1
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Fedorov P, Soldatov I, Neu V, Schäfer R, Schmidt OG, Karnaushenko D. Self-assembly of Co/Pt stripes with current-induced domain wall motion towards 3D racetrack devices. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2048. [PMID: 38448405 PMCID: PMC10918081 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Modification of the magnetic properties under the induced strain and curvature is a promising avenue to build three-dimensional magnetic devices, based on the domain wall motion. So far, most of the studies with 3D magnetic structures were performed in the helixes and nanowires, mainly with stationary domain walls. In this study, we demonstrate the impact of 3D geometry, strain and curvature on the current-induced domain wall motion and spin-orbital torque efficiency in the heterostructure, realized via a self-assembly rolling technique on a polymeric platform. We introduce a complete 3D memory unit with write, read and store functionality, all based on the field-free domain wall motion. Additionally, we conducted a comparative analysis between 2D and 3D structures, particularly addressing the influence of heat during the electric current pulse sequences. Finally, we demonstrated a remarkable increase of 30% in spin-torque efficiency in 3D configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Fedorov
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ivan Soldatov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Volker Neu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schäfer
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany.
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.
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2
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Song M, You M, Yang S, Ju TS, Moon KW, Hwang C, Kim KW, Park AMG, Kim KJ. Universal Hopping Motion Protected by Structural Topology. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2203275. [PMID: 35985670 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A scaling law elucidates the universality in nature, presiding over many physical phenomena which seem unrelated. Thus, exploring the universality class of scaling law in a particular system enlightens its physical nature in relevance to other systems and sometimes unearths an unprecedented new dynamic phase. Here, the dynamics of weakly driven magnetic skyrmions are investigated, and its scaling law is compared with the motion of a magnetic domain wall (DW) creep. This study finds that the skyrmion does not follow the scaling law of the DW creep in 2D space but instead shows a hopping behavior similar to that of the particle-like DW in 1D confinement. In addition, the hopping law satisfies even when a topological charge of the skyrmion is removed. Therefore, the distinct scaling behavior between the magnetic skyrmion and the DW stems from a general principle beyond the topological charge. This study demonstrates that the hopping behavior of skyrmions originates from the bottleneck process induced by DW segments with diverging collective lengths, which is inevitable in any closed-shape spin structure in 2D. This work reveals that the structural topology of magnetic texture determines the universality class of its weakly driven motion, which is distinguished from the universality class of magnetic DW creep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moojune Song
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mujin You
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmo Yang
- Quantum Spin Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Seong Ju
- Quantum Spin Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Woong Moon
- Quantum Spin Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanyong Hwang
- Quantum Spin Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Whan Kim
- Center for Spintronics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Albert Min Gyu Park
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kab-Jin Kim
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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3
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Kaji T, Maegochi S, Ienaga K, Kaneko S, Okuma S. Critical behavior of nonequilibrium depinning transitions for vortices driven by current and vortex density. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1542. [PMID: 35091669 PMCID: PMC8799737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05504-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the critical dynamics of vortices associated with dynamic disordering near the depinning transitions driven by dc force (dc current I) and vortex density (magnetic field B). Independent of the driving parameters, I and B, we observe the critical behavior of the depinning transitions, not only on the moving side, but also on the pinned side of the transition, which is the first convincing verification of the theoretical prediction. Relaxation times, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], to reach either the moving or pinned state, plotted against I and B, respectively, exhibit a power-law divergence at the depinning thresholds. The critical exponents of both transitions are, within errors, identical to each other, which are in agreement with the values expected for an absorbing phase transition in the two-dimensional directed-percolation universality class. With an increase in B under constant I, the depinning transition at low B is replaced by the repinning transition at high B in the peak-effect regime. We find a trend that the critical exponents in the peak-effect regime are slightly smaller than those in the low-B regime and the theoretical one, which is attributed to the slight difference in the depinning mechanism in the peak-effect regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kaji
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - S Maegochi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - K Ienaga
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - S Kaneko
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - S Okuma
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan.
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4
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Maegochi S, Ienaga K, Okuma S. Critical behavior of density-driven and shear-driven reversible-irreversible transitions in cyclically sheared vortices. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19280. [PMID: 34588586 PMCID: PMC8481300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98959-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Random assemblies of particles subjected to cyclic shear undergo a reversible–irreversible transition (RIT) with increasing a shear amplitude d or particle density n, while the latter type of RIT has not been verified experimentally. Here, we measure the time-dependent velocity of cyclically sheared vortices and observe the critical behavior of RIT driven by vortex density B as well as d. At the critical point of each RIT, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$B_{\mathrm {c}}$$\end{document}Bc and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$d_{\mathrm {c}}$$\end{document}dc, the relaxation time \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\tau $$\end{document}τ to reach the steady state shows a power-law divergence. The critical exponent for B-driven RIT is in agreement with that for d-driven RIT and both types of RIT fall into the same universality class as the absorbing transition in the two-dimensional directed-percolation universality class. As d is decreased to the average intervortex spacing in the reversible regime, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\tau (d)$$\end{document}τ(d) shows a significant drop, indicating a transition or crossover from a loop-reversible state with vortex-vortex collisions to a collisionless point-reversible state. In either regime, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\tau (d)$$\end{document}τ(d) exhibits a power-law divergence at the same \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$d_{\mathrm {c}}$$\end{document}dc with nearly the same exponent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maegochi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan.
| | - K Ienaga
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - S Okuma
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ohokayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan.
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5
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Jin MH, Xiong L, Zhou NJ, Zheng B, Zhou TJ. Universality classes of the domain-wall creep motion driven by spin-transfer torques. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:062119. [PMID: 34271735 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.062119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
With the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, we numerically simulate the creep motion of a magnetic domain wall driven by the adiabatic and nonadiabatic spin-transfer torques induced by the electric current. The creep exponent μ and the roughness exponent ζ are accurately determined from the scaling behaviors. The creep motions driven by the adiabatic and nonadiabatic spin-transfer torques belong to different universality classes. The scaling relation between μ and ζ based on certain simplified assumptions is valid for the nonadiabatic spin-transfer torque, while invalid for the adiabatic one. Our results are compatible with the experimental ones, but go beyond the existing theoretical prediction. Our investigation reveals that the disorder-induced pinning effect on the domain-wall rotation alters the universality class of the creep motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Jin
- College of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - L Xiong
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - N J Zhou
- Department of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, People's Republic of China
| | - B Zheng
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - T J Zhou
- College of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
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6
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Lei XW, Zhou NJ, He YY, Zheng B. Spin-reorientation critical dynamics in the two-dimensional XY model with a domain wall. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:022129. [PMID: 30934218 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.022129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, static and dynamic properties of non-180^{∘} domain walls in magnetic materials have attracted a great deal of interest. In this paper, spin-reorientation critical dynamics in the two-dimensional XY model is investigated with Monte Carlo simulations and theoretical analyses based on the Langevin equation. At the Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition, the dynamic scaling behaviors of the magnetization and the two-time correlation function are carefully analyzed, and critical exponents are accurately determined. When the initial value of the angle between adjacent domains is slightly lower than π, a critical exponent is introduced to characterize the abnormal power-law increase of the magnetization in the horizontal direction inside the domain interface, which is measured to be ψ=0.0568(8). In addition, the relation ψ=η/2z is analytically deduced from the Langevin dynamics in the long-wavelength approximation, well consistent with numerical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- X W Lei
- Institute of Electronic Information and Automation, Aba Teachers University, Wenchuan 623002, People's Republic of China
| | - N J Zhou
- Department of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Y He
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - B Zheng
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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7
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Free-Standing GaMnAs Nanomachined Sheets for van der Pauw Magnetotransport Measurements. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7120223. [PMID: 30404395 PMCID: PMC6190464 DOI: 10.3390/mi7120223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report on the realization of free-standing GaMnAs epilayer sheets using nanomachining techniques. By optimizing the growth conditions of the sacrificial Al0.75Ga0.25As layer, free-standing metallic GaMnAs (with ~6% Mn) microsheets (with TC ~85 K) with integrated electrical probes are realized for magnetotransport measurements in the van der Pauw geometry. GaMnAs epilayer needs to be physically isolated to avoid buckling effects stemming from the release of lattice mismatch strain during the removal of the AlGaAs sacrificial layer. From finite element analysis, symmetrically placed and serpentine-shaped electrical leads induce minimal thermal stress at low temperatures. From magnetotransport measurements, changes in magnetic anisotropy are readily observed.
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8
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Jeudy V, Mougin A, Bustingorry S, Savero Torres W, Gorchon J, Kolton AB, Lemaître A, Jamet JP. Universal Pinning Energy Barrier for Driven Domain Walls in Thin Ferromagnetic Films. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:057201. [PMID: 27517790 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.057201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a comparative study of magnetic field driven domain wall motion in thin films made of different magnetic materials for a wide range of field and temperature. The full thermally activated creep motion, observed below the depinning threshold, is shown to be described by a unique universal energy barrier function. Our findings should be relevant for other systems whose dynamics can be modeled by elastic interfaces moving on disordered energy landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jeudy
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - A Mougin
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - S Bustingorry
- CONICET, Centro Atómico Bariloche, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - W Savero Torres
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - J Gorchon
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - A B Kolton
- CONICET, Centro Atómico Bariloche, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - A Lemaître
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - J-P Jamet
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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9
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Leliaert J, Van de Wiele B, Vansteenkiste A, Laurson L, Durin G, Dupré L, Van Waeyenberge B. Creep turns linear in narrow ferromagnetic nanostrips. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20472. [PMID: 26843125 PMCID: PMC4740894 DOI: 10.1038/srep20472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The motion of domain walls in magnetic materials is a typical example of a creep process, usually characterised by a stretched exponential velocity-force relation. By performing large-scale micromagnetic simulations, and analyzing an extended 1D model which takes the effects of finite temperatures and material defects into account, we show that this creep scaling law breaks down in sufficiently narrow ferromagnetic strips. Our analysis of current-driven transverse domain wall motion in disordered Permalloy nanostrips reveals instead a creep regime with a linear dependence of the domain wall velocity on the applied field or current density. This originates from the essentially point-like nature of domain walls moving in narrow, line- like disordered nanostrips. An analogous linear relation is found also by analyzing existing experimental data on field-driven domain wall motion in perpendicularly magnetised media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Leliaert
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Electrical Energy, Systems and Automation, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ben Van de Wiele
- Department of Electrical Energy, Systems and Automation, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arne Vansteenkiste
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lasse Laurson
- COMP Centre of Excellence and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Gianfranco Durin
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy.,ISI Foundation, Via Alassio 11/c, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Luc Dupré
- Department of Electrical Energy, Systems and Automation, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bartel Van Waeyenberge
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Kim WK, Cheon M, Lee S, Lee TW, Park JJ, Cho CR, Park CH, Takeuchi I, Jeong SY. Magnetic domains in H-mediated Zn 0.9Co 0.1O microdisk arrays. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra05746b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have fabricated and studied magnetic domains in the periodic ZnCoO microdisk structures at room temperature with MFM technique. The z-component of the remanent magnetic moment is uniform even though the value is much smaller than the saturation magnetic moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Kyung Kim
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Miryang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Miyeon Cheon
- Crystal Bank Research Institute
- Pusan National University
- Miryang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | - Tae-Woo Lee
- KAIST Analysis Center for Research Advancement
- Daejeon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Jin Park
- Department of Aerospace Engineering
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | - Chae Ryong Cho
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology
- Pusan National University
- Miryang
- Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Hong Park
- Department of Physics Education
- Pusan National University
- Busan
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ichiro Takeuchi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | - Se-Young Jeong
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Miryang
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering
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11
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Lachman EO, Young AF, Richardella A, Cuppens J, Naren HR, Anahory Y, Meltzer AY, Kandala A, Kempinger S, Myasoedov Y, Huber ME, Samarth N, Zeldov E. Visualization of superparamagnetic dynamics in magnetic topological insulators. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500740. [PMID: 26601138 PMCID: PMC4640587 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Quantized Hall conductance is a generic feature of two-dimensional electronic systems with broken time reversal symmetry. In the quantum anomalous Hall state recently discovered in magnetic topological insulators, time reversal symmetry is believed to be broken by long-range ferromagnetic order, with quantized resistance observed even at zero external magnetic field. We use scanning nanoSQUID (nano-superconducting quantum interference device) magnetic imaging to provide a direct visualization of the dynamics of the quantum phase transition between the two anomalous Hall plateaus in a Cr-doped (Bi,Sb)2Te3 thin film. Contrary to naive expectations based on macroscopic magnetometry, our measurements reveal a superparamagnetic state formed by weakly interacting magnetic domains with a characteristic size of a few tens of nanometers. The magnetic phase transition occurs through random reversals of these local moments, which drive the electronic Hall plateau transition. Surprisingly, we find that the electronic system can, in turn, drive the dynamics of the magnetic system, revealing a subtle interplay between the two coupled quantum phase transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella O. Lachman
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Andrea F. Young
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106–9530, USA
| | - Anthony Richardella
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jo Cuppens
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - H. R. Naren
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yonathan Anahory
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Y. Meltzer
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Abhinav Kandala
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Susan Kempinger
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yuri Myasoedov
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Martin E. Huber
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80217, USA
| | - Nitin Samarth
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Eli Zeldov
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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12
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Foini L, Giamarchi T. Finite-temperature crossovers in periodic disordered systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:032101. [PMID: 25871048 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.032101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We consider the static properties of periodic structures in weak random disorder. We apply a functional renormalization group approach (FRG) and a Gaussian variational method (GVM) to study their displacement correlations. We focus in particular on the effects of temperature and we compute explicitly the crossover length scales separating different regimes in the displacement correlation function. We compare the FRG and GVM results and find excellent agreement. We show that the FRG predicts, in addition, the existence of a third length scale associated with the screening of the disorder by thermal fluctuations and discuss a protocol to observe it.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Foini
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T Giamarchi
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Zhou NJ, Zheng B. Nonsteady dynamic properties of a domain wall for the creep state under an alternating driving field. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:012104. [PMID: 25122248 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.012104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
With Monte Carlo simulations, the nonsteady dynamic properties of a domain wall have been systematically investigated for the thermally activated creep state under an alternating driving field. Taking the driven random-field Ising model in two dimensions as an example, two distinct growth stages of the domain interface are identified with both the correlation length and roughness function. One stage belongs to the universality class of the random depositions, and the other to that of the quenched Edwards-Wilkinson equation. In the latter case, due to the dynamic effect of overhangs, the domain interface may exhibit an intrinsic anomalous scaling behavior, different from that of the quenched Edwards-Wilkinson equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Zhou
- Department of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, People's Republic of China
| | - B Zheng
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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14
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Liu Q, Zhou Y, Tu W, Yan S, Zou Z. Solution-Chemical Route to Generalized Synthesis of Metal Germanate Nanowires with Room-Temperature, Light-Driven Hydrogenation Activity of CO2 into Renewable Hydrocarbon Fuels. Inorg Chem 2013; 53:359-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402292a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Moon KW, Kim DH, Yoo SC, Cho CG, Hwang S, Kahng B, Min BC, Shin KH, Choe SB. Distinct universality classes of domain wall roughness in two-dimensional Pt/Co/Pt films. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:107203. [PMID: 23521290 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.107203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate here that the current-driven domain wall (DW) in two dimensions forms a "facet" roughness, distinctive to the conventional self-affine roughness induced by a magnetic field. Despite the different universality classes of these roughnesses, both the current- and field-driven DW speed follow the same creep law only with opposite angular dependences. Such angular dependences result in a stable facet angle, from which a single DW image can unambiguously quantify the spin-transfer torque efficiency, an essential parameter in DW-mediated nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Woong Moon
- CSO and Department of Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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16
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Electric-field control of magnetic domain-wall velocity in ultrathin cobalt with perpendicular magnetization. Nat Commun 2012; 3:888. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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17
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Brataas A, Kent AD, Ohno H. Current-induced torques in magnetic materials. NATURE MATERIALS 2012; 11:372-381. [PMID: 22522637 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The magnetization of a magnetic material can be reversed by using electric currents that transport spin angular momentum. In the reciprocal process a changing magnetization orientation produces currents that transport spin angular momentum. Understanding how these processes occur reveals the intricate connection between magnetization and spin transport, and can transform technologies that generate, store or process information via the magnetization direction. Here we explain how currents can generate torques that affect the magnetic orientation and the reciprocal effect in a wide variety of magnetic materials and structures. We also discuss recent state-of-the-art demonstrations of current-induced torque devices that show great promise for enhancing the functionality of semiconductor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Brataas
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7191 Trondheim, Norway.
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18
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Hrkac G, Dean J, Allwood DA. Nanowire spintronics for storage class memories and logic. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2011; 369:3214-28. [PMID: 21727122 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Patterned magnetic nanowires are extremely well suited for data storage and logic devices. They offer non-volatile storage, fast switching times, efficient operation and a bistable magnetic configuration that are convenient for representing digital information. Key to this is the high level of control that is possible over the position and behaviour of domain walls (DWs) in magnetic nanowires. Magnetic random access memory based on the propagation of DWs in nanowires has been released commercially, while more dynamic shift register memory and logic circuits have been demonstrated. Here, we discuss the present standing of this technology as well as reviewing some of the basic DW effects that have been observed and the underlying physics of DW motion. We also discuss the future direction of magnetic nanowire technology to look at possible developments, hurdles to overcome and what nanowire devices may appear in the future, both in classical information technology and beyond into quantum computation and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hrkac
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Portobello Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
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19
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Balk AL, Nowakowski ME, Wilson MJ, Rench DW, Schiffer P, Awschalom DD, Samarth N. Measurements of nanoscale domain wall flexing in a ferromagnetic thin film. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:077205. [PMID: 21902427 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.077205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We use the high spatial sensitivity of the anomalous Hall effect in the ferromagnetic semiconductor Ga(1-x)Mn(x)As, combined with the magneto-optical Kerr effect, to probe the nanoscale elastic flexing behavior of a single magnetic domain wall in a ferromagnetic thin film. Our technique allows position sensitive characterization of the pinning site density, which we estimate to be ∼10(14) cm(-3). Analysis of single site depinning events and their temperature dependence yields estimates of pinning site forces (10 pN range) as well as the thermal deactivation energy. Our data provide evidence for a much higher intrinsic domain wall mobility for flexing than previously observed in optically probed μm scale measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Balk
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, USA
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20
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Lee JC, Kim KJ, Ryu J, Moon KW, Yun SJ, Gim GH, Lee KS, Shin KH, Lee HW, Choe SB. Universality classes of magnetic domain wall motion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:067201. [PMID: 21902363 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.067201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We examine magnetic domain wall motion in metallic nanowires Pt-Co-Pt. Regardless of whether the motion is driven by either magnetic fields or current, all experimental data fall onto a single universal curve in the creep regime, implying that both the motions belong to the same universality class. This result is in contrast to the report on magnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As exhibiting two different universality classes. Our finding signals the possible existence of yet other universality classes which go beyond the present understanding of the statistical mechanics of driven interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Chul Lee
- CSO, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
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21
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Koyama T, Chiba D, Ueda K, Kondou K, Tanigawa H, Fukami S, Suzuki T, Ohshima N, Ishiwata N, Nakatani Y, Kobayashi K, Ono T. Observation of the intrinsic pinning of a magnetic domain wall in a ferromagnetic nanowire. NATURE MATERIALS 2011; 10:194-197. [PMID: 21336264 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The spin transfer torque is essential for electrical magnetization switching. When a magnetic domain wall is driven by an electric current through an adiabatic spin torque, the theory predicts a threshold current even for a perfect wire without any extrinsic pinning. The experimental confirmation of this 'intrinsic pinning', however, has long been missing. Here, we give evidence that this intrinsic pinning determines the threshold, and thus that the adiabatic spin torque dominates the domain wall motion in a perpendicularly magnetized Co/Ni nanowire. The intrinsic nature manifests itself both in the field-independent threshold current and in the presence of its minimum on tuning the wire width. The demonstrated domain wall motion purely due to the adiabatic spin torque will serve to achieve robust operation and low energy consumption in spintronic devices.
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22
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Kobayashi S. Universal hysteresis scaling for incommensurate magnetic order in dysprosium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:057207. [PMID: 21405431 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.057207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We study the scaling properties of magnetic minor hysteresis loops in a polycrystalline dysprosium metal, varying temperature and magnetic-field amplitudes. We observe irreversibility-related hysteresis loss in the helical antiferromagnetic phase, which is related with remanent flux density as a power law with the same scaling exponent of 1.25±0.05 as that in ferromagnetic materials. In contrast to hysteresis scalings in ferromagnets associated with 180° Bloch walls, the observed law is governed by spiral walls which separate helical domains with oppositely rotating spins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kobayashi
- NDE and Science Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Iwate University, Ueda 4-3-5, Morioka 020-8551, Japan.
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23
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Astakhov GV, Schwittek J, Schott GM, Gould C, Ossau W, Brunner K, Molenkamp LW. Photoinduced Barkhausen effect in the ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:037204. [PMID: 21405292 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.037204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Magnetization of ferromagnetic materials commonly occurs via random jumps of domain walls between pinning sites, a phenomenon known as the Barkhausen effect. Using strongly focused light pulses of appropriate power and duration we demonstrate the ability to selectively activate single jumps in the domain wall propagation in (Ga,Mn)As, manifesting itself as a discrete photoinduced domain wall creep as a function of illumination time. The propagation velocity can be increased over 7 orders of magnitude varying the illumination power density and the magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Astakhov
- Physikalisches Institut, EP3, Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Ohno
- Center for Spintronics Integrated Systems and the Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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25
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Zhou NJ, Zheng B. Dynamic effect of overhangs and islands at the depinning transition in two-dimensional magnets. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 82:031139. [PMID: 21230057 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.031139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
With the Monte Carlo methods, we systematically investigate the short-time dynamics of domain-wall motion in the two-dimensional random-field Ising model with a driving field (DRFIM). We accurately determine the depinning transition field and critical exponents. Through two different definitions of the domain interface, we examine the dynamics of overhangs and islands. At the depinning transition, the dynamic effect of overhangs and islands reaches maximum. We argue that this should be an important mechanism leading the DRFIM model to a different universality class from the Edwards-Wilkinson equation with quenched disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Zhou
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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26
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San Emeterio Alvarez L, Wang KY, Lepadatu S, Landi S, Bending SJ, Marrows CH. Spin-transfer-torque-assisted domain-wall creep in a Co/Pt multilayer wire. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:137205. [PMID: 20481911 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.137205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have studied field- and current-driven domain-wall (DW) creep motion in a perpendicularly magnetized Co/Pt multilayer wire by real-time Kerr microscopy. The application of a dc current of density of approximately < 10(7) A/cm2 assisted only the DW creeping under field in the same direction as the electron flow, a signature of spin-transfer torque effects. We develop a model dealing with both bidirectional spin-transfer effects and Joule heating, with the same dynamical exponent mu=1/4 for both field- and current-driven creep, and use it to quantify the spin-transfer efficiency as 3.6+/-0.6 Oe cm2/MA in our wires, confirming the significant nonadiabatic contribution to the spin torque.
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27
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Tanigawa H, Koyama T, Bartkowiak M, Kasai S, Kobayashi K, Ono T, Nakatani Y. Dynamical pinning of a domain wall in a magnetic nanowire induced by Walker breakdown. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:207203. [PMID: 19113374 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.207203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Transmission probability of a domain wall through a magnetic nanowire is investigated as a function of the external magnetic field. A very intriguing phenomenon is found that the transmission probability shows a significant drop after exceeding the threshold driving field, which contradicts our intuition that a domain wall is more mobile in the higher magnetic field. The micromagnetics simulation reveals that the domain wall motion in the wire with finite roughness causes the dynamical pinning due to the Walker breakdown, which semiquantitatively explains our experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Tanigawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Kyoto, Japan
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