantle conditions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:228501. [PMID: 23767753 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.228501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of a pressure induced iron-related spin crossover in Mg((1-x))Fe(x)O ferropericlase (Fp) and Mg-silicate perovskite, the major phases of Earth's lower mantle, has raised new questions about mantle properties which are of central importance to seismology. Despite extensive experimental work on the anomalous elasticity of Fp throughout the crossover, inconsistencies reported in the literature are still unexplained. Here we introduce a formulation for thermoelasticity of spin crossover systems, apply it to Fp by combining it with predictive first principles density-functional theory with on-site repulsion parameter U calculations, and contrast results with available data on samples with various iron concentrations. We explain why the shear modulus of Fp should not soften along the crossover, as observed in some experiments, predict its velocities at lower mantle conditions, and show the importance of constraining the elastic properties of minerals without extrapolations for analyses of the thermochemical state of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqing Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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21
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Quantum critical point and spin fluctuations in lower-mantle ferropericlase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7142-7. [PMID: 23589892 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304827110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferropericlase [(Mg,Fe)O] is one of the most abundant minerals of the earth's lower mantle. The high-spin (HS) to low-spin (LS) transition in the Fe(2+) ions may dramatically alter the physical and chemical properties of (Mg,Fe)O in the deep mantle. To understand the effects of compression on the ground electronic state of iron, electronic and magnetic states of Fe(2+) in (Mg0.75Fe0.25)O have been investigated using transmission and synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy at high pressures and low temperatures (down to 5 K). Our results show that the ground electronic state of Fe(2+) at the critical pressure Pc of the spin transition close to T = 0 is governed by a quantum critical point (T = 0, P = P(c)) at which the energy required for the fluctuation between HS and LS states is zero. Analysis of the data gives P(c) = 55 GPa. Thermal excitation within the HS or LS states (T > 0 K) is expected to strongly influence the magnetic as well as physical properties of ferropericlase. Multielectron theoretical calculations show that the existence of the quantum critical point at temperatures approaching zero affects not only physical properties of ferropericlase at low temperatures but also its properties at P-T of the earth's lower mantle.
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22
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Haldrup K, Vankó G, Gawelda W, Galler A, Doumy G, March AM, Kanter EP, Bordage A, Dohn A, van Driel TB, Kjær KS, Lemke HT, Canton SE, Uhlig J, Sundström V, Young L, Southworth SH, Nielsen MM, Bressler C. Guest–Host Interactions Investigated by Time-Resolved X-ray Spectroscopies and Scattering at MHz Rates: Solvation Dynamics and Photoinduced Spin Transition in Aqueous Fe(bipy)32+. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:9878-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jp306917x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Haldrup
- Centre for Molecular Movies,
Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G. Vankó
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, POB 49,
Hungary
| | - W. Gawelda
- European XFEL, Albert-Einstein Ring 19, D-22 761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Galler
- European XFEL, Albert-Einstein Ring 19, D-22 761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - G. Doumy
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois
60439, United States
| | - A. M. March
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois
60439, United States
| | - E. P. Kanter
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois
60439, United States
| | - A. Bordage
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy Sciences, H-1525 Budapest, POB 49,
Hungary
| | - A. Dohn
- Chemistry
Department, Danish Technical University, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - T. B. van Driel
- Centre for Molecular Movies,
Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - K. S. Kjær
- Centre for Molecular Movies,
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H. T. Lemke
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California
94025, United States
| | | | | | | | - L. Young
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois
60439, United States
| | - S. H. Southworth
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois
60439, United States
| | - M. M. Nielsen
- Centre for Molecular Movies,
Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - C. Bressler
- European XFEL, Albert-Einstein Ring 19, D-22 761 Hamburg, Germany
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23
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Nakajima Y, Frost DJ, Rubie DC. Ferrous iron partitioning between magnesium silicate perovskite and ferropericlase and the composition of perovskite in the Earth's lower mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jb009151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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25
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Shahnas MH, Peltier WR, Wu Z, Wentzcovitch R. The high-pressure electronic spin transition in iron: Potential impacts upon mantle mixing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb007965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Yoshino T, Ito E, Katsura T, Yamazaki D, Shan S, Guo X, Nishi M, Higo Y, Funakoshi KI. Effect of iron content on electrical conductivity of ferropericlase with implications for the spin transition pressure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb007801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Hsu H, Blaha P, Cococcioni M, Wentzcovitch RM. Spin-state crossover and hyperfine interactions of ferric iron in MgSiO(3) perovskite. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:118501. [PMID: 21469904 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.118501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Using density functional theory plus Hubbard U calculations, we show that the ground state of (Mg,Fe)(Si,Fe)O(3) perovskite, the major mineral phase in Earth's lower mantle, has high-spin ferric iron (S=5/2) at both dodecahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites. With increasing pressure, the B-site iron undergoes a spin-state crossover to the low-spin state (S=1/2) between 40 and 70 GPa, while the A-site iron remains in the high-spin state. This B-site spin-state crossover is accompanied by a noticeable volume reduction and an increase in quadrupole splitting, consistent with recent x-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy measurements. The anomalous volume reduction leads to a significant softening in bulk modulus during the crossover, suggesting a possible source of seismic-velocity anomalies in the lower mantle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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28
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Antonangeli D, Siebert J, Aracne CM, Farber DL, Bosak A, Hoesch M, Krisch M, Ryerson FJ, Fiquet G, Badro J. Spin Crossover in Ferropericlase at High Pressure: A Seismologically Transparent Transition? Science 2011; 331:64-7. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1198429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Antonangeli
- Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, 75005 Paris, France
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Julien Siebert
- Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, 75005 Paris, France
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | | | - Daniel L. Farber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - A. Bosak
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - M. Hoesch
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - M. Krisch
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | | | - Guillaume Fiquet
- Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - James Badro
- Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, UMR CNRS 7590, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, 75005 Paris, France
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
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29
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Simmons NA, Forte AM, Boschi L, Grand SP. GyPSuM: A joint tomographic model of mantle density and seismic wave speeds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb007631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Vankó G, Glatzel P, Pham VT, Abela R, Grolimund D, Borca C, Johnson S, Milne C, Bressler C. Picosecond Time-Resolved X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy: Ultrafast Spin-State Determination in an Iron Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:5910-2. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Vankó G, Glatzel P, Pham VT, Abela R, Grolimund D, Borca C, Johnson S, Milne C, Bressler C. Picosecond Time-Resolved X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy: Ultrafast Spin-State Determination in an Iron Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hirose
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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33
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Anomalous compressibility of ferropericlase throughout the iron spin cross-over. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:8447-52. [PMID: 19439661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0812150106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermoelastic properties of ferropericlase Mg(1-x)Fe(x)O (x = 0.1875) throughout the iron high-to-low spin cross-over have been investigated by first principles at Earth's lower mantle conditions. This cross-over has important consequences for elasticity such as an anomalous bulk modulus (K(S)) reduction. At room temperature the anomaly is somewhat sharp in pressure but broadens with increasing temperature. Along a typical geotherm it occurs across most of the lower mantle with a more significant K(S) reduction at approximately 1,400-1,600 km depth. This anomaly might also cause a reduction in the effective activation energy for diffusion creep and lead to a viscosity minimum in the mid-lower mantle, in apparent agreement with results from inversion of data related with mantle convection and postglacial rebound.
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34
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Marquardt H, Speziale S, Reichmann HJ, Frost DJ, Schilling FR, Garnero EJ. Elastic Shear Anisotropy of Ferropericlase in Earth's Lower Mantle. Science 2009; 324:224-6. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1169365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Marquardt
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sergio Speziale
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Hans J. Reichmann
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Daniel J. Frost
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Frank R. Schilling
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Edward J. Garnero
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Bayerisches Geoinstitut, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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35
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Sinmyo R, Hirose K, Nishio-Hamane D, Seto Y, Fujino K, Sata N, Ohishi Y. Partitioning of iron between perovskite/postperovskite and ferropericlase in the lower mantle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jb005730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Processes within the lowest several hundred kilometers of Earth's rocky mantle play a critical role in the evolution of the planet. Understanding Earth's lower mantle requires putting recent seismic and mineral physics discoveries into a self-consistent, geodynamically feasible context. Two nearly antipodal large low-shear-velocity provinces in the deep mantle likely represent chemically distinct and denser material. High-resolution seismological studies have revealed laterally varying seismic velocity discontinuities in the deepest few hundred kilometers, consistent with a phase transition from perovskite to post-perovskite. In the deepest tens of kilometers of the mantle, isolated pockets of ultralow seismic velocities may denote Earth's deepest magma chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Garnero
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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37
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Funamori N, Sato T. A cubic boron nitride gasket for diamond-anvil experiments. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:053903. [PMID: 18513075 DOI: 10.1063/1.2917409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To maximize the thickness of the sample chamber in high-pressure experiments, we have conducted tests and have developed techniques relevant to the cubic boron nitride (c-BN) gasket for diamond-anvil cells. The c-BN gasket provides a sample chamber several times thicker than conventional metal gaskets. We have developed methods to prepare the gasket and to fill the chamber with the sample. By using the c-BN gasket, we have successfully measured x-ray diffraction patterns of SiO2 glass, a low-Z noncrystalline sample, up to 100 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobumasa Funamori
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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38
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Crowhurst JC, Brown JM, Goncharov AF, Jacobsen SD. Elasticity of (Mg,Fe)O Through the Spin Transition of Iron in the Lower Mantle. Science 2008; 319:451-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1149606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Crowhurst
- Chemistry, Materials, and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - J. M. Brown
- Chemistry, Materials, and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - A. F. Goncharov
- Chemistry, Materials, and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - S. D. Jacobsen
- Chemistry, Materials, and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Sanderson K. Earth's mantle in a spin. Nature 2007. [DOI: 10.1038/news070917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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